International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Review Paper on Comparative Study of Dynamic Analysis of
Transmission Towers
Tanvi G. Londhe1, Prof. M.S.Kakamare2
1Student of M.E. Structural Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, P.V.P.I.T Budhgaqon, Sangli – 416414
India
2Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, P.V.P.I.T Budhgaqon, Sangli – 416414 India
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Abstract – This paper describes the estimation of feasible a) Selection of clearance
solution to optimize transmission line tower for weight
parameter. The cost of transmission line towers is about 35% b) Tower configuration analysis
to 40% of the total cost of the transmission tower. But lesser
study is carried out in the field of minimizing weight of c) Tower weight estimation
transmission line tower; also less literature is available on
d) Line cost analysis and span optimization
transmission line tower with cold form sections. Analysis of
transmission line tower carried out as per standard codes, also e) Economic evaluation of line
comparative study is carried on the basis of different types of
bracing systems (warren, horizontal, diagonal and diamond) 1.1 Types of tower
and materials such as hot rolled and cold form sections. By
designing transmission line tower with hot rolled sections Tower structure is act as a single cantilever beam which is
using STAAD pro, hot rolled sections gives light weight design. freely standing self-supporting and fixed at base. The
structure which is pin- connected to its foundation and
Key Words: Optimization of tower, Hot rolled steel supported with guys or another element. Depending upon
section, STAAD Pro. the size and type of loading, towers are grouped into two
heads. a) Towers with large vertical loads (b) Towers with
1. INTRODUCTION mainly horizontal wind loads. Towers with large vertical
loads (such as those of overhead water tanks, oil tanks,
Now a day’s electricity is on high demand in the field of
meteorological instrumentation towers etc.) have their sides
industries, commercial and residential use. The need of
made up of vertical or inclined trusses. The towers, falling
electricity increases due to rapid progress in industrial area
under the second category and subjected predominantly to
and infrastructure. Requirement of electricity varying across
wind loads, may be of two types:
the country and for far away locations of power plants, a
network of electric transmission lines is required. The shape i. Self-supporting tower
and size of the transmission line tower have received
extensive attention. The tower is defined as tall structures ii. Guyed Tower
with relatively small cross section and with a large ratio
between the height and the maximum width. Tower i. Self-supporting tower
structure acts as a single cantilever beam which is freely
standing self-supporting and fixed at base. Guy tower is the Free standing towers, known as lattice towers, are
structure which is pin- connected to its foundation and generally square in plan and are supported by four legs, fixed
supported with guys or another element. Water towers, to the base. These towers act as vertical cantilever trusses,
radio and television towers and the towers of power subjected to wind or seismic loads.
transmission lines are the examples of structures which
belonging to the tower family. The transmission line tower is ii. Guyed tower
used to support conductors carrying electrical power and
one or two ground wires at suitable distances above the GL In contrast to this, guyed towers are hinged to the base,
and from each other the cost of transmission line towers is and are supported by guy wires attached to it at various
about 35% to 40% of the total cost of the transmission levels, to transmit the wind forces to the ground.
tower. The aim of every designer is to design the best
1.1.1 Tower configurations and bracings
(optimum) system, so that towers are constructed
economical by developing different light weight The self-supporting towers, subjected predominantly to
configuration of transmission line tower. Following points wind loads, are called lattice towers. Such towers are square
are to be considered while designing the transmission line or rectangular in plan. Following are the different types of
tower: bracings:-
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 646
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
a) Single web horizontal bracings: This is the simplest • Angle of Line Deviation : 0 to 2 degrees
form of bracing. The wind shear at any level is shared by the
single diagonal of the panel. Such bracings are used for • Bracing Pattern : Four types
towers up to 30 m height.
•Terrain Type : Plain
b) Warren type bracings: This is a double diagonal system
without horizontal bracings and used for towers up to 50 m • Cross Arm : Pointed
height.
B. Geometry of Tower
c) Single web diagonal bracings: Struts are designed in
i. Height of Tower Structure
compression and diagonals in tension.
H = h1+ h2 + h3 + h4
d) Diamond type bracings: Similar to warren system.
Horizontal member carries no primary loads designed as = 31.61 m
redundant supports.
ii. Base width of tower:
1.2 METHODOLOGY
As per IS 802 (part 1 / section 1) 1995, base width of
Based on the objectives of present work following tower is to be taken as 1/5 th to 1/10th of total
methodology has been set. height.
1. Static Analysis – Dead Load or Self-Weight and live
load. Base width of tower = 1/6 X Total height of tower
2. Dynamic Analysis – Seismic Analysis, wind analysis.
3. Modelling is carried out. = 5.3 m
4. IS 875 Part III- 1987- Code of practice for design
loads (Other than earthquake) for buildings and C. Loads on Tower
other structure.
5. IS 802 (Part 1)-1995 section I - Use of Structural a. Dead Load on Tower
steel in Overhead transmission line towers- Code of
Practice. 1. Self-weight of tower taken by STAAD PRO itself.
6. IS 1893 (Part 1) – 2016 – Criteria For Earthquake
2. Dead load on conductor = 8.579 kN
Resistant Design Of Structures, Part 1: General
Provisions and Buildings 3. Dead load on ground wire =3.47 kN
7. IS 1893 (Part 4) – 2005 – Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures, Part 4: Industries b. Wind Load on Tower
Structures.
Wind load is major load acting on tower. A wind load
1.3 ANALYSIS OF TOWER on tower is calculated separately by following Indian
Standards. For finding the drag coefficients for
In tower design is based primarily on dead load, wind members of tower, the solidity ratio is taken from
load, sag tension, broken wire condition, temperature Table 30 in IS 875 (part 3) -2016 in the similar way
effects, safety criteria, load acting on conductor, insulator, prescribed in IS 826 (part 1/section 1).
ground wire and in addition wind load acting on tower as
per IS 875-2016. Fwc= Pd×Cdc×L×D×GC
A. Problem for Research:- Where, Fwc = wind load on conductor
The following parameters for transmission line and its Pd = design wind pressure
components are assumed from I.S. 802: Part 1: Sec: 1:1995,
I.S. 5613: Part 2: Sec: 1:1989. Cdc = drag coefficient for ground wire
•Transmission Line Voltage : 220 kV (A/C) L = wind span
•No. of Circuits : Double Circuit d = diameter of conductor/ground wire
• Right of Way (recommended) : 35, 000 mm Gc = gust response.
• Tower Configuration : Vertical Conductor Following data is to be taken from IS: 802 (Part
1/section 1):1995
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 647
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Wind zone =3 3. Wind load on insulator string:
Basic wind speed(VB) =44 (m/s) Fwi = Pd×Cdi×Ai×Gi-
Design period =150 years = 0.04 kN
Reliability level =2 Where, Fwi = wind load on insulator string
Risk coefficient (k1) =1.11 Pd = design wind pressure
Cdi = drag coefficient for insulator string =1.2
Terrain category =2 Ai = 50 % of the area of insulator string projected on
a plane which is parallel to longitudinal axis of the string.
Terrain coefficient = 1.00 Gi = gust response = 2.4
Reference wind speed = VR= 𝑉𝑏/𝑘0 c. Calculation of Sag Tension
= 32 m/s Indian standard codes of practice for use of structural
steel in over-head transmission line towers have
Design wind speed (Vd) = VR x k1 x k2
prescribed following conditions for the sag tension
= 35.52 m/s calculations for the conductor and the ground wire:
1. Maximum temperature (75°C for ASCR and 53°C
Design wind pressure (Pd) = 0.6 Vd 2
for ground wire) with design wind pressure (0% and
= 757 N/m2 36%).
1. Wind load on conductor: - 2. Every day temperature (32°C) and design wind
pressure (100%, 75% and 0%).
Fwc= Pd×Cdc×L×D×GC
3. Minimum temperature (0°C) with design wind
= 9.3 kN pressure (0% and 36%).
Where, Fwc = wind load on conductor In this paper, the consideration of the sag of ground
wire as 90% the sag of the conductor at 0°C and 100%
Pd = design wind pressure wind condition.
Cdc = drag coefficient for ground wire=1.2 Sagging = 𝑤𝑙2 /8𝑇2 = 0.973 𝑥 320 𝑥320/8 𝑥 2282.5
Drag coefficient for conductor = 1.0 = 5.46 m
L = wind span = 175 m By increasing 4% of calculated sag we get
d = diameter of conductor/ground wire = 28.62mm = 5.46 × 4%
Gc = gust response. = 2.34 = 5.70 m.
2. Wind load on ground wire: As per IS 5613 (part 2), section 1:1989
Fwg = Pd×Cdc×L×D×GC For both conductor and ground wire, all
tension values are given FOS < 4 .So consider the
= 3.52 kN minimum tension (tension for FOS = 4).To
finding maximum sagging in all condition,
Where, Fwg = wind load on ground wire parabolic equation used.
Pd = design wind pressure
Cdc = drag coefficient for ground wire=1.2 d. Broken Wire Condition
Drag coefficient for conductor = 1.2
L = wind span = 175 m As per IS 802 (part 2/section 1) 1995
d = diameter of ground wire = 9.45x10 -3 m clause 12.3.3, for self-supporting transmission line
Gc = gust response = 2.3 tower, longitudinal load per sub conductor and
ground wire shall be considered as 10 kN and 5 kN
respectively.
© 2018, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 648
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 05 Issue: 08 | Aug 2018 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
e. Temperature Effects [5] Lingampally Srikanth and Dr.D Neelima Satyam,
“Dynamic Analysis of Transmission Line Towers”,
As per IS 802 (Part 1/section 1) 1995 International Conference on Civil Engineering and
clause 10.24, the tower may be designed to suit the Applied Mechanics (ICCEAM) 2014, Paris, France.
conductor temperature of 750 C (max) for ACSR
conductor. [6] Mujamil, Banulatha.G.N., Dr.Narayana.G., Rajeeva S.J.,
“Dynamic Analysis of Transmission Line Towers for
Safety Criteria Different Sectional Properties with Fluid Viscous
Dampers”, International Journal of Advanced Research
As per CBIP manual for transmission line
in Education Technology, Vol.2, Issue No.12, April – June
tower, safety criteria are to be considered for the
2015.
calculation of safety criteria separate excel sheet is
prepared to avoid repetitive calculations.
[7] IS 875 Part III- 1987- Code of practice for design loads
2. DESIGN OF TOWER (other than earthquake) for buildings and other
structure.
Design of tower is carried out in STAAD Pro.V8i software.
Loads on tower are calculated manually as per IS 802:1995 & [8] IS 802 (Part 1)-1995 section I - Use of Structural steel in
CBIP manual. Overhead transmission line towers- Code of Practice.
3. MODELLING APPROACH [9] IS 1893 (Part 1) – 2016 – Criteria For Earthquake
Resistant Design Of Structures, Part 1: General
Transmission tower is modelled using STAAD Pro.V8i. Provisions and Buildings
Tower with different type of bracing system are modelled.
Tower configuration for each viz. base width, height length [10] IS 1893 (Part 4) – 2005 – Criteria for Earthquake
etc. is same. Resistant Design of Structures, Part 4: Industries
Structures.
4. CONCLUSION
The conclusions are drawn from previous literature
papers for transmission tower by using four different types
of bracing viz. diamond bracing, single web horizontal
bracing, single web diagonal bracing and warren bracing on
the basis of the researches and analysis done through the
STAAD Pro V8i.
REFERENCES
[1] Gopiram Addala, D.Neelima Satyam and Ramancharla
Pradeep Kumar, “Dynamic Analysis of Transmission
Towers under Strong Ground Motion”, 3rd International
Earthquake Symposium, Bangladesh, Dhaka, March 5-6
2010.
[2] Yoganantham.C and Helen Santhi.M, “Dynamic Analysis
of Transmission Towers”, International Journal of
Advanced Information Science and Technology, Vol.2,
No.12, December 2013.
[3] C.Preeti and K.Jagam Mohan, “Analysis of Transmission
Tower with Different Configuration”, Jordan Journal of
Civil Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 4, 2013.
[4] C.Sudheer, K.Rajashekar, P.P.Reddy, Y. Bhargava Gopi
Krishna, “Analysis and Design of 220kV Transmission
Line Tower in Different Zones I & V with Different Base
Widths – A Comparative Study”, International Journal of
Technology Enhancements and Emerging Engineering
Research, Vol. 1, Issue 4, 2013.
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