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LOGO THERMODYNAMICS 1
Introduction and Basic Concepts of Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics
Department of Chemical Engineering, Semarang State University
Dhoni Hartanto S.T., M.T., M.Sc.
Course Details
Course title : Thermodynamics 1
Time slot : Monday, 11.00 – 13.00 am
Classroom/credit : E2-307/ 2 sks
Instructor : Dhoni Hartanto, S.T., M.T., M.Sc.
Office : GC-MS Laboratory, E-2 building, Faculty of engineering, UNNES
Telephone : +62821-4154-8851
E-mail :
[email protected]Office hours : Monday-Friday 07.00 am– 04.00 pm
Course books : Smith, J. M., Van Ness, H.C., Abbott, M. M. 2011. Introduction to
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill
Co., Singapore.
References books :
1. Poling, B. E., Prausnitz, J. M., O’Connell. 2001. The properties of gases and liquids
fifth edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, USA.
2. Sandler, S. I. 1999, Chemical Chemical, Biochemical, and Engineering
Thermodynamics, 5th ed., Joh Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA
3. Praustnitz, J. M., Lichtenthaler, R. N., and de Azevedo, E. G. 1999. Molecular
Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall PTR. USA.
Course Details (cont.)
Ref. Book : Poling, 2001
Ref. Book : Praustnitz, 1999
Course book : Smith, 2011
Ref. Book : Sandler, 1999
Topics
1. Thermodynamics : Definition
2. Thermodynamics : Example
3. Dimensions and Units
4. Measures of Amount or Size
5. Force
6. Temperature
7. Pressure
8. Work
9. Energy
10. Heat
Definition
Thermodynamics: The science of energy
The name thermodynamics stems from the Greek words therme (heat)
and dynamis (power)
Thermodynamics is the study of energy conversion between heat and
mechanical work, and subsequently the macroscopic variables such as
temperature, volume, and pressure.
THERMO : HEAT and TEMPERATURE
DYNAMICS : MOTION
Example
The production of chemicals, polymers, pharmaceuticals and other
biological materials, and oil and gas processing, all involve chemical or
biochemical reaction that produce a mixture of reaction product.
(e.g : production of tert-butanol)
1. These must be separated from the mixture and purified to result in
product of societal, commercial, or medicinal value.
2. These is the area where thermodynamics plays a central role in
process eng.
3. Separation processes, e.g. distillation are designed based on
information from thermodynamics such as vapor-liquid equilibrium
data.
Example (cont.)
Vapor-Liquid
Equilibrium
(VLE) data
Example (cont.)
Feed Extractive
Distillation Column
Preheater
Steam in
Concentrated
Evaporator
Buffer Solution
Condense out
Pump
Distillation method based on the addition Buffering-effect of TRIS on the VLE of the tert-butanol (1) +
of an entrainer (extractive distillation) water (2) system. x1' was calculated from buffer-free base :
(■), 0.05; (▲), 0.10; (●), 0.20; (___), calculated from the
(Hartanto et al, 2013)
NRTL model; (-∙∙-), smoothed results for the TRIS-free system
(Hartanto et al, 2013)
Dimensions and Units
- Dimension is recognize through our sensory perceptions and not
definable without the definition of arbitrary scales of measure,
divided into specific units of size.
The units have been set by international
agreement, and are
codified as the International System of Units (SI).
Dimensions and Units (cont.)
Any physical quantity can be characterized by
dimensions.
The magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are
called units.
Some basic dimensions such as mass m, length L,
time t, and temperature T are selected as primary or
fundamental dimensions, while others such as
velocity V, energy E, and volume V are expressed in
terms of the primary dimensions and are called
secondary dimensions, or derived dimensions.
Metric SI system: A simple and logical system based
on a decimal relationship between the various units.
English system: It has no apparent systematic
numerical base, and various units in this system are
related to each other rather arbitrarily.
Dimensions and Units (cont.)
Dimensions and Units in HYSYS v3.2
SI units American Engineering Units
(Field)
Dimensions and Units (cont.)
Dimensional Homogeneity
Unity Conversion Ratios
All nonprimary units (secondary units) can be formed by
combinations of primary units.
Force units, for example, can be expressed as
They can also be expressed more conveniently
as unity conversion ratios as
Unity conversion ratios are identically equal to 1 and are
unitless, and thus such ratios (or their inverses) can be
inserted conveniently into any calculation to properly
convert units.
Measurements of Amount and Size
•Three measures of amount or size are in common use:
Mass, m ; Number of moles, n ; Total volume, Vt
• Mass, m divided by the molar mass M (molecular weight) to yield
number of moles;
m
n , m Mn
M
Total volume, divided by the mass or number of moles of the
system to yield specific or molar volume.
• Specific volume: Vt V t mV
V or
m
Vt
• Molar Volume: V or V t nV
n
Measurements of Amount and Size (cont.)
Properties in HYSYS
Force
SI unit Metric engineering
system units
Newton (N) Kilogram force (kgf)
1
F ma
F = ma gc
1
1 kgf x 1 kg x 9.80665 ms 2
gc
gc 9 .80665 kg m kg f 1 s 2
* Note : The kilogram force is equivalent to 9.80665 N
Temperature
All temperature scales are based on some easily reproducible states such as the
freezing and boiling points of water: the ice point and the steam point.
Ice point: A mixture of ice and water that is in equilibrium with air saturated with
vapor at 1 atm pressure (0°C or 32°F).
Steam point: A mixture of liquid water and water vapor (with no air) in equilibrium
at 1 atm pressure (100°C or 212°F).
Celsius scale: in SI unit system
Fahrenheit scale: in English unit system
Thermodynamic temperature scale: A temperature scale that is independent of the
properties of any substance.
Kelvin scale (SI) Rankine scale (E)
A temperature scale nearly identical to the Kelvin scale is the ideal-gas temperature
scale. The temperatures on this scale are measured using a constant-volume gas
thermometer.
Temperature (cont.)
Pressure
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
F mg
P
A A
F mg Ahg
P hg
A A A
Pressure (cont.)
Absolute pressure: The actual pressure at a given position. It is measured
relative to absolute vacuum (i.e., absolute zero pressure).
Gage pressure: The difference between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure. Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read
zero in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures: Pressures below atmospheric pressure
Work
Work, W is performed whenever a force acts through a distance
dW Fdl
Vt
dW PAd
A
dW PdV t
V2t
W t PdV t
V1
Energy
1. Kinetic Energy
When a body of mass m dacted upon by a force F is displaced a distance dl during a
differential interval of time dt .
dW ma dl
Acceleration a = du / dt, where u is the velocity of the body
du dl
dW m dl m du
dt dt
Velocity u = dl / dt, the expression work becomes
dW mu du
u2
u 22 u12
W m u du m
u1 2 2
mu22 mu12 mu 2
W
2 2
2
1
Ek mu 2
2
Thank you
