Scribd
Upload
86 views2 pages

Chemistry

Matter exists in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on the relative strengths of kinetic and potential energies of molecules. Solids have a definite shape and volume due to strong attractive forces between molecules. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container due to weaker attractive forces allowing for easier molecular motion. Gases have the weakest attractive forces, so molecules move independently and fill their container. Intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces are responsible for attractions between molecules in different phases.

Uploaded by

Kim Fresnillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
86 views2 pages

Chemistry

Matter exists in three physical states - solid, liquid, and gas - depending on the relative strengths of kinetic and potential energies of molecules. Solids have a definite shape and volume due to strong attractive forces between molecules. Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of their container due to weaker attractive forces allowing for easier molecular motion. Gases have the weakest attractive forces, so molecules move independently and fill their container. Intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces are responsible for attractions between molecules in different phases.

Uploaded by

Kim Fresnillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 2

MATTER – composed of molecules in KE.

- Involved in solution processes like sodium


chloride dissolving in water.
SOLID - Exist when polar molecules are attracted to
- Physical state characterized by a ions.
dominance of PE over KE. - + pole is attracted to – ion (anion)
- Particles are drawn close together in a - - pole is attracted to + ion (cation)
regular pattern by presence of strong HYDROGEN BONDING
cohesive forces
- Occupies a fixed position (vibrates) - Weak bond formed when hydrogen with
- Definite volume and shape partial +charge is close to an atom in a
molecule with lone pairs of electrons (-)
LIQUID - Result of weak electrostatic attraction (2-10
kcal/mol)
- Physical state characterized by KE and PE.
- Strength is influenced by the
- Particles are randomly packed but relatively
near one another. electronegativity of atom to which it is
- Particles are in constant, random motion bonded.
- Indefinite shape and definite volume - Water maximum density is 4℃
- Follows the shape of its container LONDON DISPERSION FORCE
GAS - Nonpolar molecules such as 𝐻2 can
- Physical state characterized by a develop instantaneous and induce dipoles.
dominance of KE over PE. - Increase with increasing molecular mass
- Attractive forces among particles are very - Decrease with increasing distance between
weak and considered to be 0. molecules
- Particles move independently in a total SURFACE TENSION
random manner.
- Completely fill their container and shape is - Force that causes molecules on the surface
that of the container. of a liquid to tighten their hold to one
another creating the effect of a thin
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES (Van der Waals) membrane on the surface.
- Electrical in nature - When small amount of liquid is dropped it
- Named after a dutch chemist, Johannes forms a spherical shape.
Van der Waals (1837-1923) - Substances with strong attractive forces
- Result from the attraction between centers have high surface tensions
of opposite charge in two molecules close to - Temperature-dependent
each other. - Decreases as temperature increases.

DIPOLE- DIPOLE FORCES VISCOSITY

- Attraction of dipoles in different molecules. - Measure of tendency to resist flowing


- Arise from unequal sharing of electrons by motion
covalently bonded electrons. - Polar and complex structure molecules
- Effective at reasonably larger distance have higher viscosity
- CIF Molecules – positive is attracted to - Liquid with high viscosity is thick
negative end of neighbouring molecule - When viscosity is high that it cannot flow
anymore it is said to be glassy.
ION-DIPOLE FORCES
FLUIDITY
- Opposite of viscosity
- High fluid liquid is said to be free-flowing,
mobile or thin.

CAPILLARY ACTION

- Spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow


tube.
- Explains how plants get nourishment from
soil through their roots.

INCOMPRESSIBILITY

- Since molecules in liquid are already close


they can’t be crowded together anymore.

DIFFUSIBILITY

- Much less in a liquid than in gas

EVAPORATION

- Indication of the escaped molecules from


the surface of liquid.
- Evidence of molecular motion

COOLING EFFECT OF VAPORIZATION

- Escaped molecules are ones with greatest


velocity

VAPOR PRESSURE

- Saturated with vapour and an equilibrium


state exists between the liquid and the
vapor.

BOILING POINT

- Temperature at which the vapour pressure


of a liquid is equal to the external pressure.

HEAT OF VAPORIZATION

- Energy required to change exactly one


gram of liquid to vapour at its normal boiling
point.
- Cal/g, kcal/g-atom, kJ/kg

You might also like