ENGENVI – Quiz 2  Mists

 Liquids only
 Air Pollutants
 Manifests as fog or steam
 Classification
 By industry (spraying, coating)
 Primary and Secondary
 Organic mist from exhaust
 Origin (Natural/Man-made)
 Chemical Composition (Organic/Inorg.)
 Gases (CO, SOx, NOx, Acids, Aldehydes, HC’s)
 Aerosols and Gases
 Acids
 Source Type
 Usually organic
 Combustion
 From incomplete combustion, industry
 Transportation Emissions
 Aldehydes
 Industrial Processes
 Contains C, H and O
 Use of Solvents
 From incomplete combustion
 Radioactivity
 Sunlight + NO2 + Olefenic HC’s
 5 main air pollutants
 Hydrocarbons (HC’s)
 PM 10/2.5
 Only H and C
 Small solids or liquids (suspended)
 Paraffins, Aromatics, Naphthalene
 Natural or Man-made
 Unburned or partially burned gas
 Burning, Motors, Volcanoes, Industry
 Ground Level O3  Some lost in refining and storage
 Effects of Air Pollutants
 Secondary pollutant
 Air Pollution
 Main component of smog
 Most comes from coal and fossil fuels
 From sunlight and motor combustion
 NOx , CO, SOx, O3
 Travels far
 Both man-made and natural causes
 NOX (1/2)
 Effects: (Metal)
 Combustion, Burning
 Corrosion
 Absorbs sun energy (photo-active; hot)
 O3 is largest contributor to Cu and Al
 CO
 SO2 2nd most corrosive
 Odorless, Colorless
 Degradation
 Lethal in enclosed areas
 SO2, NO2 and O3 degrades Cu, Zn, Al
 From Incomplete combustion
 Effects: (Vegetation)
 SO2
 Tissue Collapse
 Reactive gas, with strong odor
 O3, F, SO2
 From combustion, smelting
 Look of Water-soaked or bruising
 Aerosols (Smoke, Fumes, Dusts, Mists)
 Chlorosis
 Smoke
 Chlorophyll reduction
 Solid and liquid particles
 Loss of pigments (Yellow/Pale Green)
 From incomplete combustion
 Slow Growth
 Burning of rubbish, coal or petrol
 O3 causes cell damage (brown spotting)
 Fumes
 O3 blocks the stomata (for respiration)
 Solids only
 Reduced Light intake
 Condensation of vapors (volatile solids)
 PM can make a thin film on the plant
 From sublimation or chemical reaction  Effects: (Health)
 Dusts  Lung Disease and Respiratory Problems
 Solids only  May trigger asthma as O3 irritates the
 From grinding, drying, sawing dusting lungs
 Dust with fluorine damages vegetation  Cardiovascular Disease
 Wind transferred from constructions,  NO2, SO2, O3 mixes with blood
plowed fields or unpaved roads
  Lung Cancer  Total suspended particles
 PM and O3 causes cancer  PM10 or smaller
 Pregnant Women and Newborns  SO2 , NO2
 Weaker immune system of unborn  Photochemical oxidants
 Respiratory disease for newborns  Assignments of Airsheds:
 DAO 93-14 (Air Quality and regulations relating to air  Attainment Airshed
pollution control of 1993)  Non- Attainment Airshed
 March 18, 1993  Airshed management
 Revised Air Quality Standards of 1992  Multisectoral gov. board (DENR head)
 Amends the AQS of 1978  To formulate policies and standards
 Applies to all possible sources of air pollution  Prepare an action plan
 Testing method: Opacity (Ringelmann chart)  Coordinate members
 emission limits for particulate matter in mg/Ncm  Submit and Publish an yearly AQI
 National Emission Standards for Source Specific  Support groups
Air Pollutants (NESSAP)
 Nine-member committee elected by
 Control of Sulfur Compound Emissions
the board
 Penalties: Php20/kg (should not exceed 5k)
 Air Quality Management Fund (AQMR)
 National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines
 from DENR
(NAAQG) and standards
 Finance containment and clean up
 Prohibited acts:
 Restoration and rehabilitation
 Fugitive Particles
 Allocated per airshed not city
 Volatile Organic compounds emissions
 Where did the DENR get the fund:
 Needs to be stored and handled
 From emission charges
 Waste Gas disposal
 Fines and penalties
 Organic Solvents
 Public and private grants
 Nuisance
 Compliance Mandates
 OPEN BURNING
 Air Quality Index:  Mobile Source
 Very Unhealthy Air Quality (Alert level)  Exhaust emissions
 those old or has lung problems should  Certificate of Conformity
stay indoors and reduce physical activity  Certificate of Compliance to
 Hazardous Air Quality (Warning level) Emission standards
 Above + public avoid outdoor activities  Proof with Motor vehicle inspection
 Extremely hazardous Air (Emergency level) system (MVIS)
 All stay indoors + seal windows & doors  Industrial Source
 RA 8749 (PH Clean air act of 1999)  Nat’l emission standards for source
 Approved: June 23, 1999 specific pollutants (DAO 93-14)
 Air quality management to preserve healthy air  Nat’l ambient air quality standards
 Covers:  Permit to Operate
 Mobile (Transportation)  Smoke belching
 Stationary (Factory)  From poor vehicle maintenance
 Area (Burning, dusts from construction)  72-hour grace period for fine payment
 Air Quality Management  Smoking Ban:
 Airsheds:  Started: May 25, 2001
 area with same weather condition  In:
 No sharp boundaries  Public buildings
 Larger than watersheds  Enclosed places, PUVs, LRT, etc.
 There are 16 air shed in the Philippines  Any enclosed area except residence
 Criteria for AQM
  Closed designated area with no
smoking signs  Why the protocol started
 Penalties:  They saw the effect of GHG’s
 6 months 1 day – 1-year  Industrialization
imprisonment or Php10,000 fine  developed countries is a big part to GHG
 PRRD smoke ban:  Organized timeline:
 May 16, 2017  1979:
 Nation-wide smoking ban in all public  1st climate conference (Geneva)
places  1988:
 Air Quality Monitoring System  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
 Php 6,000,000 Change (IPCC) was started
 1st unmanned machine in Metro Manila  1990:
 Near busy roads in urban areas (Worst)  2nd climate conference
 Process:  1st IPCC report
 Measure of total suspended particles  1992:
 Daily report sent to DENR-EMB  2nd earth summit (Rio de Janeiro)
 Used for policy formation (Air,transpo)  Creation of the UNFCC (United
 Measures effectivity of policies nations framework convention on
climate change)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------  1995:
 Kyoto Protocol (Greenhouse gases)  2nd IPCC report
 First GHG emission reduction treaty  1997:
 Kyoto, Japan – Signed: December 11, 1997  Kyoto Conference
 Effective: Feb. 16, 2005  150 nations attended
 International Treaty in 1992  -5% GHG emissions by 2010
 Commitment Periods:  1998:
 First commitment (2008-2012)  Buenos Aires Action Plan
 Second (2012-2020) (DOHA amendment)  2001:
 To prevent human interference to climate  3rd IPCC (Bonn, Germany)
 1 gigaton reduction per year (since 1990 levels)  Scientific proof of global warming
 Greenhouse effect – gradually heats the earth  178 countries adopt the protocol
causing global warming  US doesn’t participate
 DOHA amendment – changes to the protocol  2002:
 192 countries signed and ratified  3rd earth summit (Johannesburg)
 6 didn’t sign and ratify (US only signed)  2004:
 Countries (top emitters of GHG):  Russia ratified the protocol
 China  2005:
 US  Kyoto protocol took effect
 UN  2011:
 India  Withdrawal of Canada
 Russia  Unworkable goals due to US and China
 Japan  2012:
 Six main greenhouse gases
 DOHA amendment (2020 extension)
 CO2
 2013:
 Methane (CH4)
 Afghanistan adopts the protocol
 Nitrous Oxide (N2O)
 2015:
 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s)
 Replacement with the Paris Agreement
 Perfluorocarbons (PFC’s)
 Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
 Montreal Protocol  Greenhouse Effect
 Timeline:  Change is too fast for life to adapt
 1987: Finalized and agreed (Sept 16)  Storms, droughts
 Signed by 46 countries  Impact: (0.5C – 1C change)
 1989: Enforced (Jan. 1)  Warm temperature extremes
 1990: London Amendment  Heatwaves
 Adjust, Add, Establish, Replace  Water availability
 1992: Copenhagen Amendment  Extreme precipitation
 Higher control of CFC’s, halons  Impacts on biodiversity and Ecosystem
 Additional Control on Methyl bromide,  Forest Impact (reduction of rainforest)
HBFC’s, HCFC’s  Ocean Impacts (Sea level increase)
 1997: Montreal Agreement  Marine life (Dissolved O2 decrease)
 No trading of Methyl bromide & reduce  Coral Reef Impact (decrease due to acid)
 1999: Beijing Amendment  Impacts on Humans (heat-related)
 No trade of bromochloromethane  Food shortage (Death of crops)
 Ban and freeze all use of HCFC’s  Economic Impact (Climate Damage)
 2016: Kigali Amendment  Droughts (land dehydration)
 Reduce use of HFC’s  Ozone Depletion
 How and Why it started:  Ozone (O3)
 By Mario Molina and Sherwood Rowland  Three O atoms covalently bonded
 Found CFC’s can destroy O3  Trace Gas
 Made countries like Canada ban CFCs  Highly reactive
 Framework (Vienna Convention of the  Produced by photodissociation
protection of the O3 layer)  Stratospheric O3
 Science and Policy (By Peter Morrisette)  Second layer of the atmosphere
 Politics (By Peter Morrissette and Haas)  Protect from UVC (100%), most UVB
 Importance:  Cause of depletion:
 To heal the O3 layers (reducing UV)  Halogen, CFC, HCFC, Halon, Methyl Bromide
 Carbon, Chlorine, Fluorine
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Refrigerants, aerosols, plastics
 Global Environmental Challenges  Inexpensive, non-flammable, non-toxic
 Issues with the planet’s systems  90% from industry (north hemisphere)
 State effects of humans to the environment  Halons (Fire extinguishers; 1994 ban)
 15 Environmental Challenges:  Methyl Bromide (Toxic; 2005 US ban)
 Pollution  UV dissociation
 Global Warming (GHGs)  UV destroys CFC bonds
 Overpopulation (Unsustainable)  Cl attracts and captures oxygen atoms
 Waste Disposal (Excessive plastics  O3 holes:
 Natural resource depletion (Fuel use)
 Thinning of the O3 layer
 Climate Change
 Most prominent in the Arctic pole
 Loss of biodiversity (Extinctions)
 Size changes according to temperature
 Deforestation (Reduction of vegetation)
 Low temps cause CFCs to dissociate
 Ocean acidification (Carbonic acid)
 Countries at risk of O3 holes
 Acid rain (Airborne pollutants)
 Due to the polar vortex
 Water pollution (water toxicity)
 Argentina, Chile, Australia, New Zealand
 Urban Sprawl (Migration to low density)
 Effects of O3 depletion:
 Public Health issues (Dirty water or land)
 Humans (Cancer, immune sys dmg, Cataract)
 Genetic Engineering (GMOs increase toxins)
  Plants (Reduced growth, population that  Use sustainable energy sources
feeds on plants) --------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Marine Ecosystem (Dev of Phytoplankton)  Climate Change
 Biogeochemical Cycles (Gas cycle change)  Climate change
 Acid Deposition  Change in global temperature (+/-),
 Acid formation in the atmosphere precipitation, wind patterns, etc.
 Long-range effects rather than local  Due to global warming
 Transboundary problem (far reaching)  Climate vs Weather
 Kinds of Deposition:  Climate: over a long period of time
 Dry (Particles and gases)  Weather: may vary daily
 Acid particles (Transported)  Philippines setting:
 Gases (Quick deposition)  Tropical rainforest (No very dry season)
 Wet (Rain, Snow, Fog, Mist)  Tropical savanna (hills, grasslands, and trees)
 Rain (pH 4.2-4.4)  Tropical monsoon (high-sun seasons; hot)
 Snow (More problematic than rain)  Humid Subtropical (hot and humid summer,
 Fog (taken up from gas phase) and cool to mild winters)
 Mist (High conc from tanks)  Cause:
 Classifications of Acid Deposition  Carbon cycle
 Episodic (Short but intense; loss of life)  From reservoirs of carbons:
 Chronic (waters lose ability to neutralize)  Atmosphere
 Causes and Types  Oceans
 Sulfuric Acid:  Rocks and fossils
 Major factor in acid deposition  Biological processes
 From rocks or burning of coal, oil, peat  Greenhouse Gases
 Nitric Acid: High conc.  Global Warming Potentials
 Only a pollutant when conc is too high  Measure of how much heat a GHG traps
 From combustion (Car, Utility, industry)  CO2 (GWP 1) (Base reference)
 Effects (Environment):  Effects:
 Base Nutrient Depletion  Global Warming > Climate Change
 Removes original nutrients due to runoff  Sea level rise
 Aluminum Toxicity  Damage to natural and human ecosystems
 Aluminum as a heavy metal  Droughts
 Unsuitable for freshwater fish  Ice Cap melt
 Nitrogen Saturation  Carbon Footprint
 Excessive use of soil capacity to hold N  Amount of carbon emissions
 Causes soil, forest, aquatic degradation  Measured in (Tons CO2 / year)
 Eutrophication  Contributors: (starting biggest)
 Additional nitrogen enriches the coast  US, Canada, South Korea, Russia, Japan
 Importance:
 Causes low amount O2 to be dissolved
 Tracking to keep in check
 Corrosion
 Calculation
 SO2 increases corrosion rate of stones
 Listing then calculating (bruh…)
 Effects (People):
 Reduction:
 Danger to elderly people, those with heart
 Reduce, Substitute, Reuse, Plant
and respiratory disease
 NOx increase ground-level O3 (Pneumonia & --------------------------------------------------------------------------
bronchitis)
 Solutions:  Solid Waste
 Vehicle and building emission regulations  Consist of all solid, semi-solid refuse
 Reduce electricity use  Advantages of classifying solid waste:
  Easier recycling  Open dumping (burying)
 Stable collection  Unauthorize removal of recyclables
 Proper disposal  Mixing of waste
 Classifications:  Importation of non-environmentally friendly
 Organics packing items
 Will decay; offensive odor  Importation of misrepresented waste
 Inorganics  Waste management facility w/o permit
 May be combustible or non  Generation of waste
 Minor Classifications:  Waste generation
 Municipal (city waste)  Volume of materials before disposal
 Domestic (household waste; largest share)  Waste stream
 Commercial (restaurants, wholesale; 2nd)  Path of waste from source to disposal
 Institutional (Schools, hospitals; 3rd)  Waste
 Construction (refurbish, demolition)  Materials that has lost its value or purpose
 Industrial (manufacturing, food prod.;4th)  Types:
 Agricultural (crops, farms)  Liquid Waste
 Composition: (Largest share first)  Domestic, industrial or agricultural
 Biodegradable  Point source
 Recyclables  Specified and definite source
 Residuals  Nonpoint source
 Hazardous  Unknown source
 Garbage vs. Rubbish  Solid
 garbage  Plastic, Paper, Metal, Glass (4 types)
 animal/vegetables; rapid decomposition  Organic Waste
 Rubbish  domestic source
 Combustible or non solids  Rots/decays and produces methane
 RA 9003  Decomposed by microorganisms
 Ecological Waste Management of 2000  Recyclables
 Passed December 2000  Can be converted to new products
 Signed Jan. 26, 2001 by Arroyo  Hazardous waste
 Effective: Feb. 10, 2001  Flammable, toxic, reactive, corrosive
 Importance:  Electronic Waste
 Garbage management  unwanted, broken, obsolete
 Preserve the environment and health  Factors:
 Encourage private sector participation  Urbanization
 Encourage cooperation  Population growth
 14 government offices participate in managing  Economic development
 3 private sectors:  Effects:
 NGOs  Soil contamination (Plants, groundwater)
 Recycling industry  Water contamination (Marine, algal bloom)
 Manufacturing and packaging industry  Air contamination (incineration, GHGs)
 LGU:  Threat to human health (dengue, malaria)
 Enforcement of own policies & management  4 R’s
 Prohibitions:  Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
 Littering in public places  Composting and Incineration
 Acts violating sanitation policies  Benefits:
 Open burning  Protects the environment
 Collection of non-segregated waste  Source of income
 Squatting in landfills  Waste reduction
  Conserves energy  Waste Collection
 Material Recovery Facilities (MRFs)
 Disadvantages:  From RA 9003
 Not always profitable  Every barangay should have MRFs
 Management sites are dangerous  Sorts, transports, processes, recycles waste
 Not uniform and sold as raw materials
 Two methods:  Importance:
 Composting  Environmental protection
 Black gold  Systematic segregation
 Most environmentally friendly  More appealing
 Pros:  Sorting Facility or Recycling facility
 Good for air quality  Sorting facility
 Increase biodiversity  Only sorts
 Eco-friendly  All recyclables sent to recycling
 Cons:  Recycling facility
 Only for organics  To generate new raw materials
 Stinky and attracts insects  To maximize the use
 Contamination may occur  Clean vs Dirty MRF
 Time consuming  Clean: no putrescible (municipal waste)
 Impractical for small land  Dirty:putrescible (house;intense sorting)
 Requirements:  How does an MRF work?
 O2  Material gathering
 Moisture  Gravitation of heavy waste
 Fragment sizing  Manual sorting
 Green matter and N2  Magnetic attraction
 Dry matter  Magnetic repulsion
 Heat  Glass and plastic separation
 Incineration:  Optical sorting
 Waste to energy  Manual sorting (final)
 Banned by RA 8749  DLSU MRF
 Supported by RA 9003  Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable
 Pros:  Residuals waste
 Efficient  Chemical Hazardous Waste
 Space saving
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Doesn’t contaminate groundwater
 Treat of medical waste erase hazard  DAO 93-14
 Cons:  Signed: March 18, 1999
 Costly  RA 8749 (PH Clean air act of 1999)
 Manpower  Signed: June 23, 1999 by Estrada
 Bad for the air  RA 9003 (Ecological Solid waste mang. of 2000)
 Discourages waste management  Signed: Jan. 26, 2001 by Arroyo
 Compositing > Recycling > Incineration  Kyoto Protocol (GHGs)
 Fines and Penalties  Signed: December 11, 1997
 RA 6969 (Hazardous and Nuclear waste)  Effective: Feb. 16, 2005
 RA 9003 (Ecological solid waste mang.)  Montreal Protocol (CFCs)
 RA 8749 (PH clean air act of 1999)  Signed: Aug. 26, 1987
 Talks Concluded on: Sept. 16, 1987
 Effective: Jan 1, 1989
 PYROLYSIS AND SANITARY LANDFILL  REUSE
 Pyrolysis  Use materials more than once in their
 Decomposing biomass by heating in a low O2 original form
environment  RECYCLE
 Converts waste to energy  Converting waste materials into new
 3 Byproducts products, changing them from their original
 Biofuel form by physical and chemical processes
 Highly Oxygenated
 Dark in Color
 High amount of H20
 Syngas
 Flammable Gas
 H and CO
 Clean alternative to fossil fuels
 Biochar
 Charred organic matter
 Used to improve soil quality
 Sanitary Landfill
 Area of land designated for the
decomposition of waste into biologically and
chemically stable materials
 Isolated from surrounding environment
 DISPOSAL CATEGORY 1
 LGU produce less than 15 tons of waste
per day
 60 cm thick clay liner
 DISPOSAL CATEGORY 2
 Produce more than 15 but less than 75
per day
 75 cm thick clay liner
 DISPOSAL CATEGORY 3
 More than 75 bur less than 200 tons
 75cm thick
 DISPOSAL CATEGORY 4
 More than 200
 75cm thick
 101 operating landills in PH ( 17 in
construction )
 WASTE MINIMIZATION
 Reducing/ Limiting quantity of hazardous wastes
 Change in societal patterns that relate to
production and consumption ( process change)
 Redesigning products to eliminate generation of
waste
 REUSE AND RECYCLE FOR SUSTAINABILITY
 SUSTAINABILITY
 Mainting the earth’s scarce resources