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Arrays and Addressing Modes

This document discusses arrays and addressing modes in assembly language. It defines one-dimensional arrays and how they are stored in memory. It also covers the DUP operator for initializing arrays, calculating element addresses, and exchanging array elements. Addressing modes like register indirect, based, indexed, base-indexed, and 2D arrays are explained. Processing arrays using these different addressing modes is demonstrated through examples.

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269 views

Arrays and Addressing Modes

This document discusses arrays and addressing modes in assembly language. It defines one-dimensional arrays and how they are stored in memory. It also covers the DUP operator for initializing arrays, calculating element addresses, and exchanging array elements. Addressing modes like register indirect, based, indexed, base-indexed, and 2D arrays are explained. Processing arrays using these different addressing modes is demonstrated through examples.

Uploaded by

darwinvargas2011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arrays and Addressing Modes

CS 272
Sam Houston State University
Dr. Tim McGuire

Arrays

 A one-dimensional array is an ordered list of elements, all of the same type.


 To define an array in assembly language
o W dw 10,20,30,40,50,60
 The address of the array variable is called the base address of the array
 If the offset address of the array is 0200h, the array looks like this in memory:

element offset address symbolic address contents


W[0] 0200h W 10
W[1] 0202h W+2h 20
W[2] 0204h W+4h 30
W[3] 0206h W+6h 40
The DUP Operator

 Arrays whose elements share a common initial value are defined using the DUP
pseudo-op
 It has the form:
o repeat_count DUP (value)
 gamma dw 100 DUP(0)
o sets up an array of 100 words, with each entry initialized to 0
 delta db 212 DUP(?)
o sets up an array of 212 uninitialized bytes

Location of Array Elements

 The address of an array element may be computed by adding a constant to the


base address
 If A is an array and S denotes the number of bytes in an element, then the
address of element A[i] is A + i*S (assuming zero-based arrays; for one-based
arrays it would be A + (i-1)*S)
 To exchange W[9] and W[24] in an word array W:

mov ax,W+18 ; ax has W[9]


xchg W+48,ax ; ax has W[24]
mov W+18,ax ; complete exchange
Addressing Data in Memory

 Three forms:
o Immediate data -- stored directly in machine code
 example: mov ax,5 ; 5 is an immediate value
 immediate operands are always source operands
o Register data -- held in processor registers
 example: add ax,bx
o Memory data -- held in memory
 processor calculates the 16-bit effective address

Memory-Addressing Modes
Direct mov ax, count
Register-indirect mov ax, [bx]
Base mov ax, [record + bp]
Indexed mov ax, [array + si]
Base-indexed mov ax, [recordArray + bx + si]
String lodsw
I/O Port in ax, dx
Segment Override

 Register indirect mode references for bx, si, or di are usually relative to ds
 To change this, use a segment override:
o mov ax, es:[bi]
 Segment overrides can also be used with based and indexed modes.
 An override occupies a byte of machine code which is inserted just before the
affected instruction

Register-Indirect Mode

 The offset address of the operand is contained in a register


 The register acts as a pointer to the memory location
 The operand format is
o [register]
o The register is bx,si,di, or bp
 For bx,si, ordi, the segment register is ds
 For bp, ss has the segment number

Example

 si = 0100h, [0100h] = 1234h


 To execute mov ax,[si] the CPU
o examines si and obtains the offset address 0100h
o uses the address ds:0100h to obtain the value 1234h
o moves 1234h into ax
 This is not the same as mov ax,si which simply moves the value of si (0100h)
into ax

Another example
bx=1000h, si=2000h, di=3000h, [1000h]=1BACh, [2000h]=20FEh,
[3000h]=031Dh

instruction source offset result


mov bx,[bx] 1000h 1BACh
mov cx,[si] 2000h 20FEh
mov bx,[ax] illegal source register
add [si],[di] illegal memory-memory add
inc [di] 3000h 031Eh

Processing Arrays using Register-Indirect Mode

 Sum in ax the 10-element word array W

W dw 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,10

xor ax,ax ; ax holds sum


lea si,W ; si points to array W
mov cx,10 ; cx has number of elements
addnos:
add ax,[si] ; sum = sum + element
add si,2 ; move pointer to the next
element
loop addnos ; loop until done
WORD and BYTE PTR operators

 Both operands of an instruction must be of the same type


o mov ax,1 is a word operation because ax is a 16-bit register
o mov bh,5 is a byte operation
o mov [bx],1 is illegal because the assembler can't tell whether the
destination is a byte or a word
 if you want the destination to be a byte, use
mov BYTE PTR [bx],1

 and if you want it to be a word, use

mov WORD PTR [bx],1


The LABEL Pseudo-op

 We have seen the use of the WORD and BYTE pseudo-ops to remove type
ambiguity
 The LABEL pseudo-op is another way of working with data of various types
 Example:

money LABEL WORD


dollars db 1Ah
cents db 52h
mov ax,money ;al=dollars, ah=cents
has same effect as
mov al,dollars
mov ah,cents
Based and Indexed Addressing Modes

 The operands offset address is obtained by adding a number called


a displacement to the contents of a register
 The displacement may be:
o the offset address of a variable, e.g., A
o a constant, e.g., -2
o the offset address of a variable plus or minus a constant, e.g., A + 4

Syntax of an operand

 Any of the following expressions are equivalent:


o [register + displacement] <--- preferred form
o [displacement + register]
o [register] + displacement
o displacement + [register]
o displacement[register]
 The register must be bx, bp, si, or di.
 If bx, si, or di is used, ds contains the segment number
 If bp is used, ss has the segment number
 The addressing is called based if bx or bp is used; it is
called indexed if si or di is used
Application of Index Mode

 Replace the lowercase letters in the string to uppercase using index addressing
mode

msg db "this is a message"


mov cx,17 ; # chars in string
xor si,si ; si indexes a char
top:
cmp [si+msg],' ' ; blank?
je next ; yes, skip over
and [si+msg],0DFh ; no, convert to upper
next:
inc si ; index next byte
loop top ; loop until done
Processing Arrays using Based Addressing Mode

 Sum in ax the 10-element word array W using based mode

W dw 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,10

xor ax,ax ; ax holds sum


xor bx,bx ; clear base register
mov cx,10 ; cx has number of elements
addnos:
add ax,[bx+W] ; sum = sum + element
add bx,2 ; index next element
loop addnos ; loop until done

Base-Indexed Addressing Mode

 In this mode the offset address is the sum of:


o the contents of a base register (bx or bp)
o the contents of an index register (si or di)
o optionally, a variable's offset address
o optionally, a positive or negative constant
 There are many valid ways to write the operand, some of them are:
o [base + index + variable + constant]<-- preferred
o variable[base + index + constant]
o constant[base + index + variable]
Use of Based, Indexed, and Base-Indexed Modes

 Based and indexed addressing mode is often used for array and string
processing
 Based-indexed addressing mode can be used for two dimensional arrays
 We will discuss these in greater detail later

LEA vs. MOV

 lea ax,data

and

mov ax,offset data

do the same thing, but the mov is more efficient

 However,

lea bx,[A + si]

is more efficient than

mov bx, offset A


add bx, si

Two-Dimensional Arrays

 A 2D array is an array of arrays


 Usually view them as consisting of rows and columns

A[0,0] A[0,1] A[0,2] A[0,3]


A[1,0] A[1,1] A[1,2] A[1,3]
A[2,0] A[2,1] A[2,2] A[2,3]

 Elements may be stored in row-major order or column-major order

Locating an Element in a 2D Array

 A is an M x N array in row-major order, where the size of the elements is S


 To find the location of A[i,j]
o find where row i begins
o find the location of the jth element in that row
 Row 0 begins at location A -- row i begins at location A + i*N*S
 The jth element is stored j*S bytes from the beginning of the row
 So, A[i,j] is in location A+(i*N + j)*S

2D Arrays and Based-Indexed Addressing Mode

 Suppose A is a 5x7 word array stored in row-major order. Write code to clear
row 2.

mov bx,28 ; bx indexes row 2


xor si,si ; si will index
columns
mov cx,7 ; # elements in a row
clear:
mov [bx + si + A],0 ; clear A[2,j]
add si,2 ; go to next column
loop clear ; loop until done
Another Example:

 Write code to clear column 3 -- Since A is a 7 column word array we need to


add 2*7 = 14 to get to the next row

mov si,6 &n bsp; ; si indexes


column 3
xor bx,bx ; bx will index rows
mov cx,5 &n bsp; ; #elements in
a column
clear:
mov [bx + si + A],0 ; clear A[i,3]
add bx,14 ; go to next row
loop clear ; loop until done
https://www.shsu.edu/~csc_tjm/fall2003/cs272/asgn2.html

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