CHAPTER 67 THE t = tan θ/2 SUBSTITUTION

EXERCISE 274 Page 750

d
1. Integrate with respect to θ:  1  sin 

 2t 2 dt
If t = tan then sin θ = and dθ = from equations (2) and (3).
2 1 t 2
1 t2

d 1  2 dt  1  2 dt   2   2 
Thus  1  sin  =  2t  2 
 1 t 
  2 
(1  t )  (2t)  1  t 
2
  2 
 1  2t  t 
dt    2 
 (1  t) 
dt
1
1 t2 1 t2

2 2
Using the algebraic substitution u = 1 + t gives  (1  t) 2
dt  
(1  t)
c

d 2
Hence,  1  sin  =

c
1  tan
2

dx
2. Integrate with respect to x:  1  cos x  sin x

2dt 2dt
dx 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt 1
 1  cos x  sin x 

1 t 2
2t
  (1  t )  (1  t )  2t
2 2
 2
2t  2t

t(t  1)
dx
1 
1 t2 1 t2 1 t2
1 A B A(t  1)  Bt
Let   
t(t  1) t t  1 t(t  1)

Hence, 1 = A(t + 1) + Bt

Let t = 0, 1=A

Let t = -1, 1 = -B i.e. B = -1

dx 1 1 1 
Thus,  1  cos x  sin x   t(t  1) dx    t  t  1  dx
 x 
 tan
 t  2 c
= ln t – ln(t + 1) + c = ln    c = ln  
1  t   1  tan x 
 2
1084
 d
3. Integrate with respect to α:  3  2 cos 

 1 t2 2 dt
If t = tan then cos α = and dα = from equations (2) and (3).
2 1 t2 1 t2
d 1  2dt  1  2dt 
Thus,  3  2 cos  =  2  2 
 1 t   1 t 

3(1  t )  2(1  t )  1  t 2 
2 2 
3  2 2 
 1 t  1 t2

2 2 1
 3  3t dt   2 dt  2
  
= dt
2
 2  2t 2
(t  5) t2  5
2

 1  
= 2 tan 1 c
 5 5

 t
 tan
Hence 
d 2
tan 1  2  = 2 tan 1  1 tan    c
  2 
=
3  2 cos  5  5  5  5
 

dx
4. Integrate with respect to x:  3sin x  4 cos x

2dt 2dt
dx 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt
 3sin x  4 cos x

 2t   1  t 
2
  6t  4  4t 2
  4t  6t  4
2
3   4  2 
 1 t   1 t 
2
1 t 2

dt dt
=  2t 2
 3t  2

(2t  1)(t  2)
1 A B A(t  2)  B(2t  1)
Let   
(2t  1)(t  2) (2t  1) (t  2) (2t  1)(t  2)

Hence, 1 = A(t + 2) + B(2t - 1)

1 2
Let t = 0.5, 1 = 2.5A i.e. A= 
2.5 5

1
Let t = -2, 1 = -5B i.e. B= 
5

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 2 1
dx dt 5  5 dt  1 ln(2t  1)  1 ln(t  1)  c
Thus,  3sin x  4 cos x
=  (2t  1)(t  2) 

(2t  1) (t  2) 5 5

 x 
1  2t  1  1  2 tan 2  1 
= ln    c = ln  c
5  t2  5  x
tan  2 
 2 

1086
EXERCISE 275 Page 752

d
1. Integrate with respect to θ:  5  4sin 

2dt 2dt
d 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt 2dt
 5  4sin  

 2t 

5 1  t   4(2t)
2
 2
5t  8t  5

 8 
5  4 2 
5  t 2  t  1
 1 t  1 t 2  5 

2  4
 t 
2 dt 5  c  2 tan 1  5t  4   c
5
=  5 tan 1    
 3 
2 2
 4  3 3  3  3
t     5  5 
 5 5
  
2  5tan 4
1 2
= tan  c
3  3 
 

dx
2. Integrate with respect to x:  1  2sin x

x 2t 2 dt
If t = tan then sin x = and dx = from equations (2) and (3).
2 1 t 2
1 t2

dx 1  2dt  1  2dt   2 
Thus  1  2sin x =   2t  2 
  1 t 
  2 
(1  t )  2(2t)  1  t 
2
 

 dt
1  t  4t 
2
1 2 2 
 1 t  1 t2

 2   2 
=  2  dt    
 t  4t  1   (t  2)  3 
2

 2  1  (t  2)  3 
=   dt  ln    c
 (t  2) 2
 ( 3) 2
 3  (t  2)  3 

 x 
dx 1  tan  2 3 
Hence,  1  2sin x = 3 ln  x2 c
 tan  2  3 
 2 

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 dp
3. Integrate with respect to p:  3  4sin p  2cos p

2dt 2dt
dp 1 t 2
1 t2
 3  4sin p  2 cos p    2t   1  t 
2
  3 1  t 2   4(2t)  2 1  t 2 
3  4 2 
 2  2 
 1 t   1 t  1 t2
2dt 2dt 2dt 2dt
=  3  3t  2  
 8t  2  2t t  8t  5 (t  4)  11
 
 t  4   11
2 2 2 2 2

2  t  4  11  1  t  4  11 
= ln  c  ln   using partial fractions (see
2 11  t  4  11  11  t  4  11 

Problem 9, page 746 of textbook)

 p 
1  tan 2  4  11 
= ln  c
11  tan p  4  11 
 2 

d
4. Integrate with respect to θ:  3  4sin 

2dt 2dt
d 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt 2
 3  4sin  

 2t 

3 1  t 2
  4(2t)
 2
3t  8t  3

 2 8 
dt
3  4 2 
3  t  t  1
 1 t  1 t2  3 
2 dt 2 dt
=  2
 
3  8  7 3  4   7 2
2

t    t    
 6 9  3  3 

   
 4 7
2 1 t   1  3t  4  7 
=  ln  3 3   c  ln  c
3  7  4 7  7  3t  4  7 
2  t  
  3   3 3  
from problem 9, page 746
  
1  3 tan 2  4  7 
= ln  c
7  3 tan   4  7 
 2 

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  t
 2  tan 
dt 1
5. Show that   ln  2 c

1  3cos t 2 2  2  tan t 
 2

2dt 2dt
dt 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt 2dt
 1  3cos t 

 1 t 
2
  1(1  t )  3(1  t )
2 2

1  t  3  3t
2 2

4  2t 2
1 3 2 
 1 t  1 t2

dt dt 1  2  t 
=  2t  = ln    c using partial
 2 2 2  2  t 
2 2
 t2

fractions (see problem 11, page 747 of textbook)

 t
1  2  tan 2 
= ln  c
2 2  2  tan t 
 2

 /3 3d
6. Show that  0 cos 
= 3.95, correct to 3 significant figures.

 1 t2 2 dt
If t = tan then cos θ = and dθ = from equations (2) and (3).
2 1 t 2
1 t2

dx 1  2 dt  2
Thus  cos x =  1 t 2  2 
 1 t 

1 t2
dt

1 t2
2
may be resolved into partial fractions.
1 t2

2 2 A B A(1  t)  B(1  t)
Let =   =
1 t 2
(1  t)(1  t) (1  t) (1  t) (1  t)(1  t)

Hence 2 = A(1 + t) + B(1 – t)

When t = 1, 2 = 2A, from which, A = 1

When t = - 1, 2 = 2B, from which, B = 1

2dt 1 1  (1  t) 
Hence  1 t 2
 
(1  t) (1  t)
dt = - ln(1 – t) + ln(1 + t) + c = ln  c
 (1  t) 

1089
  
1  tan
d 2 c
Thus  cos   ln  
1  tan  
 2
 /3
      
 /3 3d  1  tan 2   1  tan 6   1  tan 0  
Hence,  0 cos  = (3) ln    3  ln    ln 
 1  tan    1  tan    1  tan 0  
  2  0  6 

= 3(1.316958 – 0) = 3.95, correct to 3 significant figures

 /2 d 
7. Show that  0

2  cos  3 3

2dt 2dt
d 1 t 2
1 t2 2dt 2dt
 2  cos  

 1 t 
2
  2(1  t )  (1  t )
2 2

2  2t  1  t
2 2
 2
t 3
2 2 
 1 t  1 t 2

 
 tan 
dt 2 t 2
= 2  tan 1  tan 1  2

 3
2
t2  3 3 3  3 
 
/ 2
    
tan   tan 
Hence, 
/ 2 d

2 
tan 1 2 
2 
tan 1 4   tan 1 tan 0  
      
0 2  cos  3 3  3  3   3 
 0   

2  1 1  2  
=  tan  0   
3 3  36 3 3
1 
(Using a calculator on degrees, tan 1  30  rad )
3 6

   1
Note that tan 30  i.e. rad  = (since AD = 3 by Pythagoras)
 6  3

1090