Designation: D 804 – 02

Terminology Relating to
Naval Stores, Including Tall Oil and Related Products1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 804; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope or a by-product in connection with the chemical treatment

1.1 Although the naval stores industry has been a continuing and conversion of other terpenes.
producer of chemical products for many centuries, the nature destructively distilled dipentene, n—from the lighter por-
of the industry, its products, and its terminology have changed. tions of the oil recovered during the destructive distillation
In particular, the original practice of recovering naval stores of pine wood.
through the processing of the exudate from pine trees (gum steam-distilled dipentene, n—fractionated from the crude
naval stores) has been supplemented by their extraction by oleoresinous extract during the processing of related steam-
solvent (wood naval stores) and by wood pulping chemicals distilled wood naval stores.
(sulfate naval stores). Thus, this terminology contains some old sulfate dipentene, n—from the crude condensate of the
terms now mostly of historic value, together with the terms of vapors generated in the digestion of wood in the sulfate
the modern naval stores industry.2 paper pulp process.
ester gum, n—a resin made from rosin and a polyhydric
2. Terminology alcohol, generally glycerol or pentaerythritol.
gloss oil, n—a solution of limed rosin or limed rosin acids in
abietic acid, commercial grade, n—a product consisting
a volatile solvent, used chiefly in surface coatings. (When
chiefly of rosin acids in substantially pure form, separated
made from tall oil, the source is usually indicated.)
either from rosin or tall oil commercially for specific
d-limonene, n—a purified optically active terpene hydrocar-
purposes and in which abietic acid and its isomers are the
bon recovered from by-products of the citrus industry.
principal components.
colophony, n—a term denoting medium and high grades of DISCUSSION—It is used as a chemical intermediate and as a monomer
rosin. in terpene resins.
crude stripper oil, n—a by-product of the manufacture of metallic resinates, n—rosin in which part or all of the rosin
citrus juice, composed largely of d-limonene and containing acids have been chemically reacted with those metals that
up to 1.5 % of aldehydes. (See also d-limonene.) give soaps or salts which are water insoluble.
dipentene, n—chemically defined as the optically inactive
form of the monocyclic terpene hydrocarbon limonene. DISCUSSION—Limed rosin, zinc-treated rosin, and the resinates of
lead, cobalt, copper, and manganese, are of the greatest industrial
DISCUSSION—Commercial dipentenes contain substantial portions of importance.
other monocyclic and bicyclic, as well as some oxygenated, terpenes
having closely related boiling ranges. They are generally obtained by modified rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with heat or
fractional distillation from crude oils recovered in the several commer- catalysts, or both with or without added chemical substances,
cial methods of utilizing pine wood, also by isomerization during the so as to cause substantial change in the structure of the rosin
chemical processing of terpenes. There is no legal requirement under acids, as isomerization, hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, or
the Naval Stores Act that the source, origin, or kind of dipentene be polymerization, without substantial effect on the carboxyl
shown in the commercial designation. Consequently, coined trade
names are sometimes used in selling this product. The four kinds of
group.
commercial dipentene are: DISCUSSION—The following are types of modified rosin:
disproportionated (dehydrogenated) rosin, n—rosin that has been
chemically processed dipentene, n—recovered as a product subjected to chemical or physical treatment, or both, so as to cause
substantial simultaneous hydrogenation and dehydrogenation of the
1
rosin acids to form their hydrogenated and dehydrogenated counter-
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint parts.
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applicationsand is the direct responsibility of
heat-treated rosin, n—rosin in which a reduction of acid number and a
Subcommittee D01.34 on Naval Stores.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 2002. Published February 2003. Originally positive shift in optical rotation has been brought about by controlled
approved in 1944. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 804 – 97. heat treatment only, in order to improve its suitability for specific uses.
2
Zinkel, D. F., and Russell, J., eds., Naval Stores: Production, Chemistry and hydrogenated rosin, n—rosin that has been treated with hydrogen under
Utilization, Pulp Chemicals Association, NY, 1989. conditions that cause a partial or complete saturation of the resin acids

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 804 – 02
present, best indicated by a drop in the refractive index. Commercial wood naval stores . sulfate pine oil, n—a high boiling fraction obtained
hydrogenated rosin is usually only partially saturated. in the refining and fractional distillation of crude sulfate turpentine.
synthetic pine oil, n—obtained by chemical hydration of pinenes to
polymerized rosin, n—rosin that has been treated by chemical form monocyclic terpene alcohols, mainly alpha-terpineol.
or physical means, or both, in a manner so as to cause a
union of a part of the rosin acids to form dimers to such an pine tar, n—A product of the destructive distillation of pine
extent that the average molecular weight of such rosin will wood.
be measurably greater than that of the original rosin. Also pitch—see tall oil pitch.
known as “dimerized rosin.” reclaimed, rosin, n—rosin that has been recovered or re-
monocyclic terpenes, n—a designation sometimes used in the claimed by any means from waste or deteriorated material,
trade to describe a heterogeneous mixture of monocyclic, provided that the concentration of rosin acids is not below
bicyclic, and other related terpene C10H16 hydrocarbons that normal for rosin, and any residual or contaminating
recovered or removed in the fractionation of certain terpenes component from the waste material itself or from any article
or other essential oils, or as a by-product in the chemical used in the recovery process is not in sufficient quantity to
conversion of pinenes generally sold under trade names. cause the physical or chemical properties of the reclaimed
product to differ materially from those of rosin.
DISCUSSION—The term “other monocyclic hydrocarbons,” used in resinates, metallic—See metallic resinates.
statistical reports of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, covers this
type of material.
rosin, n—a specific kind of natural resin obtained as a vitreous
water-insoluble material from pine oleoresin by removal of
naval stores, n—chemically reactive oils, resins, tars, and the volatile oils, or from tall oil by the removal of the fatty
pitches derived from the oleoresin contained in, exuded by, acid components thereof.
or extracted from wood chiefly of the pine species ( Genus
DISCUSSION—It consists primarily of several diterpenoid isomers of
Pinus). tricyclic monocarboxylic acids having the general empirical formula
neutral content, n—the total amount of material contained in C20H 30O2, with small quantities of compounds saponifiable with
naval stores, such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives that boiling alcoholic potassium or sodium hydroxide, and some unsaponi-
do not contain any acidic functionality. fiable matter. The three general classifications or kinds of rosin in
commerce are:
DISCUSSION—Neutral content includes unsaponifiable matter and any gum rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin collected from living trees.
combined acidic material present as derivatives, such as esters, anhy- tall oil rosin, n—obtained by the fractional distillation of tall oil. Such
drides, or lactones. rosin shall have the characteristic form, appearance, and other physical
oil of (pine) tar, n—certain heavier fractions of the volatile oil and chemical properties normal for other kinds of rosin.
wood rosin, n—obtained from the oleoresin contained in dead wood
recovered by distilling pine-tar oil to convert it into pine tar. such as stumps and knots.
oil of turpentine, n—the pharmaceutical name for spirits of
turpentine that conforms to the requirements of the National rosin acids or resin acids, n—principally monocarboxylic
Formulary. acids with the empirical formula C19H20—COOH.
oleoresin, n—pine gum, the nonaqueous secretion of resin DISCUSSION—They are classified into two groups: the abietic type and
acids dissolved in a terpene hydrocarbon oil that is produced the pimaric type. Both types and their derivatives are found in wood,
or exuded from the intercellular resin ducts of a living tree, gum, and tall oil rosins.
and is present, together with oxidation products, in the dead
rosin adducts, n—the addition product between rosin and an
wood of weathered limbs and stumps.
a, b unsaturated carboxylic acid such as fumaric acid,
pine needle oil, n—an essential oil of typical fragrance
acrylic acid or maleic anhydride.
obtained by steam distillation of the leaves (needles) of
rosin based resins, n—resinous products derived from rosin or
certain species of pine.
rosin adducts through chemical reaction with raw materials
DISCUSSION—Some imported oils derived from other conifers are such as alcohols (especially polyhydric alcohols), formalde-
classified as pine needle oil. hyde, a,b unsaturated carboxylic acids, phenols etc., or
pinenes, n—bicyclic terpene hydrocarbons, the principal con- combinations of these materials.
stituent of all turpentines and existing therein in two iso- DISCUSSION—Rosin based resins are used extensively in printing inks
meric forms, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene. and adhesives.
pine oil, n—a colorless to amber colored volatile oil with
rosin crystallization, n—the formation of rosin acid crystals
characteristic pinaceous odor, consisting principally of iso-
within rosin.
meric tertiary and secondary cyclic terpene alcohols, with
variable quantities of terpene hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, DISCUSSION—Solid rosin is a supercooled liquid and is normally
phenols, and phenolic ethers, the amount and character of transparent. However, when the rosin contains a preponderance of one
which depend on the source and method of manufacture. species of resin acid, crystals of that resin acid can form within the
rosin giving it a hazy appearance. These crystals create handling
DISCUSSION—The four commercial kinds of pine oil are: problems as they cause the rosin to become less brittle and more
destructively distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the lighter distillate difficult to break up. Further, the rosin has to be heated well above its
from the destructive distillation (carbonization) of pine wood. softening point in order to melt the rosin acid crystals and make the
steam-distilled pine oil, n—obtained from the crude oleoresinous rosin homogeneous again. Non-crystallizing rosin also has far better
extract of pinewood during the processing of related steam-distilled

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 D 804 – 02
solubility in many solvents and better compatibility with oils and sulfur compounds from sulfate wood turpentine.
waxes. The crystallization of rosin can be prevented by changing the
rosin acid distribution within the rosin through heat treatment with or tall oil, n—a generic name for a number of products obtained
without a catalyst. from the manufacture of wood pulp by the alkali (sulfate)
process or more popularly known as the kraft process.
rosin oil, n—the relatively viscous, oily portion of the con-
densate obtained when rosin is subjected to dry destructive DISCUSSION—To provide some distinction between the various prod-
distillation; also used to describe specially compounded oils ucts, designations are often applied in accordance with the process or
composition, some of which are crude tall oil, acid refined tall oil,
having a rosin oil base. distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and tall oil rosin. The following
rosin reclaimed—See reclaimed rosin. designations for tall oil shall be considered obsolete:
rosin spirits, n—the relatively light, volatile portion of the Crude resinous liquid Swedish pine oil
condensate obtained in the first stages when rosin is sub- Finn oil Swedish resin
jected to dry destructive distillation. Liquid resin Swedish rosin
Liquid rosin Swedish rosin oil
rosin standards, n—the combinations of assembled colored Resin oil Syulvic oil
glasses having the colors designated as representative of the Sulfate pitch Talloel
established U.S. grades used in classifying rosin. Sulfate resin Tallol
Sulfate rosin
DISCUSSION—The recognized official standards are those developed
and issued by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, or similar standards acid refined tall oil, n—the product obtained by treating
made of Lovibond glass, when certified by the same Government crude tall oil in solvent solution with sulfuric acid under
agency. The official grades established by or under authority of the controlled conditions to remove dark color bodies and
Federal Naval Stores Act, for which standards are provided, are as odoriferous materials. Removal of the solvent yields a
follows in order of increasing color XC, XB, XA, X, WW, WG, N, M, K, product with lighter color and higher viscosity than crude tall
I, H, G, F, E, D, and FF (the latter grade is used only for wood rosin).
oil with approximately the same fatty acids-to-rosin ratio.
Rosin darker in color than the standard for Grade D or FF is graded B.
The designation Opaque with the grade letters OP is used to describe crude tall oil, n—a dark brown mixture of fatty acids, rosin,
rosin that, because of a turbid, cloudy, or nontransparent condition due and neutral materials liberated by the acidification of soap
to occluded moisture, excessive crystallization, or presence of foreign skimmings. The fatty acids are a mixture of oleic acid and
matter other than dirt, cannot be accurately graded by comparison with linoleic acid with lesser amounts of saturated and other
any of the described rosin grade standards. unsaturated fatty acids. The rosin is composed of resin acids
rosin type (sample), n—a sample of rosin, or a mold of similar to those found in gum and wood rosin. The neutral
thermosetting plastic material, used as an unofficial standard materials are composed mostly of esters, polycyclic hydro-
in grading rosin. carbons, sterols, and other high-molecular weight alcohols.
distilled tall oil, n—the class of products obtained by
DISCUSSION—Such sample shall be so selected, sized, and surface-
finished that it will have the form of an approximate 7⁄8-in. (22 mm) distilling crude tall oil in fractionating equipment under
cube with at least two opposite faces having smooth parallel surfaces, reduced pressure under such conditions that the ratio of rosin
and shall have a color when viewed through these faces which matches acids to fatty acids is varied over a wide range. The products
within rather narrow tolerances the color of the corresponding official that generally contain less than 90 % of fatty acids, are
Government standard made of glass. known as distilled tall oils.
scrape, n—the crystallized pine oleoresin collected from the tall oil fatty acids, n—the class of products containing 90 % or
scarified faces of trees being worked for turpentine. more fatty acids obtained by fractionation of crude tall oil.
soap skimmings (tall oil), n—the curd, not acidified or DISCUSSION—The fatty acids are a mixture of oleic and linoleic acids
otherwise processed, skimmed from the black liquor of the with lesser amounts of saturated and other unsaturated fatty acids. The
alkaline paper pulp industry, from which tall oil is obtained. remainder consists of rosin and neutral materials.
spirits of turpentine, n—the volatile oil consisting primarily
of a number of terpene hydrocarbons of the general formula tall oil, distilled— See distilled tall oil under tall oil.
C10H16. tall oil rosin—See rosin.
DISCUSSION—Four kinds of turpentine are now recognized:
tall oil heads (light ends), n—the low-boiling fractions
destructively distilled wood turpentine, n—obtained by fractionation of obtained by the fractional distillation of crude tall oil under
certain oils recovered by condensing the vapors formed during the reduced pressure.
destructive distillation of pine wood.
gum turpentine or gum spirits, n—obtained by distilling the crude DISCUSSION—The composition of these products varies over a wide
exuded gum or oleoresin collected from living pine trees. range but includes palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and stearic acids with lesser
steam-distilled wood turpentine, n—obtained from the oleoresin within amounts of other saturated and unsaturated acids. The neutral materials
the wood of pine stumps or cuttings, either by direct steaming of the content is normally high.
mechanically disintegrated wood or after solvent extraction of the
oleoresin from the wood.
tall oil pitch, n—the residue from the distillation of crude tall
sulfate turpentine, n—recovered during the conversion of wood to oil. It is generally recognized that tall oil pitches contain
paper pulp by the sulfate process. Refined turpentine is the name for a some high-boiling esters and neutral materials with lesser
commercially available grade that is produced by removing primarily amounts of rosin and fatty acids.

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 D 804 – 02
tall oil soap, n—the product formed by the saponification or linalool (tertiary, acyclic).
neutralization of tall oil with organic or inorganic bases. terpene resins, n—the products formed by polymerization of
terpenes, n—a class of unsaturated organic compounds having b -pinene, a-pinene, limonene and other terpene hydrocar-
the empirical formula C10H16 occurring in most essential bons.
oils and oleoresinous plants. turpentine, oil of— See oil of turpentine.
DISCUSSION—Structurally the important terpenes and their derivatives turpentine, spirits of— See spirits of turpentine.
are classified as monocyclic (dipentene), bicyclic (pinene), and acyclic unsaponifiable matter, n—the total amount of non-acidic
(myrcene). organic material, both free and combined, present in naval
stores products such as rosin, tall oil, and their derivatives
terpene alcohol, n—an alcohol directly related to or derived after saponification. Unsaponifiable matter is composed
from a terpene hydrocarbon. primarily of alcohols, sterols, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons.
DISCUSSION—The following are common examples: terpineol (ter- For example, it is material that will not form a soluble soap
tiary cyclic), borneol (secondary cyclic), geraniol (primary, acyclic), when refluxed with alcoholic potassium hydroxide.

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