Chapter I

INRODUCTION

1.2 Rationale of the Study

Nowadays, due to climate change, the weather changes from time to time and we might

not know when a heavy rain will fall, and sometime we can’t tell if our area is a flood prone area

and we can’t deny that Philippines has many places that are flood prone area where some of

them are in urban places.

In the Philippines, urban flooding is a serious and growing development challenge. Flood

as a perennial challenge, usually it is brought to us by a combination of factors including

typhoons, tropical depression, prolonged heavy rains, clogged drainage system due to trash and

poorly planned drainage system. As a developing country, transition to large urban societies, the

concentration of people and assets had made urban flooding increasingly costly and difficult to

manage.

Previous experiences that showcase the country’s defenselessness to natural calamities

has already prepared some of its regions for floods every rainy season. In urban cities, however,

underprivileged construction, and maintenance of the drainage systems along with large

amounts of pollution hinder these systems to operate reliably thereby reducing flooding in the

metropolis.

Drainage systems designed to manage with the most extreme storm conditions would

be too expensive to build and operate. And as for the public and government, building a new

and improved drainage system would be a long process and would take a lot of time. But when

precautionary measures are not sufficient, flood damage can still be reduced by alerting

communities for ongoing and upcoming floods. An early flood alert system is an integrated

1
package of data collection and transmission equipment, forecasting models, warning and human

resources.

Predictive Analytics has been used for its statistical and analytical techniques to develop

models that predict future events or behaviors. Linear Regression as one of Predictive Analytics

statistical tool can be used for forecasting flood will be suitable to use for the mobile application

to provide and generate flood forecasting. Forecasts using the regression line assumes that the

relationship which existed in the past between the two variables will continue to exist in the future.

Participatory Sensing or Crowdsourcing can play an important role during floods, not

only in the production of information, but also in the delivery. It can allow and empower ordinary

citizens to collect and share sensed data from their neighboring environments using their mobile

phones.

For this reason, the proponents want to provide a mobile application that generates

water level forecasting and early notification for possible flood that will serve as an early warning

tool for early warning and preparedness for the community. With mobile phones today that are

more than a way to communicate over long distances, this small piece of technology can give

people access to the whole virtual world with applications. A technology than can easily connect

to the Internet both via network of the operator (2G or 3G), or via Wi-Fi (just like laptops), and

has very sophisticated and powerful operating system on which applications can be run that are

comparable to full-fledged computer applications. It can also take full advantage of new features

of the latest hardware devices (GPS, augmented reality via phone camera, etc.). And can give

information through alerts or notification that can be displayed on smartphones which users can

share the same message by adding a feed in their social network.

Even with a limited source of data, these advances of mobile technology can be coupled

with Predictive Analytics using Linear Regression and Participatory Sensing to create a mobile
2
application that will generate flood forecasting and notification. Using these, this study will

venture in creating a mobile application that will serve as an easy and convenient source of

information about flood for the community.

1.2 Purpose and Project Description

Flood Monitoring Systems are an important component of disaster risk management

strategies. In contrast to flood forecasting systems, which assess flood risk, the main purpose of

Flood Monitoring Systems is to issue warnings when a flood is imminent or already occurring.

Flood Monitoring Systems is for floods comprise four inter-related elements: 1) assessments and

knowledge of flood risks in the area, 2) local hazard monitoring (forecasts) and warning service,

3) flood risk dissemination and communication service, and 4) community response capabilities.

This multifunctional system improves community preparedness for extreme weather events such

as floods, in terms of both warning and increasing understanding of risks and appropriate flood

responses. This minimizes safety and infrastructure threats. As part of the warning, the system

provides a prediction of the scale, timing, location and likely damages of the impending flood.

The system uses data from sensors to measure water levels at strategic points in local water

basins (rivers, lakes) or flood defenses (dikes, dams, embankments) to forecast a potential flood

event. The current increase in the number and degree of extreme weather events such as floods

make this technology important for climate change adaptation.

3
1.3 Objectives of the study

1.3.1 General Objectives

The general objective of this study was to design and develop a mobile

application that will be able to forecast and monitor water level in some parts of the

Philippines that are prone to flooding.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

Precisely, the study aimed to:

1. Deliver an early warning notice for possible increase of water level by using

its push notification.

2. Generate a flood forecast by using its prognostic analytics and linear

regression.

3. Use a participatory sensing in giving visualization for possible flood level;

4. Use its geo-tagging for identifying some location.

5. To display graphical view of water level and rainfall amount in specific

controller device.

6. To locate the current location of the user

7. User can rate the status of its location whether there’s a rainfall and flood

or none and take picture for that flood level.

4
1.4 Significance of the Study
Flood has been one of the inevitable calamities in the world today. Knowing that seventy-

five percent (75%) of the earth’s surface is water, an excess amount would devastate any low

land areas. So, this study describes the following as its target beneficiaries:

Communities. Those that are situated in low-land areas and near the river banks where

flood usually starts. They will attest the functionality of the selected device.

Students. This is for the students to give awareness and update on the flood

occurrence.

Researchers. It gives the researchers additional information how flood works and what

are the things that are needed to do and use to prevent flood.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

Scope

• The mobile app will help to solve the problems brought about by floods.

• System will be able you to notify in advance if there is an incoming flood

• System can push data for crowdsourcing

• System can take picture for crowdsourcing

• System has authentications and registration

Limitation

• Cannot fetch data without an Internet or mobile datas

• Flood Monitoring Is based only on specific places

• The system could not rate for crowdsourcing without internet or mobile data

• The System cannot notify when you’re not connected to the internet or mobile data

5
The researcher limits its study within a specific area that we decided to try our mobile app

where flood is always occurring.

6
 1.6 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1. Conceptual Framwork

Crowdsourcing – These Data was comes from the crowd which is rated baesd on their location

if either there is flood or or none. Data comes from the users are the rainfall status, waterlevel

and the image where the floodlevel status is.

PhilSensor API Data – It is the data comes from http://philsensors.asti.dost.gov.ph/ web server

which dynamically return an API Data of Water Level and Rainfall Amount. This data will be

shown on graphical view and these are the reference of the regression uses by the system to

predict wether there’s a flood.

Firebase - is the server, the API and the data store, all written so generically that you can modify

it to suit most needs

7
1.7 Definition of terms

Clogged Drainage - Is the system or process by which water or other liquids are

System drained from a place.

- The function of the field drainage system is to control the water

table, whereas the function of the main drainage system is to

collect, transport, and dispose of the water through an outfall or

outlet. In some instances, one makes an additional distinction

between collector and main drainage system.

Metropolis - The capital or chief city of a country or region.

Linear Regression - Is a linear approach to modeling the relationship between a

scalar response (or dependent variable) and one or more

explanatory variables (independent variables). The case of the

one explanatory variable is called simple linear regression.

Crowd Sourcing - The practice of obtaining information or input into task or

project by enlisting the services of a large number of people,

either paid or unpaid, typically via the internet.

Imminent - Something that is about to happen or inevitable.

Geo tagging - Assign a geo tag to (a digital photograph or video, a posting on

social media website, etc.).

Prognostic Analytics - Give a perspective or foresight on what is going to happen

when and with which probability by assessing the extent of

8
 devotion or degradation of a system from its expected normal

operating conditions.

Saturated - Holding as much water or moisture as can be; thoroughly

soaked.

9
 Chapter II
REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE AND SYSTEM

The review related literature serves as the foundation and guide for the proponent to get

more idea about information system to be develop. This chapter gathered information that have

a significance bearing of the study

2.1 Technical Background

As the development of this system, it is more important to take recognize the technology

that is being used by the information system which practically serve as an instrument to build up

successfully. The system will be a mobile base application which is run on android platform only

which provides a user interface for viewing the water level status on a specific place(s). The

system will use IDE for android and programming language and a cloud-based database to store

information in order to execute the system successfully.

2.1.1 Java Programming Language

Which is the very common language used by the oracle. Java is a default programming

language when it comes to developing android application. Java is an open source programming

language it is also provides the means for rapid development of multifaceted application.

2.1.2 Firebase Real-time database

Partly owned by google that provides feature like a real-time database providing

synchronization of data it is also a fast and more secure, it improves your app quality, rich API

document, and google provides it by tree

10
2.1.3 Android studio

is an IDE for android application that is used for development. An open source integrated

development environment which supports the development of java application and it is faster

programming and testing, finally it is an intelligent code editor which provides more accurate

programming.

2.1.4 JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)

Is an open standard file format and a text-based human readable data interchange

format used for representing simple data structures object in web browser-based code.

2.1.5 Git Version Control 2.20.1 windows.1

Git is a distributed version control of your projects where every developer works together

with it. Is also serve as a tracking system for every system’s changers in your development

process by using command line interface or either a user interface.

2.1.6 Gitkraken

Is the user interface for Git. It provides a community edition which is absolutely free. It

has an intuitive Ui/Ux design. It increases productivity by simplifying the complicated commands.

11
2.2 Review Related Literature

According to Ahamed, Aakash; Bolten, John; Doyle, Colin; Fayne, Jessica in Flooding

in Southeast Asia (2011). Floods are the costliest natural disaster, causing approximately 6.8

million deaths in the twentieth century alone. Worldwide economic flood damage estimates in

2012 exceed $19 Billion USD. Extended duration floods also pose longer term threats to food

security, water, sanitation, hygiene, and community livelihoods, particularly in developing

countries. Projections by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest that

precipitation extremes, rainfall intensity, storm intensity, and variability are increasing due to

climate change. Increasing hydrologic uncertainty will likely lead to unprecedented extreme flood

events. As such, there is a vital need to enhance and further develop traditional techniques used

to rapidly assess flooding and extend analytical methods to estimate impacted population and

infrastructure. Measuring flood extent in situ is generally impractical, time consuming, and can

be inaccurate. Remotely sensed imagery acquired from space-borne and airborne sensors

provides a viable platform for consistent and rapid wall-to-wall monitoring of large flood events

through time. Terabytes of freely available satellite imagery are made available online each day

by NASA, ESA, and other international space research institutions. Advances in cloud computing

and data storage technologies allow researchers to leverage these satellite data and apply

analytical methods at scale. Repeat-survey earth observations help provide insight about how

natural phenomena change through time, including the progression and recession of

floodwaters. In recent years, cloud-penetrating radar remote sensing techniques (e.g., Synthetic

Aperture Radar) and high temporal resolution imagery platforms (e.g., MODIS and its 1-day

return period), along with high performance computing infrastructure, have enabled significant

advances in software systems that provide flood warning, assessments, and hazard reduction

potential. By incorporating social and economic data.

12
 A flood warning system incorporates telemetered rainfall and flow/water level data

measured at various locations in the catchment area Antonio Skarmeta Gasmez(2012). Real-

time accurate data collection is required for this use, and sensor networks improve the system

capabilities. However, existing sensor nodes struggle to satisfy the hydrological requirements in

terms of autonomy, sensor hardware compatibility, reliability and long-range communication. We

describe the design and development of a real-time measurement system for flood monitoring,

and its deployment in a flash-flood prone 650 km2 semiarid watershed in Southern Spain. A

developed low-power and long-range communication device, so-called DatalogV1, provides

automatic data gathering and reliable transmission. DatalogV1 incorporates self-monitoring for

adapting measurement schedules for consumption management and to capture events of

interest. Two tests are used to assess the success of the development. The results show an

autonomous and robust monitoring system for long-term collection of water level data in many

sparse locations during flood events.

The Webster’s Dictionary (2005) defines water level or water mark as a mark indicating

the height to which water has risen, especially the height of high tide or low tide. The rise of water

is most likely caused by a heavy rainfall. Campbell Scientific Australia (2009) supplied system in

which water level is measured because most inland floods are the effect of heavy rainfall, often

a ground which is already saturated by previous rain events can be expected to be flooded.

Moreover, critical water levels in localities, especially those are recognized as flood

prone areas, are monitored and recorded. During the Sendong Flash flood, Betonio (2012) of

SunStar Cagayan de Oro posted that the water level was about nine to ten inches deep. Then,

the heavy rain from tropical storm caused flood water to rise one meter (3 feet) high in less than

an hour. The rainwater was one month’s worth or so that reached levels much taller than an

average Filipino (2012). Even though inland floods devastate many settlers, the water level can

13
also post be monitored in seas and near shores. Rebaya (2009) posted during Ondoy’s landfall,

the sea conditions were rough with very big waves in heights of 3.7 to 4.5 meters.

14
2.3 Related Systems

2.1.3 Water levels – HydroSOS Flood Alert System

HydroSOS warns your reliability as soon as a river reaches a critical level. This allows

the user to react to early dangerous situation and take preventive measures. The application

supports the user in setting an alert by means of official limits to relevant waters in Germany,

Great Britain, Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, South Tyrol and along the entire Danube.

Figure 2.1 HydroSOS Flood Alert System (Google Play Store, 2019)

2.3.2 Flash Flood Forecasting

Flash Flood Forecasting is a mobile application which provide a user interface

in monitoring water level in specific places. A real-time monitoring process being handled

by the system which the application locates the user’s location and find any device

available to monitor the water level.

Figure 2.2 Flash Flood Forecasting (Google Play Store, 2019)

15
2.4 Synthesis

Floods are a crucial agent of geomorphic change in the channels and valley floors of

mountains watercourses. At the same time, they can be highly damaging to property,

infrastructure, and life. Because of their high energy, mountain watercourses are highly

vulnerable to environmental changes affecting their catchments and channels. Many factors

have modified and frequently still tend to modify the environmental conditions in mountain areas,

with impacts on geomorphic processes and the frequency, magnitude, and timing of floods in

mountain watercourses. The ongoing climate changes vary between regions but may affect

floods in mountain areas in many ways. In many mountain regions of Europe, widespread

afforestation took place over the twentieth century, considerably increasing the amounts of large

wood delivered to the channels and the likelihood of jamming bridges. At the same time,

deforestation continues in other mountain areas, accelerating runoff and amplifying the

magnitude and frequency of floods in foreland areas. In many countries, in-channel gravel mining

has been a common practice during recent decades; the resultant deficit of bed material in the

affected channels may suddenly manifest during flood events, resulting in the failure of scoured

bridges or catastrophic channel widening. During the past century many rivers in mountain and

foreland areas incised deeply; the resultant loss of floodplain water storage has decreased

attenuation of flood waves, hence increasing flood hazard to downstream river reaches. On the

other hand, a large amount of recent river restoration activities worldwide may provide examples

of beneficial changes to flood risk, attained as a result of increased channel storage or

reestablished floodplain water storage. Relations between geomorphic processes and floods

operate in both directions, which means that changes in flood probability or the character of

floods (e.g., increased wood load) may significantly modify the morphology of mountain rivers,

16
but morphological changes of rivers can also affect hydrological properties of floods and the

associated risk for societies. This paper provides a review of research in the field of floods in

mountain environments and puts the papers of this special issue dedicated to the same topic

into context. It also provides insight into innovative studies, methods, or emerging aspects of the

relations between environmental changes, geomorphic processes, and the occurrence of floods

in mountain rivers. (Kansas State University, 2008)

17
 Chapter III
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 3.1 Extreme Programming Model (Agile Methodology Development, 1998)

3.1 Software Methodology

The proponents used the method caleed “Extreme Programming Model”. It is an agile

software development framework which aims to produce high quality software and also higher

quality of life for the development team. Because the systemnto be develop was not totally

defined as its scope and in advance, the proponents used it as it dynamically adopts for changing

software requirements.

Extreme Programming considered the best practices of software development, the

twelve extreme programming best practices used by the proponents are:

18
Pair Programming – the proponents use a rotation for system development which

every two people works together on the same system when developing any production

code. Pair programming promotes better communication and team building by

frequently rotating partners throughout the team.

Test-driven Development - While an entire article could be written about test-driven

development, the concept is fairly well known among developers and effectively means

that tests are generated for each and every requirement of the project, and only then is

code developed that will successfully pass those tests.

Whole team - As with many other SDLC methods and practices, Extreme Programming

promotes the inclusion of customers and clients throughout the entire process, using

their feedback to help shape the project at all times.

Continuous Integration – the concept of this is that all code developed across the entire

team is merged into one common repository many times a day. This ensures that any

issues with integration across the entire project are noticed and dealt with as soon as

possible.

Refactoring - code refactoring is simply to improve and redesign the structure of already

existing code, without modifying its fundamental behavior.

Small Releases – Since extreme programming is an Iterative Model, this concept

ensures that the project will feature iterated, small releases on a frequent basis, allowing

the customer as well, as all team members, to get a sense of how the project is

developing.

19
Coding Standards – To make code more readable, Team implements a coding

standard for the sake of junior developer of the team which is to promote better

understanding and readability of the code.

Collective and Code Ownership - This practice allows for any developer across the

team to change any section of the code, as necessary.

Simple Design – Make things less complicated and it is the basic practice of keeping

all components and code as simple as can be ensures that the entire team is always

evaluating whether things could be done in an easier way.

System Metaphor – Ensuring that every person on the team should be able to look at

the high-level code that is developed, and have a clear understanding of what

functionality that code is performing.

Sustainable Pace - A concept for better work-life balance with developers on an

Extreme Programming project that nobody should be required to work in excess of the

normal scheduled work week.

20
Requirements Analysis
3.2.1 Documentation of the Current System

The DDRRMC (person responsible for measuring water level) survey’s the river where a creek

can be located. The creek has lines (every drawn line has corresponding measurement of water level).

After collecting the data, the DDRRMC analyzes and records it. The gathered record will be reported in

the community.

3.2.1.2 Data Flow Diagram

21
3.2.2 Documentation of the Proposed System

This project builds a prototype that will detect the current water level across the watershed of

areas within Mindanao through sensors. The geographical area of the river was sub-divided into areas

where sensors were installed. Each sensor signifies a warning level. Once a sensor is triggered, an output

signal will be relayed to a microcontroller which serves as a switch that triggers the connected GSM

modem to send alert SMS message to the server. Then, the server will automatically send a notification

to the numbers stored in the database. The process repeats as the water level continues to rise and

triggers another sensor. Once the water level reaches its critical point, it will relay a message giving

warning to the nearby areas. Furthermore, communities could inquire or give feedback by a sending

picture to the server.

3.2.1.2 Data Flow Diagram

Figure 3.3 Data Flow Diagram of the Proposed System

22
3.2.1.3 Events Specifications

• User login

o If user email and user password match on the data from firebase

authentication

o Then user will log in into the system

• User registration

o User must enter email and password to register

o If valid email and password

o Then user registration will be granted

o User will log in into the system

o Else registration form will appear with matching error

• User Rating

o If the user is authenticated

o User will be able to rate a flood level on its location

o If user is connected to internet or mobile data

o Data will be saved on firebase database

o Else data will not be saved

• Data Collection

o If the android phone connected to the internet

o System will collect data from philsensor server

o Data will be analyzed

o Data will be displayed in graph

o Else, system will not able to collect data from the server

o No data will be shown in graph

23
3.3 Requirements Documentation

3.3.1 System Architecture

Figure 3.4 System Architecture for Flood Meter App

24
3.3.13 Requirements Specification

• Flood prediction

• Water level data

• User Account

• User Data from Firebase

3.3.2.1 Product Perspective

The Flood Meter App should do the following:

• Reads user/users location

- Read the location of the user for crowdsourcing purposes.

• Creates Graph

- Creates a graph of the water level for every 10 minutes interval time.

• Security Purposes

- Stores user’s information inside the Database.

• Crowdsource

- The user can send photo of their current weather for every one to see and also the user can

rate the app

3.3.2.2 Product Features

The major features of the Flood Meter App were:

• The users can send their current weather.

• It has a graph for monitoring water level.

25
3.3.2.3 User Classes and Characteristics

The user should be able to do the following:

• View Statistics

• Rate the flood base on their current location and send picture.

• User should be able to view the graph of the water level.

• User should be able to view the map and submissions on it.

• User should be able to log in on their respective account.

3.3.2.4 Operating Environment

Operating environment for the flood meter is as listed below:

• Firebase Database

• Postman

• Android Studio

3.4 Design

26
 3.2 Mock Up

3.2.1 Application Layout

Figure 3.2.1 Login Form

1 Image View User Image Icon.

2 Plain Text Email text field. Where user input

1 their username/email.
Passowrd Password text field. User will input
3
2 password denoting “*” will be
displayed instead of text.
3 4 Button Login Button. To login on the app.

5 Text View Clickable text. To sign up form.

4
3

1 Image View User Image Icon

1

2
2 Plain Text Email text field. Where user input
their username/email.
3 Password Password text field. User will
3
input password denoting “*” will
4 be displayed instead of text
Password Confirm password text field.
5 4
Determine if password matched
from the password input.
6
5 Button Sign in button. For signing in to
the app.
6 Text View
Clickable text. To login form.

Figure 3.2.2 Sign up Form

27
1

2 1 Plain Text User email used loged in.

2 Menu Item Show Map navigational

3 button.
Number Bar Graph for Menu Item Show Graph navigational
3
6 button.
4 Menu Item Show Rate Flood navigational
4
button.
5 Menu Item Show statisticl data
5
navigational button.
6 Menu Item Logout Button.

2
1 Button Show navigation option.

2 Fragment Map View.

28
Number Description

1 Bar Graph for crowdsource rating.

29
Number Description

1 Combobox for weather condition

2 Text value for selected weather condition

3 Text value for selected water level status

4 Sample Image for leveling the water

5 Checkbox for water level status

Number Description

1 Line Graph for water level data.

30
3.4.1 Use Case Diagram
Flood Meter App
Flood Monitoring System
Mobile Application

Figure 3.4 User Case Diagrams of Flood Monitoring System Mobile Application

31
Gantt Chart

32
33
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