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Steady State Analysis in Circuits

This document discusses analyzing electric circuits in sinusoidal steady state using Laplace transforms and phasors. It introduces the concepts of: 1) Using Laplace transforms to find the steady state response by letting transients die out and substituting s=jω. 2) Representing voltages and currents as phasors multiplying ejωt to model sinusoidal steady state. 3) Relating phasors to the impedance, admittance, phase angle, and leads/lags between voltage and current. 4) Analyzing circuits by applying KCL, KVL, and component constitutive relationships directly to the phasors. 5) Solving an example circuit in sinusoidal steady state to find

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Aniruddha Roy
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109 views4 pages

Steady State Analysis in Circuits

This document discusses analyzing electric circuits in sinusoidal steady state using Laplace transforms and phasors. It introduces the concepts of: 1) Using Laplace transforms to find the steady state response by letting transients die out and substituting s=jω. 2) Representing voltages and currents as phasors multiplying ejωt to model sinusoidal steady state. 3) Relating phasors to the impedance, admittance, phase angle, and leads/lags between voltage and current. 4) Analyzing circuits by applying KCL, KVL, and component constitutive relationships directly to the phasors. 5) Solving an example circuit in sinusoidal steady state to find

Uploaded by

Aniruddha Roy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Electric Circuits and Networks 8-10-2018

Lecture 25: Sinusoidal Steady State


Lecturer: Dr. Vinita Vasudevan Scribe: Shashank Shekhar

Since power supply is 50 Hz sinusoids, we are interested in steady state voltage/current.

cosω0 t LT I Vout
N

Assume poles of 0 N 0 are in LHP; no poles in jω axis. One way to analyze this is to use
Laplace transforms and let t → ∞.

s
Vout (s) = H (s) {Effectively input is cosω0 tu (t)}
s2 + ω02

A1 A2 B s + B2
= + + ··· + 1
s + α1 s + α2 s2 + ω02

Natural Since poles are in LHP there


response are transient that will die out
1
in times  max{ }
i αi
B1 s + B2
Steady state solution (forced solution) is due to
s2 + ω02
Find B1 &B2 ; multiply both sides by s2 + ω02 and substitute s = ±jω0

H (jω0 ) · jω0 = B1 (jω0 ) + B2


H (−jω0 ) · (−jω0 ) = B1 (−jω0 ) + B2
B1 = Re{H (jω0 )}
B2 = −ω0 Im{H (jω0 )}
B1 s + B2
∵ ←→ Re{H (jω0 )} cos ω0 t − Im{H (jω0 )} sin ω0 t
s2 + ω02
= |H (jω0 ) | cos (ω0 t + θ)
where
" #
−1 Im{H (jω0 )
θ = tan
Re{H (jω0 )}

The other way to look at is the eigenfunction approach

ejωt → H (jω) ejωt

1
Note that this is a steady state response after all transients have died out. If we find the
response to ejωt u (t) , we will also get the transient response (Not an eigenfunction)

e−jωt → H (−jω) e−jωt


Superposition
cos ωt → Re{H (jω) ejωt }

Same as steady state response obtained using Laplace transforms. So to find response to
cos ω0 t all we need is H (jω0 )

Input is Aejωt ; where, A is complex. Linearity ⇒ Output is AH(jω)ejωt


Actual input is Re{Aejωt } where A = |A|ejθ . So actual input is = |A| cos (ωt + θ).

Phasors: The complex coefficient multiplying ejωt .

ejωt → 1]0
Aejθ ejωt → A]θ

To get response to sin ω0 t;

ejωt − e−jωt H (jω) ejωt − H (−jω) e−jωt


→
2j 2j
= Im{H (jω) ejωt }
= Re{−jH (jω) ejωt }
= Re{H (jω) e−jπ/2 ejωt }
− sin ω0 t → 1] − π/2

All response in a circuit can be written as a (Phasor)ejωt .

Denote currents as Iejωt ; I complex, voltages as V ejωt ; V complex

Ik ejωt = 0 at each node.


P
KCL:
k

ejωt , 0
X
⇒ Ik = 0 {can be written directly using phasors}
k

P
KVL: Vk = 0
k
Branch constitutive relationship Initial conditions are of no consequence as we are look-
ing at steady state solutions after all transients have died out. System is stable; all transients
due to initial conditions have also died out.
Vm jωt
+ I= e
R
Vm ejωt Vm
I= (Phasor Current)
R
-

2
I = jωCVm ejωt
+ | {z }
Im
Vm ejωt Vm = |Vm |ejθ
- ⇒ Im = ωC|Vm |ej(θ+π/2)

Current leads voltage by π/2

1R
+ I= Vm ejωt dt
L
1
Vm ejωt = V · ejωt dt
jωL m
- |V |
⇒ Im = m e−jπ/2
ωL
Current lags voltage by π/2

Vm I
Impedance : = Z Admittance : m = Y Both Z and Y are complex numbers.
Im Vm
Series and Parallel connections of impedance

Z2

≡ Z1 + Z2

Z1

Z1 Z2
Z1 Z2 ≡
Z1 + Z2

3
Example find steady state response of the following circuit

1Ω 100 mH

cos 50t 2F

1Ω j5 Ω

+
1]0 I −j/100
−

j
 
I 1 + j5 − = 1 + j0
100

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