EURO 5 – Brazil and implications for Chile

Santiago del Chile, Oct.07th 2010

Gilberto Leal

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil

CONFIDENTIAL 1
Evolution of Emission Control in Brazil
92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 5

PROCONVE P3 PROCONVE P5 PROCONVE P7

PROCONVE P4

0,40
PM [g/kWh]

0,35
Pollutant CONAMA P5 CONAMA P7 Reduction
Max value [g/kWh] (EURO3 ESC) (EURO5 ESC)
0,30 Euro 1
Carbon Monoxide – CO 2,10 1,50 29 %

0,25 Hydrocarbon – HC 0,60 0,46 23 %

Nitrogen Oxides – NOx 5,00 2,00 60 %

0,20
Particulate Mater – PM 0,10 0,02 80 %

0,15

0,10 Euro 2
Euro 3
0,05
Euro 5 Euro 4
0,00
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5
NOx [g/kWh]
From January 2012 Since 2004
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 2
Brazilian Roads Profile
• Brazil has 1,712 million km of highways, 12,4 % of which are paved, 79,9% are unpaved
and 7,7% under construction or already planned.
Unpaved
79,9%

Paved
Unpaved
In Construction Paved
12,4% In
Construction
7,7%

Highway Intercity connection Unpaved road City traffic

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 3
 Some highway in Brazil allow the traffic, but with
serious damage risk for vehicles and people

Worst
pavement
Paved roads in different conditions: 210.000 km (12,46%) Unpaved roads: 1.367.800km (79,9%)

Municipal roads Mountainous Chaotic traffic in urban

region Long distance highways in bad regions. Excessive stop & go
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal conditions Daimler Trucks 4
 Diesel Fleet – Distribution by Vehicle Category

Vehicles x 106
2,8
2,6 LD Commercial Diesel
2,4 City Bus
2,2
Intercity Bus
2,0
Truck <= 3,5 ton
1,8
1,6 3,5 < Truck < 16 ton
1,4 Truck > = 16 ton
1,2
1,0
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0,0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Source: Adapted from 1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários – MME - 2010

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 5

 Diesel Fleet – Distribution by Emission Level

Vehicles x 106
2,8

2,6 EURO 3
2,4
EURO 2
2,2

2,0 EURO 1
1,8
EURO <=0
1,6

1,4

1,2

1,0

0,8

0,6

0,4

0,2

0,0
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008

Source: Adapted from 1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários – MME - 2010

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 6

NOx emission – Commercial Diesel Fleet - Forecast
In 2020 emissions will be back at 1988 level: 0,7 x 106 t/year

P7 = EURO 5
P5 = EURO 3
P4 = EURO 2
P3 = EURO 1
P2, P1 and prior

Source: 1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários – MME - 2010

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 7

PM emission – Commercial Diesel Fleet - Forecast
The contribution of EURO5 vehicles for the amount of PM will be marginal

P7 = EURO 5
P5 = EURO 3
P4 = EURO 2
P3 = EURO 1
P2, P1 and prior

Source: 1º Inventário Nacional de Emissões Atmosféricas por Veículos Automotores Rodoviários – MME - 2010

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 8

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 9
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 10
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 11
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 12
Mass and Number of Particle in Vehicular Emissions

Santiago del Chile, Oct.08th 2010

Gilberto Leal

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil

13
Correlation between particle number and mass

3000

Grenz des Massen-

meßverfahrens

2500
Anzahlemission [Relative Einheiten kWh-1]

2000
Meßwerte
EURO II
ohne AGN

1500
Grenzwert
EURO IV

1000
Meßwerte
EURO III
ohne AGN
500
Meßwerte Euro IV Grenzwert Grenzwert
PM-Kat EURO III EURO II

Meßwerte Euro IV
0 SCR
0,00 Angesaugte 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
Luft
Masse [g kWh-1]
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 14
 Correlation between particle number and mass

3000

Grenz des Massen-

m eßverfahrens
2500
Anzahlemission [Relative Einheiten kWh-1]

2000
Meßw erte
EURO II
ohne AGN
1500
Grenzw ert
EURO IV

1000
Meßw erte
EURO III
ohne AGN
500
Grenzw ert Grenzw ert
EURO III EURO II
Meßw erte Euro IV
0 SCR
0,00 Angesaugte 0,05 0,10 0,15 0,20
Luft
Masse [g kWh-1]

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 15

Correlation between particle number and mass

1500

1250 Grenz des Massen- Grenzw ert

Anzahlemission [Relative Einheiten kWh-1]

m eßverfahrens EURO IV

1000

750

Meßw erte
500 EURO III
ohne AGN
Meßw erte Euro IV
PM-Kat
250

Meßw erte Euro IV

SCR
0
0,00 Angesaugte 0,01 0,02 0,03 0,04 0,05
Luft
Masse [g kWh-1]

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 16

 Average efficiency from fine particles filtration in the
ESC (13 points test)
Abscheideeffizienz PM -Kat vs. SCR-System

100%

80%
Abscheidung [%]

60%

Mittlere Abscheidung PM-Kat

40%
Mittlere Abscheidung SCR-System

20%

0%
10 100 1000
Partikeldurchmesser [nm]

Percentage of filtered particles from EURO 5 in comparison with EURO 3 engines using PM-Kat and SCR.
1) PM-Kat (NOx-Reduction inside of engine, Particles-Reduction in the PM-Kat)
2) SCR (Particles reduction inside of engine, NOx-Reduction in the SCR)
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 17
Reduction of Mass and Number of Particles from
EURO 2 to EURO 4/5

0,12 1800

1600
Masse
0,10 Anzahl Reduction of masse and particle
1400 number in comparison with EURO 2
Masse Anzahl
0,08 1200
EURO III 63,64% 58,82%
EURO IV 90,00% 90,00%
Masse [g kWh -1]

Anzahl [kWh-1]
1000 EEV 90,91% 99,96%
0,06 mit CRT 95,45% 99,96%
800

0,04 600

Evolution of the limits:

400 Masse Reduktion
0,02 EURO II 0,15 0,00%
200
EURO III 0,10 33,33%
EURO IV 0,02 86,67%
EEV 0,02 86,67%
0,00 0
EURO II EURO III EURO IV EEV mit DPF
Abgaseinstufung

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 18

Particle filter – Closed system
• Closed System:
Cordierit
Gas flowing trough the filter wall

SiC

very high efficiency:

>90% for Particle mass
>95% for Particle number

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 19

Particle filter – Open system
• Open filter system

PM-Kat:
Gas flowing trough elements

poor efficiency
30% … 50% for particle mass
up to 50% for particle number

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 20

Fine particle dimensions

Bacteria Soot particle * 1 Å= 1 Angström

1– 10 µm = 10 nm – 100 nm =
10-6 – 10-5 m 10-8 – 10-7 m

Sugar tablet
1cm = 10-2m Fine dust <10µ
µm

10-2 10-3 10-4 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10

cm mm µm nm Å*

Human Hair Sal

10 – 100 µm = particles Atomic
10-5 – 10-4 m dimension
200nm – 10 µm =
2*10-9 – 10-4 m

Pollen Primary
3 – 100 µm = Soot particles
3*10-6 – 10-4 m ca. 10 nm

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 21

 Fine particles concentration

Number
101 102 103 104 105 106 107 1/cm3
concentration

Masse- 0<.1 1- 10- 10- 100- >100 µg/m3

Concentration
Clean ambient Field Cross roads Exhaust pipe

City Sandstorm
Unit
Particle per cm3
Ca 1 Sugar tabletl

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 22

The problematic of exhaust pipe

In Chile is mandatory to discharge the gas in the left hand side of the vehicle.
This issue will request a very high effort to reduce the pressure drop and to avoid
the water creation in the outlet.
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 23
The problematic of exhaust pipe

Discharge in the left hand side

Very complex geometry

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 24

The problematic of exhaust pipe

Discharge in the left hand side

Very complex geometry

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 25

Possibilities to improve the emissions level

ETC Cycle
PM [g/kWh]
PM Limits

EURO 3
0,16 0,16 Without Filter

0,10 EURO 3
PM Kat
0,08 With PM Kat
η pm = 50..60% 50 ..60%
EURO 5 0,064
with SCR Efficiency
EURO 3
0,03 0,03 DPF filter 0,03
With DPF
η pm >80% Min 82 %
0 Efficiency
0 2,0 3,5 NOx [g/kWh] 5,0
EURO 5 EURO 4 EURO 5

Risks: = Do not retain fine particles = EURO 3 not have active regeneration possibility
TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 26
Recommendations for Chile

• For Urban Bus:

• To authorise, as optional, the possibility to apply the EURO 5 limits, without the use of PM Filter on
Jan /2012.

• For Trucks working in the urban areas:

• To analyse the possibility to keep EURO 3 without PM filter until the application of EURO5

• For Truck and Bus Long Distance:

• To keep the EURO 3 and to plan the introduction of EURO 5 limits, so far the necessary
infrastructure will be available ( Diesel 10 PPM and AdBlue)

• For Truck and Bus with EURO 5:

• To allow the gas discharge close to the muffler outlet

TP/EBM – TPW – Engines Development Brazil – Gilberto Leal Daimler Trucks 27