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Chapter 26 - Direct-Current and Circuits

This document summarizes key concepts about direct current circuits: 1) It describes resistors in series and parallel and how to calculate their equivalent resistance. 2) It explains Kirchhoff's laws of junctions and loops for analyzing circuits. 3) It outlines various electrical measuring instruments like galvanometers, ammeters, voltmeters, and their operating principles. 4) It provides the equations for charging and discharging a capacitor in an RC circuit and defines the important time constant.

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Claire Gacayan
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40 views

Chapter 26 - Direct-Current and Circuits

This document summarizes key concepts about direct current circuits: 1) It describes resistors in series and parallel and how to calculate their equivalent resistance. 2) It explains Kirchhoff's laws of junctions and loops for analyzing circuits. 3) It outlines various electrical measuring instruments like galvanometers, ammeters, voltmeters, and their operating principles. 4) It provides the equations for charging and discharging a capacitor in an RC circuit and defines the important time constant.

Uploaded by

Claire Gacayan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 26 – Direct-Current and Circuits

- Resistors in Series and Parallel


- Kirchhoff’s Rules
- Electric Measuring Instruments
- R-C Circuits
1. Resistors in Series and Parallel
Resistors in Series:
Vax= I R1 Vxy = I R2 Vyb = I R3
Vab = Vax + Vxy + Vyb = I (R1 + R2 + R3)

Vab/I = R1 + R2 + R3 = Req

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ...

Resistors in Parallel:
I1 = Vab/R1 I2 = Vab/R2 I3 = Vab/R3

I = I1 + I2 + I3 = Vab (1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)  I/Vab = 1/Req

1 1 1 1
= + + + ...
Req R1 R2 R3
2. Kirchhoff’s Rules
Junction: point where three or more conductors meet (nodes, branch points).
Loop: closed conducting path.

Kirchhoff’s junction rule: the algebraic sum of the currents into any junction
is zero.
ΣI = 0
-The junction rule is based on conservation of electric charge. No charge
can accumulate at a junction  total charge entering the junction per unit
time = total charge leaving.

Kirchhoff’s loop rule: the algebraic sum of the potential difference in any loop,
Including those associated with emfs and those of resistive elements, must
equal zero.

ΣV = 0 (electrostatic force is conservative)

Sign Conventions for Loop Rule:

emf source (ε)  positive (travel from – to +)


negative (travel from + to -)

resistor (IR)  negative (travel in same direction as I  decreasing V)


positive (travel in contrary direction to I  increasing V)

- “Travel” is the direction that we imagine going around the loop, not
necessarily the direction of the current.
3. Electrical Measuring Instruments

d’Arsonval galvanometer (meter):

Coil of wire mounted next to a permanent


magnet. Attached to the coil is a spring.
Any current passing through the coil will
induce magnetism in the coil (magnetic
field exerts a torque on the coil ~ current).
When the coil turns, spring makes restoring
torque ~ angular displacement ~ current.

Ifs = current full scale (coil)


V = Ifs Rc
Rc = resistance of coil
Ammeter: device that measures current, R = 0
- It can be adapted to measure currents larger than
its full scale range by connecting Rsh (shunt
resistor) in parallel (some I bypasses meter coil).
Ifs = current through coil
Ia = Ish + Ifs Ish = current through Rsh
Ia = current measured by ammeter

Vab = IfsRc = Ish Rsh = (Ia-Ifs) Rsh

Voltmeter: device that measures voltage, R = ∞


- It can be adapted to measure voltages larger
than its full scale range by connecting Rs in
series with the coil .

Vv = Vab = Ifs(Rc+Rs)
Ohmeter: device that measures resistance.
- The series resistance Rs is adjusted so that when
the terminals x-y are short-circuited (R = 0),
the meter deflects full scale (zero). When nothing is
connected between x-y (open circuit, R = ∞) there
is no current (no deflection). For intermediate R
values, meter scale is calibrated to read R.

Potenciometer: device that measures emf of a source


without drawing any current from it.
- Rab connected to terminals of known emf (ε1). A
sliding contact (c) is connected through galvano-
meter (G) to unknown source (ε2). As contact (c) is
moved along Rab, Rcb varies proportional to wire
length (c-b). To find ε2 (c) is moved until G shows
no deflection (IG = 0):
ε = I Rcb

- G calibrated by replacing ε2 by source of known emf.


4. R-C Circuits
- Capital letters: V, Q, I (constant)
- Lowercase letters: v, i, q (varying)

Charging a Capacitor:
t = 0  q = 0  vbc = 0  I 0 = vab / R = ε / R

t = tf  I = 0  vab = 0  vbc = ε = Qf/C

At an intermediate time, t:
ε = vab + vbc
q
vab = iR vbc =
C
q
ε − iR − =0
C
εq ε Qf
i= − At t = tf  i = 0  = Q f = RC
R RC R RC
Charging a Capacitor:
dq ε q 1
i= = − =− (q − Cε )
dt R RC RC
dq dt
=−
q − Cε RC
q t
dq ' dt '
∫0 q'−Cε = − ∫0 RC (solve by changing variable
x = q’ – Cε)

 q − Cε  t q − Cε
ln  = − = e −t / RC
 − Cε  RC − Cε

( ) (
q = Cε 1 − e −t / RC = Q f 1 − e −t / RC )
dq ε −t / RC
i= = e = I 0 e −t / RC
dt R
Time Constant: relaxation time of the circuit  time
after which the current in the circuit has decreased to
1/e of I0 and charge has reached (1-1/e) of Qf = Cε.
τ = RC

- If RC small circuit charges quickly.


- i never becomes exactly 0, and q never becomes exactly
Qf (asymptotic behavior).

Discharging a Capacitor:
t = 0  q = Q0 , ε = 0 (capacitor discharges
through R)

q dq q
− iR − =0 i= =−
C dt RC
q t
dq' 1 q t
∫Q q' = − RC ∫0 dt ' ln
Q0
=−
RC
0
Discharging a Capacitor:

q = Q0 e −t / RC

dq Q
i= = − 0 e −t / RC = I 0 e −t / RC
dt RC

- During charging:

2 iq Instantaneous rate at
ε ⋅i = i R + which battery delivers
C
energy to circuit

i2R = power dissipated in R


i q/C = power stored in C

Total energy supplied by battery: ε Qf


Total energy stored in capacitor: Qf ε/2

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