Steam Turbines 19.1, Introduction. 19,2. Classification of steam turbines. 19.3. Advantages of steam turbine over the steam engines. 19.4. Deseription of common types of turbines. 19.5. Methods of reducing. wheel or rotor speed. 19.6. Difference between impulse and reaction turbines. 19.7. Impulse turbines—Veloeity diagram for moving blade—Work done on the blade—Biade velocity co-efficient Expression for optimum value of the ratio ofblade speed to steam speed (for maximum efficiency) for a single stage impulse turbine—Advantages of velocity compounded impulse turbine. 19.8, Reaction turbines—Velocity diagram for reaction turbine blade—Degree of reaction (R,}—Condition for maximum efficiency. 19,9. Turbines efficiencies. 19.10, Types af power in steam turbine practice. 19.11, “State point locus” and “Reheat factor”, 19.12. Reheating steam. 19.18, Blooding. 19.14. Energy losses in steam turbines. 19.15. Steam turbine governing and control. 19.16, Special forms of steam turbines—Highlights—Objective Type Questions— ‘Theoretical Questions—Unsolved Examples. Wfwmonvcnoy ‘The steam turbine is a prime-mover in which the potential energy of the steam is trans- formed into kinetic energy, and latter in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. The turbine shaft, directly or with the help of a reduction gearing, is connected with the driven mechanism. Depending on the type of the driven mechanism a steam. turbine may be utilised in most diverse fields of industry, for power generation and for transport. ‘Transformation of the potential energy of steam into the mechanical energy of rotation of the shaft is brought about by different means, EGY cussiricarton oF steam TuRsINes ] ‘There are several ways in which the steam turbines may be classified. The most important and common division being with respect to the action of the steam, as: (a) Impulse. (6) Reaction. (c) Combination of impulse and reaction, ‘Other classification are : 1, According to the number of pressure stages : (Single stage turbines with one or more velocity stages usually of emali power capacities ; these turbines are mostly used for driving centrifugal compressors, blowers and other similar machinery. (Gi) Multistage impulse and reaction turbines ; they are made in a wide range of power capacities varying from small to large. 2. According to the direction of steam flow : @ Axial turbines in which steam flows in a direction parallel to the axis of the turbine.‘STEAM TURBINES 829 Gi) Radial turbines in which steam flows in a direetion perpendicular to the axis of the turbine ; one or more low-pressure stages in such turbines are made axial. 3. According to the number of cylinders : (@ Single cylinder turbines. (i Double cylinder turbines. (iii) Three cylinder turbines. (iv) Four eylinder turbines. Multi-cylinder turbines which have their rotors mounted on one and the same shaft and coupled to « single generator are known as sirfyle shaft turbines ; turbines with separate rotor shafts for each cylinder placed parallel to each other are known 3 multiaxial turbines, 4. According to the method of governing (i Turbines with throttle governing in which fresh steam enters through one or more (depending on the power developed) simultaneously operated throttle valves. i) Turbines with nozzle governing in which fresh steam enters through two or more consecutively opening regulators. (iti) Turbines with by pass governing in which steam turbines besides being fed to the first: stage is also directly fed to one, two or even three intermediate stages of the turbine. 5, According to heat drop process : (i) Condensing turbines with generators ; in these turbines steam at a pressure less than. atmospheric is directed to a condenser ; besides, steam is also extracted from intermediate stages for feed water heating, the number of such extractions usually being from 2-3 to as much 8-9. The latent heat of exhaust steam during the process of condensation is completely lost in these turbines. (ii) Condensing turbines with ane or twa intermediate stage extractions at: specific pressures for industrial and heating purposes. (iii) Back pressure turbines, the exhaust steam from which is utilised for industrial or heating purposes ; to this type of turbines can also be added (in a relative sense) turbines with deteriorated vacuum, the exhaust steam of which may be used for heating and process purposes. (iv) Topping turbines ; these turbines are also of the back pressure type with the difference that the exhaust steam from these turbines is further utilised in medium and low pressure condensing turbines. These turbines, in general, operate at high initial conditions of steam pressure and temperature, and are mostly used during extension of power station capacities, with a view to obtain better efficiencies. (v) Back pressure turbines with steam extraction from intermediate stages at specific pressure ; turbines of this type are meant for supplying the consumer with steam of various pressures and temperature conditions. (vi) Low pressure turbines in which the exhaust steam from reciprocating stem engines, power hammers, presses, etc., is ised for power generation purposes. (vii) Mixed pressure turbines with two or three pressure stages, with supply of exhaust steam to its intermediate stages. 6. According to steam conditions at inlet to turbine : (i) Low pressure turbines, using steam at a pressure of 1.2 to 2 ata. (ii) Medium pressure turbines, using steam at pressures of upto 40 ata.830 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING (iti) High pressure turbines, utilising pressures above 40 ata iv) Turbines of very high pressures, utilising steam at pressures of 170 ata and higher and ‘temperatures of 650°C and higher. (0) Turbines of supercritical pressures, using steam at pressures of 225 ata and above. 7. According to their usage in industry : (1) Stationary turbines with constant speed of rotation primarily used for driving alternators (ii) Stationary steam turbines with variable speed meant for driving turbo-blowers, air circulators, pumps, etc (ili) Non-stationary turbines with variable speed ; turbines of this type are usually employed in steamers, ships and railway locomotives Fifi ovantaces OF STEAM TURBINE OVER STEAM ENGINES The following are the principal advantages of steam turbine over steam engines > 1. The thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is much higher than that of a steam engine. 2. The power generation in a steam turbine is at a uniform rate, therefore riecessity to use a flywheel (as in the case of steam engine) is not felt. 3. Much higher speeds and greater range of speed is possible than in case of a steam engine, 4. In large thermal stations where we nead higher outputs, the steam turbines prove very suitable as these can be made in big sizes. 5, With the absence of reciprocating parts (as in steam engine) the balancing problem is minimised, 6. No internal lubrication is required as there are no rubbing parts in the steam turbine 7, In a steam turbine there is no loss due ta initial condensation of steam, 8. It can utilise high vacuum very advantageously, 9, Considerable overloads can be carried at the expense of slight reduction in overall efficiency, Ea DESCRIPTION OF COMMON TYPES OF TURBINES ‘The common types of steam turbines are 1, Simple impulse turbine 2. Reaction turbine, ‘The main difference between these turbines lies in che way in which the steam is expanded while it maves through them. In the former type steam expands in the nozcles and its pressure does not alter as it moves aver the blades while in the latter type the steam expands continuawsly as it passes over the blades and thus there ix gradual fall in the pressure during expansion 1 Simple impulse turbines Fig: 19.1 shows « simple impulse turbine diagrammatically. The top portion of the figure exhibits a longitudinal section through the upper half of the turbine, the middle partion shows one set of nozzles which is followed by a ring of moving blades, while lower part of the diagram indicates approximately ehanges in pressure and velocity during the flow of steam through the turbine. This turbine is called ‘simple’ impulse turbine since the expansion of the steam takes place in one set of the nozzlesSTEAM TURBINES 831 As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to con- denser pressure (or atmospheric pressure if the turbine is non-condensing). Due to this relatively: higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzles the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high. velocity. Refer Fig. 19.1, it is evident that the velocity of the steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the steam when leaving the nozzle. The loss of energy due to this higher exit velocity is commonly called the “carry over loss” or “leaving loss” Boiler ‘steam Turbine blade Lost velocity Condenser pressure Boller pressure 7 ¥ ‘Fig. 19.1. Simple impulse turbine, ‘The principal example of this turbine is the well known “De laval turbine” and in this turbine the ‘exit velocity’ or ‘leaving velocity’ or ‘lost velocity’ may amount to 3.3 per cent of the nozzle outlet velocity. Also since all the kinetic energy is to be absorbed by one ring of the moving:832 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING blades only, the velocity of wheel is too high (varying from 25000 to 30000 r.p.m.). This wheel or rator speed however, can be reduced by different methods (discussed in the following article). 2, Reaction turbine In this type of turbine, there is a gradual pressure drop and takes place continuously over the fixed and moving blades. The function of the fixed blades is (the same as the nozzle) that they alter the direction of the steam as well as allow it expand to a larger velocity. As the steam passes over the moving blades its kinetic energy (obtained due to fall in pressure) is absorbed by them. Fig. 19.2. shows a three stage reaction turbine. The changes in pressure and velocity are also shown there in. ee tf t tp 4 ACC = tha a Fig. 19.2 Reaction turbine (three stage). As the volume of steam increases at lower pressures therefore, the diameter of the turbine must increase after each group of blade rings. It may be noted that in this turbine since the pressure drop per stage is small, therefore the number of stages required is much higher than an impuise turbine of the same capacity.STEAM TURBINES 933 METHODS OF REDUCING WHEEL OR ROTOR SPEED As already discussed under the heading ‘simple impulse turbine’ that if the steam is expanded from the boiler pressure to condenser pressure in one stage the speed of the rotor becomes tremendously high which crops up practical complicacies. There are several methods of reducing this speed to lower value ; all these methods utilise « multiple system of rotor in series, keyed on a common shaft and the sicam pressure or jet velocity is absorbed in stages as the sieam flows over the blades. This is known as ‘compounding’. The different methods of compounding are = 1. Velocity compounding. 2. Pressure compounding. 8, Pressure velocity compounding. 4, Reaction turbine, 1. Velocity compounding ‘Steam is expanded through a stationary nozzle from the boiler or inlet pressure to con- denser pressure. So the pressure in the nozzle drops, the kinetic energy of the steam increases due ‘vo increase in velocity. A portion of this available energy is absorbed by a row of moving blades. Theao ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING steam (whose velocity has decreased while moving over the moving blades) then flows through the second row of blades which are fixed. The function of these fixed blades is to re-direct the steam flow without altering its velocity to the following next row moving blades where again work is done on them and steam leaves the turbine with a low velocity. Fig. 19.3 shows a cut away section of such a stage and changes in pressure and velocity as the steam passes through the nozzle, fixed and moving blades. this method has the advantage that the initial cost is low due to lesser number of stages yet its efficiency is low. 2. Pressure compounding Fig. 19.4 shows rings of fixed nozzles incorporated between the rings of moving blades, The steam at boiler pressure enters the first set of nozzles and expands partially. The kinetic energy of the steam thus obtained is absorbed by the moving blades (stage 1). The steam then expands Partially in the second set of nozzles where its pressure again falls and the velocity increases ; the Stages Fig. 19.4, Prossure compoundingkinetic energy so obtained is absorbed by the second ring of moving blades (stage 2). This is repeated in stage 3 and steam finally leaves the turbine at low velocity and pressure. The number of stages (or pressure reductions) depends on the number of rows of nozzles through which the steam must pass. ‘This method of compounding is used in Rateau and Zoelly turbine, This is most efficient turbine since the speed ratio remains constant but it is expensive owing to a large number of stages, 8, Pressure velocity compounding ‘This method of compounding is the combination of two previously discussed method, The total drop in steam pressure is divided into stages and the velocity obtained in each stage is also compounded. The rings of nozzles are fixed at the beginning of each stage and pressure remains constant during each stage. The changes in pressure and velocity are shown in Fig. 19.5, et af Wee NS PHT Fig. 19.5, Pressure velocity compounding. ‘This method of compounding is used in Curiés and Moore turbine.#36 THERMAL ENGINEERING 4, Reaction turbine It has been discussed in Article 19.4. —— Reaction turbine | In fixed blades (nazeles) a8 well ‘asin moving blades. Varying (converging type). Acrofoil type. All round or complete. Fixed blades similar to moving) blades attached to the casing) serve as nozzles and guide| the steam. ‘Much power can be developed. Requires more. space for sae power High | ‘Suitable for medium and higher! Particulars Pressure drop Impulse turbine ‘Only in nozzles and nat in moving blades. ‘Constant. Profile type. ‘Not all round or complete. Diaphram contains the nazale. Blades ‘Not much power can be developed. ‘Requires less space for same power, Low, ‘Suitable for small power require- ments, ‘Not difficult, 19.7.1, Velocity Diagram for Moving blade Fig. 19.6 shows the velocity diagram of a single stage impulse turbine. Cy, = Linear velocity of moving blade (m/s) C, = Absolute velocity of steam entering moving blade (m/s) C, = Absolute velocity of steam leaving moving blade (m/s) Cu, = Velocity of whirl at the entrance of moving blade. = tangential component of C,. Cy = Velocity of whirl at exit of the moving blade. = tangential component of C,, Cy, = Velocity of flow at entrance of maving blade. = axial component of C,. Gf, = Velocity of flow at exit of the moving blade. = axial component of Cy, C,, = Relative velocity of steam to moving blade at entrance, Cy, = Relative velocity of steam to moving blade at exit, = Angle with the tangent of the wheel at which the steam with velocity C, enters, ‘This is also called nozzle engle.[steam ‘TURBINES 837 B= Angle which the discharging steam makes with the tangent of the wheel at the exit of moving blade. @ = Entrance angle of moving blade. = Exit angle of moving blade, Inlet triangle Cr Fig. 19.6. Velocity diagram for moving lade. ‘The steam jet issuing from the nozzle at a velocity of C, impinges on the blade at an angle a. The tangential component of this jet (Cw,) performs work on the blade, the axial component (Cy,) however does no work but causes the steam to flow through the turbine. As the blades move with a tangential velocity of C,,, the entering steam jet has a relative velocity C,, (with respect to blade) which makes an angle @ with the wheel tangent. The steam then glides over the blade without any shock and discharges at a relative velocity of C, at an angle with the tangent of the blades. The relative velocity at the inlet (C,, )is the same.as the relative velocity at the outlet (C,, ) if there is no frictional loss at the blade, The absolute velocity (C,) of leaving steam make an angle B to the tangent at the wheel. ‘To have convenience in solving the problems on turbines it is a common practice to combine the two vector velocity diagrams on a common base which represents the blade velocity (Cy) as shown in Fig. 19.7. This diagram has been obtained by superimposing the inlet velocity diagram on the outlet diagram in order that the blade velocity lines C,, coineide.Fig. 19.7 19.7.2. Work done on the Blade ‘The work done on the blade may be found out from the change of momentum of the steam Jet during its flow over the blade. As earlier discussed, it is only the velocity of whirl which performs: work on the blade since it acts in its (blade) direction of motion. From Newton's second law of motion, Force (tangential) on the wheel = Mass of stoam x acceleration = Mass of steam/sec. x change of velocity = ty (Cu, ~ Gon) (19.1) ‘The value of Cy, is actually negative as the steam is discharged in the opposite direetion to the blade motion, therefore due consideration should be given to the fact that values of Cy, and Cy, are to be added while doing the solution of the problem, (i.e., when B < 90°) Work done on bladesisec. = Force x distance travelled/sec. = lCin, +Oun)* Oo Power per wheel = Coo, + Cu, XC = ACC ew (19.2) 1000 ( Cy=Cy, +0,,) ‘Work done the blade Energy supplied to the blade = Ca, + Cay) C = a 2 BOC, +o) of Blade or diagram efficiency = 19.8)STEAM TURBINES 813 Ifh, and A, be the total heats before and after expansion through the nozzles, then (A, ~ hy) in the heat drop fh a stage of fixed blades ring and moving blades ring. . Work done on blade per kg of steam + Glage eftisioney, than ™ Gt energy suppliot por kyofsieam CulCa, +5) a dye) 2 i eo . Now, nozzle efficiency cr) Also Tage = Blade efficiency x nozzle efficiency 2CylC, +Cy,) _ot CulCo, +Cu, ) . T* GG =m) ~~ Gah) ‘The axial thrust on the wheel ia duc to difference betwen the velocities of flow at entrance: and outlet. Axial force on the wheel = Mass of steam x axial acceleration = riy(C, -Cf,) (19.8) ‘The axial force on the wheel must be balanced or must be taken by & thrust bearing. Energy converted to heat by blade friction = Joss of kinetic energy during flow over blades = m(C,?-C,9) (19.6) 19.7.3. Blade Velocity Co-etficient In an impulse turbing, if friction is neglected the relative velocity will remain unaltered as it passes over blades. In practice the flow of steam over the blades is resisted by friction. The effect of the friction is to reduce the relative velocity of steam as it passes over the blades. In general there is a loss of 10 to 15 per cent in the relative velocity. Owing to friction in the blades, C,, is less than C, and we may write of 19.4) G, =K.C, (19.7) where X is termed a blade velocity co-efficient, 19.7.4, Expression for optimum Value of the Ratio of Blade Speed to Steam Speed (for maximum efficiency) for a Single Stage Impulse Turbine Refer Fig. 19:7. C= PQ =MP+MQ= G, cos 0+ G, 0084 Cy con = 6, ewe fas ome a, mofo Sae = Cy con O14 K. 2) whore Z = See l) Gonerally, the angles @ and 4 are nearly equal for impulse turbine and henee it can safely be assumed that Z is a constant. But, Cy, cos @= MP = LP-LM = C, cos a— Cy, From eqn. (i, ©, =(C,c08 a - 0, X14 K.Z)We know that, Blade efficiency, ny = Supe alii) 1 _ 2y(Cy eos -Cyy K+ KZ) Se = 2p cos a p?X1 + KZ) = 2p(cos a — pX1 + KZ) wwii) where ratio". For particular impulse turbine a, K and Z may assumed to be constant and from equation (iii) it can be seen clearly that ny depends on the value of p only. Hence differentiating (ii), ‘GEL is the ratio of blade speed to steam speed and is commonly called as “Blade speed 7 Mu = 2 (cos a 2pX1 + KZ) For a maximum or minimum value of my this should be zero cos a-2p=0, » p= “Se 2 ain Now, Sh = 201 + KZ) = - 41 + KZ) dy’ which is 8 negative quantity and thus the value #0 obtained is the maximam. Optimum value of ratio of blade speed to steam speed is cosa Pa * 8 (19.8) ‘Substituting this value of p in eqn. (ii), we get o cost , OW nay = 2" 5 {cosa — 4K.2) cos? ex = Syn + ke) f19.9) It is sufficiently accurate to assume symmetrical blades (0 = 6) and no friction in fluid passage for the purpose of analysis, : %=1and K=1 s (ana = C087 ot (19.10) ‘The work done per kg af steam is given by We (Gy, +Cu,) Coy ‘Substituting the value of C,,+C., (= W=(C, 008 ~ CyXl + KZCy = 20, (C, cos aC.) when K = Land Z= 1 ‘The maximum value of W ean be obtained by substituting the value of cos @ from equation (19.8), e941)STEAM TURBINES: 841 It is obvious from the equation (19.8) that the blade velocity should be approximately half of absolute velocity of steam jet coming out from the nozzle (fixed blade) for the maximum. work developed per kg of steam or for maximum efficiency. For the other values of blade speed the absolute velocity at outlet from the blade will increase, consequently, more energy will be carried ‘away by the steam and efficiency will decrease. For equiangular blades with no friction losses, optimum value ot Sat corresponds to the ‘case, when the outlet absolute velocity is axial as shown in Fig. 198. ; oy ——— ‘ G=Gy ‘J Fig, 18.8 w Since the discharge is axial B= 90°, 2 Oy= Cj, and Cy, = 0, ‘The variations of ny or work developed por kg of steam with SH is shown in Fig. 19:9, This figure shows that : . (i When Git = 0, the work done becomes zero as the distance travelled by the blade (C,,) is zero, even though the torque on the blade is maximum. rg OF Wor Fig. 19.9B16 THERMAL ENGINEERING Gi) The maximum efficiency is coc’ a and maximum work done per kg of steam is 2C4,, rion Gm cos a. (Gi) When Su = 1, the work done is zero as the torque acting on the blade becomes zero even though the distanc® travelled by the blade is maximura ‘When the high pressure steam is expanded trom the boiler pressure to condenser pressure in a single stage of nozzle, the absolute velocity of steam becomes maximum and blade velocity also becomes tremendously high. In such a case, a velocity compounded stage is used to give lower blade speed ratio and better utilization of the kinetic energy of the steam. The arrangement of velocity compounding has already been dealt with. Fig. 19.10 Fig. 19.10 shows the velocity dingrams for the first and second row of moving blades of velocity compounded unit. The speed end angles are such that the final absolute velocity of the steam leaving the second row is axial, With this arrangement, the KE, carried by the steam is minimum, therefore, the efficiency becomer maximum. ‘The velocity of blades (C,,) is same for both the rows since they are mounted on the same Consider first row of moving blades : Work done per kg of steam, W, = Cy (Cy, +Cy,) = CylC,, con8+C,, cos 6]STEAM TURBINES ‘If there is no friction loss and symmetrical blading is used, then G,=C, and O=4 o W, = Oy *26, cos @= 20,(C, cos a Oy) BIT (19.12) The magnitude of absolute velocity of steam leaving the first row and entering into the seehad roto of mooning Blades is sain and its direction only is changed. =Cy Conatdee nosound row of: moving Blades : Work done per kg, W, =Cy. C'y, a8 C’y, = Obecause discharge is axial and = 90" ‘Alternately, Wy = Cy (C', cos +0%, cos 4] For symmetrical blades @ = ¢’ and, ifthere is no friction loss, then C’,, = C’, a Wy = 20, C7, 008 6 = 20, (C,' cos a’ - Cy) Now of may be equal to B. % Oy! cos of = O, cos B= C,, 089 - Cy = G28 0-Cyy = (C, 008 1- Oyd— Cy =C,cosa-2Cy ‘Substituting the value of C,' cos a’ in eqn. (19,19), we get Wy = 2Cy (C, eos 1 2Cy)— Cy = 20,, (C, cos a 8C,,) Total work done per kg of steam passing through both stages is given by w= + W = 20y [C, cos = Cy) + 2Cy IC, cos a= 3Cy1 = WC, (20, com o— 4C yy) = 40), (C, cos a ~ 20.) ‘The blade efficiency for two stago impulse turbine is given by we ee Cy (C, 008 a, = 204.) x 3 2 oF & ae soe = 20,) =8 Stt{cos a2. Git (Cie a= 204) =8 Saco 2 ! i M L \ Fig. 19.15 Now, C,,8in 31.85" = Cy = 361.6 B16 SAB hay = Cry £08 BO" ~ Cy = 666 cox 30" ~ 400 = 177 ms C, i, = 666 mis‘THERMAL ENGINEERING Power developed, P= Tit,(Cy, +C,) Cy = a (966 + 177) x 400 x 10-7 kW = 881 kW. (Ans.) WulCo, +Cay) Blade efficiency, ly ae ® ae = 0.865 or 86.5% (Ans.) Since there are no losses, therefore, Stage efficiency = blade efficiency = 86.5%. (Ans.) Example 19.5. The following data relate to a single stage impulse turbine : Steam velocity = 600 mis; Blade speed = 250 mis Nozzle angle = 20° ; Blade outlet angle = 25°, Neglecting the effect of friction, calculate the work developed by the turbine for the steam flow rate of 20 kg/s. Also calculate the axial thrust on the bearings. Solution, Absolute velocity of steam entering the blades, C, = 600 m/s Blade speed, Cy = 250 m/s ; Nozzle angle, « = 20° Blade outlet angle, = 25° ; Steam flow rate, 7, = 20 kg/s Refer Fig. 19.16. @ Triangle LMS is drawn with the above data. @ Then angle LMN i.e., @ = 25° is drawn such that NM = MS (because effect of frietion is to be neglected i, K = 1). Join LN by vector C, which represents the velocity of steam at outlet from the wheel, This completes both inlet and outlet triangles. Cy= C+ Cy, = 655 mvs Fig. 19.16 By measurement = Co, + Cus = 655 m/s C), = 200 mis ; Cy, = 160 mis. Work developed, W : We mi(Cy, +Cy,) Cy = 20 x 655 x 250 = 8275000 Nmv/s. (Ans.)Axial Thrust : Axial thrust ring(Cy, ~ Cj) = 20200 - 160) = 800N. (Ans) Example 19.6. A single row impulse turbine develops 139.4 RW at a blade speed of 175 mis, using 2 kg of steam per sec. Steam leaves the nozzle at 400 mis. Velocity coefficient of the blades is 0.9. Steam teaves the turbine blades axially. Determine nozzle angle, blade angles at entry and exit, assuming no shock. Solution. Pawer developed, P = 132.4 kW Blade speed, Cy = 175 mia Steam used, rh, = 2 gis Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle, C, = 400 m/s Blade velocity co-efficient, K = 0.9 yo, + Gyo ®Cot Power developed, Ps Te kW Cg, + Og) 175 1824 «1000 - ct Caer g 124= Bor (Cy, +e) = SE = 78 mis Cy, = 0, since the discharge is axial. Construct the velocity diagram as shown in Fig. 19.17. G In thie diagram => = 0.9, B = 90°, since the discharge is axial ; and 4 Cu, + Co = PL = PQ = 378 mis, C,=C,,+C,,=378 mis [ Cy, =C;,) and from point M draw an are equal to C,,(=09C,,) to get the point of intersection N, Complete the triangle LMN. From N draw perpendicular NQ on PL produced to get Cy. Measure 6 and ¢ (the blade angles) from the velocity diagram. = 87° and @ = 42". (Ans.) Power developed, P : Tiy(Cyy +Cu,)X Cy _ 10% 306X105 Se a = 821.3 kW. (Ans.) Example 19.9, In an impulse turbine (with a single row wheel) the mean diameter of the blades is 1.05 m and the speed is 3000 rp.m. The nozzle angie is 18°, the ratio of blade speed to ‘steam speed is 0.42 and the ratio of the relative velocity at outlet from the blades to: that at inlet is 0.84. The outlet angle of the blade is to be made 3° less than the inlet angle. The steam flow is 10 kgls. Draw the velocity diagram for the blades and derive the following : (® Tangential thrust on the blades (if) Axial thrust on the blades (iii) Resultant thrust on the blades (iv) Power developed in the blades (v) Blading efficiency. (PU) Solution. Mean diameter of the blades, D = 1.05 m Speed of the turbine, N= 3000 rpm. Nozzle angle, a= 18 Ratio of blade speed to steam apecd, p= 0.42 Ratio, Outlet blade angle, Steam flow rate Blade speed, But With the data, @ = 30° (on measurement) A 9 =90°-3 = 27% Now complete the ALMN by taking ¢ = 27° and C, = 0.84 C, . Finally complete the whole diagram as shown in Fig. 19.20. (@) Tangential thrust on the blades ‘Tangential thrust = m(Cy, +, = 10 x 390 = 8900. N. (Ans)©, = 390 m/s ——— Gy = 164.5 m/s——p| ie “tl a Fig. 19.20 (ii) Axial thrust : Axial thrust = m,(Cp, —C;,) = 10 (120 - 95) = 250 N. (Ans.) ii) Resultant thrust : Resultant thrust: a 3908 N. (Ans.) Gv) Power developed, P : mic, +C 1000 10 390 x 164.5 = 641.55 kW. (Ans.) On 641.55 kW. S. (v) Blading efficiency, )\y + 205 (Cy 21645 x 390 wee = ° = sa.se. (Ans) i CP 395 Example 19.10. In a stage of impulse reaction turbine provided with single row wheel, the mean diameter of the blades in 1m. It rans at 3000 r.p.m. The steam issues from the nozale at a uelocity of 350 mis and the nozzle angte is 20°. The rotor blades are equiangular. The blade friction factor is 0.86, Determine the power developed if the axial thrust on the end bearing of a rotor is 118 N. Solution. Mea Speed of the turbine, I 1 diameter of the blades, D = 1m 8000 r.p.m. Velocity of steam issuing from the nozzle,C, = 350 m/s Nozzle angle, a= 20" Blade angles, 0=9 Blade friction factor, K = 086 Axial thrust = LI8N Power developed, P : _ 5DN mi$000 157 mf Blade, velocity, ane856 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING 6 C=C, + (-C,,) = 320 ms >| N s Fig. 19.21 — With the data, Cj, = 157 mvs, C, = 350 m/s, a = 20°, draw the ALMS (Fig. 19.21). By measurement, a= 35" Since the blades are equiangular, @= 9 = 35° — Now with $= 35° and C,, = 0.86 ©, , complete the ALIN. (On measurement ; Cj, = 120 mvs, C,, = 102.5 m/s Also, axial thrust ri,(Cp ~C,) = 18 118 1s "0; -G, * Gao- 10am "O14 Wwe Further in this case, C= Ge, + On, = Ge, +4 Ge.) = 920 m’s (#8 > 80") Ne aaah P m (Cy, + Co) X Cup kW low, power developed, = ng = 874 *320%187 g9g.6 ew. (Ans) 1000 , Example 19.11. 4 simple impulse turbine has one ring of moving blades running at 150 mis. The absolute velocity of steam at exit from the stage is 85 mis at an angle of 80° from the tangential direction. Blade velocity co-efficient ix 0.82 and the rate of steam flowing through the stage ix 2.5 kgls. If the blades are equiangular, determine = (@ Blade angles ; Gi) Nozzle angle ; ii) Absolute velocity of steam issuing from the nozzle ; (iv) Axial thrust. Solution. Blade velocity, Cy = 150 m/s Absolute velocity of steam at exit from the stage, C, = 85 m/s Angle, B= 80" G Blade velocity co-efficient, K = am = 0.82 a Rate of steam flowing through the stage, m, = 2.5 kg/s Blades are equiangular, ic., 6 = ¢.857 — With the above given data velocity triangle for eit can be drawn to a suitable scale. From that, value ¢ = 6 can be obtained. Also the value of C,, can be obtained which helps to get the value of C,, with the help of given value of ‘K”, With these values having being known the inlet velocity triangle of the velocity diagram can be completed to get the value of C,, the absolute velocity of steam issuing from the nozzle and value of axial thrust can also he calculated. The Fig. 19.22 gives the any diagram of the turbine stage to a suitable scale — From the outlet velocity ALMN’ Cy, By measurement, C,, = 186 m/s 186 = ppp 7 2268 ms (®) Blades angles 0, ¢ By measurement = 6 = blade angles = 27°. (Ans.) (ii) Nozzle angle, a : By measurement ; nozzle angle, « = 16°, (Ans.) (ii) Absolute velocity, C, = Absolute velocity of steam issuing from the nozzle, C, = 366 m/s (by measurement). (Ans.) (iv) Axial thrust : C;, = 84 mvs ix fin a ‘Axial thrust = miy(C, -C,) = 2.5 (102 - 84) = 45 N. (Ans) Example 19.12. One stage of an impuise turbine consists of a converging nozzle ring and one ring of moving blades. The nozzles ave inclined at 22° to the blades whose tip angles are both 35°. If the velocity of steam at exit from nozzle is 660 mis, find the blade speed so that the steam passes on without shock. Find the diagram efficiency neglecting losses if the blades are run at this speed. (U.P.8.C.)858 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING Solution. Given : a = 22° ; @ = @ = 35° ; C, = 660 mis. Fig. 1923 In case of impulse turbine, maximum blade efficiency, 2 (M6 n= Sa +KZ) «Eqn. (19.19)) where K (= blade velocity co-efficient) = 1, + Losses are neglected) —el c Blades are equiangular) (1+ 1) = cost a = (con 29°F = 0.88 or 88% (Ans.) Also, Pops = >= Eqn. (19.8)] or . Su, S082" 5.4986 Cy = C, % 0.4636 = 660 x 0.4636 = 306 mvs, (Ans.) feEcample 19:13. Ina single stage impulse turbine the mean diameter of the blade ring is I metre and the rotational speed is 3000 r.p.m. The steam is issued from the nozzle at 300 m/s and nozzle angle is 20°, The blades are equiangular. If the friction loss in the blade channel is 19% of the kinetic energy corresponding to the relative velocity at the inlet to the blades, what is the Bower developed in the blading when. the axial thrust on the blades is 98 N ? Solution. Mean diameter of the blade ring, D =ilm Speed of the turbine, N = 3000 rpm. Absolute velocity of steam issuing from the nozzle, C, = 300 m/s Nozzle angle, a= 20° Blade angles are equiangular, a=9 Friction loss in the blade channel = 19% 1-019) G, =081 6, Axial thrust on the blades = 98 NPower developed, P : Blade speed. RDN mw 421000 shee ee = 167.1 me 0 = } (given) Now, velocity diagram is drawn to a suitable scale as shown in Pig. 19.24. Axial thrust 98 98 =m, (100.5 ~ 81) or Ms = F555 gy = 5.025 kg, mA, +*1- 6 1000 5 (288.5 — BA) x 157. 1000 Show that the maximum possible efficiency of a De L 0°. Deduce the formula used. 88.3% Power developed. G, (p> 90°) 5.0) = 181.2 kW. (Ans.) Example 1.14 aval steam turbine is 88.3% when nozele angle os Solution, Maximu Nozzle angle, a = 20 Maximum possibl nozzle angle. < Thpax = 008% 20° = (0.9396)8 = 0.83 = 88.3%. (Proved), For derivation of the formula used refer Article 19.7 possible efficiency, 1, ficieney of a De-Laval turbine (impulse turbine) = cos* a where o is thea eae) In a simple impulse turbine the nozzles are inclined at 20° to the direction of motion of the moving blades, The steam leaves the nozzle at 375 m/s. The blade velocity is 165 mis. Calculate suitable inlet and outlet angles for the blades in order that the axial thrust is zor. The relative vetocity of steam as it flows over the blades is reduced by 15% by friction. Also, determine the power developed for a flow rate of 10 ky /x. Solution. Nozzles, = 20° Velocity of steam issuing from the nozzles, C, = 375 m/s Blade speed Oy = 165 mis Axial thrust = mere ie, Cy, ¢ G =(1-0.15) = 0.85, ie, 15% loss due to frietion, steam flow rate, ri, = 10 kp/s. te Inlet and outlet angles : With the above given data, draw velocity diagram toa suitable scale as shown in Fig. 19.25. Fig. 19.25 By measurement (from velocity disgram), 0-35" o=4e }. (Ans) B= 100° Power developed, P : Also, Cy, = 354 mis: Co, (By measurement) Power developed, 1 IC, +(—Ga NX Cat 1000Example 19.16. In a single steyge impulse turbine nozzle angle is 20° and blade angles are equal. The velocity coefficient for blade ix 0.85. Find maximum blade efficiency possible. If the actual blade efficiency ix 92% of the maximum blade efficiency, find the possible ratio of Blade speed to steam spe Solution. Nozzle angle, a= 20 Blade angles are equal ie., O=6 Blade velocity co-efficient, K=0.85 [ a Actual blade efficiency = 92% of Bia. blade efficiency Ratio of blade speed to steam speed, p = ox : Maximum blade efficiency is given by cos! @ (epee = 4K2 (Eqn. (19.19)) cos @ cos @ “(1+ Kas (140.85) = 0.816 or 81.6% The actual efficieney of the turbine = 0.92 x 0.816 = 0.75 The blade efficiency of 4 single stage impulse turbine is given by be relation, Ty = 2 (1 + Kip x cos = p? 0.75 = {1 + 0.85){p x cos 20° — p*) = 2x 185(0.94 5 0.203 = 0.94 p= p? p? — 0.94 p + 0.203 = 0 0944x0203 — 0,94+0.267 <— = = or p = 0.608 or 0.336 res Hence possible rati 0,603 or 0.336. (Ans.) © Example 19.17, The following data refer to a single stage impulse turbine Tsentropie nozzle heat drop = 251 kelikg : nozzle efficiency = 90% ; no of blade speed to whirk component of steam specd = 0.5 ; blade velocity co-e velocity of steam entering the wozzte = 20 mis, Determine : (i) The blade angles at inlet and outlet if the steam enters into the blades without shock and leaves the blades tn an axial direction (ii) Blade efficiency (iit) Power developed and axial thrust if the steam flow is 8 als Solution. Isentropic heat drop = 251 bd hg Nozzle efficiency, Npwaste = 90% Nozzle angle, a = 20° Ratio of blade speed to whirl component of steam speed = 0.5, angle = 20° ; ratio rent = 0.9 ; theor Le. and Blade velocity co-efficient, Velocity of steam entoringt the nozzle (7) Blade angles : Useful heat drop _ Nozale efficiency is given by Tonle = Teentropic heat drop 9 = Uselitl heat drop 251 Usofill heat drop 0.9 x 251 = 225.9 ku/kg Applying the energy equation to the nozzle, we get Cr 20" = 995.9 x 1000 2 x 295.9 x 1000 + 400 = 452200 6724 mis Other data given : With the above dat struct ove data construct the velocity triangle. © Select a suitable scale, say 1 em = 50 ws ~“ © Draw @ horizontal line th otal line through a point Land angle w= 20° ae a itt anele = 20°. Mark the point along £8 as 1° 6724 m= “= 2 195 a = 85 em, © Draw a line through S which is 8 which is perpendicular to : cuts at the point P. Measure the distanee Lf! 2 14 torzental line through Zand it cm, Li=arnanans Mark the point M as LM = C,, = 6.35 cm Join point MS and complete the inlet velocity triangle LMS, Measure MS (C,) = 7.7 em, CG, = 09 x 7.7 = 6.93 em, Draw a perpendicular line through point L to the line LM. From M eut an are of radius 6.93 em to cut the vertical line through L and mark the point Nand join MN which. completes the outlet triangle LMN. Now find out velocities converting lengths into velocities : C, = 672.4 m/s C, = 12.7 x 50 = 635 mis Cy = 0.5 C, = 05 x 635 = 317.5 ms C, = 7.7 em = 7.7 «50 = 385 m/s Cy =0.9 Gy = 9 x B85 = 346.5 m/s Cj, = 4.45 cm = 4.46 x 60 = 222.6 mis Cp, = 2.6 em = 2.6 x 50 = 130 mis, Blade angles measured from the diagram : 6 = 35°, 0 = 22°. (Ans) (ii) Blade efficiency, n, : = Mr y _ 2x817.5 x 636 Ty C erat = 080 oF 89%. (Ans.) (iié) Power developed, P and axial thrust : pw lle, +Cu,)% Cu _ 8% (695 +0) x 917.5 = 1000 * 1000 Axial thrust = m,(Cy, -Cy,) = %222.5 — 130) = 740.N. (Ans.) © Example 19.18. Jn @ single stage steam turbine saturated steam at 10 bar abs. is supplied through a convergent-divergent steam nozale. The nozzle angle is 20° and the mean. blade speed is 400 m/s. The steam pressure leaving the nozzle is 1 bar abs. Find : (@) The best blade angles if blades are equiangular. (ii) The maximum power developed by the turbine if « number of nozzles used are 5 and area at the throat of each nozzle is 0.6 em, Assume nozele efficiency 88% and blade friction. co-efficient of 0.87. Solution. Supply steam pressure (to nozzles) = 10 bar abs. = 1612.9 kW. © (Ans.) Nozzle angle, a= 20° ‘Mean blade speed, Cy = 400 ms ‘Steam pressure leaving the nozzle= 1 bar abs, ‘Number of nozzles used =5 ‘Area of throat at each nozzle == 0.6 em? Nozzle efficiency, Mhaanie = 889% G, Blade friction co-efficient, K=G = 087.[x THERMAL ENGINEERING ‘The velocity of steam at the outlet of mozale is found representing the expansion through nozale on A-s chart as shown in Fig. 19.27. h ekaskg) 8 (kulkg K) From /-s chart, Also. or = J22 355.76 ~ 1000 = 841. (i) Blade angles : Construct the velocity triangles as per data given as shown in Fig. 19.27. By measurement, 8 (= 0) = 95.5°. (Ans.) (i) Maxiuum power developed, P : For finding out the maximum power developed by the turbine let us first find out the maximum mass of steam passing through the nozzle. ‘The required condition for the maximum mass flow through the nozzle is given by where, p, = Pressure of steam at inlet of the nozzle, P= Pressure of steam at the throat of the nozzle, and xn (index of expansion) = 1.135 as steam is saturated.STEAM TURBINES 339 Fig 19.28 + pass a. (Gea) = 088 Py = 10 x 0.58 = 6.8 bar From hr chart Gig 19:27) By— hy = 105 kilteg and hy — hey = 0.88 x 108 = 92.6 Sieg ug’ (specific volume at point 2°) = 0.32 mi/kg ‘The maximum velocity of steam at the throat of the nozzle is given by C= JAH) = JFR GLA 1000 = 429.88 mis ‘Using the continuity equation at the throat of the nozzle, we can write m .vy =A x Cwhere A is the ares of the nozzle. oe m « 0.82 = 0.6 = 104 x 429.88 4 = 2x10" 40988 = 0:0806 kgs. Total mass of steam passing through 5 nozzles per second is given by ‘ms, = 0.0808 » 5 = 0.403 kg/s . Power developed by the turbine = sees ‘Ww From velocity dingram, C, = 750 m/s (by measurement) Power developed = SAS TEOX 100 sa0.9 uw. (Ans) "© Example 19.19. The first stage of an impulse turbine is compounded for velocity and ‘has two rows of moving blades and one ring of fixed blades. The nozzle angle is 15° and the leaving angles of blades are respectively, first-moving 30°, fixed 20* ; second-moving 30°. Thevelocity of steam leaving the nozele in 640 ms, The friction loa in cach blade row is 10% of, relative velocity, Steam leaves the neeond row of moving blades axially, Find >) Blade velocity ; (ii) Blade efficteney | Gil) Specific steam consumption Solution, Refer Pig, 19.29. ; a= 15°; of = 20 ft = 90 Isince the steam lenves the blades axially) 9 = 6" = 30" Nozele ang G, Velocity of steam leaving the nozzle, C, = 540 m/s and (= 0.9 9 and —*, = 09. 9a 09 and — te - e = c; +e Cr, ue P « M 5 l oe ‘ @ 5 i te, st \ % Ce To, 5 c 1 « ¢, So < Ny PL__.___M u aes First row of x moving blades Second row of moving blades Second row of moving blades : The velocity triangles should be di wn starting from the second row of moving blades. The procedure is as follows + Kefer Pig. 19.29. © Draw Lif to any convenient scale (say 3 em) as Cy is noe known, © Draw of = 30° and draw perpendicular through the point L (or @) to LM as B’ = 90°. This meets the line MN’ at NV’, This completes the outlet triangle LMN'. = MN’ © Measure ©,‘9 em with centre at M to cut the line ity ALMS’. Measure LS’ = Cy =65 om, and draw an are of radius This completon the inlet velo ) Draw an ca” = 20" LS’ at 8’. Join MS” First row of moving bl ‘The following steps are involved in deawi 2 Draw LM = Cy, low © Draw <6 © 30°, through the point Af to the line LM. © Draw an are of radius 7.22 em with eentre L, ‘This are cuts the line LN at point N. Join Y. This completes the outlet ALMN. = MN = 9.7 em Cy 97 MS =C, = —®=— us 2 09 09 — Draw an C,, for reaction turbine blade. (C,, $C, for impulse turbine blade). 19.8.2, Degree of Reaction (R,) ‘The degree of reaction of reaction turbine stage is defined as the ratio of heat drop over moving blades to the total heat drop in the stage. Thus the degree of reaction of reaction turbine is given by, R= Heat drop in moving blades ‘d * Heat drop in the stage = oe as shown in Fig. 19.35. The heat drop in moving blades is equal to increase in relative velocity of steam passing through the blade,> Fixed = Moving a4 4 1 L| amy any (a) (b) Fig. 19.36 ‘The total heat drop in the stage (Ah, + Ah,,) is equal to the work done by the steam in the stage and it is given by Ah; + Oh, = Cy (Cr, +Cx,) 6,7-6,7 ee — ne Rem ae) (19.22) Referring to Fig. 19.36, G,, = Cy, cosee pand C,, = Cy, cosee and (Cu, +Cp,) = Cy, cob 8+ Cf, cot The velocity of flow generally remains constant through the blades, ‘ Cy = Cy = Ore Substituting the values af C,. C,, and (C,, +C,,.) in eqn. (19.22), we get Rpm Ch kevees® 4 cone” 8) Cp | (cot? 4 +1)—Coot® 0+ 1) 4” 2Cy Cy (cot +eot@) — 2Cy cot 0 + cot @ Cy [ cot? o - cot? 0 Ay | cot e+ cot 8 1 (tg - cot 8) (19.23) * aty ote (19.23) If the turbine is designed for 50% reaction (Ah, = Ah,,), then the eqn. (19.23) can be written as 1 & 2 = Bey (oto cot 8)[STEAM TURBINES #1. #8 Cy = Ey (cot 9 — cot &) (19.24) Also Cj, can be written as Cig = C; (eat = cot p» (19.25) and Cy = ©; (cot oe — cot 0) (19.28) Gj, = Cj, = Cis assumed in writing the abave equations. Comparing the eqns. (19.24), (19.25), (19.26) O=Bandg=a which means that moving blade and fixed blade must have the same shape if the degree of reaction is 50%, This condition gives symmetrical velocity diagrams. This type of turbine is known as “Parson's reaction turbine”. Velocity diagram for the blades of this turbine is given in Fig. 19.37. Fig. 19.37 Example 19.25. Define the term ‘degree of reaction’ as applied to a steam turbine. Show that for Parson's reaction turbine the degree of reaction is 50%. (AMIE Summer, 1998) Solution. Refer Fig. 19.38, Fig. 19.38878 THERMAL ENGINEERING ‘The pressure drop in reaction turbines takes place in both fixed. and moving blades. The division generally is given in terms of enthalpy drops. The criterion used is the degree of reaetion. It is defined as. Enthalpy drop in rotor blades _ " Total enthalpy drop in stage Mh + Ah, eaten Wig: 08 A special case is when the degree of reaction is zero ; it means no heat drop in the moving Dlades. This becomes a ease of impulse stage. Other common ease is of Parson’s turbine whieh has the same reason for both the fixed and moving blades, The blades are symmetrical, ic. the exit angle of moving blade is equa! to the exit angle of the fixed blade and the inlet angle of the moving blade is equal to the inlet angle of the fixed blade. Since the blades are symmetrical the velocity diagram is also symmetrical. In such a ease the degree of resetion is 50%. Applying the steady flow energy equation to the fixed blades and assuming that the velocity of steam entering the fixed blade is equal to the absolute velocity of steam leaving the previous moving row, we have o2-c? ah = AS Similarly, for the moving blades a g@2 ah,» Sx On" But ©,=C;, and C, = C, * Ah, = Ah, Hence degree of reaction = ——“Yin__ Diy + My 2 This is @ proof that Parson's reaction turbine is a 50% reaction turbine. Example 19.26, (a) Explain the functions of the blading of a reaction turbine. (0) A certain stage of a Parson's turbine consists of one row of fixed blades and one row of moving blades. The details of the turbine are as below : ~ ‘The mean diameter of the blades = 68 em RPM. of the turbine ,000 The mass of steam passing per sec 3.5 kg Steam vetocity at exit from fixed blades = 143.7 mls The blade outlet angle = 20° Cateulate the power devetoped in the stage and gross efficiency, assuming carry over co- ‘efficient as 0.74 and the efficiency of conversion of heat energy into kinetic energy in the blade channel as 0.92. (M.U,) Solution. (a) The blades of reaction turbine has to perform two functions : 1, They change the direction of motion of steam causing change of momentum, responsible for motive force. 2. The blades also act as nozzles causing pressure drop as steam moves in the blade passage. @) D = 0.68 m, N = 9000 rpm, rit = 19.5 ke/s C,, = 143.7 mis, 9 = 20°, w= 0.74, 1 = 0.92STEAM TURBINES 853 Blade velocity, Cus aoe = Oe tee = 106.8 m/s Cu, + Ce, = 165 m/s (Fig. 19.39) Cy=Cy, + C,,= 165 mvs Fig. 1989 Coy + Coy E, Power developed ti, x Cate 165 1088 = 135% 07 = 237.89 kW. (Ans.) In Parson turbine blades are symmotrical, iv, a=¢,0=8 cn Ge 2 2 2 eax CLaVCo L 143.7? -0.74x 67") | Buthialey crop # mm ax( 2x 092% 1000 | = 19-53 Kirke = _Workdonerkg _ (Ci +Cuy) Cu Greet ettioleney: Enthalpy drop/kg ~ 1983x1000 165 x 1068 = EES «0.888 or 68.9%. (Ans) Example 19.27. (a) Discuss the factors that influence the erosion of turbine blades. On a sketch mark the portions of the blades more likély to be eroded. Sketch the methods used to prevent erosion of steam turbines blades, (6) A reaction turbine running at 360 rp.m. consumes 5 kg of steam per second. Tip leakage is 10%. Discharge blade tip angle for both moving and fixed blades is 20°. Axial velocity of flow is 0.75 times blade veloeity. The power developed by a certain pair is 4.8 kW where the pressure is 2 bar and dryness fraction is 0.95. Find the drum diameter and blades height. (WP.8.C.) Solution. (a) In the high pressure and intermediate pressure stages of turbine the pres- sures and temperatures are high and the blade material should be such that it stands high pres sures and temperatures. In the intermediate pressure stages steam is wet therefore, the mate:lr be able to withstand borh corrosion and erosion duo to the presence of water particles. In Aktion to corrosion and erosion the blades aro also subjected to high ee stresses os th lo pressure stages are longer, therefore, the blade materi! and its design should be such that jp stands corrosion, erosion and high centrifugal stresses. , oe coeds 10 per cent the effect of moisture is most When the speed is high and moisture exceeds : prominent. The most effected portion is the back of the inlet edge of the blade, where either grooves are formed or event some portion breaks away. Due ta centrifugal force the water particles tend ty coneentrate in the outer annulus and th p speed is greater than the root speed, hence erosion effect is most on tips (Fig. 19.40). Worst affected areas Fig. 19.40 Methods adopted to prevent erosion + By raising the temperature of stearn at inlet, 50 not exceed 10 per cent hat at exit of turbine the wetness does (d) By adopting reheat cycle ; so that the wetness at exit remains in limit, (iti) Drainage belts are provided on the turbine, so that the water droplets which are on outer Periphery, due to centrifugal force are drained. The drained amount is about 25 per cent of total water particles present iv) The leading edge of the turbine is provided with — In the method () difficulties are the limits of temperature a material ean withstand. — Reheat eyele [method (ii)) has its own advantages and disadvant, — Drainage belts [method (iii)] cause structural changes in the however, bl may help. a shield of hard material. turbine casing design, The most satisfactory sol on is providing tungsten shield. This prolongs the blade life hamvever, i does not remove the resistance which the water droplets impose on see crag en ar ihe — picts impose on the rotation of th (bh) Speed, 50 rpm. f 10 ] m= (tip leakage)! = 4.5 kg ino (UP leakage)! = 4.5 kpis 20°, Cy = 0.76 ©, a Power developed in a certain pair 4.8 kW at 2 bar (y= 0,95) tan = ON _ RxD x 360 60 ands Gp = 18.85 D mis. Cp = 0.75 x 18.85 D = 14.138 D misSTEAM TURBINES: 855 ° zb----4-------3 e - 08 20° and LP = C; cos 20" = 14.13 Dx ST (PQ = 2LP= LM = (2 x 14.138 D cot 20° = 18.85 D) m/s = 14,138 D cat 20° Power developed ‘Solving this equation, we get Drum diameter, D= 0.98 m. (Ans) From steam tables at 2 bar, vu, = 0.885 m°/kg = Flow area x flow velocity Mase fow.sste Speeifie volume wDh xG, 452 ——4 x) ip = 7X098% hx (14.158%0.98) 6.95 x 0.885 bh An KA Se OSES, = 0.0887 m * x 098> 14.198%0.98 «Blade height = 00887 m, (Ans) Example 19.28. (a) List the advantages of steam turbines over gns turbines. (®) Determine the isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage of Parson's reaction turbine which has the following particulars : Speed = 1500 rpm ; mean diameter of rotor = 1 m ; stage efficiency = 80% ; speed ratio = 0.7 ; blade outlet angle = 20°. BU.) Solution. (a) Advantages of steam turbines over gas turbines : 1, The load control in steam turbines is easy simply by throttle governing or cut-off gavern- ing, In gas turbines the air-fuel, ratio becomes too high, 100 to 150 at part loads. This causes problems to sustain the flame.2. The steam turbine works on Rankine cycle, In this cycle most of the heat is supplied at constant temperature in the form of latent heat of evaporation, Also the heat is rejected in the condenser isathermally. Hence the cycle is more efficient, and its efficiency is close to that of Carnot cycle. On the other hand, the gas turbine works on Brayton cycle whose efficiency is must less than that of Carnot cycle working between the same maximum and minimum limits of temperatures. 3. The efficiency of steam turbine at part load is not very much reduced. In gas turbines the maximum eyele temperature decreases considerably at part load ; therefore its part load effieieney is considerably low. 4. The blade material for steam turbines is cheap. For gas-turbines the blade material is costly as it is required to sustain considerably high temperatures, (b) For Parson's reaction turbine, the velocity triangles are symmetrical, as shown in Fig. 19.37. Given : N= 1500 rpm, D = 1m, Mag, = 80% ; Speed ratio, Se =07,¢=0=20° 1 Tm and Cy =Cy Speed ratio 20.70 Se 78.54 07 O,? = Ci + Cy? = 26,Cy cos. = (112.2)" + (78.64) — 2x 112.2 78.54 ens 20° = 2195.64 or ©, = 46.86 mis AA = Actual enthalpy drop for the stage = We7-64+¢,?-¢,7) = Ct -¢,%)+(C?-¢,1=¢7-C,? = = 1122 mis © G=G; or Ah = [(112.99" ~ (46.84¥2] x 1/1000 kikg = 10.99 kJ/kg Isentropic enthalpy drop, (ah?) = 9%. 1039 «19.99 itiag. (Ans) Ton, O8 19.8.3. Condition for Maximum Efficiency ‘The condition for maximum efficiency is derived by making the following assumptions : (® The degree of reaction is 50%. (ii) The moving and fixed blades are symmetrical. (iii) The velocity of steam at exit from the preceding stage is same as velocity of steam at the entrance to the succeeding stage. Refer Fig. 19.37 (velocity diagram for reaction blade). Work done per kg of steam, We Cy (C., + G.,) = CylC, cos a + (C,, cos 9 — Cyl=a and G, = C,, as per the assumptions s W = Cy [2C, con a — Cyl iy Cy ont if) or We oi = C,? [2p . cos a - p4l where p= SM. Cy ‘The KE. supplied to the fixed blade = © The KE. supplied to the moving blade Total energy supplied to the stage, for symmetrical triangles. cto? Considering the AEMS (Fig. 19. 12 + Oy? = 2C, - Cy. c08 a Substituting this value of C,,” is eqn. (19.35), we have Total energy supplied to the stage ah O,? - (0) +04)? ~ 20, + Cy - 008 V2 +20, Cy cos a= Cy? V2 (haere + [1 zp cose =p ] ‘The blade efficiency of the reaction turbine is given by, Ww Tw oe Substituting the value of W and Af from eans (19.27) and (19.29), we get C2 Lap cos a= "1 Se c1+ap con ae) (19.27) (19.38) 19.29) il358 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING 2(2p cos a— _2p(2eonc—p)__ + 2p cos —p)—2 “eae 5 * G+2pesa-p') G+ 2p coma~p*) °- Cea (19.80) ‘The ny becomes maximum when the value of (1 + 2p cos c.~ 9") becomes maximum. oP Fig. 1942 The required equation ia Gils treo 97) =0 2cosa-2p=0 2 ae (2981) Substituting the value of p from eqn. (19.31) into the eqn. (19.30), the value of maximum efficiency is given by, E * 200s” a. Foe)” iscata 2 ee ?~ TaaFacare “| Hence (as = fete (19.82) The variation of nj, with blado speed ratio (%) for the reaction stage is shown in J Fig. 19.42.1. Blade or diagram effieiency (1,,). It is the ratio of work done on the blade per second to the energy entering the blade per second. 2, Stage efficiency (Nyiage)- The stage efficiency covers all the losses in the nozzles, blades, diaphragms and dises that are associated with that stage. __ Network done on shaft per stage per kg of steam flowing Tataee = “Adiabatic heat drop per stage ___ Network done on blades ~ Dise friction and windage = ‘Adiabatic heat drop per stage 8. Internal efficiency (Msterna))- This is equivalent to the stage efficiency when applied to ‘the whole turbine, and is given by" _ Heat coverted into useful work “interest ~ “Total adiabatic heat drop 4. Overall or turbine efficiency (7y.eran)- This efficiency covers internal and external losses ; for example, bearings and steam friction, leakage, radiation ete. _ Works delivered at the turbine coupling in heat unita per ke of steam Test Total adiabatic heat drop . 5. Net efficiency or efficiency ratio (1,,.,). It is the ratio Brake thermal efficiency ‘Thermal efficiency on the Rankine cycle ‘Also the actual thermal efficiency Heat converted into useful work per kg of steam ~ ‘Pola heat in steam at stop valve exhaust” Again, Rankine efficiency Adiabatic heat drop © Total heat in steam at stop valve - Water heat in exhaust" _ Heat converted into usefull work Total adiabatic heat drop” Hence Mow = Noveral. It is the overall or net efficiency that és meant when the efficiency of a turbine is spoken of without qualification. [Egy rs oF rower iv steam TURBINE PRACTICE In steam turbine performance the following types of power are generally used 1. Adiabatie power (A-P.). It is the power based on the total internal steam flow and adiabatic heat drop. 2. Shai. power (8.P.). It is the actual power transmitted by the turbine. 3. Rim power (RP.). It is the power developed at the rim. It is also called blade power. ‘Power losses are usually expressed as follows @ (Pyy = Power lost in overcoming disc friction, (id) (P),,, = Power lost in blade windage losses860 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING Let us consider the case of an impulse turbine. Let 7, be the total internal steam flow in _ Bel ie 1048 es (1 cmernents seal ce ngntoo le mrpeniin at etae jozzle from pressure p, to py. But the actual path of the stage point during expansion in nozzles te thowa by (13) whe Into account the effect of ‘nozrles losses? ‘Thea, AP, m= iy (hy Ay) KW (19.99) After expansion in the nozzle the steam enters the blades where the R-P. is developed. Due to blade friction the steam is somewhat reheated and this reheating is shown by (3-4) along the constant pressure p, line just for convenience, But in actual practice though the pressure at outlet of the blade is equal to that at the inlet, the pressure in the blade channels is not constant. However, with this simplification ; ‘h (Enthalpy) RP. = ry (hy— hy) kW (19.34) 4.5 shows the further reheating due to friction and blade windage and these losses are given Pyy My (hg = YR! -(18.35) Now points 1 and 6 are the initial and final stage points respectively for a single stage impulse turbine. It, therefore, follows that SP. = mh, — hg kW. -(19.86) REACTION TURBINES Example 19.29. The following data refer to a particular stage of a Parson's reaction tur- Speed of the turbine = 1500 r.p.m. Mean diameter uf the rotor = I metre Stage efficiency = 80 per centSTEAM TURBINES 861 Blade outlet angle = 20" Speed ratio 07 Determine the available isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage. Solution. Mean diameter of the rotor, D = 1m ‘Turbine speed, N = 1500 p.m. Blade outlet angle, 9-20" Speed ratio, p= -07 1 Stage efficiency, Nace = 80% Isentropic enthalpy drop : Blade speed, Cys 2 = Eee = 78.54 mis we p= St corgmes C= St = 554 2 1122 mis 1 OT OF In Parson's turbine ang. ‘With the above data known, the velocity diagram for the turbine ean be drawn to a suitable seale as shown in Fig. 19.44. Cae Fig. 19-44 By measurement (from the diagram) Cy, = 108.5 mis; Co, = 27 mis oui ) Naage= Puen) where h, = isentropic enthalpy drop. 178,54(108,25 +27) ie, 08 ee ioe78.54(106.25 + 27) (0.8 x1000 Hence, isentropic enthalpy drop = 13.08 kJ/kg. (Ans.) Example 19.30. in reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35° and 20° in the direction of motion. The guide blades are of the same shape as the moving blades, but reversed in direction. At a certain place in the turbine, the drum diameter is 1 metre and the blades are 10 em high. At this place, the steam has a pressure of 1.75 bar and dryness 0.935. If the speed of this turbine is 250 r.p.m. and the steam passes through the blades without shock, find the mass of steam flow and power developed in the ring of moving blades. hye 13.08 kd Fig. 19.45 Solution. Refer Fig. 19.45. Angles, a= 6 = 20°, and @ = B = 35° ‘Mean drum diameter, D,, = 1+ 0.1= 1.1m Area of flow = nD,/j, where h is the height of blade =m x 11 x 0.1 = 0.8456 m? Steam pressure = 1.75 bar Dryness fraction of steam, x = 0.935 Speed of the turbine, N = 250 rpm. Rate of steam flow, m, : Blade speed, Cys et = 144 ms 60 With the above given data the velocity diagram can be drawn to a suitable scale as shawn in Fig. 19.48. By measurement (from diagram) : Cu, = 80 mis; Cy, = 15.45 mis; Cy = From steam tables corresponding to 1.75 bar pressure. v, = Specific volume of dry saturated steam = 1.004 mig. x = 0.935 (given) Specific volume of wet steam = x, = 0.935 x 1.004 = 0.938 mig = 10.8 misMean flow rate is given by mm, _ Areaof flow = Velocity of ow _ 0.9456 410.8 Specific volume af st = 3.98 kg/s. » O08 Power developed, P= titg(Cuy + Cn, Cat P= 1 Sa W 1000, Be BORGO 415AB) AMA wy og 1000 . a ne) Example 19.31. In a reaction turbine, the fixed blades and moving blades are of the same hut reversed in direction. The angles of the receiving tips are 35° and of the discharging Find the power developed per pair of blades for a steam consumption of 2.5 kgls, when the Blade speed is 50 més. If the heat drop per pair is 10.04 keJiku, find the efficiency of the pair. Solution, Angles of receiving tips, 0 = [ = 35! Angles of discharging tips. “ Steam consumption, Blade speed, c Heat drop per pair, h, = 10.04 kivkg Power developed per pair of blades : Refer Fig. 19.46. NS = P@ = 152 mis Work done per pair per ky of steam tC, + Cro, Or Bs 7600 Power) pair = ‘oan Loo = 19 kW. (Ans.) Efficiency of the pair : Work done per pair per kg of steam Efficiency = ene 7 = 1800 _ 0.757 = 15.7%. (Ans) 10,04 « 1000ae 5% Example 19.82. A stage of a turbine with Parson's blading delivers dry saturated steam at 2.7 bar from the fixed blades at 90 m/s, The mean blade height is 40 mm, and the moving blade exit angle is 20°, The axial velocity of steam ts 31/4 of the blade velocity at the mean radius, Steant is supplied to the stage at the rate of 9000 kylh, The effect of the blade tip thickness on the annulus arva ean be neglected. Caleutate () The wheel speed in rpm. ; (it) The diagram power : (ii) The diagram efficien iv) The enthalpy drop of the steam in this stage. Solution. The velocity diagram is shown in Fig. 19.47 (a) and the blade wheel annulus is represented in Fig, 19.47 (b). Pressure = 2.7 bar, x = 1, co 90 m/s, h = 40 mm = 0.04 m w= 6 = 20%, C = 34 Cy Rate of steam supply = 9000 kg/h. () Wheel speed, N + sin 20° = 90 sin 20° = 30.78 m/s 41.04 mis 1 C,= 8/4 Cy = C, yy = 30.78 x 4) ~ G20, 4¢, 2 Area Am () Pig 947STEAM TURBINES 891 ‘The masse flow of tea le given by : mi, = CCA v (where A is the annulus area, and v is the specific volume of the steam). In this case, » =v, at 2.7 bar = 0.6686 mike Now, annulus area, A = xDh (where D is the mean diameter, and A is the moan blade height) 0054 Es 0.054 = nD x 0.04 or D= oy = 043m DN rx 043 xN Also, Fr 41.04 x 60 or N= aay = 1823 rpm. (Ans) (ii) The diagram power : Diagram power =m, C,Cy Now, C, = 2C, con a= Cy = 2 » 90 x cos 20° ~ 41.04 = 128.1 mvs 9000 x 128.1 41.04 Diagram power = aan agg = WRIA KW. (Ans) (iit) The diagram efficiency : Rate of doing work per kg/s = C, Cy = 128.1 x 41.04 N mis Also, energy input to the moving blades per stage + Gace of 2 22 & ae a oto oF a ( G,=0) Refeerng to Fig. 1847 (a), we have C7 = CP +C,? -2C, Cy cos a = 90? + 41.04 — 2 x 90 x 41.04 x cos 20° = 8100 + 1684.28 — 6941.69 53.3 m/s Energy input = 902 582 650.5 em per le Diagram ‘efficiency as = 0.787 or 78.7%. (Ans.) (jv) Enthalpy drop in the stage : Enthalpy drop in the moving blades a 90? 53.9% = Rn £2068 keg G C,=C,) 2 gio 7% ae Total enthalpy drop per stage = 2 x 2.63 = 5.26 kJ/kg. (Ans.)THERMAL ENGINEERING. Example 19.33. The outlet angle of the blade of a Parson's turbine is 20° and the axial velocity of flow of steam is 0.5 times the mean blade velocity. If the diameter of the ring is 1.25 m and the rotational speed is 3000 rp.m. determine : (@ Intet angles of blades. (ii) Power developed if dry saturated steam at 5 bar passes through the blade whose height may be assumed as 6 cm. Neglect the effect of blade thickness. Solution. Refer Fig. 19.48. C,,+ G,,= 390 ms == Fig. 19.48 Angles, anpeae Axial velocity of flow of steam, Gy, = Cy, = 0.5 Cy (blade speed) Diameter of the ring, D=125m Rotational speed, N = 3000 r.p.m. Blade speed, Ce me a pe = 196 m/s cn lt = 0.6 x 196 = 98 m/s Velocity diagram is drawn os ill © Takes LM (C,,) = 196 m/s, and a = = 20°. © Draw line 1-2 parallel to LM at a value of 98 m/s (according to seale). The points S and N are thus located on the line 1-2. © Complete the rest of the diagram as shown in Fig, 19.48. 4 Inlet angles of blades : The inlet angles (by measurement) are : Gi) Power developed, P : Area of flow is given by, A =x D (mean diameter) x A (height of blade) Mean flow rate is given by, Area of flow x Velocity of flow _ xDh x Cy ma, = ‘Specific volume of steam v375 mig at 5 bar : ae Ont = 61.57 kus am, = Cy C; BLAST #580 4 196 Power developed, pa MX Cu * Cy . ot _ 1000 7000 3982.3 kW. (Ans.) Example 19.34. A 50% reaction turbine (with symmetrical velocity triangles) running at 400 rpm. has the exit angle of the blac Gt the exit is 1.35 times the mean blade s stage the specific volume is L381 m 5 as 20° and the velocity of steam relative to the blades wed. The steam flow rate is 8.33 kgls and at a particular s. Calculate for this stage (@) A suitable blade height, assuming ihe rotor mean diameter 12 tires the blade height, and (ii) The diagram work (NU) Solution. Speed, N= 400 rpm. ; «= 20 =O, = LAC, 5 ti, = 8.33 kes v= LaSL mYkg j= 12h (i) Blade height, h : Refer Fig. 19.49. Axial flow velocity = C;, =C,=C, sin a 1.35 C,, sin 20 = 0.4617 Cy DD Ares of flow, A=nDh =D x 7) = Ty AC, AxOAGITCY ‘Mass flow rate mn or Bald = . v Lost Hdd = 18M , _ xD? nDN or * OAg17 1 60 n'p* «400 24919 x 720 24.916 = or pte i aS 720 Zi ne x 400 or D = 1.656 mD _ 1.666 , Blade height, he Pe p= 040K mor 138 mm, Ans.) (i) The diagram work + Diagram work: ath «Cy (Cy, +Cu,) th XC, (2C, con Cy,) X Cy (2 x 1.35 Cy cos 20) 0 ) = 833 x 2 (2 « 1.85 cos 20° - 1) 2 ) x1 5401.2 W or 15.4 kW. (Ans.) Example 19.35. 300 kg/min of steam (2 bar, 0.98 dry) flows through a given stage of a reaction turbine, The exit angle of fixed blades as well as moving blades is 20° and 3.68 RW of power is developed. If the rotor speed is 360 r.p.m, and lip leakage is 5 per cent, calculate the mean drum diameter and the blade height, The axial flow velocity ix 0.8 times the blade velocity. (Roorkee University) aT = 8.33 (= * 1656 x 400 2 ae) eee 300 5 kuls 60 = Solution. Rate of flow of steam through the turbin Pressure and condition of steam, p = 2 bar, x = 0.98. The exit angles of fixed blades as well as moving blades, a = 9 = 20° Power developed, P= 3.68 kW Speed of the rotor, 60 rpm, Tip leakage 5 per cent 0.8 Cy, (blade velocity Axial flow velocity, Refer Fig. 19.49. Mean drum diameter, D : RDN _ aD «360 Mean blade velocity, ae SaniS Oe eur a 60 60 18:85 D mis ra Cu, Pow oped, > a MeO er developed, ae or * 0.95) x 18.85 Dx C, 1000 __ 8.67 1000 (5 0.95) x 18. - ion turbine, we have sing oor C= &, = 08Cy OSs 1885 D - : a uian Tea sinzp = 44.091 D (Cy, = Cy, = Ep) Also, C,=2C, -C. 40.988 @ 1608 4=Cy, or ——5— = 2 x 44.091 D cos 20° — 18,85 D = 64.01 S 40.988 = 64.01 0 or D= 08m or 800 mm, (Ans,) iBlade height, h : asa sey; 9 1 or 0.95) = ZXOSXAXC sina _ xx 08> (44,09LD x in 20°) 0.98 x 0.885 (0.98 x 0.885 (At 2 bar : v, = 0.885 kg/m?) or eae Se a oe NOes 0.1359 m or 185.9 mm. (Ans.) x 0.8 (44.091 = 0.80 x 0.9420) Example 19.86, (a) Why is drum type construction preferred to disc type construction in reaction turbine ? (&) Why is partial admission of steam adopted for H.P. imoutse stages while full admission is essential for any stage of a reaction turbine ? fo) In a 50% reaction turbine, the speed of rotation of a blade group is 3000 r.p.m. with mean blade velocity of 120 mis. The velocity ratio is 0.8 and the exit angle of the blades is 20°. If the mean blade height is 30 mm, calculate the total steam flow rate through the turbine, Neglect the effect of blade edge thickness of the annular area but consider 10% of the total steam flow rate as the tip leakage loss. The mean condition of steam in that blade group is found to be 2.7 bar and 0.95 dry. - (d) What do you mean by once through boilder ? (AMIE Summer, 1998) Solution. (a) The rotor of the turbine can be of drum type ar disc type. Dise type construction is difficult (complicated) to make, but lighter in weight. Hence the centrifugal stresses are lower at a particular speed. On the other hand drum type construction is simple in construction, and it is easy to attach aerofoil shape blades. Further it is easier to design for tip lea age reduction which is a major problem in reaction turbines. Moreover due to small pressure drop per stage (larger number of stages) in reaction turbines, their rotational speeds are lower and so the centrifugal stresses are not very high (even the reaction blades are lighter). Therefore drum type construction is preferred to dise type in reaction turbines. ‘To accommodate increase in specific volume at lower pressures the drum diameter is stepped up which allows greater area without. unduly increasing blade height. The inereased drum diameter also increases the torque due to steam pressure. (®) In impulse turbines there is no expansion of steam in moving blades, and the pressure of steam remains constant while flowing over the moving blades. The expansion takes place only in the nozzles at the inlet to the turbine in H.P. stages, or through the fixed blades in the subsequent stages. The nozzles need not occupy the complete circumference. Therefore partial admission of steam is feasible and adopted for H.P. impulse stages. In reaction turbines, pressure drop is required in the moving blades also. This is not possible with partial admission, Hence full admission is esson’‘al for all stages of a reaction turbine. (e) Refer “g. 19.97. Given :120 = 60 5 = ex 3000 ~ From steam tables, 9, (at 2.7 bar) = 0.668 mVke v= 0.95 x 0.668 = 64m. 0.6546 mi/ky 20. stead Flow area A= nDh = nx 0.184 x Type = 0.072 mt , sin @ = 150 sin 20° = 51.3 mls (C Flow velocity AC, _ 0.072 x51.3 Mass flow rate th = eng = 582 kels Accounting for 10 per cent leakage (of total steam flow), the total steam flow rate ix 582 5 : 9 7 8467 kgis. (Ans.) (d} Once through boiler is a boiler which does not require any water or steam drum, It is a monotube boiler using about 1.5 kg long tube arranged in the combustion chamber and the furnace, The economizer, boiler and superheater are in series with no fixed surfaces as separators between the steam and water, Benson boiler is an example of once through boiler, operating at supercritical pressure. The tube length to diameter ratio of such a boiler is about 2500, Due to large frictional resistance the feed pressure should be about 1,4 times the boiler pressure. © Example 19.37. A twenty-stage Parson turbine receives steam at 15 bar at 300°C, The steam leaves the turbine at 0.1 bar pressure, The turbine has e stage efficiency of 80% and the reheat factor 1.06. The total power developed by the turbine is 10665 kW, Find the steam flow rate through the turbine assuming all stages develop equal power. The pressure of steam, at certain staye of the turbine is I bar abs., and is dev and saturated. The blade exit angle is 25° and the blade speed ratio is 0.75. Find the mean diameter of the rotor of this stage and also the rotor speed. Take blade height as 1/ 12th of' the mean diameter. The thickness of the blades may be neglected. Solution, Number of stage = 20 Steam supply pressure = 15 bar, 300°C Exhaust pressure =01 Stage efficiency of turbine, 1, = 80% Reheat factor = 1.06 ‘Total pawer developed = 10665 kW Steam pressure at ac = 1 bar abs... = 1 Blade exit angle = 86 Blade speed ratio, pet 207 1 ‘Height of the blade, é D (mean dia. of rotor)pee ig. 19.50, drop, Wizyyie = Ay — hy = 4040 ~ 2195 = 845 Hedley, Myer = Thtage X Reheat factor = 0.8 x 1.06 = 0.848 Saturation line [eee cee 5 (kuikg K) 19.50 Work done = Actual enthalpy drop AP) scentropie % Novara 845 x 0.848 = 716.56 kik 716.56 Work done per stage per kg = “yy = 85.83 kd Ai) Also, total power =No. of stages x mi, x work done/kg stage 20 x fii, x 35.83 = 14.88 kp’s, (Ans.) 3 (W) Mean diameter of rotor, D+ Rotor speed, N: Refer Fig. 19.51. Work done per kg per stage = Cy, x Cy = Cy (20) cos 25° ~ Cy) i C, ht Also, Gy = 075 G i = 1,38¢, arg *188Cwfe, Work done per kg per stage = Cy (2 « Laae,, x 0.906 — ©, =141 C2 Nm eulié) Equating (i) and (ii), we get 1.41 ©,,? = 35.83 % 1000 5.83 x 1000 % “hl or Cy, = 159.41 mis 41 = 212 mis From Fig. 19.51 C, sin @ = 212 sin 25° = 89.59 mis Specific volume at. 1 bar when steam is dry and saturated 1.694 m'/kg (from steam tables) DAC, Mass flow rate, m, : D) REP ay) po — M88 1.694% 12 1.694 7 EX 89.59 m. (Ans.) PD 1.036 Now he 1 ~ 9.086 m=86em. Ans.) Also, c 4s 60 r 8.7 epam. (Ans,) 7) Lo36 e Example 19.34, The following data relate to a vt v Of reaction turbine Mean rotor diamwter = 1.5 m ; speed rutia = 0 72 ; blade outlet angle 3000 rp.m. @ Determine the diagram efficiency. i) Determine the percentage increase in diagram efficiency and rotor speed if the rotor is igned to run at the best theoretical speecl, the vase angle being 20°, 20° ; rotor speed =diameter, D = 15m Co pe a OTR ie N= 2000 ep. (This example solved purely by calenations (Fig. 19.52) is not drawn ta seule) Fig. 19.52 \) Diagram efficiene: EDN _ nx 1.5% 3000 Blade velocity, G,= == / 60 60 : Cee Speed ratio, p= gh = 02 C= 072 Assuming that velocity triangles are symmetrical use = 20 From the velocity ALMS 5.6 cus 20) = 133 mvs Work done per ky of steam cos 20° — 285.6) = 89371.3 Nm, Energy supplied per ky of steam. ‘this blade speed, the value of C,, is again calculated by using eqn. (i), 2x 327.2 x 307.46 x cos 20° = 100 (107+ 945-18906 = 111.5 m/s 2y(2C cos 4 Crp) eemG+e2=Cc,") 2x 307.46(2 x 327.2 cos 20° - 307.46) > (g27.2)? + (27.9 — (411.57 Percentage increase in diagram efficiency 0.937 — 0.91 ” TET ‘The diagram efficiency for the best speed can also be calculated by using relation = 0.937 or 93. = 0.0296 or 2.96%. (Ans.) Zoos’ _2xcos” 20° __ 1.766 +eos*a@ 1+ e0s720° 1+ 0.883 ‘The best theoretical speed of the rotor is given by, xDN 60C, _ 60x 307.46 Cy ap Dr ae aa = 3914.7 rpm. (Ans.) ©* Example 19.39. (Impulse reaction turbine). The following data relate to @ reaction turbine é velocity coming out of nozzle = 245 mis ; nozzle angle = 20° ; blade mean j mis ; speed of the rotor = 300 r-p.m. ; blade height = 10 em + specifie volune of and blade outlet respectively = 3.45 milkg and 3.95 mil Power developed AW ; efficiency of nozzle and blades combinedls © Site's carry over e Tate = =0.937 or 93.7%. (Ans.)60Cy _ 60x 145 2 GT te aN xxG00) ea C,,= 281 mis {<= 4 mis +, =a 2 5 7 Fig. 19.53 xRDh _ Cy sinaxnDh uo cH 245 x sin 20° x rx 0.923 x 0.1 ae = 7.04 kg/s 7.04 x 3.95 xx 0,928 x01 ~ °9™S rit, XC XC, = 1000 DOA «145 Cy ~ 1000Now draw velocity triangles nw follows Soloct a suitable scale (say 1 em = 26 m/ay fe Draw LM © blade velocity = M5 m/s 5 « MLS = norale angle = 20° Joiny MS to complete the inlet ALMS. fe Draw # perpendicular from S which cuts the line through Gif at point P. Mark the point @ such that PQ = C,, = 281 mls, © wa perpendicular through point Q and the point Nas @N = 95.9 mis. Jon EN and MN to complete the outlet velocity triangle From the velocity triangles ; ©, = 117.5 m/s ; = 217.5 mis ; C, = 105 mis. () Heat drop in each stage, (Vi gauge t Heat drop in fixed blades (Ve Pw Co" where wis a carry over co-efficier (245)" — 0.821105)" = 28.82 kk 2x 0.9% 1000 - Heat drop in moving blades (sh (217.5) — 17.5" 2x Mae 20.9 x 1000 = 18.61 klik Total heat drop in a stoxe, (Mb ogy = My + Mh, = 28.82 + 1861 = 46.93 kdMeg. (Ans.) Un) Degree of reaction, Ry + My, 1s.61 Ry = = Ah; 18.61 + 28.22 tAns.) (i) Stage efficieneys tue t Work done per kg of steam Cy xO, _ 145281 . =“"1000 ~~ tog, = 40-74 HAE of steam Work done per kp steam 4074 Total heat drop in a sti = 0.868 oF Ob-mskanae 46.98 EE snare POINT LOCUS” AND “REHEAT EACTOR® ‘The terms state point focus and reheat factor are discussed below Point Locus The wtate point may bw defined ws that point on bs diagram which represents the condition pares at that instant. ‘Thus koowing the initial condition of steam entering the nozzle of a urbine the initial state paint of Fig, 19.43) may be located on A-s diagram, If stage efficiency S.P._hy-h os 4 [rune RB ja it] be known or assumed the position of the end state point 5 for a stage be ey posse ‘The point 5 now becomes the initial state point for the succeeding stage of theSTEAM TURBINES 877 Lot us now consider a multistage turbine having four stages. Refer Fig. 19.54. h Fig. 19.54 ‘The initial point 1 is located according to the given initial condition. (1-2) is aren sion in the first stage. h,’ may be calculated from the following relation, hy — hy’ a Point 2 is then located with the value hy’ on p, line. Then (2-8) fs drawn showing adiabatic expansion, Point 3° may be located by finding hy’ om hy’ he » Maat —he). Proceeding in this way all stage points 9, 4’ and 5’ may be fixed. The locus passing through these points is called “State point locus", The sum of the adiabatic hoat drops (1-2) + (2-9) + (@’-4) + (4-5) is gonerally called “cumulative heat drop” and is represented as A... For the purpose of design the various quantities obtained from the Mollier diagram are set out in some curves form, and these curves are termed “condition curves”. Reheat factor ‘Referring to Fig. 19.54, the adiabatic heat drop (h,,) from pressure p, to final pressure p,, considering all the stages as ono unit, is (1, — 4g), It will’ be found that A,,,i8 less that Ags, Th nee _ is termed as Reheat factor. ‘The value of reheat factar depends on the following factors : (Stage efficiency ; Gi) Initial pressure and condition of steam ; (iii) Final pressure, Example 19.40. In a three-stage steam turbine steam enters at 35 bar and 400°C and exhausts at 0.05 bar, 0.9 dry. If the work developed per. stage is equal, determine :878 THERMAL ENGINEERING @ Condition of steam at entry to each stage. ii) The stage efficiencies. (ii) The reheat factor. (io) Internal turbine efficiency. Assume condition line to be straight. Solution. Initial condition of steam = 35 bar, 400°C Exhaust condition of steam = 0.05 bar, 0.9 dry @ Condition of steam at entry to each stage : Refer Fig. 19.55. 8 (hig K) Fig 19.55 © Locate points Z, and L, correspanding to entry and exhaust conditions of steam. @ Since the condition line is straight (given), points L, and L, are joined by a straight line. Heat drop due to expansion from L, to L, = $222 - 2516 = 907 ki/ke © Since the work developed per stage is equal, + Weefil workistage = 7 = 9028 kt ie thy, hy,)= 9028 keg Produce horizontal to cut condition line at Ly L,lV, produced cuts the pressure line through 1, at M,. Thus Z,, M, and M, are located. Proceeding for other stages likewise, we got the following results : Points Pressure Temp. or quality of steam Ly 6.2 bar 234°C (Ans,) Ly 0.73 bar 0.98 dry (Ans.)STEAM TURBINES 879 Any, = hy, — hy, = 8222 - 2800 = 422 kiIfeg Pasay bh, ~ iy, = 2920 — 2595 = 995 klicg Taga, = hy, ~ tisg, = 2615 — 2295 = 980 keVeg. (ii) Stage efficiencies : fy hy, _ 302.3 Efficiency of stage 1, y= 5 = 0.7163 or 71.63%. (Ans) Ay, = hy Efficiency of stage 2, ny 22-1 = 9023 o.zgss or 76.59%. (Ans) fu,=hy, 395 Bificiency of stage 3, y= “tah _ 902.3 9.7955 = 79.56%. (Ans) fy, hy, 380 Gi) Reheat factor : Cumulative drop aan, these, thos, amaieat ok Tsentropic-enthalpy drop a, = he 4224396 +380 22 + 585-899 «1.057. (Ans) (iv) Internal turbine efficiency : hg, A 3 Internal turbine ein = a ae O01 or 80.1%, Ans.) 19.12, REHEATING STEAM Please refers Art. 15.5 (Reheat cycle) (3, BLEEDING Bleeding is the process of draining steam from the turbine, at certain points during its expansion, and using this steam for heating the feed water supplied to the boiler, In this process a small quantity +f steam, at certain sections of the turbine, is drained from the turbine and it then circulated around the foed water pipe leading from hot well to the boiler. The steam is thus condensed due to relatively cold water, the heat so lost by steam is transferred to the feed water. ‘The condensed steam then finds its way to hot well. ‘There is a usual practice in bleeding installations to allow the bled steam to mix with the foed water. The mixture of steam and water then procseds to the boiler. By bleeding process hotter water is supplied to the boiler of course at the cost of loss of small amount of turbine work. Due to this process efficiency is slightly increased but at the same time power developed is aiso decreased. The bleeding process in steam turbines approximates to eascade heating and tends to modify the Ranikine eyele to a reversible eyelo, thus increasing the efficiency ; but any increnso in offi- ciency due to an approach to the condition of thermodynamic reversibility is accompanied by a docrease in power. Hence it follows that the thermodynamic benefits darived from tho process of bleeding are of a limited character. The ideal Rankine eyele, modified to take into account the effect of Bleeding is known as the regenerative eyele. Note, Please refer Art. 15.4 (Regenerative cycle) alse,880 THERMAL ENGINEERING 19.14. ENERGY LOSSES IN STEAM TURBINES: ‘Tho increase in heat energy required for doing mechanical work in actual practice as com- pared to the theoretical value, in which the process of expansion takes place strictly according to the adiabatic process, is termed as energy loss in a steam turbine, ‘The losses which appear in an actual turbine may be divided into twa following groups : 1, Internal losses. Losses: directly connected with the steam conditions while in its flow through the turbine. They may be further classified as : (@) Losses in regulating valves. (i) Losses in nozzles (guide blades). Gi) Losses in moving blades (a) losses due to trailing edge wake ; (6) impingement losses ; (©) losses due to leakage of steam through the angular space ; (@) frictional losses (c) losses due to turning of the steam jot in the blades ; (P losses due to shrouding. Gv) Leaving velocity losses (exit velocity). (v) Losses due to friction of disc carrying the blades and windage Icsses. (vi) Losses due to clearance between the rotor and guide blade discs, (vii) Losses due to wetness of steam. (viéi) Losses in exhaust piping ete. 2, External losses. Losses which do not influence the steam conditions, They may be further classified as : @ Mechanical losses. i) Losses due to leakage of steam from the labyrinth gland scala. 19.15. STEAM TURBINE GOVERNING AND CONTROL ‘The objective of governing is to keep the turbine speed fairly constant irrespective of load. ‘The principal methods of steam turbine governing are as follows : 1. Throttle governing 4, Combination of 1 and 2 and 1 and 3. 1, Throttle governing Throttle governing is the most widely used particularly on small turbines, because its initial cost is less and the mechanism is simple. The object of throttle governing is to throttle the steam whenever there isa reduction of load compared ta economic or design load for maintaining speed and vice versa. Fig. 19.56 (a) shows a simple throttle arrangement, To start the turbine for full load run- ning valve A is opened. The operation of double beat valve B is carried out by an oil servo motor which is eontrolled by a centrifugal governor. As the steam turbine gains speed the valve B closes to throttle the steam and reduces the supply to the nozzle,‘STEAM TURBINES 881 Hand wheel | 2 Ej ‘Steam niet A.B Valves. @) ®) . Fig, 19.56, Throttle governing. For a turuine governed by throttling the relationship between steam consumption and load is given by the well known Willan’s line as shown in Fig, 19.56 (). Several tests have shown that when a turbine is governed by throttling, the Willan’s line is straight. It is expressed as ; m,= KM + ™, ‘Steam consumption in kg/h at any load Mf, m,, = Steam consumption in kg/h at no load, my, = Steam consumption in kg/h at full load, M-= Any other load in kW, M, = Full load in KW, and ; K = Constant. 'm,, varies from about 0.1 to 0.14 times the full load consumption. The eqns. (19.97) can also be written as : 9.37) ake Te mi i Fe = K+ i, where 2 is called the steam consumption per kWh, 2. Nozzle governing The efficiency of a steam turbine is considerably reduced if throttle governing is carried out at low loads. An alternative, and more efficient form of governing is by means af nozzle control. Fig. 19.57 shows a diagrammatic arrangement of typical nozzle control governing. In this method of governing, the nozzles are grouped together 3 to 6 or more groups and supply of steam to each group is controlled by regulating valves. Under full load conditions the valves remain fully open.882 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING Fig. 19.57. Nozzle governing. When the load on the turbine becomes more or less than the design value, the supply of steam to a group of nozzles may be varied accordingly #0 as to restore the criginal speed. Noszle control can only be applied to the first stage of a turbine. It is suitable for simple impulse turbine and larger units which have an impulse stage followed by an impulse-reaction turbine. In pressure compounded impulse turbines, there will be same drop in pressure at entry to second stage when some of the first stage nozzles are cut out. Comparison of Throttle and Nozzle control governing 8.No ‘Aspects Throttle Control ‘Nozzle Control L Throttling losses Severe No throttling losses (Actually there are a little throttling losses in norzles valves which tare partially open). 2 Partial odmission tosses. | Low High. 3 ‘Heat drop available Lesser Larger 4 Use ‘Used in impulse and reaction | Used inimpulse and also in. turbines both. reaction (if initial stage impul- se) turbines. 5 Suitability ‘Small turbines ‘Medium and larger turbines. 3, By-pass governing ‘The steam turbines which are designed to work at economic load it is desirable to have full admission of steam in the high pressure stages. At tho maximum load, which is greater than the economic load, the additional steam required could not pass through the first stage since additional nozzles are not available. By-pass regulation allows for this in a turbine which is throttle governed, by means‘of a second by-pass valve in the first stage nozzle (Fig. 19.58). This valve opens when throttle valve has opened a definite amount. Steam is by-passed through the second valve to a lower stage in the turbine. When by-pass valve operates it is under the control of the turbine governor. The secondary and tertiary supplies of steam in the lower stages increase the work output in these stages, but there is a loss in efficiency and a curving of the Willian’s line,4 A ra Fig. 19.38, By-pass governing In reaction turbines, because of the prossure drop required in the maving blades, nozzles control governing is not possible, and throttle governing plus bypass governing, is used. Fi sree. FORMS OF STEAM TURB: In many industries such as chemical, sugar refining, paper making, textile ete,, where combined use of power and heating and process work is required 11 is wasteful to generate steam for power and process purposes separately, because about 70 per cent of heat supplied for power purposes will normally be carried away by the cooling water. On the other hand, if the engine or turbine is operated with 4 normal exhaust pressure then the tempereture of the exhaust steam is too low to be of any use for heating process. It would be possible to generate the required power and still have available for process work a large quentity of heat in the exhaust steam, if suitable modification of the initial steam pressure and st pressure is made, Thus in combined power and process plants following type of steam turbines are used ; (1) Back pressure turbines, and (2) Steam extraction or pass-out turbines: 1. Back pressure turbine In this type of turbine steam at boiler pressure enters the turbine and is exhausted into a Pipe. This pipe leads to process plant or other turbine. The back pressure turbine may be used in cases where the power generated (by expanding steam) from economical initial pressure down to the heating pressure is equal lo, or greater than, the power requirements. The steam exhausted. from the turbine is usually superheated and in most cases it is not suitable for process work due to y reasons : i) It is impossible to control its emperature, and (ii) Rate of the heat transfer from superheated steam to the heating surface is lower than rated steam. Consequently a desuperheater is invariably used. 'To enhance the power o ‘the existing installation, a high pressure boiler and a back-pressure turbine are added high pressure boiler supplies steam to the back pressure turbine which884 THERMAL ENGINEERING 2, Extraction pass out turbine It is found that in several cases the power available from a back pressure turbine (through which the whole of the steam flows) is appreciably less than that required in the factory and this may be due to the following reasons : @ Small heating or process requirements ; Gi) A relatively high exhaust preasure ; and (iii) A combination of the both. In such a ease it would be possible to install a back-pressure turbine to provide the heating steam and a condensing turbine to generate extra power, but it is possible, and useful, to combine functions of both machines in. a single turbine. Such a machine is ealled extraction or pass out turbine and here at some point intermediate between inlet and exhaust some steam is extracted oF passed out for process or heating purposes. In this type of turbine a sensitive governor is used which controls the admission of steam to the high pressure section so that regardless of power or process requirements, constant speed is maintained. Exhaust or low pressure turbine If an uninterrupted supply of low pressure steam is available (such as from reciprocating steam engines exhaust) it is possible to improve the efficiency of the whole plant by fitting an exhaust or low pressure turbine, The use of exhaust turbine is chiefly made where there are several reciprocating steam engines which work intermittently ; and are non-condensing (e ‘rolling mill and colliery engines). The exhaust steam from these engines is expanded in an exhaust turbine and then condensed, In this turbine some form of heat accumulator is needed to collect the more or less irregular supply of low pressure steam from the non-condensing steam engines and deliver it to the turbine at the rate required, In some cases when the supply of low pressure steam falls'below the demand, live steam from the boiler, with its pressure and temperature reduced ; is used to make up the deficiency, ‘The necessary drop in pressure may be obtained by the use of a redusing valve, or for largo flows, more economically by expansion through another turbine. The high pressure and low pres- sure turbines are sometimes combined on a common spindle and because of two supply pressures this combined unit is known as ‘mixed pressure turbine’. Pllc TS Ich ne) 1. The steam turbine isa prime mover in whieh tho potential energy ofthe stom is transformed into kinetic ‘energy, and latter in ita turn ia transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft. 2 ‘Thomost important classification ofsteam turbines is as follows: 4) Impulse turbines (Gi) Reaction turbines \iii) Combination of impulse and reaction turbines, 3. The main difference between Impulse and Reaction turbines lies in the way in which steam in ex- ‘panded while its moves through them. In the former type, steam expands in the nozzle and its pressure does not change as it moves over the blades while in the latter type the steam expands continuously asit passes over the blades and thus there is a geadual fall in pressure during expansion. 4 Thodifferent methods of compounding are: (@) Velocity compounding ) Pressure compounding \Gii) Pressure velocity compounding (éo) Reaction turbine. 5. Force (tangential) on the wheel = 1t,(G, +C.sg) Nem Ji (Ciy +Cing st Power per wheel = eeSTEAM TURBINES ont 1 an WiC, +Cuy) lade or dingram fines, myx ey CyCy, +C, Searetoos Nae ha) ‘The axial thrust on the wheel due ta difference between the velocities of flow at entrance and outlet. Axial force on the wheel = riy(Cy, - Cy). Energy converted to heat by blade friction = Loss of kinetic energy diiring flow over blades Optimum vue ofratio of de sped tsteam spect sp, « 2% ‘he ade eicioncy fr tw-stage turbine willbe maximum when, p,, = £2 : In general optimum blade speed ratio for maximum blade efficiency or maximum wark done is given by. cos Pine ® Op tnd i work done inthe ast row = of total work, where n is the number of moving/rotating blade rows in series. In practice mare than two rows are hardly preferred. ‘The degree of reaction of reaction turbine stage is defined as the ratio of heat drop over moving blades to tho total boat drop in tho stage ‘The blade efficiency ofthe reaction turbine is given by ww =2-————2__, ; Te tpeosa—p ee 2eoa* a 204 ee a Treat ‘The state point may be defined aa that point on h-s diagram which represents the condition of steam at thatinstant, ‘Theoretical efficieney of reheat cycle is given bY Ny = Eee - nogleeting pump work. ‘The principal methods of steam governing are as follows (i) Throtile governing (ii) Nozzle governing, (iii) By-pass governing (iv) Combination of (i), (i) and (ii, OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTI Choose the Correct Answer: In case of impulse steam turbine (a) there is enthalpy drop in fixed and moving blades (b) there is enthalpy drop only in moving blades . ©) there is enthalpy drop in nozzles (2) none of the above. De-Laval turbine is (a) pressure compounded impulse turbine (0) velocity compounded impulse turbine (©) simple single wheel impulse turbine (a) simple single wheel reaction turbine.enthalpy drop both in fixed and moving blades (b) pressure velocity compounded steam te ‘compounded impulse steam turbine (d) velocity compounded impulse steam | steam turbine is. ‘reaction steam turbine (b) velocity compounded impulse steam turbine {e) pressure compounded impulse steam turbine ‘{d) pressure velocity compounded steam turbine. Parson's turbine is (a) pressure compounded steam turbine (d) simple single wheel, impulse steam turbine (c) simple single wheel reaction steam turbine (d) multiwhecl reaction steam turbine, ‘or diagram efficiency is given by (d) rag(2Cp, ~Cp,), ) Nn Maate (d) none of the above, blade efficiency for single stage impulse turbine(b) stage efficiency only (e) initial pressure and temperature only (d) all of the above. 7, For multistage steam turbine reheat factor is defined as {a) stage efficiency x nozzle efficiency () commulative enthalpy dr0p * Nae i (c) SuMulative enthalpy drop (a —_ltentropic enthalpy drop___ ‘isentropic enthalpy drop ‘Gumulative actual enthalpy drop 18 The value of reheat factor normally varies from (2) 0.5 00.6 (b) 0.9 to 0.95 {e) 1.02 to 1.06 (d) 1.20 1.6. 19. Steam turbines are governed by the following methods (a) Throttle governing (b) Nozzle control governing (ec) By-pass governing (d) All of the above. 20. Insteam turbines the reheat factor (a) increases with the increase in number of stages (b) decreases with the increase in number of stages (c) remains same irrespective of number of stages (d) none of the above. ANSWERS L fe) 2 (ec) ‘3. (a) 4. (a) ‘5. (a) 6. (d) 1.) 8d) 9. (b) 10. (a) i. © 12. (c) 13. (e) 14. fe) 15. fe) 16, (d) 17. (ce) 18. (c) 19(d). 20. (a). THEORETICAL QUESTIONS Define a steam turbine and state its fields of application. ‘How are the steam turbines classified ? Discuss the advantages of a steain turbine over the steam engines. the difference between an impulse turbine and a reaction turbine. do you mean by compounding of steam turbines ? Discuss various methods of compounding ‘ure used in reducing the speed of the turbine rotor ? of neat sketch a single-stage impulse turbine, Also explain | axial direction,888, THERMAL ENGINEERING Incase of steam turbines derive expressions for the following : (@) Foree (40) Worle done Gi) Dingram efficiency Go) Stage efficiency (o) Axial thrust. 10, Derive the expression for maximum blade efficiency in a single-stage impalse turbine, 11, Explain the pressure compounded impulse steam turbine showing pressure and velocity variations along the axis of the turbine, 12 Explain velocity compounded impulse steam turbine showing pressure and velocity variations along tho ‘axis of the turbine. 18, Define the term “degree of reaction” used in reaction turbines and prove that it is given by cr R= rn {cot @— cot 0) when Cy, = Cy, =C, Purther prove that the moving and fixed blades should have the same shape for a 50% reaction. 14. Prove that the diagram or blade efficiency ofa single stage reaction turbine is given by wt apeeene Further prove that maximum blade efficiency is given by (nga, = where R, = 60% and Cy =Cy, Qeosta 1+ com a” 18, Explain ‘cheat factor. Why is ita magnitide alwaye greater than unity’? 16. Describe the process and purpose of reheating as applicable to steam flowing through a turbine, 17. Statethe advantages and disadvantages of reheating steam. 18. Writea short note on ‘bleeding of steam turbines’. 19. Enumerate the energy loasea in steam turbines. 20. Describe briefly the various methods of ‘steum turbine governing’ UNSOLVED EXAMPLES IMPULSE TURBINES 1. Asteam et enters the row of blades with a velocity of 80 m/s at an angle of 22" with the direction of motion ‘ofthe moving blades. Ifthe blade speed is 180 m/s and there is no thrust oa the blades, determine the inlet and outlet blade angles. Velocity of steam while passing over the blade is reduced by 10%. Alsodetermine the power developed by turbine when the rate of flow of steam is 1000 kg per minute. {Ans 679 kW] 2 Inasimple impulse turbine, the nozzles are inclined at 20° to the direction of motion of moving blades. The steam leaves the nozzles at 375 m/s. The blado speed is 166 m/s, Find suitable inlet and outlet angles for tho ‘blades in order that the axial thrust fr sero, The relative velocity of steam as it flows over the blades is reduced by 16% by friction. Determine also the power developed for a flow rate of 10 kg/s. [Ans 34°, 41", 882 kW) & Inanimpulse turbine the nozzles are inclined 1:24" to the plane of rotation ofthe blades, The steam speed {s 1000 m/s and binds speed is 400 m/s. Asruming equiangular blades, determine: @) Blade angles (G0 Fores on the blades in the direction of motion. (did) Axial thrust io) Power developed for aflow rate of 1000 kg/h. Ans, (1) 39, (i) 1.195 KN, (i) 113.547] 4. InaDo Laval turbine, the steam issues from the nozzles with a velocity of 850 m/s. The nozzle angles 20°, ‘Mean blade velocity is 350 m/s. The blades are equiangular, The mass flow rate is 1000 kg/min. Priction factor is 0.8, Determine (i) Blade angles (i) axial thrust om the end bearing (iii) power develoned in kW fivyblade efficiency (v) stage efficiency, if nozzle efficiency in 93%. (Ans. (i) 33", 33°, (i) B00 N, (if) 4666.7 IW, (iv) 77.5%, (v) 72.1%)turhine the noazlondincharye the aLoam on to the blades at ana ‘and! the uid leaven the bladoy with an absolute velocity of 800 m/s at an ‘of motion of the blades. Ifthe bladen have equal inlet and outlet angles and there is no estimate a Blade angle (1) Power produced per kg/s flow of steam ii) Diagram efficiency. (Ans. (1) 36.3", (ii) 144 KW, (iid) 0.762), 6 Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600 m/s at an angle of 25° to the plane ‘ofrotation of the blades, The mean blade speed is 256 in/s, ‘The blade angle on the exit side is 30°, The blade friction eo-efficient is 10%, Determine : (W) Work done per ky of steam (ii) Dingram efficiency (uit) Axial thrust per kg of steam/s, [Ans. (i) 150.45 kW, (ii) 83.6%, (iii) 90. N} % Thenozles ofan impulse turbine are inclined at 22° to the plane of rotation. The blade angles both at inlet and outlet are 86°. The mean diameter of the blade ring is 1.25 m and the steam velocity is 680 m/s. Assuming shockless entry determine :(i) The speed of the turbine rotor in r.p.m., (ii) the absolute velocity ‘of steam leaving the blades, and (iii) The torque on the rotor for a flow rate of 2500 kg/h. [Ans. (i) 4580 rpm, (ii) 225 ms, (ii) 290.5 Nm] ‘& Asingle-stage steam turbine is provided with nozzles from which steam is released at a velocity of 1000 m/s at an angle of 24” to the direction of motion of blades. The speed of the blades is 400 m/s. The blade angles atinlet and outlet are equal, Find ; (i) Inlet blade angle, (ii) Force exerted on the blades in the direction of their motion, (iii) Power developed in kW for steam flow rate of 40000 kg/h. Assume that the steam enters and leaves the blades without shock. (Ans. (i) 39°, (i) 1135 N, (i) 4540 KW] 9. Ina single row impulse turbine the nozzle angle is 40° and the blade speed is 215 m/s. The steam speed is 550 m/s. The blade friction co-efficient is 0.85. Assuming axial exit and a flow rate of 700 kg/h, determine: (i) Blade angles. (ii) Absolute velocity of steam at exit. (iti) The power output of the turbine. (Ans. (i) 46°, 49° ; (i) 248 mis ; (ii) 19.8 KW] 10. Ina steam turbine, steam expands from an inlet condition of 7 bar and 300°C with an isentropic efficiency of 0.9. The nozzle angle is 20°. The stage operates at optimum blade speed ratio. The blade inlet angle is equal to the outlet angle. Determine : (i) Blade angles. (ii) Power developed if the steam flow rate is 0.472 kg/s. (Ans. (i) 36°, (ii) 75 KW] 11. Steam at 7 bar and 300°C expands to3 bar in an impulse stage. The nozzle angle is 20°, therotor blades have equal inlet and outlet angles and the stage operates with the optimum blade speed ratio, Assuming that isentropic efficiency of nozzles is 90% and velocity at entry to the stage is negligible, deduce the blade angles used and the mass flow required for this stage to produce 50 kW. (Ans. 36°, 0.317 kg/s} 12 In & two-stage velocity compounded steam turbine, the mean blade speed is 150 m/s while the steam ‘velocity as iis issued from the nozzle is 675 m/s. The nozzle angle is 20°, The exit angle of first row moving blade, fixed blade and the second row moving blades are 25°, 25° and 30° respectively. The blade frietion co- efficient is 0.9 If the steam flow rate is 4.6 kg/s, determine () Power output. (ii) Diagram efficiency, [Ans. (i) 807 KW, i) 78.5%) REACTION TURBINES | 13. Ata particular stage of reaction turbine, the mean blade speed is 60 m/s and the steam pressure is 3.5 bar with @ temperature of 175°C. The identical fixed and moving blades have inlet angles of 30° and outlet angles of 20°, Determine » e blade height iti ;f th of the bade ring diameter, for flow rate of 13.5 kyl. ‘developed by a pair. ‘drop if the stage efficiency is 85%. (Ams. (i) 64 mm, (ii) 218 KW,16 ‘THERMAL ENGINEERING iT 1% In a stage of impulse reaction turbine operating with 50% degree of reaction, the blades are identical in ‘shape. The outlet angle of the moving blades is 19° and the absolute discharge velocity of steam is 100 m/s in the direction at 100° to the motion af the blades. Ifthe rate of flow of steam through the turbine is 15000 kg/h, enleulate the power developed by the turbine in kW. Ans. 327.5 kW1 Ata stage in a reaction turbine the pressure of steam is 0.34 bar and the dryness 0.95. For a flow rate of ‘96000 kg/h, the stage developa 950 kW. The turbine runs at 3600 r.p.m. and the velocity of flow is 0.72 times the blade velocity, The outlet angle of bath stator and rotor blades is 20°, Determine at this stage: 44) Mean rotor diameter, (ié) Height ofblades, (Ans. (i) 0,951 m, (if) 118 gam] In a multi-stage reaction turbine at one of the stages the rotor diameter is 1250 mm and speed ratio 0.72, ‘The speed of the rotar is 2000 r.p.m. Determine: () The blade inlet angle if the outlet blade anigle is 22°, (ii) Diagram efficiency, (ii) The pereentage inerease in diagram efficiency and rotor speed if turbine is designed to run at the best theoretical speed. [Ans. (i) 61.5°, (ii) 82.2%, (it) 30.47%) In 260 por cent reaction turbine stage running at: 3000 .p.m., the exit angles are 30° and the inlet angles are 50°, The mean diameter is 1 m. The steam flow rate is 10000 kg'min and the stage efficiency is 85%, Determine : (4) Power output of the stage. ii) The specific enthalpy drop in the stage. (idi) The percentage increase in the relntive velocity of steam whon it laws over the moving blades. Tana. (i) 11.6 MW, (if) 82 kale, (ii) 52.2%) ‘Twelve successive stages ofa reaction turbine have blades with effeetive inlet and outlet angles of 80" and 20° respectively. The mean diameter of the blade row is 1.2 m and the speed ar rotation is 3000 r.p.m. ‘Assuming constant velocity of flow throughout, estimate the enthalpy drop per stage. Far a steam inlet eundition of 10 bar and 250°C and an outlet condition of 0.2 bar, estimate the stage clficiency. Assume a reheat factor of 1,04, determine the blade height at a stage where the specific volume is 1.08 ey, 1Ans, 40.4 kl/kit, 70.3%, 57 mim]