MATERIALS TO LEARN FOR TEST

1. Communicative purpose/social function of hortatory exposition

2. Generic structure / generic parts of hortatory exposition
3. Language features of hortatory exposition
4. Texts of hortatory exposition especially the ones in chapter 11 of pathway book
5. All difficult words in chapter 11 of pathway book
6. How to make thesis, arguments, and recommendation of hortatory exposition

GRAMMAR for SABA

A. BASIC TENSES
Sentences with the Sentences with the Sentences with the
predicates of ‘active predicates of predicates of ‘passive
verbs’ ‘complement’ verbs’

Simple Present S + V1 S + am/is/are + C S + am/is/are + V3

S + don’t/doesn’t + V1 S + am/is/are + not + C S + am/is/are + not +
V3
Simple Past S + V2 S + was/were + C S + was/were + V3
S + didn’t + V1 S + was/were + not + C S + was/were + not +
V3
Present Perfect S + have/has + V3 S + have/has + been + S + have/has + been +
S + have/has + not + V3 C V3
S + have/has + not + S + have/has + not +
been + C been + V3

Present Future S + will + V1 S + will be + C S + will be + V3

S + will not + V1 S + will not + be + C S + will not + be + V3

Present S + am/is/are + Ving The same as simple S + am/is/are + being

Continuous S + am/is/are + not + Ving present + V3

Exercise
Say in English.
1. Sebuah bom meledak diantara kerumunan masa di pusat perbelanjaan Malioboro kemarin.
2. Semua orang di tempat ini sedang mengamati pria berjaket hitam di dekat tiang besar itu.
3. Wanita setengah baya di bawah payung hitam tua itu sudah di tempat itu selama dua jam.
4. Para wisatawan asing telah meninggalkan pantai terpencil itu.
5. Saya dan teman-teman SMP saya akan menjenguk Pak Adam di rumah sakit Sarjito nanti sore.
6. Putra-putra Pak Ardi sering datang ke panti asuhan untuk membantu anak-anak yatim piatu.
7. Lima preman paling ganas di daerah ini telah ditangkap dan dipenjara oleh Polisi gabungan
propinsi DIY. Mereka ditangkap di tempat persembunyian mereka kemarin malam.
8. Setiap hari kami diwajibkan untuk memakai sabuk sekolah yang hanya dapat dibeli di koperasi
sekolah.
9. Setiap meja di ruang kelas itu selalu berdebu dan kotor oleh sisa sisa makanan.
10. Novel novel motivasi dan religi di perpustakaan SABA sedang dibaca oleh siswa-siswa kelas X IPA
5.

B. SIMPLE SENTENCE
“Simple Sentence is a sentence which consists of one clause (S + P).”
For example:
 He drinks coffee every night. __ He = S, drinks = P
 They ate spaghetti last night. ___ They = S, ate = P
 The program is sophisticated. ___ The program = S, is sophisticated = P
 She has removed the stains from the clothes. __ She = S, has removes = P
 We are evaluating the program. __ We = S, __ are evaluating = P
 The principal will approve the proposal. __ The principal = S, will approve = P

C. COMPOUND SENTENCE
Compound sentence is a sentence which consists of two main clauses (S + P) connected by a
conjunction. The formula is S + P, conjunction + S + P. The conjunctions commonly used in
compound sentence are and, but, so, or.
For example:
 He likes procrastinating his work, so his work accumulates.
 Farid learns Karate, and his young brother learns Juijitsu.
 You had better not quit the job, or your parents will scold you.
 We have been learning English since junior high school, but we still find it difficult to
speak English.

Exercise 1
Combine the two sentences in every number to be one sentence by using the conjunctions and, or,
but, or so.
1. I choose Gajah Mada University. He chooses State University of Yogyakarta.
2. She is smart and beautiful. She often offends other people.
3. He works too many hours a week. He looks tired and not fresh.
4. They should work hard. They will be fired.
5. The electricity has been off since last night. I haven’t been able to print the letters.

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences into English. Then, combine the two sentences in every number to
be one sentence by using the conjunctions and, or, but, or so.
1. Mereka belum mengerjakan tugas itu sama sekali. Mereka tidak merasa bersalah.
2. Ruangan kelas kami dilengkapi dengan CCTV. Segala aktivititas di dalam kelas dapat dengan
mudah dipantau oleh kepala sekolah.
3. Rumput di depan kelas kami sudah dipotong. Sampah-sampah belum dibersihkan.
4. Wina sedang membaca buku agama. Aziz sedang membaca buku psikologi.
5. Ruang Jodipati sedang digunakan untuk seminar. Kita sebaiknya mencari ruangan kosong lain
untuk rapat OSIS.

D. COMPLEX SENTENCE
“Complex sentence is a sentence which consists of one main clause and one sub clause; the sub
clause may be adjective clause, adverbial clause, or noun clause.”
For example:
 We are looking for a student who can speak English fluently. (Complex sentence with an adjective
clause.
 When I came to his house last week, he was playing football with some children on the yard.
(Complex sentence with an adverbial clause)
 We have to know where he lives. (Complex sentence with a noun clause)
 I know that she dislikes me. (Complex sentence with a noun clause)
1. Adjective Clause
“Adjective clause is a sub clause which functions to modify or explain a noun. Adjective clause
usually uses the relative pronoun who, whom, which, that, or whose.”
The words in italics in the following sentences are the examples of adjective clauses:
 The woman who is sitting next to your aunt lives near my house.
 We will visit the boy whom you hit yesterday.
 My uncle is repairing the car which hit the post near my school last Sunday.
 The book which you will borrow is being read by your classmate.
 The student whose father works abroad is not arrogant in her class.

 When do we use the relative pronouns who, whom, which, that, and whose?
a. Who
The relative pronoun who is used when the adjective clause explains a person and when the
relative pronoun is followed by a predicate. Here is the formula:
noun of a person + who + predicate
For example:
 The man who wears a red hat interviewed me in Jakarta last week.
The adjective clause is who wears a red hat. The relative pronoun is who. The noun
which is explained by the adjective clause is man. After the relative pronoun who is
wears: it is a predicate.

b. Whom
The relative pronoun whom is used when the adjective clause explains a person, and when
the relative pronoun is followed by a subject. Here is the formula:
noun of a person + whom + subject
For example:
 The teacher whom I greeted yesterday teaches in my class twice a week.
The adjective clause is whom I greeted yesterday. The relative pronoun is whom. The noun
which is explained by the adjective clause is teacher. After the relative pronoun whom is I: it
is a subject.

c. Which
 The relative pronoun which is used when the adjective clause explains something which is not
a person (an animal, a plant, a tree, or a non-living object), and when the relative pronoun is
followed by a subject or a predicate. Here is the formula:
1st Formula: something that is not a person + which + predicate

For example:
 The cats which bit you yesterday belongs to my niece.
The adjective clause is which bit you yesterday. The relative pronoun is which. The noun
which is explained by the adjective clause is cats. After the relative pronoun which is were
bit: it is a predicate.

2nd formula: something that is not a person + which + subject

For example:
 The mats which we washed yesterday are commonly kept in Mr. Ponijo’s house.
The adjective clause is which we washed yesterday. The relative pronoun is which. The noun
which is explained by the adjective clause is mats. After the relative pronoun which is we: it
is a subject.

d. That
The relative pronoun that can replace the relative pronouns who, which, and whom.
Therefore, the relative pronouns in the following adjective clauses can be replaced by the
relative pronoun that.
 The woman who is sitting next to your aunt lives near my house.

 We will visit the boy whom you hit yesterday.

 My uncle is repairing the car which hit the post near my school last Sunday.

 The book which you will borrow is being read by your classmate.

 The woman that is sitting next to your aunt lives near my house.

 We will visit the boy that you hit yesterday.

 My uncle is repairing the car that hit the post near my school last Sunday.

 The book that you will borrow is being read by your classmate.

e. Whose
The relative pronoun whose is used when the adjective clause explains a person. It means a
possession. It replaces the possessive pronoun his, her, our, their, etc.
For example:
 The boy whose motorcycle is parked behind the school often sleeps in class.
Pria yang motornya diparkirkan di belakang sekolah sering tidur di kelas.
  We picked up the guest whose name is very popular in Indonesia recently.
Kami menjemput tamu yang namanya sangat terkenal di Indonesia akhir-akhir ini.

Exercise 1
Combine the two sentences in every number to be one sentence. Do not use the relative pronoun
that.
1. I need a car. The car can load eight passengers.
2. The physician has treated the patient. The patient’s leg is seriously injured.
3. The people are listening to the speech of the priest attentively. The priest often prays in the
mosque of my village.
4. The lecturer is talking to the dean. We are going to meet the dean tomorrow.
5. The butcher will slaughter the cow soon. My father raised the cow for years.

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences into English. Then, combine the two sentences in every number to
be one sentence. Do not use the relative pronoun that.
1. Pat Sutrisno suka minum kopi. Istrinya membuatkan kopi untuk nya.
2. Halid menitipkan tasnya kepada seorang anak kecil. Anak kecil itu sedang bersandar di
sebuah pohon besar dan rindang.
3. Wanita tua dengan tongkat aneh itu sedang berjalan menuju sebuah rumah. Rumah itu
terletak di pinggir hutan.
4. Teman-teman gadis itu berasal dari New Zealand. Gadis itu selalu berbicara bahasa Inggris
dengan guru nya.
5. Yusuf mentraktir seorang siswa kemarin. Para guru menyukai siswa itu karena akhlak bagus
nya.

2. Adverbial Clause
“Adverbial clause is a clause which functions like an adverb; it explains a verb.”
For example:
 He came here when I was busy. (Adverbial clause of time)
 Wherever he goes, he always brings toothbrush and toothpaste with him. (Adverbial
clause of place)
 He smiles although he has a lot of problems. (Adverbial clause of contrast)
 Because it rained heavily, we cancelled our plan to go to the beach. (Adverbial clause of
cause and effect)
 We delay the program in order that we have better preparation for it. (Adverbial clause
of purpose)
 I will help you if you stop speaking rudely. (Adverbial clause of condition)

Adverbial clause always uses a subordinating conjunction. Here are the common
subordinating conjunctions used in adverbial clauses:
a. Adverbial clause of time: when, before, after, every time
b. Adverbial clause of place: wherever, where
c. Adverbial clause of contrast: although, even though, whereas
 d. Adverbial clause of cause and effect: because
e. Adverbial clause of condition: if, unless

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with most appropriate conjunctions.

1. I didn’t go to school…. I was sick.

2. He left the place …… He had got a lot of information.
3. They will arrest you …. if you do a crime again.
4. He is humble…. he is very rich.
5. She always offends other people ….she is.
6. I will resign the job ….. the company raises the salary.
7. She gave the cake to the beggar ……she herself was hungry.
8. I tried to conceal my sorrow ……….. I didn’t want to make them sad.
9. She always smiles at me ………….. she meets me.
10. …….. we draw the decision, we had done a long discussion.

Exercise 2
Translate the following sentences into English. Then, fill in the blanks with the most appropriate
subordinating conjunctions.
1. Dia belum minta maaf pada Pak Ahmad ………dia sudah tahu bahwa dia salah.
2. Kami sedang makan siang di kantin ………. seseorang menjerit histeris kemarin.
3. Saya memilih untuk tidak ikut acara itu …….. acara itu diadakan di tempat yang sangat jauh dari
sekolah.
4. Bryan akan berbicara terus terang tentang permasalahannya ………. kamu membujuknya untuk
melakukan itu.
5. Dia tidak pernah lupa beribadah ………dia berada.