Guidance Notes on
Job Safety Analysis for the Marine and
Offshore Industries
Outline
What is Job Safety Analysis (JSA)?
Why is JSA important to the marine and offshore industries?
What is in the ABS GN for JSA?
Flexible JSA Approach
– Informal JSA
– Formal JSA
Getting the Most out of the JSA Program
JSA Program Implementation
JSA Program Monitoring
Samples, Examples, Hazards > Cause > Control Tables
Questions
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What is Job Safety Analysis?
Risk assessment applied to work tasks
Goal is to prevent harm to individual(s) carrying out task
Risk Management Best Practice
JSA Process
Identify basic job steps of task
For every job step, review potential safety and health hazards
Plan for effective risk control
• 33 Outer Continental Shelf accidents between 2000 -07
• Resulted in 14 fatalities and 7 injuries
• Absence of job hazard analysis cited as a contributing cause
Source: 30 CFR 250 Safety and Environmental Systems (SEMS)
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Standards and Regulations Requiring JSA
The International Safety Management (ISM) Code, 2010 edition
Safety management objective to “assess all identified risks to its
ships, personnel and the environment and establish appropriate
safeguards”.
Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Std OHSAS 18001
Requires “procedure(s) for the ongoing hazard identification, risk
assessment, and determination of necessary controls” as the basis
for OH&S system
ILO Maritime Labour Convention, 2006
Mandates risk evaluations for occupational health and safety risks.
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Standards and Regulations Requiring JSA
(continued)
Tanker Management lf-Assessment (TMSA)
Requires program for systematic identification of hazards
30 CFR 250 Safety and Environmental Management Systems
(SEMS)
– 33 OCS accidents between 2000 -07 resulting in 14 fatalities and 7
injuries – absence of job hazard analysis one of the contributing causes
Requires a JSA program to analyze tasks performed as part of most
offshore activities
– drilling, production, processing, construction, well services (workover,
completion, servicing), and pipelines.
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Overview of ABS GN on JSA
Best practices and concepts for developing, optimizing and
maintaining a successful JSA Program
Philosophy and approaches
Roles and Responsibilities
Models and examples
Audience
Management / personnel responsible for safety management, risk
controls, maintenance tasks, etc.
JSA Industry Guidance
Limited marine and offshore industry guidance
– Distinct philosophy, could be less effective than on-shore industries
Nothing from other Class Societies
Some embedded in SEMS
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GN JSA Philosophy
Identify and control hazards associated with all tasks
JSA all tasks? Some? Which ones?
Some tasks require a more detailed JSA than others.
Flexible approach that can accommodate any level of detail
Tiered approach:
i. An informal JSA (mental or verbal)
ii. A formal JSA (comprehensive and documented)
Criteria to decide what type of JSA is needed for each task
Basic parts of any JSA
1. Understand the task to be performed
2. Identify potential hazards for the task
3. Identify risk control measures for each hazard
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Informal JSA
Mental or verbal individual risk assessments carried out by the
worker(s) before starting any job.
Most basic, quickest and simplest of task risk assessment
Planning tool help workers perform even the most mundane of
tasks without getting hurt.
When?
Routine and simple tasks involving only one or two individuals and
little equipment
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Informal JSA
Before starting job, consider
i. Task
ii. Work area/environment
iii. Equipment
iv. People
v. Controls
Try to identify inherent hazards or what can go wrong with the
above
Identification of hazards leads to methods to manage the risks
associated with the hazard
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Characteristics of Informal JSA
Leader Individual working on the task
Number of people on JSA Team Typically 1-3. All conducting the task should
participate in the JSA
Supervisor during JSA development Not necessary
Documentation None
Level of detain on breakdown of job Mental or verbal outline of task
steps
Approvals None
Risk Estimation Mental. Worker feels confident that risks are
acceptable.
Location for Conducting the JSA Shipboard/facility and close to task location
Timing for conducting JSA Immediately before task
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Informal JSA Process Checksheet
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Formal JSA
Expanded level of detail and is documented.
Documents the job steps, the identified hazards, and the means
by which the risk of these hazards is eliminated or mitigated.
Documentation becomes a means of communicating information
about the job.
All personnel involved in the job and assessment have access to
results and can provide input.
Filed for future reference whenever the same, or similar, task
arises
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When to do a Formal JSA?
Non-routine tasks
Tasks with known potential for harming crew, equipment or
environment, including near-misses, or tasks that have been
associated with recurring HSE events
Complex/difficult tasks
Tasks requiring the interaction of many people or systems
Routine tasks performed under unusual or unfavorable situations
Tasks involving a change from the norm, or something/someone
new or different
Work on critical equipment
Tasks that generate employee complaints
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Tasks Typically Requiring a Formal JSA
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Formal JSA Characteristics
Characteristics Philosophy Section
JSA Leader Individual experienced in the task to be carried out and in 4/3, “Roles and
the JSA process. It could be an individual working on the Responsibilities”
task, a supervisor, or an HSE person from shore with
indirect knowledge of the task.
Number of people All individuals involved in the job should participate in the 4/3, “Roles and
on JSA team JSA development. In addition, the presence of external Responsibilities”
support such as shoreside, HSE, or other departments
may be needed for certain tasks.
Use of not task- Generic JSA can be used as reference, but a new JSA 3/5, “Library of JSAs”
specific, generic should be conducted prior to commencing the task which
JSA forms addresses all hazards associated with the task, including
time of day, personnel experience, change of personnel
during the task, environmental considerations, etc.
Supervisor present Yes. In addition to supervisor/officer in charge, for large- 4/3, “Roles and
during JSA scale, complex tasks, consideration should be given to Responsibilities”
development oversight by the Master, Offshore Installation Manager or
by shore-office HSE expert
Detailed Breakdown performed in conjunction with detailed tasks 2/5.7, “Formal JSA Step
breakdown of job or process instructions and referenced to Company 2: List the Job Steps”
steps procedures
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Formal JSA Characteristics
Characteristics Philosophy Section
Risk Estimation Explicit risk estimation required, according to company 2/5.13, “Formal JSA Step
procedures. Usually, it involves a qualitative assessment 5: Hazard Ranking
of consequence and likelihood with the help of a risk
matrix
Timing and In close proximity to the task location, as well as shortly 3/3. “A Word about
Location of JSAs before commencing the task. Proximity in Time and in
If a JSA was performed well in advance of the task in Location”
order to allow time to install any recommended
engineering controls, such JSA must be reviewed again
prior to commencing the task with all the personnel
involved in the task
Approvals Yes, approval of the JSA analysis needed before starting 4/3.3.2, “Approvals”
the task. Approval process according to company
procedures, usually by the relevant member of offshore
facility management, Master, Offshore Installation
Manager, HSE or shore-office.
Documentation and Yes, according to company procedures. Records stay on 5 / 5 “Recordkeeping”
recordkeeping vessel and usually shore-side also.
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Formal JSA Process
1. Define the job specifically.
2. List steps of the job.
3. Identify hazards for each job step.
4. Identify existing risk control measures for each hazard.
5. Rank the hazards.
1. If ranking indicates that hazard is not adequately controlled, identify
additional risk controls.
2. Re-rank the hazards.
6. Verify implementation of the controls.
Some of parts of the JSA process may be simplified or skipped for a simplified version of the formal JSA
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Hazards List / Potential Causes
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Formal JSA Worked Example
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Incorporating What-If Analysis in ID of Hazards
Incidents commonly result from deviations from work practices or
from deviations in the expected operation of equipment (failures).
Comprehensive JSAs include a “What-If” analysis of what could
go wrong in each particular job step
“What-If” analysis considers failures and deviations that are
reasonably possible, and omit highly unlikely ones.
Example:
What if a hoisting step requires reliance on a limit switch to stop the
hoisting otherwise, there may be an accident.
Ask “What if the limit switch fails to work as intended?”
A recommendation would be to do a functional test of the limit switch
prior to hoisting, or
Switch to using a manual winch for the final steps of hoisting
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Types of Risk Control
Most to least effective:
1. Elimination or substitution
2. Engineering
3. Administrative
4. Personal protective equipment
Additional information on each type of hazard control. e.g.,
1. Elimination or Substitution
– Is task really necessary?
– Can task be carried out less frequently?
– Can task be accomplished in some other way that poses less risk
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Getting the Most out of a JSA Program
Environmental, Security and Emergency Considerations in a JSA
A Word about Proximity in Time and Location
Library of JSAs
Generic
Synergism between JSA and Permit-to-Work
Synergism between JSAs and Standard Operating Procedures
JSA as a Tool to Develop SOPs
Stop Work Authority and Ultimate Work Authority
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JSA Program Implementation
Roles and Responsibilities
Shore Management Involvement
– Providing JSA training and awareness programs
– Internal audits of JSA process
– Self-evaluations of the JSA process by ship personnel
– Review effectiveness of JSA process when correlated to incidents
– Occasional participation, support and oversight of JSAs as needed
Shipboard/Offshore Personnel Involvement and Responsibilities
– Participation
– Approvals
– Contractors
JSA Program Manual
– JSA Form
– Risk Tolerance
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Sample Risk Matrix with Risk Tolerability Criteria
Sample Criteria 1
Sample Criteria 2
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Appendix 1: Sample JSA Forms:
Basic & Comprehensive
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Appendix 2: Hazards and Controls Checklist
Tables expand the list of typical hazards to include possible
Causes/situations that can create/realize the hazard
Consequences/end-results if the hazard is realized,
Controls that can be used to prevent or mitigate the hazard
Aid for hazard identification and planning of controls during a JSA
Made available to the workers
In print or electronically if a JSA software tool is implemented
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Apendix 2: Hazards and Controls Checklist
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