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Logical Reasoning

The document discusses logical reasoning and logical deduction. It provides 10 examples of statements and potential conclusions that must be evaluated. For each example, the correct conclusion is explained by determining whether the premises are universal, particular, affirmative, or negative and if the middle term is properly distributed. The key aspects of logical deduction are that conclusions must follow the quantity and quality of the premises and not contain non-distributed middle terms.

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804 views5 pages

Logical Reasoning

The document discusses logical reasoning and logical deduction. It provides 10 examples of statements and potential conclusions that must be evaluated. For each example, the correct conclusion is explained by determining whether the premises are universal, particular, affirmative, or negative and if the middle term is properly distributed. The key aspects of logical deduction are that conclusions must follow the quantity and quality of the premises and not contain non-distributed middle terms.

Uploaded by

IUP UGM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGICAL REASONING

LOGICAL DEDUCTION:

Directions
In each question below are given two statements followed by two conclusions numbered I
and II. You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at
variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusion and then decide which of the
given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly
known facts.

Give answer:

(A) If only conclusion I follows


(B) If only conclusion II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows and
(E) If both I and II follow.

1. Statements: No women teacher can play. Some women teachers are athletes.

Conclusions:
Male athletes can play.
Some athletes can play.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:
Since one premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. So, neither conclusion
follows.

2. Statements: All bags are cakes. All lamps are cakes.

Conclusions:

Some lamps are bags.


No lamp is bag.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option C
Explanation:

Since the middle term 'cakes' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite
conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a
complementary pair. So, either I or II follows.

3. Statements: All mangoes are golden in colour. No golden-coloured things are cheap.

Conclusions:

All mangoes are cheap.


Golden-coloured mangoes are not cheap.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option B

Explanation:

Clearly, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term.
So, it follows that 'No mango is cheap'. Since all mangoes are golden in colour, we may
substitute 'mangoes' with 'golden-coloured mangoes'. Thus, II follows.

4. Statements: Some kings are queens. All queens are beautiful.

Conclusions:

All kings are beautiful.


All queens are kings.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular. So, neither I nor II follows.

5. Statements: Some doctors are fools. Some fools are rich.

Conclusions:

Some doctors are rich


Some rich are doctors.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow
Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Since both the premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows.

6. Statements: All roads are waters. Some waters are boats.

Conclusions:

Some boats are roads.


All waters are boats.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

The first premise is A type and distributes the subject. So, the middle term 'waters' which
forms its predicate, is not distributed. The second premise is I type and does not distribute
either subject or predicate. So, the middle term 'waters' forming its subject is not distributed.
Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion
follows.

7. Statements: No bat is ball. No ball is wicket.

Conclusions:

No bat is wicket.
All wickets are bats.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Since both the premises are negative, no definite conclusion follows.


8. Statements: All flowers are trees. No fruit is tree.

Conclusions:

No fruit is flower.
Some trees are flowers.
A. Only conclusion I follows
B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option E

Explanation:

As discussed above, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the
middle term. So, it follows that 'No flower is fruit'. I is the converse of this conclusion and
thus it follows. II is the converse of the first premise and so it also holds.

9. Statements: Every minister is a student. Every student is inexperienced.

Conclusions:

Every minister is inexperienced.


Some inexperienced are students.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

Answer: Option E

Explanation:

'Every' is equivalent to 'All'. Thus, since both the premises are universal and affirmative, the
conclusion must be universal affirmative and should not contain the middle term. So, I
follows. II is the converse of the second premise and thus it also holds.

10. Statements: All roads are poles. No pole is a house.

Conclusions:

Some roads are houses.


Some houses are poles.

A. Only conclusion I follows


B. Only conclusion II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow
Answer: Option D

Explanation:

Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be
universal negative. So, neither I nor II follows.

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