RMA REVIEWER - - a problem not well studied

- - understanding over evidence

- Chapter I: INTRO
- - (+)
- Research: a process of
- - understanding, better
systematic inquiry that entails
conclusions
collection of data,
- - (-)
documentation and analysis
- - personal interpretation/bias,
- Research: evaluate validity of the
sample audiences
hypothesis
- B. DESCRIPTIVE RESEACH
- Research: a process of steps
- - describe contributors or people
(John W. Creswell)
who take part In the study
- (1) Question
- (1) observational method (field
- (2) Data
observation)
- (3) Answer
- - naturalistic observation
- Research: describe, predict and
- - laboratory observation
control (Earl Robert Babbie)
- (2) case study method: study of
- I. CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD
individuals or a group of
RESEARCH
individuals
- aims of a research:
- - testable hypothesis and rare
- (1) improve knowledge
phenomena
- (2) add to existing knowledge
- (3) survey method
- (3) prove/ disprove hypothesis
- - questionnaires or interviews
- characteristics of a good
- - data
research:
- C. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
- (a) well-planned [pilot study –
- - understanding over solution
preliminary]
- - only explores research questions
- (b) targeted audience
- - new problems
- (c) well-defined objective
- - (+)
- (d) methodology
- - adaptability
- quantitative: facts and
- - groundwork for future studies
relationships
- - (-)
- qualitative: perceptions and
- - qualitative and can be biased
insight analysis
- - not practical
- (e) method of data collection
- III. TYPES OF RESEARCH
- (f) ethical consideration
- A. APPLIED RESEARCH
- (g) time-scaled
- - solve practical problems
- (h) reliability [triangulation –
- - solutions over mere knowledge
multiple methods of research]
- B. BASIC RESEARCH
- (i) referencing
(FUNDAMENTAL OR PURE
- II. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
RESEARCH)
- (1) explore
- - driven by curiosity
- (2) describe
- - expanding knowledge over
- (3) explain
inventions or creations
- BASIC TYPES OF RESEARCH
- - no commercial value
- A. EXPLANATORY RESEARCH
- C. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH - - descriptive research approach
- - relationship of 2 or more - - philosophy
variables - - an experience
- - no experimental manipulation - - subject experience and
- D. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH motivations
(STATISTICAL) - K. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- - portrayal of characteristics - - statistical, mathematical
- - everything that can be studied - - empirical investigation
and counted - L. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- - impact - - measure and analyze data
- E. ETHNOGRAPHIC RESEARCH - - objective
- - cultural investigation or - IV. INITIAL PARTS OF AN
behavior ARCHITECTURAL THESIS
- - understanding of natural events - A. CHAPTER 0 (INITIAL)
or implications - (1) Abstract
- F. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH - - summary of the research
- - controlled - - purpose of research
- - predicting or controlling - (2) Acknowledgments
phenomena - (3) Table of contents
- - causality - (4) List of maps, charts, graphs
- G. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH and tables
- - problem is not clearly defined - (5) List of abbreviations and
- H. GROUNDED THEORY RESEARCH acronyms
- - problems in an environment - B. CHAPTER 1:
and how people handle them - (1) HISTORICAL
- - four stages: - (1A) BACKGROUND OF THE
- (1) codes: anchors; gathers data PROBLEM
- (2) concepts: collection; grouped - - history of problem
data - - roots
- (3) categories: similar concepts; - - previous studies and gaps
theories - (1B) BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
- (4) theory: explanations; - - area being researched
hypotheses - - current info
- I. HISTORICAL RESEARCH - - relevant history
- - analysis of past events - (2) STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
- - patterns - - describe issue
- - add perspective - - context
- - steps: - - what the research aims to
- (1) research topic answer
- (2) data - (3) SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
- (3) evaluation (RATIONALE)
- (4) synthesis - - study’s contribution and who will
- (5) exposition benefit
- J. PHENOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- - importance and potential - - books, research journals
benefits - (2) SECONDARY SOURCES
- (4) PURPOSE, GOALS AND - - thesis review, thesis critique
OBJECTIVES - III. RELATED LITERATURE AND
- - aim, purpose, intention RELATED STUDIES
- - desired outcome - A. RELATED LITERATURE
- (5) ASSUMPTIONS, LIMITATIONS, - - discussion of facts
SCOPE OF THE STUDY - - published books, journals, etc.
- - what, how, when, where - - review, outline, progress,
- - limitations challenges
- - criteria for data - - A. LOCAL: printed locally
- (6) CONCEPTUAL/ THEORETICAL - - B. FOREIGN: printed overseas
FRAMEWORK - B. RELATED STUDIES
- - understanding of theories that - - unpublished material eg
are relevant- dissertations, thesis, manuscripts
- - relation to broader aspects - - related to study
- - - actual experiments
- CHAPTER II: RRL - - particular
- I. INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE - - internal review
- A. Reasons - - A. LOCAL: conducted locally
- (1) completed studies - - B. FOREIGN: conducted
- (2) new insights overseas
- (3) research strategies - IV. PRESENTING SOURCE MATERIAL
- B. Provides: - (1) acknowledge author
- (1) conceptual or theoretical - - not needed for common
framework knowledge
- (2) past research insights - (2) only essential discussion
- (3) methods - - summarize
- (4) past findings - (3) direct quotations include
- - foreign literature after local context
literature w/ in-text citations - (4) quotation marks, use if exact
- II. TYPES OF RELATED LITERATURE words
- (1) CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE - (5) paraphrase
- - articles on books written by - (6) ellipsis
authorities; what is good and - - (…) beginning
bad about the problem - - (….) end
- - references, books, journals, - (7) long quotations in new
periodicals paragraph
- (2) RESEARCH LITERATURE - (8) concept map
- - published/unpublished reports - - organize points with key words
of previous studies - V. WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW
- - thesis, dissertations, abstracts - (1) strengths and weaknesses
- A. TYPES OF SOURCES - (2) critique
- (1) PRIMARY SOURCES - (3) relevance
- (4) arranged - - research strategy that outlines
- (5) relationships the way in which research should
- (6) from recent to early time be undertaken
- (7) summarize - - broader strategy for research
- (8) “direct quotation”/in-text approach
- - Author-page system: in text - EXAMPLES OF METHODOLOGIES:
citation - (1) Phenomenology: lived
- VI. APA FORMAT experience
- - American Psychological - (2) Ethnography: social world,
Association culture, shared beliefs
- - In-text: (author, date, page #) - (3) Participatory: participants as
- - refer author in text (Acc. To Bal active researchers
(2001),) - (4) Ethnomethodology: dialogue
- - not (Bal, 2001) and body language to construct
- - 3 authors: cite all or et. Al. world view
- - 6 authors: et. Al - I. IMPORTANCE OF GOOD
- - no author: (“How to Succeed”, METHODOLOGY SECTION
2010) - (1) method of data collection
- - corporate author (NIMH, 2007) - (2) methodology
- VII. EVALUATE RESEARCH - (3) different methods
MATERIALS - (4) consistency
- (1) Primary source - (5) appropriate
- - works from people who directly - (6) anticipated problems and
experienced the events steps for prevention
- - journals, diaries, interviews - (7) sufficient information
- (2) Secondary source - II. PROBLEMS TO AVOID
- - written after the original event - (1) irrelevant detail
- - textbooks, articles, biographies - (2) unnecessary explanation
- A. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING - (3) problem blindness
BOOKS AND INTERNET SITES - (4) literature review
- (1) qualification of author - (5) sources of information
- (2) quality and objectivity - III. SAMPLING DESIGNS
(unbiased) - - basis for survey selection sample
- (3) appropriateness - - two types:
- - (1) Non-probability sampling: no
- CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY basis for estimating probability
- Method: - (2) Probability sampling: organizer
- - tool used to answer research of inquiry; typical sample
questions representative of a whole
- - how you will collect your data - KINDS OF SAMPLING DESIGN:
- Methodology: - A. RANDOM SAMPLING
- - rationale - - purest form
- - equal and known chance of
selection
- B. SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - - new intervention strategies until
- - often used there is sufficient understanding
- - “Nth name selection technique” - - work or community situations
- - required sample size; nth record - - direct and obvious relevance
from selection - B. CASE STUDY DESIGN
- C. STRATIFIED SAMPLING - - in depth study
- - commonly used - - testing application of theory
- - reduces sampling error - - contextual analysis
- - stratum: subset of population w/ - - triangulation
common characteristic - - add to knowledge
- D. CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - - may be biased
- - exploratory research - - not representative of larger
- - sampled selected because of problem
convenience - C. CAUSAL DESIGN
- E. JUDGMENT SAMPLING - - if x then y
- - common non-probability - - impact of change on norms
method - - causal effect: nomothetic
- - based on judgment perspective
- - extension of convenience - - requires:
sampling - (1) empirical association:
- F. QUOTA SAMPLING independent and dependent
- - non-probability equivalent of variable
stratified sampling - (2) appropriate time order: varied
- - stratum then proportion ind. variable before dep.
- G. SNOWBALL SAMPLING - (3) nonspuriousness: relationship
- - non-probability method bet two variables, w/o variation
- - when desired sample - - not all relationships are causal
characteristic is rare - - only inferred
- - difficult/cost prohibitive - - hard to distinguish which is
- IV. RESEARCH DESIGN cause
- - overall strategy - D. CROSS-SECTIONAL DESIGN
- - blueprint - - existing differences, no variation
- - evidence addresses research - - inferences from existing
problem differences
- - steps: - - no time dimension
- (1) identify research problem - - static results to time
- (2) rrl - - no follow up
- (3) hypothesis - E. DESCRIPTIVE DESIGN
- (4) data - - who, what, when, where
- (5) method of analysis - - current status of phenomena
- TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN - - natural and unchanged
- A. ACTION RESEARCH DESIGN environment
- - interventionary strategy - - pre-cursor
- - a cyclic process - - dependent on instrumentation
- F. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN - K. MIXED-METHOD DESIGN
- - predict what may occur - - examining research problem
- - time priority - - narrative and non-textual
- - experimental and control group information, numeric data:
- - what causes something to supports each other
occur - - triangulation, for broader and
- - artificial, may not be complex research problems
generalized - - stronger evidence
- - costly - - more complete knowledge
- G. EXPLORATORY DESIGN - L. OBSERVATIONAL DESIGN
- - for researches with few or no - - comparison to control group
earlier studies - - direct observation: people are
- - gain insights aware of being watched
- - new ideas and tentative - - unobtrusive measures: people
hypotheses are not aware of being watched
- - direction for future research - - low reliability
- - insight but not definite - - may be biased, “see only what
conclusions you want to see”
- - flexible but unstructured - M. PHILOSOPHICAL DESIGN
- H. HISTORICAL DESIGN - - broad approach to examining
- - evidence from past research problem
- - unobtrusive: research does not - - challenge deeply embedded
affect results assumptions
- - contextual background - - argumentation
- - can be used repeatedly - - means of greater self-
- I. LONGITUDINAL DESIGN understanding
- - same sample over time, - - refine concepts
repeated observations - N. SEQUENTIAL DESIGN
- - patterns of change - - deliberate or staged approach
- - analysis of duration of - - one stage followed by another
phenomena until there is enough data
- - prediction of future outcomes - - limitless number of subjects
- - integrity maintenance is difficult - - sampling techniques: gather
- - qualitative research data, statistical methods: analyze
- - takes long data
- - large sample size - - cohort: group of individuals
- J. META-ANALYSIS DESIGN - - useful for exploratory studies
- - clearly defined description of - - little effort needed
objectives - O. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
- - precise definitions of variables - - research about well-defined
and outcomes topic, usually from public policy
- - well-reasoned justification or practice-based problem
- - assessment of researcher bias - - evaluation of study’s
- - for determining gaps in literature contributions
- - distinct principles applied to the
process of evaluating rrl
- P. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
- - primarily exploratory research
- - understanding for reasons
- - insight
- - trends in thought and opinions
- - small sample size
- - focus groups, in-depth
interviews, review of documents
- - inductive process
- - more subjective
- - in-depth information on few
cases
- - unstructured response options
- - text based
- - no statistical tests
- - depends on skill of researcher
- - less time on planning, more time
on analysis
- - less generalizable
- Q. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
- - data quantification
- - generalization of results
- - quantify attitude and behavior
- - surveys, structured interviews,
observations, review of records
- - deductive process
- - more objective
- - number based
- - less in depth but broad
- - fixed response options
- - statistical tests
- - depends on measurement
device
- - more time on planning, less time
on analysis
- - more generalizable