CHAPTER VI

RAISINS AND WINE PRODUCTION

6.1 INTRODUCTION

Grapevine is the world most widely grown fruit crop. It is cultivated on all
continents expect Antarctica. The world production of grapes is presently 69 million
tones. Grape (Vitis vinifera L) cultivation is one of the remunerative farm enterprises
in India. India is the 9th largest grape producing country in the world with the
production of 2689910 tones, which make a share of 3.88 per cent of total production
of grape in the world. Grape export from India is 172744.41 tons valued at 1259.40
carores that makes a share of 1.7 per cent of total export of grapes in world (Hajra,
2012). The country has the distinction of achieving the highest productivity in grapes
in the world with an average yield of 30 t/ha (Shikamany, 2001). In India about 78 per
cent of the total production of grapes is used for fresh consumption (table fruit), about
17 to 20 per cent of grapes are used to produce raisin and 1 to 2 per cent used for the
wine making (Patil, 2008; Gaikwad and Gade, 2013). The processing of this fruit in
our country is very less as compared to the traditional grape growing countries in the
world where more than 80 percent of the produce is processed in the form of wine,
raisins and juice (Sharma, 2009). There are 16 bi-products made from grapes viz.
raisins, grape juice, squash, syrup, jam, jelly, vinegar, wine, pickles, chocolates,
tartaric acid, oil, cattle feed, tannin, etc. However, looking to the world scenario of
different bi-products, it was necessary to consider setting up of projects for
manufacturing other value added products from grapes (Kale, 2009). The processed
products viz. wine, raisin and grape juice are the most popular products from the
grape all over the world.

6.2 RAISINS PRODUCTION

Raisin is one of the most important dried products obtained by drying of

grapes (Sawhney et. al, 2009). Raisins are processed by sun drying and tray drying
several different types of grapes. Raisin is the second most important product of the
grapevine, wine being the first (Shanmugavelue, 1989). They are small and sweetly
flavored with a wrinkled texture. Indian raisins are available in different size and
color. They have a flavor similar to the grapes from which they are made, but the
drying process, which creates them, concentrates the amount of sugar making them

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taste much sweeter. They are a naturally stable food and resist spoilage due to their
low moisture and low pH. Raisins production is found only between the latitudes of
30o N and 39o N in the northern hemisphere and 28o S and 36o S in the southern
hemisphere (Mullinist et. al, 1992). In 2012-13, worldwide production of raisin was
approximately 1153000 tones this corresponds to 4612000 million tones of fresh
grapes. The global raisin industry is impressive in terms of the value of production
and the dollar volume in trade. Economic analysis indicates a continuous increase in
production and development of raisin trade in international markets.

Table 6.1.revels that raisins production and area under grapevine in world
during 2001 to 2013. Raisins production of world in 2001 was 1187 (MT), it is
increased 0.65 per cent in 2002 (1194 MT). The global raisins production reached
1172 and 1117 MT of raisins in 2003 and 2004 (-1.89 % and - 4.68 % over 2002). The
raisins production was downward as there was, low domestic and international prices
during this period, resulted in less area planted for raisins. This production Figure
may rightly be considered high since it nears the record raisins production of
2001:1187 MT. As in any year, the amount of grape destined for raisin production is
largely dependent on the price relationship between table grape, wine, juice grape and
raisin.

Table 6.1: World: Trend of Growth of Grapes Area and Raisin Production 2001-2013

Year Grapes Area in Growth rate (%) Production Growth rate

mhe (MT) (%)
2001 7873 00 1187 00
2002 7877 0.05 1194 0.65
2003 7884 0.08 1172 -1.89
2004 7829 -0.69 1117 -4.68
2005 7801 -0.35 1232 10.27
2006 7793 -0.10 1169 -5.08
2007 7766 -0.34 1112 -4.86
2008 7735 -0.39 1206 8.42
2009 7666 -0.89 1214 0.70
2010 7628 -1.80 1231 1.37
2011 7585 -0.56 1242 0.89
2012 7528 -0.75 1287 3.57
2013 7436 -1.22 1325 2.95
Source: Statistical Report on World Viticulture 2013 and 2014.

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 According to the latest Fig 6.1 the world raisin production for the 2005
amounted to 1187 (Mt), an increase of 10.27 per cent over the previous year. In 2008
world raisins production was 1206 Mt, it is increased 8.42 per cent than previous year,
due to favorable weather conditions and the vines look good producing countries
especially in the European countries. The 2013 production season saw total
production of table raisins increasing 2.95 per cent when compared to the 2012
production volume and 11.62 per cent when compared to the production volume a
2001.

GRAPE AREA AND RAISINS PRODUCTION

7950 1350
7900
7850 1300
7800

Production (Mt)
Area (000 ha)

7750
1250
7700
7650
1200
7600
7550
7500 1150
7450
7400 1100
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
Year
Area (000 ha) Production (MT)

Fig.6.1
It is important to note (as the OIV points out) that during 2008 to 2011 the EU
has paid subsidies to wine growers to uproot vineyards. 2012, is the first year when
subsidies have not been paid for grubbing up vines. During that period, the vineyard
area declined rapidly but almost leveled out in 2012. However, one can question the
good sense in this. The situation was that European wine growers had difficulties in
selling their production. But since the production was subsidized wine farmers
continued to produce, produce more than they could sell.

Besides the area under grapevine is 7873 Mhe in 2001. It is evident from
Figure 6.1 that grapevine area has remained relatively stable over the past two years.
That has been primarily due to stable conditions in main producing areas of world. In
up to 2004 total world vineyard surface area, is decreasing substantially. However,

221
what is going on is dramatically different in Europe and in the rest of the world. A
total grapevine area of 7436 Mhe in 2013, it is decreasing by 1.22 per cent than
previous year and 5.55 per cent, when compared to the area under of 2001.

6.3 MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD

Raisin are produced in many regions of the world, such as Armenia,

Australia, Chile, Argentina, Macedonia, Mexico, Greece, Syria, Turkey, United
States, India, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, China, Afghanistan, Togo, and Jamaica, as well as
South Africa and Southern and Eastern Europe .

Table 6.2: World: Major Raisin Producing Countries

Countries 2001 Share of 2005 Share of 2010 Share of 2013 share of Diff.
(%) (%) (%) (%) total 2001-2013
total total total
U.S.A 380 32.01 324 26.29 304 24.69 300 22.64 26.66
Turkey 255 21.48 250 20.29 260 21.12 270 20.37 5.55
China 06 0.50 90 7.30 150 12.18 175 13.20 96.57
India 35 2.94 71 5.76 148 12.02 172 12.98 79.65
Iran 167 14.06 210 17.04 145 11.77 155 11.69 7.74
Chile 45 3.79 63 5.11 65 5.28 80 6.03 43.75
S. Africa 34 2.86 30 2.43 43 3.49 40 3.01 15
Argentina 13 1.09 27 2.19 27 2.19 35 2.64 62.85
Uzbekistan 38 3.20 28 2.27 26 2.11 35 2.64 -8.57
Afghanistan 28 2.35 29 2.35 28 2.27 34 2.56 17.64
Other 186 15.66 110 8.93 22 1.78 29 1.43 -541
Total 1187 100 1232 100 1231 100 1325 100 10.41
Source: United States, Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural report, 2012, 2013 and
International Nut Council (INC).

The USA is the largest raisin producer in the world with (22.64 per cent)
300,800 MT. Turkey is the second largest producer (20.67 per cent) of raisin in the
world. The USA and Turkey together produce almost 50 per cent of the total raisin of
the world. Besides, China (13.20 per cent), Australia (2.64 per cent), Iran (11.69 per
cent), India (12.98 per cent), Chile (11.69 per cent), South Africa (3.01 per cent),
Argentina (2.64 per cent), Uzbekistan (2.64 per cent), Afghanistan (2.56 per cent)
(Fig.6.2). India has achieved the production level in the range of 172900 Metric Tons
and placing India 4th in the world after USA, Turkey and china, since India has huge
local consumption and very little export to the world.

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 WORLD:MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIS

400
PRODUCTION IN MILLION M. T. 350
300
2001/02
250
200 2005/06

150 2010/11
100 2012/13
50
0

Fig 6.2

WORLD:MAJOR RAISIN PRODUCING COUNTRIES 2013

2.56
U.S.A
1.43
2.64 2.64 Turkey
3.01
22.64 China
6.03
India

11.69 Iran
Chile

20.37 S. Africa
12.98 Argentina
Uzbekistan
13.2
Afghanistan
Other

Fig 6.3

Table 6.2 depict that the world production of raisin production during 2001 to 3013.
It is observed that the raisin production of world during 2001 to 2013 is increased
10.41 per cent. It also shows that raisin productions of top producing countries were
decrease from 2001 to 2013 especially USA, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Iran. In China,
India, Chile, South Africa, Argentina and Afghanistan were continue to increase raisin
223
production (Fig 6.3). Especially in China and India growth of raisin production was
significant i.e. 96.57 and 79.65 per cent.

6.4 RAISIN PRODUCTION IN INDIA

India is an important raisins producer in the world. India produced 20 per cent
of world raisin production. In India, raisins are mostly produced in Sangli, Solapur
and Nasik districts of Maharashtra, Belgaum and Bijapur district in Karnataka, and
some parts of Tamil nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Punjab (Adsule et.al, 2012; Gade &
Gaikwad, 2014 a). However major produce is derived from the state of Maharashtra
and Karnataka in India.

Table.6.3: Raisin Production in India (in 000’tones)

Year Grape production Growth rate Raisin Growth rate

(%) production (%)
2001 1184.20 00 35.00 00
2002 1247.80 05.37 55.50 58.57
2003 1474.80 18.91 65.00 17.11
2004 1564.70 06.09 76.97 18.42
2005 1649.60 05.42 71.43 -7.19
2006 1685.00 02.14 86.44 21.00
2007 1735.00 02.97 156.15 80.64
2008 1878.00 08.24 169.02 8.24
2009 880.70 -53.10 132.10 -21.18
2010 1235.00 40.22 172.90 30.88
2011 2220.00 79.75 149.71 -13.40
2012 2689.91 21.16 172.90 15.48
Source: National Horticulture Board, Government of India.
The harvesting season of grapes in India is from the month of February to
April (NPCS Team). India has been a producer of raisins since 1933. Raisin
production and consumption are continuously increasing. Out of a total grape
production 1.6 million tons of table grapes, around 15-17 per cent of the fresh produce
is dried to raisin. In 2003 the raisins production reached to 65,000 tons, placing India
3rd in the world after USA and Turkey (Jogaiah, 2010). In 2007‐08 the raisins
production of India is 156150 MT and 172900 MT in 2012‐13. India has export

224
10,000 MT of raisin every year. Major importers of Indian raisin are China, Indonesia.
Indian raisin quality is one of the best qualities available in the world.

Table 6.3 reveals the raisin production in India from 2001 to 2012. From this
table it appears that the raisins production in 2001 is 35 thousand metric tons, which
increased 394 per cent (172.90 thousand metric tons) in 2012. This was mainly due to
enhancement of area under grape by 671.68 per cent. In case of raisin, production of
India recorded an annual hike by 32.83 per cent per year. The raisins production
started increasing over the year. In 2005 raisin production declined to 7.19 per cent,
due to unseasonal rainfall then increased 21 per cent in 2006, 80.64 per cent in 2007
and 8.26 per cent in 2008.

In 2009 production was decrease 21.84 per cent (132.10 thousand MT) from
the 2008 level. In 2010 raisin production is increase 30 per cent from the previous
year. In 2011 raisin production is decrease 13.39-percent, despite occasionally
unfavorable climate conditions, such as drought condition in the study area. India
produced 172.90 thousand metric tons of raisins in 2012 a growth of 15 per cent from
the previous year, because of government support cluster farming got encouragement.

6.5 RAISINS PRODUCTION IN SANGLI DISTRICT

Sangli is the major quality grape growing area in Maharashtra (India). Sangli
area accounts for more than 60 per cent of the production of raisin in India and
produces almost all the varieties grape and so is considered as one of the important
fruit crop of the eastern part of the district (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014c). Grape growers
of Sangli district are expertise in quality raisins making. In 2012-13 grapevines are
cultivated on 125000 acres in Sangli district. The cultivation area under raisins
making is about 60,000 acres and production is 50,000 tones for which Sonaka,
Thomson seedless, Tas-A-Ganesh, Sharad etc varieties are used. After the grape
harvesting dried under shade at Nagaj, Dhalgaon, Kerwadi, Ghorpadi and Agalgaon
in Khavtemankhal tahsil, Umdi in Jath tahsil and Cinchani in Tasgaon Tahsil of
Sangli District. These areas are convenient as per considering economical and
atmosphere conditions, where temperature is 35o C to 40o C and humidity are below
40 per cent. Particular season starts from 15th of January to ends of 30th April. Further
these dried raisins are shifted to various cold storages located at Sangli and Tasgaon
area.

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6.6 DISTRIBUTION OF RAISIN GRAPE AND RAISINS
RAISIN PRODUCTION

In 2011-12 the area under raisin grape cultivation was 13763.41 hectares in
Sangli district of which Miraj tahsil was the leading tahsil comprising 41.16 per cent
under raisin grape cultivation. After Miraj tahsil Tasgaon tahsil second ranking 36.75
per cent followed by Palus, Kavate mahankal, Khanapur (Table 6.5). These five
tahsils more than 93 per cent share of raisin grape cultivation area of the district
(Gade & Gaikwad, 2014d).

Table 6.4: Raisin Grape and

a Raisins Production in Sangli District (2011-12)
(2011

Tahsil Area in Share in (%) Raisin production Share (%)

(hectares) (MT)
Tasgaon 5058.59 36.75 18,750 36.76
Miraj 5665.62 41.16 21,000 41.16
Kavate 485.62 03.52 1,800 03.52
mahankal
Jath 121.40 00.89 450 00.89
Aatpadi 84.98 00.62 315 00.62
Palus 1821 13.23 6,750 13.23
Walwa 161 01.18 600 01.18
Khanapur 364 02.64 1,350 02.64
Kadegaon 00 00 00 00
Shirala 00 00 00 00
Total 13763.41 100% 51015 100%
Source: The Sangli Grape Cluster, Sangli, NSDC, 2013.

SANGLI DISTRICT: RAISINS PRODUCTION 2011-12

2011 12
1.18 2.64
Tasgaon
0.62
0.89 13.23
3.52 Miraj
36.76
Kawate
Mahankal
Jath

Aatpadi

41.16 Palus

Walwa

Khanapur

Fig 6.4

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 Table 6.4 shows that area of raisin grape and raisin production in Sangli
district on 2011-12. In Sangli district the area under raisin grape in 2011-12 was
34010 acres with the production 51015 Mt. In which Miraj (41.16 per cent), Tasgaon
(36.75 per cent), Palus (13.23 per cent) are the leading raisin grape production and
raisin production tahsils, because of suitable climatic condition, abundant water
availability for raisin grape cultivation. These three tahsils was over 90 per cent share
raisin grape cultivation area and raisins production of the district. It is followed by
Kavate mahankal (3.52 per cent), Khanapur (2.64 per cent), Walwa (1.18 per cent)
and Jath (0.89 per cent) tahsils of district. It appears that the Shirala and Kadegaon
tahsils was not cultivate raisin grape.

6.7 DISTRIBUTION OF RAISINS PRODUCERS IN SANGLI DISTRICT

There are 1120 raisin producers in the Sangli district. Out of these 50 per cent
(560) producers have been selected for study on the basis of random sampling. The
number of raisin producer varies at tahsil level. It clearly indicates that there is
considerable variation in the number of raisin producer in this region. The main
causes for this uneven distribution can be attributed to the existence of climate and
facilities of transportation and communication.

Table 6.5 Distribution of raisin producer in Sangli district

Sr.No Tahsil Respondents Percentage

1 Walwa 2 0.35
2 Khanapur 3 0.53
3 Kadegaon 2 0.35
4 Tasgaon 87 15.53
5 Palus 3 0.53
6 Miraj 431 76.96
7 Kavathe Mahankal 25 4.46
8 Jat 6 1.07
9 Shirala - -
10 Atpadi 1 0.17
Total 560 100
Source: Based on Fieldwork on rack.

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 Table 6.5 Shows the distribution of raisin producer in Sangli district. Miraj
tahsil have the highest number i.e. 471 (76.96 per cent) of raisin producer followed by
Tasgaon (15.53 per cent), Kavathemahankal (4.46 per cent), Palus (0.53 per cent),
Khanapur (0.53 per cent), Kadegaon (0.35 per cent),Walwa (0.35 per cent) and Atpadi
(0.17 per cent). Miraj tahsil having highest number of raisin producer because the
Tasgaon tahsil is highest in grape production and marketing of raisin production but
more than 85 per cent farmers were export their grape in abroad.

6.8 SCOPE OF RAISINS PRODUCTION IN SANGLI DISTRICT

The raisin industry is one of the most globalized industries in the world.
Since the world, raisin consumption will continue to increase. Raisin have become a
common part of daily diets many farmers grow grapes especially for making raisin
due to good demand, better returns and fairly longer shelf life as compared to other
crops. They are consumed directly as a dry fruit or are also used in large quantities in
many productions for flavor in bread, cake, sweet and deserts. Sangli is the major
quality grape growing area in Maharashtra (India). Grape is considered as one of the
important fruit crop of the eastern part of the district. Grape growers of Sangli district
are expertise in quality raisin making. In 2012-13 grapevines are cultivated on 125000
acres in Sangli district. The raisin industry in Sangli district will bring large benefits
to the people by way of employment and income. Farmers were facing the great
problem in grape marketing and they were getting very low prices for their quality
grapes, these problems have been solved by raisin making. The processed raisin is
definitely an encouraging return to the farmers.

The north eastern part of Sangli district especially in Nagaj, Agalgaon,

Dhalgaon, Chorochi, Kerwadi, and Ghorpadi areas are convenient as per considering
economical and atmosphere conditions, where temperature is 35o C to 40o C and
humidity are below 40 per cent. Since, Sangli grape processing and research
Industries is one of the largest independent raisin processors Industry. Our Industries
has huge built area is located in the Maharashtra state India. We are the first Industries
in India who is going to implement totally atomize raisin processing plant.

6.9 WINE PRODUCTION

Wine is one of the world’s most popular alcoholic beverages. Wine industry
is the largest fruit processing industry in the world. It is manufactured by fermentation

228
of grape juice. The natural chemical balance of grapes lets them ferment without the
addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the
sugars in the grapes and converts them into alcohol. This is associated with happiness,
celebrations and festivities. It has been produced and consumed throughout history for
cultural, economical, social, religious, and, more recently, health reasons. Today
enormous varieties of wines are available, made from more than 5000 varieties of a
single species of grape: Vitis vinifera. Many varieties of wines are made throughout
the world. There are various types of wines available in the world like white wine, red
wine, dessert wine etc.

In 2012-13 worldwide production of wine was approximately 281000

hectoliters (7.4 billion gallons). Which were up by over 8.8 percent (23 mhl) from
258.2 mhl in 2011-12. They are produced in many regions of the world, Such as
Spain, Italy France, USA, Argentina, Australia, China, Chile, South Africa, Germany
Portugal Romania, Brazil, Greece, Hungary, New Zealand, Croatia, Bulgaria and
Switzerland (Christian et.al, 2012). About two third wine is produce from the
Mediterranean countries. Italy, France, and Spain are the greatest wine producing
countries in the world and also the greatest consumers (Leong and Morgan, 1982).
Italy and Spain, two major wine producers have very little left for export because of
the high the per capita consumption.

Table 6.6: World: Wine Production

Year Mhl Growth rate (%)

2001 266 0
2002 257 -3.38
2003 264 2.72
2004 296 12.12
2005 273 -7.72
2006 282 3.29
2007 266 -5.67
2008 269 1.12
2009 271 0.74
2010 265 -2.21
2011 265 00
2012 252 -4.90
2013 281 12.38
Source: Statistical Report on World Vitiviniculture.

229
 The world high grade wines are produced these countries like sherry (Spain),
Asti and Chianti (Italy), Port (Portugal) and French Champagne (France). Even in the
recent years of economic downturn people continue to drink wine; in fact global wine
consumption over’s the past few years has increased by 1 per cent per year. In
considering wine production, there are two distinct stages: the growing of grapes
(viticulture) and turning grapes into wine (vinification). Throughout the wine
producing world there are many in the industry, and many businesses, that carry out
just one of these stages: growers who make no wine but sell their grapes to a wine
producing firm, or who are members of a cooperative that makes wine. Then there are
wine producers who have no vineyards, or insufficient to supply their grape needs,
who buy grapes from growers small or large.

WORLD : WINE PRODUCTION 2001-2013

300
WINE PRODUCTION IN MHL

290

280

270

260

250

240

230
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
YEAR

Fig 6.6
Table 6.6 demonstrates the shift in wine production in the world for the period
of 2001-2013. Wine production is characterized by very marked annual fluctuations,
due, on the one hand, to climatic effects and, on the other hand, to cultivation
methods. In spite of yearly fluctuations, a significant negative trend in wine
production in starting of last decade has been observed: from a level of 266 million hl
in 2001, average production has fallen 2 at the beginning of 2002. After that wine
production was increased 2.72 per cent than 2002. There has been an increase in the
total wine production by 2004 (296 mhl) when compared to other production years.
According to data, it is observed world wine production decrease in 2012 (252 mhl)

230
than in 2004 (296 mhl), due to poor weather conditions there has been a decrease in
the vine acreage for Italy, Spain, France and Germany which were well known as
“Old World” countries. In 2013 world wine production has increased again, reaching
approximately 281 million hl. With 12.38 per cent than 2012, “New World” countries
such as Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States produced wine.

6.10 WORLD WIDE: WINE PRODUCTION

The main wine producing countries over the world are indicated in Fig. 6.9.
Out of world’s total annual production of 281000 liters, the following are among the
top countries and their major share in the world wine market, being Spain, France,
Italy and USA the major wine producers in world. They produce almost half of all the
wine produced in the world. The world should produce 281 million hectoliters of wine
in 2013. Spain is largest wine producer 50 million hectoliters in 2013.

Table.6.7: Major Wine Producing Countries in the World- 2013

Sr .No Countries Production (Mhl) Share in % Growth rate

%
1 Spain 50,000 17.79 45
2 Italy 47,400 16.86 15
3 France 42,500 15.12 -3
4 USA 22,000 7.82 7
5 Argentina 15000 5.33 27
6 Chile 12800 4.55 2
7 South Africa 11000 3.91 4
8 Gernany 8400 2.98 -8
9 Portugal 6700 2.38 7
10 Romania 5900 2,09 79
11 Greece 3700 1.31 17
12 Brazil 2700 0,96 -8
13 Hungary 2600 0.92 44
14 New Zealand 2500 0.88 15
15 Australia 2400 0.85 -5
16 Crotia 1400 0.49 10
17 Bulgaria 1300 0.46 -2
18 Switzarland 1000 0.35 0
19 Other countries 41700 14.83 0
World Total 281000 100 %
Source: Laurenz Moser: Globle bulk wine services, Austra, 2013,

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This is the case in Spain, where a 45 per cent rise in production has been recorded,
compared with 2012. In France (47,400 Ml) and Portugal, the increase was 7 per cent
compared with 2012. Outside the EU, all the countries recorded significant growth in
vinified production, with the United State producing 22 Mhl. There was also an
increase in South America: Chile hit a new record at 12.8 mhl and Argentina's
vinified harvest was 15 mhl (+27 per cent) after a poor year in 2012. New Zealand
recorded a record level of production of 2.5 mhl this year, while Australia could reach
an estimated production of 13.5 Mhl. World wine production is rising considerably,
taking into account the low vinified quantity produced in 2012 (258 mhl).

W0RLDWIDE:WINE PRODUCTION (Mhl) 2013

Spain
0% 15%
0% 18% Italy
0%
1% France
1%
1%
USA
2% 1% Argentina
2% Australia
3% 17% Chile
South Africa
4%
Gernany
5% Portugal
Romania
1% 5%
15% Brazil
8%
Greece

Fig 6.7
6.11 WINE PRODUCTION IN INDIA

Wine industry is in an initial stage in India. Wine Industry in India has been
showing a steady progress over the years. The manufacturing of wine and its
consumption in India is insignificant in comparison to any other countries. Generally
the wine production in India has arisen since the 1980s. In 1984 only the Champagne
Indage's plant was set up in the Maharashtra State, to mark the manufacturing of wine
on organized scale in India. The industry is expected to grow at an annual rate of 27
per cent from 2010-12. Today India has 250 thousand hectares of vineyards, but only
1 to 2 per cent of them are used for wine. India has the distinction of achieving the
highest production in grapes in the world with an average & yield (Gaikwad, 2005;

232
Todkari et. al, 2010). Although wine grapes are rather new to Indian farming, table
grapes are not. In India, Maharashtra ranks first in wine grape cultivation. In the total
production of wine grapes, the state of Maharashtra represents 90 per cent, Karnataka
7 per cent and the remaining 3 per cent is divided between other regions. At present
the industry is in a rapid phase to the growth with more companies entering the
industry (Jogaiah, 2010 & Sarwade, 2010). The 117 wineries are presently operating
of the country with a total production of 18.3 million liters annually. Maharashtra is
the leading state with 75 wineries with 13.2 million liters wine production. In India
more than 12 varieties of grapes are used for wine making. Cabernet sauvignon, pinot
noir, merlot, pinnotage, Shiraz, zinfandel, chardonnay, chenin blanc and others are
being cultivated by farmers who have contracts with the wineries.

Maharashtra, on the western coast of India, is the major wine-producing

region, accounting for 94 per cent of the total wine produced in the country.
According to the Department of Wine Production of the Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation (MIDC), the wine producing region is spread over 30,000
hectares, covering 64 wineries. During the year 2007-08 Maharashtra registered a
massive growth in wine production to 21.1 million litres against 13.2 million litres in
2006-07. This was a growth of 60 per cent over the previous year and illustrates the
ongoing appreciation of the virtues of wine by Indian consumers. Six new wineries
became operational in Maharashtra, taking the total investment in the state to $89
Million producing 720,000 litres of wine. Maharashtra is one of the important states
growing different varieties of wine grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Chenin Blanc,
Sauvignon Blanc, Shiraz, Zinfandel, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, etc. Cultivation
of wine grape is extensively carried out in the belts of Nashik, Pune, Sangli, Solapur,
Latur, Buldhana, Osmanabad and Ahmadnagar districts.

6.12 WINE PRODUCING REGIONS IN INDIA

The Indian sub-continent has four major wine producing regions. Vineyards in
India range from northwestern state of Punjab down to the southern state of Tamil
Nadu. For viticulture activity, the high heat and humidity of the far eastern half of the
country are favorable place. The larger wine producing areas, it is in Maharashtra,
Karnataka near Bangalore and Andhra Pradesh near Hyderabad and Himachal
Pradesh (a recent entrant) is the four major wine producing regions in India.

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Nasik Region (Maharashtra):

It is a biggest wine producing region in India. This region includes Pune,

Nasik and Ahamadnager. It is above 800 meters sea level between 19o 33' to 20.53'
North latitude and 73o 16' to 75o 6' East longitudes. Several top wineries located in this
area including Cheateau Indage and Sula wine.

Sangli Region (Maharashtra State):

This region includes Solapur, Sangli, Satara and Latur. It is above 800 meters
sealevel South West Maharashtra, 16o 52' North Latitude, and 74o 36' East longitude.
Both of these regions are extremely good for growing grapes due to their monsoon
rains, rich fertile soil and cool climate. Most of the Indian Wineries are located in
these two regions including the largest Indage and Sula Vineyards. Due to its
favorable climates, the two bigger Indian wineries, Indage, Sula and Krishna
vineyards are located in these regions.

Bangalore region (Karnataka State):

It is a biggest wine producing region of South West India; it lays 12o 8'
North Latitude to 77o 37' east Longitude. Apart from being nations IT capital
Bangalore because of its cool climate is suitable for grapes. Grover, the third largest
wine producer of India, has its winery situated in Dodballapur, 600 meters above sea
level, 45 km North from Bangalore. Karnataka produced 1.2 million litres of wine
during the same period.

Himachal region (Himachal Pradesh):

This region lies in the northern India and is at the same latitude as of the South
Californian, Texas and north Florida wine grape growing region, North India, 30 o22'
to 33 o12' North Latitude and 75o 47' to 79o 4’ East Longitude. Though this region is
well known for apples and cider some good wine is produced here. Temperature
varies from 39° C in plains during summer and - 20° C in the Alpine Zone during
winters. Rainfall varies from 152 cm to 178 cm in outer Himalayas. Two of India’s
leading brands, Grover Vineyards and Indage, have plans to set up wine production
facilities in Himachal Pradesh.

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6.13 TYPES OF WINE

Wine is an alcoholic beverage made by fermentation of grapes (Johnson,

1989). It is the most popular beverage, associated with happiness, celebrations and
festivities. Many varieties of wines are made throughout the world. Generally the
types of wine based on sweetness, alcohol content, carbon dioxide content, colour,
grape variety, fermentation or maturation processes or geographic origin. There are
three main categories of wine: table wines, sparkling wines, and fortified wines
(Desert wine). Table wines can be red, white, or rose, are allowed to ferment
naturally, and account for the bulk of the world’s wine production. Sparkling and
fortified wines are made by processes similar to the table wines, but extra steps are
added to give the carbonation or extra alcohol desired. Wine types are usually divided
into classes according to their alcoholic content, groupings that form a convenient
basis for excise taxes upon alcohol. The two major classes are table wines (9 to 14 per
cent alcohol) and dessert and appetizer wines (15 to 21 per cent alcohol). Table wines
owe their alcoholic content to the fermentation of sugar naturally present in the grapes
and to the sugar that may be added to them. On the other hand, dessert wines obtain
their higher alcoholic content from the addition of wine spirits (Shikarman and
Srinivasulu, 2010).

Table wines –

Table wines also known as Natural wines, still wines or Dinner wines are
consumed primarily as complements to food (Dhinesh et.al, 2012). Majority of wines
produced in the world are of table wine category. These wines are served on the table
and makes up the largest category. The alcohol concentration itself is not sufficient to
preserve natural wines, they are pasteurized. The main purpose these wines are to
accompany the food. Such wines are without excess of Carbon dioxide. The alcoholic
percentage of these wines varies from 9 to14 per cent by volume. It is considered
optimal because it has the right balance of sugar and acid to create a good fermented
wine without the addition of sugar or water. In France these wines are referred to as
‘Vin ordinaire’ (ordinary wine).Table wines are further classified into White, Red and
Rose wines and by character as sweet or dry (Singh and Purohit, 2011 ).

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Based on Color

1) White wine:

White wine made by fermentation of grape juice which is made by pressing

crushed grapes to extract juice the skins are removed and play no further role. White
wines can be made from both black and white grapes. White wine falls in the dry
category and all types of white wines have citrus flavours. The fruity white wines can
taste like apple, green apple, apricot, orange or peach. The flavour vary from
extremely dry to extremely sweet and the colour from pale straw to deep gold. White
wines are served chilled and are light bodied. Chablis and Alsace comes under this
category. The juice from grapes is fermented, bottled and then left to create self-
generated alcohol. The grape varieties like Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc and
Chardonnay are used to make white wines.

ii) Red wine:

Red wines are made from the must of red or black colored grapes that
undergo fermentation to with grapes skins. Red wine is more of the fruity and sweet
types as compared to white wine which is more of the dry kind .They are more full
bodied than rose and white wine. They are often complex and robust than white
wines. The skin of the grape variety is allowed to rest with the ‘must’ so that the
desired colour is obtained. Red wines are served in room temperature but some young
red wines are served chilled. Red wines are actually vary in colour from dark pink to
almost black, with an enormous variation in the amount of blue or yellow to be seen
at the rim. Their colour depends on the grape varieties used, the vintage
characteristics, the wine’s PH these wines are often drier. Examples are Bordeaux and
Burgundy wines.

iii) Rose wine:

They are rarely known as pink wines. As the name says, rosé wines are rose
pink in colour. Rosé wines (Pink wines) are classically made from red and black
grapes where the juice is allowed to stay in contact with the dark skins long enough to
pick up a pink colour. The colour of a rosé wine depends on the type of the grape used
and for how long the skin of the grape has been in touch with the juice .Compared to
the other two wines it’s slightly sweeter and fruity. Rosé wines are served chilled and
tend to be more like white wines. They are softer on the palate than red wines and the

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fruity ones can taste like cherries, raspberries and strawberries. These types of wines
are served ice cold and are drunk during the summer months. Rosé wines can go well
with seafood as well as red meat; and hence are versatile wines. They are not to be
aged but to drunk young. Blush wine is the term commonly used in USA to denote
Rosé wines made entirely from red grapes. The grapes used in making rosé wines
include Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo and Syrah. Beaujolais and Mateus
rose are examples for Rose wines.

b) Based on residual sugar content

I) Dry wine:

Dry wines are those wines that lack sweetness or sugar content. Dry wines
may have as many as 10g/L residual sugar and with high acidity. Dry wines are those
in which there is no perceptible sweetness.

II) Dessert wine/Sweet wine:

In sweet wine alcoholic fermentation is arrested at appropriate time. Sweet

wines are wines that are sweeter in taste. Sweet wine contains sufficient sugar for
taste perception. Sweet wines contain more than 30gm/L residual sugar. Such wines
may be fortified by the addition of wine sprits as per the requirement (Sathe, 2010).

III) Semi dry/Semi sweet

Wines which contains residual sugar moderately (between 10g to 30gm /L

residual sugar).

IV) Sparkling Wine

In Sparkling wine is a wine with significant level of carbon dioxide present

in it. The alcoholic content of sparkling wines is similar to table wines.ie; 9 to14 per
cent. Wine which bubbles when pumped into a glass, because a certain amount of
carbon dioxide has been held under pressure dissolved in the wine until the bottle is
unstoppered. Wines are termed still or sparkling depending upon the amount of Co2
they contain. The carbondioxide may be formed naturally during fermentation or may
be added artificially. This wine is best served chilled and can be made by many
methods. Method Champenoise is considered as the most elegant method to make
good quality sparkling wines. Examples for Sparkling wines include Champagne
(France), Asti summate (Italy), Sekt (Germany) and Marquis de Pompadour (India).

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v) Fortified wine

Fortified wines also known as Vins de liqueur’. Fortified wines differ from
table wines because in fortified wines, this wine (brandy) is added to make the alcohol
content higher (around 14 to 30 per cent). These are less perishable and may be stable
without pasteurization. This type of wine that has alcohol added to it during the
fermentation process. The grapes are picked when they are extremely ripe, and
processed in the same manner as red wine. When the fermentation is approximately
halfway complete, neutral spirits of grape base are added. Neutral spirits are made by
distilling an alcoholic beverage until it contains 95 per cent or more alcohol by
volume. The natural fermentation will cease at this point because the alcohol content
is too high for the yeast to survive. These wines can be served before or at the end of a
meal. Port, Sherry, Brandy, Madeira, Marsala etc. are few examples for fortified
wines.

VI) Aromatized Wines-

Aromatized wine is also known as Vermouth wines. It is a special type of

wine which contains 15 to 20 per cent alcohol, is prepared by fortification with spices
or mixtures. These wines are flavored with herbs and spices. These wines can be
served either before a meal or after a meal. It’s slightly fortified. This wine is
available in different style (White, red and sweet or dry) and qualities, but usually a
much more industrial product than wine.

Other classification of wines-

According to the nature of wine

Tonic wines-

These are table wines that have vitamins and health improvers added to them.
Example is Wincarnis.

Raising wines

The product derived by the alcoholic fermentation of an infusion of dried or

evaporated grapes, or of a mixture of such infusion or raising with grape juice is
raising wine.

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Vintage wines

There are few years in which everything in the vineyard and the cellar goes
well and these produces a wine of excellent quality known as ‘Vintage wines’.
Vintage wine also bears the date of the vintage on the label, either because it is meant
to be drunk young or because it was made to be matured over a number of years.

Non-vintage wines-

An ordinary wine is produce from a normal of grapes.

Varietal wines-

Wines made from just one grape variety.

Generic wines-

Wine made from a blend of wines to resemble a particular wine of a region.

Organic wines-

Organic wines also known as Green wines or Eco-friendly wines. These types
of wines are made from grapes that are grown without the use of artificial
insecticides, pesticides and fertilizers.

6.14 IMPORTANT WINE VARIETIES

Wine is one of the most sophisticated drinks in the world, rich in flavor but
yet so simple. Its diversity comes from the different types of grapes, where it is grown
and in what manner is produced. Wine grapes are those which are specially cultivated
to make wine. The juice from these grapes is fermented to generate alcohol; the
alcohol is then aged and later served as the world's best drink, wine. Wine grapes are
darker in colour and have flavour and texture. These grape varieties are known to
have very high sugar levels and are seeded. These sugar levels would give us the right
alcohol levels in the wine. There are thousands of varieties of such grapes that are
used to make wine and wine makers utilise them alone or blend to make excellent
wines

Cabernet Sauvignon

Most of the great red wines of Bordeaux and some of the finest wines of the
new world are based on cabernet sauvignon. It is often blended with cabernet Franc
and merlot and its flavor is reminiscent of blackcurrants or cedar wood. It demands

239
aging in small oak barrels, and the best wines require several years of bottle age to
reach their peak. It is one of the most famous types of wines in the world, especially
among the French, Australians, Californians, and Chileans. Cabernet Sauvignon pairs
perfectly with meat dishes.

Merlot

This variety takes second place to cabernet sauvignon in most premium red
wine blends. Merlot is fragrant and usually softer than cabernet sauvignon. It also
shows best with oak maturation, but usually requires less bottle maturation before it is
ready to drink. Merlot bottled as a varietal is becoming popular in India. If you are
not sure whether you like red wine, let aside what type of red wine, Merlot is a safe
bet! This type of wine is very soft, with a mild mix of plum and blackberry flavors.
All you need to do is add a box of delicious chocolates, and you got yourself the
perfect mix! In terms of food, Merlot pairs well with just about any dish, especially
with deserts.

Shiraz

Shiraz, also known as Syrah, is a delicious red wine, with spicy flavors of
blackcurrant and black pepper. A glass of Shiraz is a great accompaniment for meat
dishes. It makes a soft and rich wine often characterized by smoky and chocolaty
aromas. It matures faster than cabernet and is sometimes blended with it to speed
accessibility.

Zinfandel

This variety probably originated in Southern Italy as the Primitive grape. It is

planted by only a few Indian wineries. The qualities of wines have been very good,
especially when they receive enough oak maturation. An important grape variety, also
thought to be the variety once known as Black St. Peter in early 19th century
California lore, currently grown in California and used to produce robust red wine as
well as very popular “blush wines “called “white Zinfandel’. Zinfandel is noted for
the fruit-laden, berry- like aroma and prickly taste characteristics in its red version
.While its origins are not clear it has been tentatively identified as the primitive (di
Gioia), a grape species found in Apulia, southern Italy. According to a recent report
this grape may be also be identical to the Vrance grape found in Montengro. The state
that, combined with Serbia, constitutes what remains of the Plavac Mali from the

240
coastal area known as Dalmatia, a province of Croatia also recently a part of the
former Yugoslavia and located just across the Adriatic Sea from the shores of Italian
Apulia.

Chenin Blanc

Chenin Blanc known as steen in south Africa, Pineau de la Loire in the Loire
region of France and under the alias name White pinot (pinot Blanco) elsewhere in the
world. Often made in number of styles with or without some residual sugar. It is the
favored grape of the Angou region of France and although naturally a hard, acidic
grape slow to mature, is made into fine sweet wines that age well for a least years on
the bottle. This grape is the Cape’s most popular white variety with about thirty
percent of her vineyards producing Chenin Blanc. It produces a wide range of wines
from sweet to dry, including sparkling and still wines. Its dry wines are fresh and
fruity and Chenin Blanc’s sweet wines and botrytis dessert wines are becoming more
fashionable.

Sauvignon Blanc

Sauvignon Blanc stands out with its light yet acidic taste, with aromas of
grapefruit, bell pepper, and grass. It is a classic choice for wine lovers, and comes as a
great pair to salads and poultry dishes. Some wine drinkers enjoy Sauvignon served as
spritz, with sparkling water. Classic white wine verities are commonly planted in the
Bordeaux and eastern Loire regions of France. It shows a tendency towards a grassy,
herbaceous flavor in the wine when the grapes are grown in tempreture regions. In
warmer regions, the flavors and aromas tend to be more citrus like, (e.g. grapefruit or
pear), plus the characteristic “ earthy” taste. New Zealand has had much success with
the grape in recent years. India now can produce international quality wines of
Sauvignon Blanc as evidenced at few wineries located in Nashik and Pune district.
These microclimates in Maharashtra are suited to the growing of this variety. The
Sauvignon Blancs tend to be dry and grassy. Its plantings have increased though it is a
moderate yielder.

Chardonnay

Chardonnay is an exquisite white wine, produced mostly in Burgundy in

France, but also on the coast of California. A glass of Chardonnay comes with a

241
refreshing taste of oak and citrus fruit and hints of apple, pear, and melon. The
delicious wine is a great accompaniment to seafood dishes, poultry, and pork.

Pinot Gris

Pinot Gris, also known as Pinot Grigio by its Italian name, is one of the most
delicious types of wine, rich in flavor and slightly spicy.It is mostly produced in
France and New Zealand. Pinot Grigio, the Italian version, is a little bit more fresh
and crispy, perfectly made to accompany seafood and pasta dishes.

Riesling

Riesling wine comes with appetizing flavors of lime, apple, and pear,
combined in a crisp blend. The grapes are famously grown in Germany, but there are
also some producers in France and New York. This wine goes nicely with poultry and
pork dishes, especially ones with a spicy twist.

6.15 WINERIES IN INDIA

India’s first commercial winery was established in1980 (David and Mishra,
2011). By the end of the 20th century, India had six established vineyards. There are
more than 117 wineries operating in India, the majority concentrated in the state of
Maharashtra.

Table 6.8 Wineries and Wine Production in India from 2001 to 2013

Year No. of Production (Million Growth Rate

Wineries liter) (%)
2001 O6 4.27 -
2002 NA 4.47 4.68
2003 14 4.81 7.60
2004 38 5.58 16.00
2005 38 6.68 19.71
2005 46 7.49 12.12
2007 54 9.00 20.16
2008 62 11.15 23.88
2009 72 12.60 13.00
2010 79 13.50 7.14
2011 80 11.00 -18.57
2012 100 11.50 4.54
2013 117 18.3
Source: Me Drasha Wine Udhog Ubharu Shakto Ka? Jaydeep Kale, 2009.

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Most of the wineries lie on the Nashik, Pune, Baramati and Sangli Belt, where table
grapes have been growing traditionally. Maharashtra is the leading state with 75
wineries with 10.2 million liters wine production. However, more and more wineries
are being set up with the aim to produce quality wines of international standards.
With government support and a reduction in duty taxes, the subsequent drop in prices
could lead to even greater growth in India’s wine industry. Currently, the industry is
estimated to have a value of Rs 2.75 billion per annum. Although the industry
growing at a rate of 25 to 35 per cent per year. In 2012-13 India produced about 1.3
million cases (each holding nine litres) in addition to the 220,000 which were
imported, compared to less than 60,000 cases in 2001. In 2010, the market is expected
to almost double, increasing from five million

Table- 6.8 reveals that the wine production & numbers of wineries in India
from 2001 to 2013 in India. From the table it appears that the wine production is 4.27
million liters in 2001. After 2001 wine production of India continues increased up to
2010 is 13.50 million liters. If growth rate is considered in 2010 it is 216.15, but it
directly jumped. This shows tremendous hike in growth rate. In the period from 2004
to 2007 the wine production is increase from 5.40 million liters to 11.25 million liters
& in terms of growth rate it is 31 to 50 per cent, which is moderate. During the period
from 2008 to 2009 the wine production was stable, as we observe low growth rate.
After a period of steady growth from 2001 to 2013, India‘s wine production dropped
18.57 per cent in 2011 and improved slightly in 2012 to 11.5 million liters (1.3
million cases). While in 2013 it is suddenly increased considerable with high growth
rate.

Unsold stocks of wine following the Mumbai terror attacks in 2008 led
wineries to procure fewer grapes and growers have shifted to alternate crops over the
past six years as prices dropped. India has a number of strong demographic factors
that bode well for the long-term development of the industry, but growth is hampered
by a complex domestic system of excise, licenses and fees that increase the cost of
imported and domestic wine significantly and make it difficult for small wineries to
market outside of their home states. It appears that growth in the consumption of wine
has been limited since 2007, but a committed group of enthusiasts continues to
promote wine. Some local wineries are working.

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6.16 SANGLI DISTRICT: WINE PRODUCTION AND SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION

The Sangli district has recently entered into wine industry, and has achieved
some success in producing classic vintage categories. Wine producers in Sangli make
distinctive, classic wines using imported rootstocks. The fertile soil of the Sahyadri
hills region, and the long sunny days and dry climate contribute for an excellent
product. The government of Maharashtra has set up a specialized state of the art Wine
park in 142 acre at Palus, 30 km from Sangli city, which produces one of the best
quality grapes in the world. Krishna Valley Wine Park has an International Quality
Wine Institute which has been set up in association with the Bharati Vidyapeeth, a
leading university of India. The institute carries out research in wine manufacturing.
Krishna Valley Wine Park of Sangli has been recognized as an Agri Export
Processing Zone by the Indian government. To meet the domestic and export demand
for Indian wines, quality wines comparable to international standards have to be
produced. To give impetus to the grape processing and wine industry in the state of
Maharashtra the government announced a comprehensive ‘Wine Policy’ in 2001.
However more and more wineries are being set up with the aim to produce quality
wines of international standards (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014b). In Sangli district first
commercial winery was established during the 2003. There are 17 wine industries in
the Sangli district, the majority concentrated in the Palus, Tasgaon and Miraj tahsils.

Table 6.9 Tahsil wise distribution of Wineries in Sangli District

Sr. No Tahsil No. of % to Capacity in % to total

wineries location Liter
1 Walwa 01 5.88 30000 1.44
2 Kadegaon 01 5.88 90000 4.32
3 Tasgaon 05 29.41 895000 43.02
4 Palus O6 35.29 645000 31.00
5 Miraj 04 23.52 420000 20.28
Total 17 100 2080000 100
Source: Based ob field work.

Table.6.9 reveals that the spatial distribution of the number of wineries and
annual production capacity in the 2012-13 in the district. Although the largest number
of wineries is concentrated in the Palus, Tasgaon and Miraj tahsil have more than 90
per cent of district grape cultivation (Fig 6.10). Beside its wine production, capacity

244
was 94.3 per cent of district. While almost 88.22 per cent of all wineries are located in
Palus, Tasgaon and miraj tahsil, they crush about 90 per cent wine of district,
followed by Kadegaon (4.32 per cent) and Walwa tahsil (1.44 per cent) wine
production capacity of the region.

6.17 WINE PRODUCTION IN SANGLI DISTRICT

Wine production in Sangli district has over 17 wineries that production

capacity over 208 million gallons of wine per year, contributing about $33 billion to
the Californian economy (directly and indirectly). Sangli makes most of the total wine
in the India in 2000; Sangli generated 565 million gallons of wine, representing
almost 92 per cent of all India production. Sangli region is second largest wine
producer region in the Maharashtra, after Nashik district Wine production in Sangli
district has tripled over the past decades (Fig.6.9). In recent years, global
overproduction, customer choice, high production cost, marketing problem and low-
cost imports from areas like Australia have put pressure on wine producers in Sangli
wine production is sharp dipped and concentrated in a few industries.

Table 6.10 Wine Productions in Sangli District 2003-04 to 2012-13

Year Wine production (Liters) Growth rate (%)

2003-04 100000 00
2004-05 197150 97.12
2005-06 234000 18.69
2006-07 225650 -3.56
2007-08 399500 77.04
2008-09 589850 47.64
2009-10 641000 8.67
2010-11 178500 -72
2011-12 189100 5.93
2012-13 38760 -79.50
Mean 279351
Standard Deviation 200471.639
Coefficient of 71.7633512
Variation
Source: Excise Department, Sangli, 2013.

Table 6.10 shows that wine production in Sangli district from 2003-04 to
2012-13. By referring the above table it is observed by the researchers that the
production of wine in 2003 was 10000 lakhs liters, they are continuously increase up

245
to 2009-10 it was 641000, it is increased with 8.67 per cent growth rate than
previous year 2008-09. After 2009-10, wine production of Sangli district decreased
continuously, due to insufficient market, increased production cost, Government
policy. In 2012-13 wine production of Sangli district 38760 liters (Fig 6.9) it’s
decreased 79.50 per cent than 2011-12. Some wineries that did not crush last year are
expected to begin partial crushing in 2012 while others will be able to undertake
marketing operations. The coefficient of variation is 71.76 which indicate high
fluctuation in the wine production.

SANGLI DISRICT:WINE PRODUCTION (IN LITER)

700000
WINE PRODUCTION IN LITERS

600000

500000

400000

300000

200000

100000

YEAR

Fig 6.9

6.18 SCOPE OF WINE PRODUCTION

Wine production and consumption was continuously increased rapidly in all

over world. Wine consumption in India is currently growing at a rate of 25 to 30 per
cent per year. It s expected that wine consumption in India will grow tenfold reaching
an average consumption of approximately 80 million bottles in next 10 years. At
present more and more companies entering in wine production an infusion of capital
that could lead to increased production in the future. The world wine industry has
experienced a dramatic change with the technological developments, modernization
of the production process, innovative marketing strategies and adaptation of changing
consuming patterns of the customers. The improvement of the sector and the rise of

246
new world countries for wine production and trade have increased competitiveness in
the global business environment. Wine industry will bring large benefits to the people
by way of employment and income. To meet the domestic and export demand for
Indian wines, quality wines comparable to international standards have to be
produced. India has recently become the 45th member of OIG, the international
organization on wine, and as a result, the country will have to follow international
norms and standards in wine processing.

Sangli is the major quality grape growing area in Maharashtra (India) and off
late many farmers are cultivating grapes of wine variety (Gade & Gaikwad, 2014).
Sangli region is second largest wine producer region in the Maharashtra. Hence, more
than 50 per cent of the wine grape farmers in the state have already uprooted their
plants. Today, in Sangli district, the acreage of vineyard has fallen from 2,500 acres to
300 acres, which is enough for crushing by only two wineries (Mane, 2014). Some
wineries that did not crush last year are expected to begin partial crushing in 2012
while others will be able to undertake marketing operations. It is observed that the
processed wine is definitely an encouraging return to producer but due to lack of
marketing and consumer awareness, wine industry was facing the great problem.
There is an immediate need to intensify the research in all aspects of wine grape
cultivation and wine making to produce quality wines. The government should also
arrange extension services programs for this purpose. For making, a quantum jump in
national and international market there is a need to formulate a suitable strategy and
strengthening of infrastructure facilities.

6.19 CONCLUSION

Grape processing industry is one of the remunerative industries in the world.

The potential benefit of grape cultivation can be derived only by establishing the
grape processing industries. Since this will improve the profitability and sustainability
of grape cultivation. It brings large benefits to the people by way of employment and
income. In India the grape industry has tremendous potential for increasing national
wealth and there by achieving social and economic benefits. The processed products
viz. wine, raisin and grape juice are the most popular products from the grape all over
the world. The raisin production of top most countries in recent past is decreasing.
Especially USA, Turkey, Uzbekistan and Iran have shown unsatisfied progress. In
China, India, Chile, South Africa, Argentina and Afghanistan were continue to

247
increase raisin production. India has achieved the 4th level in the world, since Indian
has huge local consumption of the raisin though India exports very little to the world.

The potential benefit of grape cultivation can be derived only by establishing

the grape processing industries. Since this will improve the profitability and
sustainability of grape production. There is an immediate need to intensify the
research in all aspects of wine grape cultivation and wine making to produce quality
wines. Government should promote the production of raisin, wine and other
horticultural commodities in the region to promote adequate supply of raw material
throughout the year for increasing the capacity utilization of the firms. For making a
quantum jump in exports there is a need to formulate a suitable export strategy and
strengthening of infrastructure facilities.

248
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and Prospects of Raisin industry, International symposian on grape production
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2. Adsule, P. G.; Sharma, A. K.; Banerjee, K. and Karibasappa, G. S. (2012):
Raisin industry in India: Adoptation of good drying practices for safe raisin,
Bulletin de l’ OIV, 2012, vol. 85, no 974-975-976, pp -209-216.
3. Christian Chervin, Julia Aked and Carlos, H. C. (2012): Crop Post-Harvest:
Science and Technology, First Edition. Edited by Debbie Rees, Graham Farrell
and John Orchard Blackwell Publishing Ltd, pp. 187-211.
4. David and Mishra, (2011): The Indian wine Market, US, GAIN Report
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5. Dhinesh babu; Marathe, R. A.; Jadhav, V. T. (2012): Post harvesting of
Pomegranate, Nationatal research center on Pomegranate, Solapur, pp -73-74.
6. FAO/WHO. Codex Standards for Raisins. Codex Std. 67(1981)
7. Gaikwad, S. D. (2005): Grapevine cultivation in Sangli District of
Maharashtra: A Geographical Analysis, unpublished PhD thesis submitted to
Shivaji University, Kolhapur.
8. Gade, A. D. & Gaikwad, S. B. (2014a): Economic Analysis of Raisin Industry
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