Glow-worms

A
The glow-worm belongs to a family of beetles known as the Lampyridae or fireflies. The fireflies are
a huge group containing over 2000 species, with new ones being discovered all the time. The
feature which makes fireflies and glow-worms so appealing is their ability to produce an often
dazzling display of light. The light is used by the adult fireflies as a signal to attract a mate, and each
species must develop its own 'call-sign' to avoid being confused with other species glowing nearby.
So within any one area each species will differ from its neighbours in some way, for example in the
colour or pattern of its light, how long the pulses of light last, the interval between pulses and
whether it displays in flight or from the ground.
B
The firefly’s almost magical light has attracted human attention for generations. It is described in an
ancient Chinese encyclopaedia written over 2000 years ago by a pupil of Confucius. Fireflies often
featured in Japanese and Arabian folk medicine. All over the world they have been the inspiration for
countless poems, paintings and stories. In Britain, for example, there are plenty of anecdotes
describing how glow-worms have been used to read by or used as emergency bicycle lamps when a
cyclist's batteries have failed without warning. Early travellers in the New World came back with
similar stories, of how the native people of Central America would collect a type of click beetle and
release them indoors to light up their huts. Girls threaded them around their feet to illuminate the
forest paths at night.

Fireflies very similar to those we see today have been found fossilised in rocks which were formed
about 30 million years ago, and their ancestors were probably glowing long before then. It is
impossible to be sure exactly when and where the first firefly appeared. The highest concentrations
of firefly species today are to be found in the tropics of South America, which may mean either that
this is where they first evolved, or simply that they prefer the conditions there.

Wherever they first arose, fireflies have since spread to almost every part of the globe. Today
members of the firefly family can be found almost anywhere outside the Arctic and Antarctic circles.
C
As with many insects, the glow-worm's life is divided into four distinct stages: the egg, the larva
(equivalent to the caterpillar of a butterfly), the pupa (or chrysalis) and the adult. The glow-worm
begins its life in the autumn as a pale yellow egg. The freshly laid egg is extremely fragile but within
a day its surface has hardened into a shell. The egg usually takes about 35 days to hatch, but the
exact time varies according to the temperature, from about 27 days in hot weather to more than 45
days in cold weather. By the time it is due to hatch, the glow-worm's light organ is fully developed,
and its glow signals that the egg will soon hatch.

After it has left the egg, the larva slowly grows from a few millimetres into the size and shape of a
matchstick. The larval stage is the only time the insect can feed. The larva devotes much of its life to
feeding and building up its food reserves so that as an adult it will be free to concentrate all its efforts
on the task of finding a mate and reproducing. Throughout its time as a larva, approximately 15
months, the glow-worm emits a bright light. The larva's light is much fainter than the adult female's
but it can still be seen more than five metres away.
In the final stage of a glow-worm's life, the larva encases itself in a pupa) skin while it changes from
the simple larva to the more complex adult fly. When the adult fly emerges from the pupa the male
seeks a female with whom it can mate. After mating, the female lays about 120 eggs. The adult flies
have no mouth parts, cannot eat and therefore only live a few days. When people talk of seeing a
glow-worm they normally mean the brightly glowing adult female.
D
In some countries the numbers of glow-worms have been falling. Evidence suggests that there has
been a steady decrease in the British glow-worm population since the 1950s and possibly before
that. Possible causes for the decline include habitat destruction, pollution and changes in climate.
Thousands of acres of grassland have been built upon and glow-worm sites have become
increasingly isolated from each other. The widespread use of pesticides and fertilisers may also
have endangered the glow-worm. Being at the top of a food chain it is likely to absorb any pollutants
eaten by the snails on which it feeds. The effect of global warming on rainfall and other weather
patterns may also be playing a part in the disappearance of glow-worms. A lot more research will be
needed, however, before the causes of the glow-worm's gradual decline are clear.
E
Although glow-worms are found wherever conditions are damp, food is in good supply and there is
an over-hanging wall, they are most spectacular in caves. For more than 100 years the glow-worm
caves in New Zealand have attracted millions of people from all over the world. The caves were first
explored in 1887 by a local Maori chief, Tane Tinorau, and an English surveyor, Fred Mace. They
built a raft and, with candles as their only light, they floated into the cave where the stream goes
underground. As their eyes adjusted to the darkness they saw myriad lights reflecting off the water.
Looking up they discovered that the ceiling was dotted with the lights of thousands of glow-worms.
They returned many times to explore further, and on an independent trip Tane discovered the upper
level of the cave and an easier access. The authorities were advised and government surveyors
mapped the caves. By 1888 Tane Tinorau had opened the cave to tourists.

Questions 1-6
The reading passage has five sections labelled A-E.

Which section contains the following information?

Write the correct letter A-E in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.

NB You may use any letter more than once.

1 threats to the glow-worm

2 ways in which glow-worms have been used
3 variations in type of glow-worm
4 glow-worm distribution
5 glow-worms becoming an attraction
6 the life-cycle of a glow-worm
Questions 7-13
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage.

In boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet, write

TRUE if the statement agrees with the information

FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN iif there is no information on this

7 Scientists have only recently been able to list the exact number of glow-worm
species.
8 The first fireflies appeared 30 million years ago.
9 Glow-worm populations are decreasing faster in some countries than in others.
10 Heat affects the production of glow-worm larvae.
11 Adulthood is the longest stage of a glow-worm's life.
12 The exact reason why glow-worm numbers are decreasing is unknown.
13 Glow-worms are usually found in wet areas.
 Doctoring sales

Pharmaceuticals is one of the most profitable industries in North America. But do the drugs
industry's sales and marketing strategies go too far?
A
A few months ago Kim Schaefer, sales representative of a major global pharmaceutical company,
walked into a medical center in New York to bring information and free samples of her company's
latest products. That day she was lucky - a doctor was available to see her. ‘The last rep offered me
a trip to Florida. What do you have?' the physician asked. He was only half joking.
B
What was on offer that day was a pair of tickets for a New York musical. But on any given day, what
Schaefer can offer is typical for today’s drugs rep - a car trunk full of promotional gifts and gadgets, a
budget that could buy lunches and dinners for a small country, hundreds of free drug samples and
the freedom to give a physician $200 to prescribe her new product to the next six patients who fit the
drug's profile. And she also has a few $ 1,000 honoraria to offer in exchange for doctors' attendance
at her company's next educational lecture.
C
Selling pharmaceuticals is a daily exercise in ethical judgement. Salespeople like Schaefer walk the
line between the common practice of buying a prospect’s time with a free meal, and bribing doctors
to prescribe their drugs. They work in an industry highly criticized for its sales and marketing
practices, but find themselves in the middle of the age-old chlcken-or-egg question - businesses
won’t use strategies that don't work, so are doctors to blame for the escalating extravagance of
pharmaceutical marketing? Or is It the industry’s responsibility to decide the boundaries?
D
The explosion in the sheer number of salespeople in the field - and the amount of funding used to
promote their causes - forces close examination of the pressures, Influences and relationships
between drug reps and doctors. Salespeople provide much-needed information and education to
physicians. In many cases the glossy brochures, article reprints and prescriptions they deliver are
primary sources of drug education for healthcare givers. With the huge investment the industry has
placed in face-to-face selling, salespeople have essentially become specialists In one drug or group
of drugs - a tremendous advantage In getting the attention of busy doctors in need of quick
information.
E
But the sales push rarely stops in the office. The flashy brochures and pamphlets left by the sales
reps are often followed up with meals at expensive restaurants, meetings in warm and sunny places,
and an inundation of promotional gadgets. Rarely do patients watch a doctor write with a pen that
Isn’t emblazoned with a drug’s name, or see a nurse use a tablet not bearing a pharmaceutical
company’s logo. Millions of dollars are spent by pharmaceutical companies on promotional products
like coffee mugs, shirts, umbrellas, and golf balls. Money well spent? It’s hard to tell. ‘I’ve been the
recipient of golf balls from one company and I use them, but it doesn’t make me prescribe
their medicine,’ says one doctor. 'I tend to think I'm not influenced by what they give me.’
F
Free samples of new and expensive drugs might be the single most effective way of getting doctors
and patients to become loyal to a product. Salespeople hand out hundreds of dollars’ worth of
samples each week - $7.2 billion worth of them In one year. Though few comprehensive studies
have been conducted, one by the University of Washington Investigated how drug sample
availability affected what physicians prescribe. A total of 131 doctors self-reported their prescribing
patterns - the conclusion was that the availability of samples led them to dispense and
prescribe drugs that differed from their preferred drug choice.
G
The bottom line Is that pharmaceutical companies as a whole Invest more In marketing than they do
in research and development. And patients are the ones who pay - in the form of sky-rocketing
prescription prices - for every pen that’s handed out, every free theatre ticket, and every steak dinner
eaten. In the end the fact remains that pharmaceutical companies have every right to make a profit
and will continue to find new ways to increase sales. But as the medical world continues to grapple
with what’s acceptable and what’s not, It is clear that companies must continue to be
heavily scrutinized for their sales and marketing strategies.

Questions 1-7
Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Not all doctors are persuaded
ii Choosing the best offers
iii Who is responsible for the increase in promotions?
iv Fighting the drug companies
v An example of what doctors expect from drug companies
vi Gifts include financial incentives
vii Research shows that promotion works
viii The high costs of research
ix The positive side of drugs promotion
x Who really pays for doctors’ free gifts?

1 Paragraph A

2 Paragraph B
3 Paragraph C

4 Paragraph D

5 Paragraph E

6 Paragraph F

7 Paragraph G

Questions 8-13
Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage I?
In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

8 Sales representatives like Kim Schaefer work to a very limited budget.

9 Kim Schaefer’s marketing technique may be open to criticism on moral grounds.

10 The information provided by drug companies is of little use to doctors.

11 Evidence of drug promotion is clearly visible in the healthcare environment.

12 The drug companies may give free drug samples to patients without
doctors’ prescriptions.

13 It is legitimate for drug companies to make money.

 The way the brain buys

Supermarkets take great care over the way the goods they sell are arranged. This is because they
know a lot about how to persuade people to buy things.
When yon enter a supermarket, it takes some time for the mind to get into a shopping mode. This is
why the area immediately inside the entrance of a supermarket is known as the ‘decompression
zone’. People need to slow down and take stock of the surroundings, even if they are regulars.
Supermarkets do not expect to sell much here, so it tends to be used more for promotion. So the
large items piled up here are designed to suggest that there are bargains further inside the store,
and shoppers are not necessarily expected to buy them. Walmart, the world’s biggest retailer,
famously employs ‘greeters’ at the entrance to its stores. A friendly welcome is said to cut
shoplifting. It is harder to steal from nice people.
Immediately to the left in many supermarkets is a ‘chill zone’, where customers can enjoy browsing
magazines, books and DVDs. This is intended to tempt unplanned purchases and slow customers
down. But people who just want to do their shopping quickly will keep walking ahead, and the first
thing they come to is the fresh fruit and vegetables section. However, for shoppers, this makes no
sense. Fruit and vegetables can be easily damaged, so they should be bought at the end, not the
beginning, of a shopping trip. But psychology is at work here: selecting these items makes people
feel good, so they feel less guilty about reaching for less healthy food later on.
Shoppers already know that everyday items, like milk, arc invariably placed towards the back of a
store to provide more opportunity to tempt customers to buy things which are not on their shopping
list. This is why pharmacies are also generally at the back. But supermarkets know shoppers know
this, so they use other tricks, like placing popular items halfway along a section so that people have
to walk all along the aisle looking for them. The idea is to boost ‘dwell time’: the length of time people
spend in a store.
Having walked to the end of the fruit-and-vegetable aisle, shoppers arrive at counters of prepared
food, the fishmonger, the butcher and the deli. Then there is the in-store bakery, which can be smelt
before it is seen. Even small supermarkets now use in store bakeries. Mostly these bake pre-
prepared items and frozen ingredients which have been delivered to the supermarket previously,
and their numbers have increased, even though central bakeries that deliver to a number of stores
are much more efficient. They do it for the smell of freshly baked bread, which arouses people’s
appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready
meals.
Retailers and producers talk a lot about the ‘moment of truth’. This is not a philosophical idea, but
the point when people standing in the aisle decide to buy something and reach to get it. At the
instant coffee section, for example, branded products from the big producers are arranged at eye
level while cheaper ones are lower down, along with the supermarket’s own label products.
But shelf positioning is fiercely fought over, not just by those trying to sell goods, but also by those
arguing over how best to manipulate shoppers. While many stores reckon eye level is the top spot,
some think a little higher is better. Others think goods displayed at the end of aisles sell the most
because they have the greatest visibility. To be on the right-hand side of an eye-level selection is
often considered the very best place, because most people are right-handed and most people’s eyes
drift rightwards. Some supermarkets reserve that for their most expensive own-label goods.
Scott Bearse, a retail expert with Deloitte Consulting in Boston, Massachusetts, has led projects
observing and questioning tens of thousands of customers about how they feel about shopping.
People say they leave shops empty- handed more often because they are ‘unable to decide’ than
because prices are too high, says Mr Bearse. Getting customers to try something is one of the best
ways of getting them to buy, adds Mr Bearse. Deloitte found that customers who use fitting rooms in
order to try on clothes buy the product they are considering at a rate of 8j% compared with 58% for
those that do not do so.
Often a customer struggling to decide which of two items is best ends up not buying either. In order
to avoid a situation where a customer decides not to buy either product, a third ‘decoy’ item, which is
not quite as good as the other two, is placed beside them to make the choice easier and more
pleasurable. Happier customers are more likely to buy.

Questions 1-4
Label the diagram below.
Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Layout of typical supermarket

Questions 5-10
Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?
Write
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
5 The ‘greeters’ at Walmart increase sales.

6 People feel better about their shopping if they buy fruit and vegetables before
they buy other food.

7 In-store bakeries produce a wider range of products than central bakeries.

8 Supermarkets find right-handed people easier to persuade than left-handed

people.

9 The most frequent reason for leaving shops without buying something is price.

10 ‘Decoy’ items are products which the store expects customers to choose.

Questions 11-13
Complete the flow chart below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

In-store bread production process

The supermarket is sent 11 and other items which have been prepared earlier.

Baking bread in-store produces an aroma.

Shoppers’ 12 are stimulated.

They are then keener to buy food, including bread and 13

 GLASS - Capturing the dance of light

A Glass, in one form or another, has long been in noble service to humans. As one of the most
widely used of manufactured materials, and certainly the most versatile, it can be as imposing as a
telescope mirror the width of a tennis court or as small and simple as a marble rolling across dirt.
The uses of this adaptable material have been broadened dramatically by new technologies glass
fibre optics — more than eight million miles — carrying telephone and television signals across
nations, glass ceramics serving as the nose cones of missiles and as crowns for teeth; tiny glass
beads taking radiation doses inside the body to specific organs, even a new type of glass fashioned
of nuclear waste in order to dispose of that unwanted material.
B On the horizon are optical computers. These could store programs and process information by
means of light - pulses from tiny lasers - rather than electrons. And the pulses would travel over
glass fibres, not copper wire. These machines could function hundreds of times faster than today’s
electronic computers and hold vastly more information. Today fibre optics are used to obtain a
clearer image of smaller and smaller objects than ever before - even bacterial viruses. A new
generation of optical instruments is emerging that can provide detailed imaging of the inner workings
of cells. It is the surge in fibre optic use and in liquid crystal displays that has set the U.S. glass
industry (a 16 billion dollar business employing some 150,000 workers) to building new plants to
meet demand.
C But it is not only in technology and commerce that glass has widened its horizons. The use of
glass as art, a tradition spins back at least to Roman times, is also booming. Nearly everywhere, it
seems, men and women are blowing glass and creating works of art. «I didn’t sell a piece of glass
until 1975,» Dale Chihuly said, smiling, for in the 18 years since the end of the dry spell, he has
become one of the most financially successful artists of the 20th century. He now has a new
commission - a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company - for which his fee
is half a million dollars.
D But not all the glass technology that touches our lives is ultra-modern. Consider the simple light
bulb; at the turn of the century most light bulbs were hand blown, and the cost of one was equivalent
to half a day’s pay for the average worker. In effect, the invention of the ribbon machine by Corning
in the 1920s lighted a nation. The price of a bulb plunged. Small wonder that the machine has been
called one of the great mechanical achievements of all time. Yet it is very simple: a narrow ribbon of
molten glass travels over a moving belt of steel in which there are holes. The glass sags through the
holes and into waiting moulds. Puffs of compressed air then shape the glass. In this way, the
envelope of a light bulb is made by a single machine at the rate of 66,000 an hour, as compared with
1,200 a day produced by a team of four glassblowers.
E The secret of the versatility of glass lies in its interior structure. Although it is rigid, and thus like a
solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. In the
melting process, the atoms in the raw materials are disturbed from their normal position in the
molecular structure; before they can find their way back to crystalline arrangements the glass cools.
This looseness in molecular structure gives the material what engineers call tremendous “formability”
which allows technicians to tailor glass to whatever they need.
F Today, scientists continue to experiment with new glass mixtures and building designers test their
imaginations with applications of special types of glass. A London architect, Mike Davies, sees even
more dramatic buildings using molecular chemistry. “Glass is the great building material of the
future, the «dynamic skin»,’ he said. “Think of glass that has been treated to react to electric currents
going through it, glass that will change from clear to opaque at the push of a button, that gives you
instant curtains. Think of how the tall buildings in New York could perform a symphony of colours as
the glass in them is made to change colours instantly.” Glass as instant curtains is available now, but
the cost is exorbitant. As for the glass changing colours instantly, that may come true. Mike Davies’s
vision may indeed be on the way to fulfilment.

Questions 1-5
Reading Passage has six paragraphs (A-F).
Choose the most suitable heading/or each paragraph from the list of headings below.
Write the appropriate numbers (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.
Paragraph A has been done for you as an example.
NB There are more headings than paragraphs so you will not use all of them.
You may use any heading more at once.

Example Answer

Paragraph A x

List of Headings
i Growth in the market for glass crafts
ii Computers and their dependence on glass
iii What makes glass so adaptable
iv Historical development of glass
v Scientists’ dreams cost millions
vi Architectural experiments with glass
vii Glass art galleries flourish
viii Exciting innovations in fibre optics
ix A former glass technology
x Everyday uses of glass

1 Paragraph B

2 Paragraph C
3 Paragraph D

4 Paragraph E

5 Paragraph F

Questions 6-8
The diagram below shows the principle of Coming’s ribbon machine.
Label the diagram by selecting NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the Reading Passage to fill
each numbered space.
Write your answers in boxes 6-8 on your answer sheet.

Questions 9-13
Look at the list below of the uses of glass.
According to the passage, state whether these uses exist today, will exist in the future or are not
mentioned by the writer.
In boxes 9-13 write
A if the uses exist today
B if the uses will exist in the future
C if the uses are not mentioned by the writer

9 dental fittings

10 optical computers

11 sculptures

12 fashions

13 curtains
 The harm that picture books can cause

A
There is a great concern in Europe and North America about declining standards of literacy in
schools. In Britain, the fact that 30 per cent of 16 year olds have a reading age of 14 or less has
helped to prompt massive educational changes. The development of literacy has far-reaching effects
on general intellectual development and thus anything which impedes the development of literacy is
a serious matter for us all. So the hunt is on for the cause of the decline in literacy. The search so far
has focused on socioeconomic factors, or the effectiveness of 'traditional' versus 'modern' teaching
techniques.
B
The fruitless search for the cause of the increase in illiteracy is a tragic example of the saying 'They
can't see the wood for the trees'. When teachers use picture books, they are simply continuing a
long-established tradition that is accepted without question. And for the past two decades,
illustrations in reading primers have become increasingly detailed and obtrusive, while language has
become impoverished — sometimes to the point of extinction.
C
Amazingly, there is virtually no empirical evidence to support the use of illustrations in teaching
reading. On the contrary, a great deal of empirical evidence shows that pictures interfere in a
damaging way with all aspects of learning to read. Despite this, from North America to the
Antipodes, the first books that many school children receive are totally without text.
D
A teacher's main concern is to help young beginner readers to develop not only the ability to
recognise words, but the skills necessary to understand what these words mean. Even if a child is
able to read aloud fluently, he or she may not be able to understand much of it: this is called 'barking
at text'. The teacher's task of improving comprehension is made harder by influences outside the
classroom. But the adverse effects of such things as television, video games, or limited language
experiences at home, can be offset by experiencing 'rich' language at school.
E
Instead, it is not unusual for a book of 30 or more pages to have only one sentence full of repetitive
phrases. The artwork is often marvellous, but the pictures make the language redundant, and the
children have no need to imagine anything when they read such books. Looking at a picture actively
prevents children younger than nine from creating a mental image, and can make it difficult for older
children. In order to learn how to comprehend, they need to practise making their own meaning in
response to text. They need to have their innate powers of imagination trained.
F
As they grow older, many children turn aside from books without pictures, and it is a situation made
more serious as our culture becomes more visual. It is hard to wean children off picture books when
pictures have played a major part throughout their formative reading experiences, and when there is
competition for their attention from so many other sources of entertainment. The least intelligent are
most vulnerable, but tests show that even intelligent children are being affected. The response of
educators has been to extend the use of pictures in books and to simplify the language, even at
senior levels. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge recently held joint conferences to discuss
the noticeably rapid decline in literacy among their undergraduates.
G
Pictures are also used to help motivate children to read because they are beautiful and eye-
catching. But motivation to read should be provided by listening to stories well read, where children
imagine in response to the story. Then, as they start to read, they have this experience to help them
understand the language. If we present pictures to save children the trouble of developing these
creative skills, then I think we are making a great mistake.
H
Academic journals ranging from educational research, psychology, language learning,
psycholinguistics, and so on cite experiments which demonstrate how detrimental pictures are for
beginner readers. Here is a brief selection:
I
The research results of the Canadian educationalist Dale Willows were clear and consistent: pictures
affected speed and accuracy and the closer the pictures were to the words, the slower and more
inaccurate the child's reading became. She claims that when children come to a word they already
know, then the pictures are unnecessary and distracting. If they do not know a word and look to the
picture for a clue to its meaning, they may well be misled by aspects of the pictures which are not
closely related to the meaning of the word they are trying to understand.
J
Jay Samuels, an American psychologist, found that poor readers given no pictures learnt
significantly more words than those learning to read with books with pictures. He examined the work
of other researchers who had reported problems with the use of pictures and who found that a word
without a picture was superior to a word plus a picture. When children were given words and
pictures, those who seemed to ignore the pictures and pointed at the words learnt more words than
the children who pointed at the pictures, but they still learnt fewer words than the children who had
no illustrated stimuli at all.

Questions 1-4
Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet
1 Readers are said to 'bark' at a text when ...

A they read too loudly.

B there are too many repetitive words.

C they are discouraged from using their imagination.

D they have difficulty assessing its meaning.

2 The text suggests that...
A pictures in books should be less detailed.
B pictures can slow down reading progress.
C picture books are best used with younger readers.
D pictures make modem books too expensive.

3 University academics are concerned because ...

A young people are showing less interest in higher ed
B students cannot understand modem academic text
C academic books are too childish for their undergraduates
D there has been a significant change in student literacy

4 The youngest readers will quickly develop good reading

A learn to associate the words in a text with pictures.
B are exposed to modern teaching techniques.
C are encouraged to ignore pictures in the text.
D learn the art of telling stories.

Questions 5-8
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?
In boxes 5-8 on your answer sheet write
YES if the statement agrees with the information
NO if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage

5 It is traditionally accepted that children's books should contain few pictures.

6 Teachers aim to teach both word recognition and word meaning.

7 Older readers are having difficulty in adjusting to texts without pictures.

8 Literacy has improved as a result of recent academic conferences.

Questions 9-12
Reading Passage has ten paragraphs, A-J.
Which paragraphs state the following information?
Write the appropriate letters A-J in boxes 9-12 on your answer sheet.
NB There are more paragraphs than summaries, so you will not use them all.

9 The decline of literacy is seen in groups of differing ages and abilities.

10 Reading methods currently in use go against research findings.

11 Readers able to ignore pictures are claimed to make greater progress.

12 Illustrations in books can give misleading information about word meaning.