HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY

 PRE - PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD

 PRE – SOCRATIC PERIOD
 HERACLITUS AND XENOPHANES
 PYTHAGORAS
 THE GREEK TRIUMVIRATE
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
 MODERN PERIOD
 CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
PRE-PHILOSOPHICAL PERIOD
PRE-SOCRATIC PERIOD
 THALES OF MILETUS (Nakapatong ang mundo sa tubig)
 FIRST GREEK PHILOSOPHER
 FIRST TO ENGAGE IN THE INQUIRY METHOD
 FATHER OF PHILOSOPHY
 ANAXIMANDER (The world is boundless)
 BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE
 HE IS MORE SYSTEMATIC THAN THALES
 ANAXIMENES (Air)
 ANOTHER MILETIAN PHILOSOPHER
 “THROUGH THE PROCESS OF RAREFACTION OR COMPRESSION,
THE AIR SORROUNDS IN A MORE OR LESS COMPRESSED STATE”
HERACLITUS AND XENOPHANES
HERACLITUS
 UNITY OF OPPOSITES
XENOPHANES
 RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
 This group believes that the cosmos is a structured system ordered by numbers. From them things
became knowable because they are structured in the way; the structure can apparently be expressed
in a numerical ratio. Hence, they believe that nature can be quantified.
THE GREEK TRIUMVIRATE
SOCRATES
 ONE OF THE FAMOUS GREEK PHILOSOPHER
 ELENCHUS MEANS “THE SOCRATIC METHOD”
 HE TAUGHT THAT KNOWLEDGE THROUGH CONCEPTS IS THE ONLY TRUE
KNOWLEDGE.
 “THE UNEXAMINED LIFE IS NOT WORTH LIVING”
PLATO
 HE WAS THE STUDENT OF SOCRATES
 HE CONCLUDED THAT THE CONCEPTS, OR IDEA, IS THE ONLY TRUE REALITY
 THE REPUBLIC
ARISTOTLE
 INQUIRY METHOD
 BIOLOGY, HUMAN ANATOMY, PHYSICS, KNOWLEDGE, AND ETHICS
 “DIRECT CONTACT WILL LEAD TO THE PERSON TO THE TRUTH”
 MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Scholasticism- the system of theology and philosophy taught in medieval European universities, based on
Aristotelian logic and the writings of the early Church Fathers and having a strong
Emphasis on tradition and dogma.
- Umusbong ang faith and reason.
3 SAINTS NA IPINAMAHAGI ANG EXISTENCE NI GOD
ST. ANSELM
 PROSLOGION
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO
 “THE ANALOGY OF ARGUMENTS”
 SOLIPSISM – the view or theory that the self is all that can be known to exist.
- Mind lang ang meron ang tao, walang soul
ST. THOMAS AQUINAS
 SUMMA THEOLOGICA
MODERN PERIOD
RATIONALISM VS. EMPIRICISM
RATIONALISM – Knowledge muna bago gumawa ng isang bagay
EMPIRICISM – Mas malalaban ang tunay na knowledge pag ginawa mo muna
IMMANUEL KANT’S PHILOSOPHY
 PRIORI KNOWLEDGE
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
ANALYTIC TRADITION
 BERTRAND RUSSELL
 GEORGE EDWARD MOORE
 LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN
CONTINENTAL TRADITION
 BUONG MUNDO
METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
• Philosophers often grapple with the concept of truth. Knowledge must be truthful to gain validity
and acceptance.
PROPOSITION – Information may or may not be truth
WHAT IS TRUTH AND WHY IS IT IMPORTANT?
Truth vs. knowledge
• Knowledge is the clear awareness and understanding of something. It is the product of questions
that allow for clear answers provided by the facts. Our knowledge is comprised of ideas and beliefs
that we know to be true.
• One important aspect of knowledge is based on reality. This simply means that what we know is
what is observable or evident in the real world. Propositions or statements which are observed to
be real or truthful are considered FACTS.
• There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. This
statement is CLAIM, and further examination is required to establish whether it is true or false.
• Science considers truth as a something observable and empirical. This means that any claim can be
proven by verification and experimentation.
HOW DO WE KNOW IF SOMETHING IS TRUTH?
• Ancient Greek Philosophers approached the problem of truth by looking at the nature of knowledge
and how we know what we know. We assume that everything we know about this world is true.
 But philosophers who pondered upon the origins of knowledge doubted everything there is to know
about themselves and the world.
• In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to determine truth. This means that every statement,
claim, evidence, and is scrutinized and analyzed. Nothing is taken as true unless there is sufficient
reason and evidence to prove that is indeed true
• One perspectives on truth-a belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s
senses.
• Another basis for determining the truth-a belief for statement is true if it is based on facts. Getting
consensus or having people agree on a common belief is another way of determining what is true.
But this approach has certain limitations. For example, if you can get your classmates to agree that
you do not need to study to become successful, it does not make that belief true. Therefore, you
have to use other means to really answer the question.
HOW CAN PHILOSOPHY GUIDE US IN DISTINGUISHING TRUTH FROM OPINION?
• OPINION are statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives
regarding certain situations. Some of statements even advance a belief about a certain thing or
person. Opinions are also the bases for making arguments and convincing people that a certain
claim is a fact.
• BELIEFS are statements that express convictions that are not easily clearly explained by facts. To
judge the truthfulness of belief, we must also consider things if we rely merely on facts
• EXPLANATIONS are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.
• ARGUMENTS are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or listener
that a claim or opinion is truthful. Thus we need to be very careful when we listen to arguments
since not all arguments are truthful.
 Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are phrased
in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of arguments may be based
on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called FALLACIES.

ARGUMENTUM AD HOMINEM – Appeal to Personal Attack

ARGUMENTUM AD MISERICORDIAM – Appeal to Pity
ARGUMENTUM AD POPULUM – Appeal to Majority
ARGUMENTUM AD BACULLUM – Appeal to Force
ARGUMENTUM AD IGNORANTIA – Appeal to Ignorance

•BIAS is the personal views of the person presenting. Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning,
but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people
HOW CAN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE Difference BETWEEN TRUTH AND OPINION
LEAD US TO WISDOM?
• Understanding of opinions and facts and the means to distinguish one from the other can further
improve our understanding and appreciation of varied views and ideas. The ability to determine
truth goes hand in hand with the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser decisions,
especially in choosing the ideas and views which we find acceptable.
• An individual cannot live his or her life just agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A critical
mind aided by philosophy can help us to form our own personal point of view that can guide us in
making decisions and actions when faced with a problem
• Philosophy can help us determine ideas that are truthful and acceptable which we can then use to
form our own views regarding certain matters.