Beer Styles

What's a beer style? Simply put, a beer style is a label given to a beer that describes its overall character and often times its origin. It's a
name badge that has been achieved over many centuries of brewing, trial and error, marketing, and consumer acceptance. Our styles reflect
our spin on the constantly evolving world of beer, with non-geek descriptions broken down for all to understand. Click on any of the styles
below to find out more about them, including our recommendations for Food Pairings, Glassware, and Cellaring/Serving Temperatures.

Note: This is not the bible for beer styles, but should be viewed as a work-in-progress and a fun reference that's open to change and
interpretation.

Ale Styles Lager Styles

American Ales American Lagers

American Amber / Red Ale American Adjunct Lager
American Barleywine American Amber / Red Lager
American Blonde Ale American Double / Imperial Pilsner
American Brown Ale American Malt Liquor
American Dark Wheat Ale American Pale Lager
American Double / Imperial IPA California Common / Steam Beer
American Double / Imperial Stout Light Lager
American IPA Low Alcohol Beer
American Pale Ale (APA)
American Pale Wheat Ale Czech Lagers
American Porter Czech Pilsener
American Stout
American Strong Ale European Lagers
American Wild Ale Euro Dark Lager
Black & Tan Euro Pale Lager
Chile Beer Euro Strong Lager
Cream Ale
Pumpkin Ale German Lagers
Rye Beer Bock
Wheatwine Doppelbock
Dortmunder / Export Lager
Belgian / French Ales Eisbock
Belgian Dark Ale German Pilsener
Belgian IPA Keller Bier / Zwickel Bier
Belgian Pale Ale Maibock / Helles Bock
Belgian Strong Dark Ale Munich Dunkel Lager
Belgian Strong Pale Ale Munich Helles Lager
Bière de Champagne / Bière Brut Märzen / Oktoberfest
Bière de Garde Rauchbier
Dubbel Schwarzbier
Faro Vienna Lager
Flanders Oud Bruin
Flanders Red Ale Japanese Lagers
Gueuze Happoshu
Lambic - Fruit Japanese Rice Lager
Lambic - Unblended
Quadrupel (Quad) Finnish Ales
Saison / Farmhouse Ale Sahti
Tripel
Witbier German Ales
Altbier
Irish Ales Berliner Weissbier
Irish Dry Stout Dunkelweizen
Irish Red Ale Gose
Russian Ales Hefeweizen
Kvass Kristalweizen
Scottish Ales Kölsch
Scotch Ale / Wee Heavy Roggenbier
Scottish Ale Weizenbock
Scottish Gruit / Ancient Herbed Ale
English Ales
Baltic Porter
Braggot
English Barleywine
English Bitter
English Brown Ale
English Dark Mild Ale
English India Pale Ale (IPA)
English Pale Ale
English Pale Mild Ale
English Porter
English Stout
English Strong Ale
Extra Special / Strong Bitter (ESB)
Foreign / Export Stout
Milk / Sweet Stout
Oatmeal Stout
Old Ale
Russian Imperial Stout
Winter Warmer

Glassware for Beer

So what's in a beer glass? Hopefully beer, but there's much more to be found. Though some beer novices say "the vast majority of glassware is
just marketing," this couldn't be further from the truth. As BeerAdvocates, we feel that beer drinkers deserve better than this. So here's the
real deal ...

Sure, there's a marketing component to beer glassware, but one only needs to look beyond the branding to discover that something bigger is
taking place. As soon as the beer hits the glass, its color, aroma and taste is altered, your eye candy receptors tune in, and your anticipation is
tweaked. Hidden nuances, become more pronounced, colors shimmer, and the enjoyment of the beer simply becomes a better, more
complete, experience.

Still think it's just marketing? Well the sophomoric pun "head is good" has a mature side. Scientific studies show that the shape of glassware
will impact head development and retention. Why is this important? The foam created by pouring a beer acts as a net for many of the volatiles
in a beer. What's a volatile? Compounds that evaporate from beer to create its aroma, such as hop oils, all kinds of yeast fermentation
byproducts like alcohol, fusels and fruity esters, spices or other additions. So a glass that promotes a healthy foam head may enhance the
trapping of certain volatiles. And as varying levels of head retention and presentation are desired with different styles of beers, different styles
of glassware should be used accordingly. Presentation marries science.

So which glassware do you use? The answer can often be overwhelming. In Europe, especially Belgium, each brand of beer will often have its
own glass. In fact, some breweries have been known to engineer the glass before the beer, and many bars will also stock unique glassware for
every brand of beer they serve, which could be hundreds or thousands. And while it's always a good idea to use glassware designed by the
brewery for a specific brand of beer, sometimes this is not an option.
Beer & Brewing Terminology

It's important to know your beer terminology. Here we'll provide you with a growing list of common beer and brewing terms.

Term Description
Acetaldehyde Green apple aroma, a byproduct of fermentation.
Additive Enzymes, preservatives and antioxidants which are added to simplify the brewing process or prolong shelf
life.
Adjunct Fermentable material used as a substitute for traditional grains, to make beer lighter-bodied or cheaper.
Aerobic An organism, such as top fermenting ale yeast, that needs oxygen to metabolize.
Alcohol Ethyl alcohol or ethanol. An intoxicating by-product of fermentation, which is caused by yeast acting on
sugars in the malt. Alcohol content is expressed as a percentage of volume or weight.
Alcohol by weight Amount of alcohol in beer measured in terms of the percentage weight of alcohol per volume of beer, i.e.,
3.2% alcohol by weights equals 3.2 grams of alcohol per 100 centiliters of beer. (It is approximately 20%
less than alcohol by volume.)
Alcohol by volume Amount of alcohol in beer in terms of percentage volume of alcohol per volume of beer.
Alcoholic Warming taste of ethanol and higher alcohol's.
Ale Beers distinguished by use of top fermenting yeast strains, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The top fermenting
yeast perform at warmer temperatures than do yeast's used to brew lager beer, and their byproducts are
more evident in taste and aroma. Fruitiness and esters are often part of an ale's character.
All-malt A relatively new term in America. "All malt" refers to a beer made exclusively with barley malt and without
adjuncts.
Amber Any top or bottom fermented beer having an amber color, that is, between pale and dark.
Anaerobic An organism, such as a bottom-fermenting lager yeast, that is able to metabolize without oxygen present.
Aroma Hops Varieties of hop chosen to impart bouquet. (See Hops)
Astringent A drying, puckering taste; tannic; can be derived from boiling the grains, long mashes, over sparging or
sparging with hard water.
Attenuation Extent to which yeast consumes fermentable sugars (converting them into alcohol and carbon dioxide).
Bacterial A general term covering off-flavors such as moldy, musty, woody, lactic acid, vinegar, or microbiological
spoilage.
Balling Degrees Scale indicating density of sugars in wort. Devised by C J N Balling.
Barley A cereal grain that is malted for use in the grist that becomes the mash in the brewing of beer.
Barrel A unit of measurement used by brewers in some countries. In Britain, a barrel holds 36 imperial gallons (1
imperial gallon = 4.5 liters), or 1.63 hectoliters. In the United States, a barrel holds 31.5 US gallons (1 US
gallon = 3.8 liters), or 1.17 hectoliters.
Beer Name given alcohol-containing beverages produced by fermenting grain, specifically malt, and flavored
with hops.
Bitter Bitterness of hops or malt husks; sensation on back of tongue.
Bitterness The perception of a bitter flavor, in beer from iso-alpha-acid in solution (derived from hops). It is measured
in International Bitterness Units (IBU).
Black malt Partially malted barley roasted at high temperatures. Black malt gives a dark color and roasted flavor to
beer.
Body Thickness and mouth-filling property of a beer described as "full or thin bodied".
Bottle-conditioning Secondary fermentation and maturation in the bottle, creating complex aromas and flavors.
Bottom-fermenting yeast One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Bottom-fermenting yeast works well at low temperatures
and ferments more sugars leaving a crisp, clean taste and then settles to the bottom of the tank. Also
referred to as "lager yeast".
Brewhouse The collective equipment used to make beer.
Brew Kettle The vessel in which wort from the mash is boiled with hops. Also called a copper.
Brewpub Pub that makes its own beer and sells at least 50% of it on premises. Also known in Britain as a home-
brew house and in Germany as a house brewery.
Bright Beer Tank See conditioning tank.
Bung The stopper in the hole in a keg or cask through which the keg or cask is filled and emptied. The hole may
also be referred to as a bung or bunghole. Real beer must use a wooden bung.
Butterscotch See diacetyl.
Cabbagelike Aroma and taste of cooked vegetables; often a result of wort spoilage bacteria killed by alcohol in
fermentation.
CAMRA The CAMpaign for Real Ale. An organization in England that was founded in 1971 to preserve the
production of cask-conditioned beers and ales.
Carbonation Sparkle caused by carbon dioxide, either created during fermentation or injected later.
Caramel A cooked sugar that is used to add color and alcohol content to beer. It is often used in place of more
expensive malted barley.
Caramel malt A sweet, coppery-colored malt. Caramel or crystal malt imparts both color and flavor to beer. Caramel malt
has a high concentration of unfermentable sugars that sweeten the beer and, contribute to head retention.
Cask A closed, barrel-shaped container for beer. They come in various sizes and are now usually made of metal.
The bung in a cask of "Real" beer or ale must be made of wood to allow the pressure to be relived, as the
fermentation of the beer, in the cask, continues.
Cask-conditioning Secondary fermentation and maturation in the cask at the point of sale. Creates light carbonation.
Chlorophenolic A plasticlike aroma; caused by chemical combination of chlorine and organic compounds.
Chill haze Cloudiness caused by precipitation of protein-tannin compound at low temperatures, does not affect flavor.
Chill proof Beer treated to allow it to withstand cold temperatures without clouding.
Clovelike Spicy character reminiscent of cloves; characteristic of some wheat beers, or if excessive, may derive from
wild yeast.
Conditioning Period of maturation intended to impart "condition" (natural carbonation). Warm conditioning further
develops the complex of flavors. Cold conditioning imparts a clean, round taste.
Conditioning Tank A vessel in which beer is placed after primary fermentation where the beer matures, clarifies and, is
naturally carbonated through secondary fermentation. Also called bright beer tank, serving tank and,
secondary tank.
Contract Beer Beer made by one brewery and then marketed by a company calling itself a brewery. The latter uses the
brewing facilities of the former.
Copper See brew kettle.
Decoction Exhaustive system of mashing in which portions of the wort are removed, heated, then returned to the
original vessel.
Dextrin The unfermentable carbohydrate produced by the enzymes in barley. It gives the beer flavor, body, and
mouthfeel. Lower temperatures produce more dextrin and less sugar. While higher temperatures produce
more sugars and less dextrin.
Diacetyl A volatile compound in beer that contributes to a butterscotch flavor, measured in parts per million.
DMS Taste and aroma of sweet corn; results from malt, as a result of the short or weak boil of the wort, slow
wort chilling, or bacterial infection. -- Dimethyl sulfide, a sulfur compound.
Dosage The addition of yeast and/or sugar to the cask or bottle to aid secondary fermentation.
Draft (Draught) The process of dispensing beer from a bright tank, cask or, keg, by hand pump, pressure from an air pump
or, injected carbon dioxide inserted into the beer container prior to sealing.
Dry-hopping The addition of dry hops to fermenting or aging beer to increase its hop character or aroma.
EBC European Brewing Convention. An EBC scale is used to indicate colors in malts and beers.
Enzymes Catalysts that are found naturally in the grain. When heated in mash, they convert the starches of the
malted barley into maltose, a sugar used in solution and fermented to make beer.
Ester Volatile flavor compound naturally created in fermentation. Often fruity, flowery or spicy.
Estery Aroma or flavor reminiscent of flowers or fruits.
Fahrenheit (degrees) F = ((Cx9)/( 5) + 32.
Fermentation Conversion of sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, through the action of yeast.
Final specific gravity Specific gravity of a beer when fermentation is complete (that is, all fermentable sugars have been
fermented).
Fining An aid to clarification: a substance that attracts particles that would otherwise remain suspended in the
brew.
Filter The removal of designated impurities by passing the wort through a medium, sometimes made of
diatomaceous earth ( made up of the microscopic skeletal remains of marine animals). Yeast in suspension
 is often targeted for removal.
Fruity/Estery Flavor and aroma of bananas, strawberries, apples, or other fruit; from high temperature fermentation and
certain yeast strains.
Grainy Tastes like cereal or raw grain.
Gravity See specific gravity.
Grist Brewers' term for milled grains, or the combination of milled grains to be used in a particular brew. Derives
from the verb to grind. Also sometimes applied to hops.
Hand Pump A device for dispensing draft beer using a pump operated by hand. The use of a hand pump allows the
cask-conditioned beer to be served without the use of pressurized carbon dioxide.
Hang Lingering bitterness or harshness.
Hard Cider A fermented beverage made from apples.
Heat Exchanger A mechanical device used to rapidly reduce the temperature of the wort.
Hefe A German word meaning "yeast". Used mostly in conjunction with wheat (weiss) beers to denote that the
beer is bottled or kegged with the yeast in suspension (hefe-weiss). These beers are cloudy, frothy and,
very refreshing.
Hogshead Cask holding 54 imperial gallons ( 243 liters ).
Hop back Sieve-like vessel used to strain out the petals of the hop flowers. Known as a hop jack in the United States.
Hops Herb added to boiling wort or fermenting beer to impart a bitter aroma and flavor.
Hoppy Aroma of hops, does not include hop bitterness.
Infusion Simplest form of mash, in which grains are soaked in water. May be at a single temperature, or with
upward or (occasionally) downward changes.
IBU International Bitterness units. A system of indicating the hop bitterness in finished beer.
Keg One-half barrel, or 15.5 U. S. gallons. A half keg or, 7.75 U. S. gallons, is referred to as a pony-keg.
Kräusening The addition of a small proportion of partly fermented wort to a brew during lagering. Stimulates
secondary fermentation and imparts a crisp, spritzy character.
Lager Beers produced with bottom fermenting yeast strains, Saccharomyces uvarum (or carlsbergensis) at colder
fermentation temperatures than ales. This cooler environment inhibits the natural production of esters and
other byproducts, creating a crisper tasting product.
Lagering From the German word for storage. Refers to maturation for several weeks or months at cold temperatures
(close to 0°C /32°F) to settle residual yeast, impart carbonation and make for clean round flavors.
Lauter To run the wort from the mash tun. From the German word to clarify. A lauter tun is a separate vessel to
do this job. It uses a system of sharp rakes to achieve a very intensive extraction of malt sugars.
Lauter Tun See mash tun.
Length The amount of wort brewed each time the brew house is in operation.
Light-Struck Skunklike smell; from exposure to light.
Liquor The brewer's word for water used in the brewing process, as included in the mash or, used to sparge the
grains after mashing.
Malt (ing) The process by which barley is steeped in water, germinated ,then kilned to convert insoluble starch to
soluble substances and sugar. The foundation ingredient of beer.
Malt Extract The condensed wort from a mash, consisting of maltose, dextrins and, other dissolved solids. Either as a
syrup or powdered sugar, it is used by brewers, in solutions of water and extract, to reconstitute wort for
fermentation.
Malt Liquor A legal term used in the U.S. to designate a fermented beverage of relatively high alcohol content (7%-8%
by volume).
Mash (Verb) To release malt sugars by soaking the grains in water. (Noun) The resultant mixture.
Mash Tun A tank where grist is soaked in water and heated in order to convert the starch to sugar and extract the
sugars and other solubles from the grist.
Maltose A water soluble, fermentable sugar contained in malt.
Mead Meads are produced by the fermentation of honey, water, yeast and optional ingredients such as fruit,
herbs, and/or spices. According to final gravity, they are categorized as: dry (0.996 to 1009); medium
(1010 to 1019); or sweet (1020 or higher). Wine, champagne, sherry, mead, ale or lager yeasts may be
used.
Medicinal Chemical or phenolic character; can be the result of wild yeast, contact with plastic, or sanitizer residue.
Metallic Tastes tinny, bloodlike or coinlike; may come from bottle caps.
Microbrewery Small brewery generally producing less than 15,000 barrels per year. Sales primarily off premises.
Mouthfeel A sensation derived from the consistency or viscosity of a beer, described, for example as thin or full.
Musty Moldy, mildewy character; can be the result of cork or bacterial infection.
Original gravity A measurement of the density of fermentable sugars in a mixture of malt and water with which a brewer
begins a given batch.
Oxidized Stale flavor of wet cardboard, paper, rotten pineapple, or sherry, as a result of oxygen as the beer ages or
is exposed to high temperatures.
Pasteurization Heating of beer to 60-79(°C/140-174°F to stabilize it microbiologically. Flash-pasteurization is applied very
briefly, for 15-60 seconds by heating the beer as it passes through the pipe. Alternately, the bottled beer
can be passed on a conveyor belt through a heated tunnel. This more gradual process takes at least 20
minutes and sometimes much longer.
Phenolic Flavor and aroma of medicine, plastic, Band-Aids, smoke, or cloves; caused by wild yeast or bacteria, or
sanitizer residue.
Pitch To add yeast to wort.
Plato, degrees Expresses the specific gravity as the weight of extract in a 100 gram solution at 64°F (17.5°C). Refinement
of the Balling scale.
Priming The addition of sugar at the maturation stage to promote a secondary fermentation.
Pub An establishment that serves beer and sometimes other alcoholic beverages for consumption on premise.
The term originated in England and is the shortened form of "public house".
Publican The owner or manager of a pub.
Regional specialty brewery A brewery that produces more than 15,000 barrels of beer annually, with its largest selling product a
specialty beer.
Reinheitsgebot "Purity Law" originating in Bavaria in 1516 and now applied to all German brewers making beer for
consumption in their own country. It requires that only malted grains, hops, yeast and water may be used
in the brewing.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae See Top-fermenting yeast.
Saccharomyces uvarum See Bottom-fermenting yeast.
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis See Bottom-fermenting yeast.
Salty Flavor like table salt; experienced on the side of the tongue.
Secondary fermentation Stage of fermentation occurring in a closed container from several weeks to several months.
Shelf life Describes the number of days a beer will retain it's peak drinkability. The shelf life for commercially
produced beers is usually a maximum of four months.
Solventlike Reminiscent of acetone or lacquer thinner; caused by high fermentation temperatures.
Sour/Acidic Vinegarlike or lemonlike; can be caused by bacterial infection.
Specific gravity A measure of the density of a liquid or solid compared to that of water ((1.000 at 39°F (4°C)).
Sparge To spray grist with hot water in order to remove soluble sugars (maltose). This takes place at the end of
the mash.
Squares Brewers' term for a square fermenting vessel.
Sweet Taste like sugar; experienced on the front of the tongue.
Sulfurlike Reminiscent of rotten eggs or burnt matches; a by-product of some yeast's.
Tart Taste sensation cause by acidic flavors.
Terminal gravity Synonym for final specific gravity.
Top-fermenting yeast One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Top-fermenting yeast works better at warmer temperatures
and are able to tolerate higher alcohol concentrations than bottom-fermenting yeast. It is unable to
ferment some sugars, and results in a fruitier, sweeter beer. Also known as "ale yeast".
Tun Any large vessels used in brewing. In America, "tub" is often preferred.
Units of bitterness See IBU.
Vinous Reminiscent of wine.
Winy Sherrylike flavor; can be caused by warm fermentation or oxidation in very old beer.
Wort The solution of grain sugars strained from the mash tun. At this stage, regarded as "sweet wort", later as
brewed wort, fermenting wort and finally beer.
Wort Chiller See heat exchanger.
Yeast A micro-organism of the fungus family. Genus Saccharomyces.
Yeasty Yeastlike flavor; a result of yeast in suspension or beer sitting too long on sediment.
Hop Guide

Humulus Lupulus (hops) are the flowering cone of a perennial vining plant and a cousin of the cannabis variety (sorry no THC in this stuff) that
typically thrives in climates similar to the ones that grapes do. Hop plants are dioecious, meaning the males and females flower on separate
plants -- and the female cones are used in the brewing process. Hops are the age old seasoning of the beer, the liquid gargoyles who ward-off
spoilage from wild bacteria and bringers of balance to sweet malts. They also lend a hand in head retention, help to clear beer (acting as a
natural filter) and please the palate by imparting their unique characters and flavours. Basically, hops put the "bitter" in beer.

The following is a growing list of different hop varieties.

Type Description
Ahtanum Ahtanum is an aroma-type cultivar bred by Yakima Chief Ranches. Its name is derived from the area near
Yakima where the first hop farm was established in 1869 by Charles Carpenter. (alpha acid: 5.7-6.3% /
beta acid: 5.0-6.5%)
Amarillo Amarillo is an aroma-type cultivar of recent origin, discovered and introduced by Virgil Gamache Farms Inc.
(alpha acid: 8-11% / beta acid: 6-7% )
Cascade Cascade is an aroma-type cultivar which originated as the first commercial hop from the USDA-ARS
breeding program. It was bred in 1956 but not released for cultivation until 1972. It reached its peak in
1975 when it produced 13.3% of the total American crop. It was obtained by crossing an English Fuggle
with a male plant, which originated from the Russian variety Serebrianka with a Fuggle male plant.

A very popular U.S. variety, with a moderate bitterness level and fragrant, flowery aroma. Cascade is often
used in highly hopped West Coast ales that have a citrus-floral hop character. (alpha acid: 4.5-6.0% / beta
acid: 5.0-7.0% )
Centennial Centennial is an aroma-type cultivar, bred in 1974 and released in 1990. The genetic composition is 3/4
Brewers Gold, 3/32 Fuggle, 1/16 East Kent Golding, 1/32 Bavarian and 1/16 unknown.

A relatively new hop on the market, this hop used to be called CFJ90. Described by some as a "Super
Cascade" and we tend to agree, but it's not nearly as "citrusy". Some even use it for aroma as well as
bittering. Bitterness is quite clean and can have floral notes depending on the boil time. (alpha acid: 9.5-
11.5% / beta acid: 4.0-5.0%)
Chinook Chinook is a bittering variety with aroma characteristics released in May, 1985. It was bred by crossing a
Petham Golding with the USDA 63012 male.

A high alpha acid hop with a wonderful herbal, almost smoky character when used as an aromatic during
the last few minutes of the boil when dry hoping. Excellent for hopping American-style Pale Ales, especially
those brewed to higher gravities. (alpha acid: 12.0-14.0% / beta acid: 3.0-4.0%)
Columbus This high alpha variety has a pungent aroma and clean bittering. Excellent for bitter ales and American IPA
styles, and can be dramatic when dry hopped. (average alpha acid: 12%)
Cluster Cluster originated from mass selection of the Cluster hop, which is an old American cultivar. It is suggested
that they arose from hybridization of varieties, imported by Dutch and English settlers and indigenous male
hops. (alpha acid: 5.5-8.5% / beta acid: 4.5-5.5%)
Crystal Crystal is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, released for commercial production in 1993. It originates from a
seedling selection (No. 8309-37) made at Corvallis in 1983 between the colchicine - induced tetraploid
'Hallertau mf' (USDA 21397) and the diploid male downy mildew resistant aroma hop, USDA 21381M.
Crystal is a half-sister of Mt. Hood and Liberty. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-6.7%)
Fuggle Fuggle is an aroma-type cultivar selected in England as a chance seedling in 1861. It reached its peak in
the U.K. in 1949 when 78% of the English crops were grown as Fuggle. It is also marketed as Styrian
(Savinja) Golding in the Slovenian Republic. In the USA it is grown in Oregon and Washington State.

Superb in English-style ales, and lends a unique character not imparted by the more subtle American-
grown Fuggles. (alpha acid: 3.8-5.5% / beta acid: 1.5-2.0%)
Galena Galena is a bittering-type cultivar which was bred in 1968 from Brewers Gold and an open pollination, i.e.
an unknown male plant. It was released for cultivation in 1978.

Galena is the most "mellow" hop of the high-alpha varieties, and has replaced Cluster as the most widely
 grown US hop. The bitterness is clean and well balanced. Great general purpose bittering hop. (alpha acid:
12.5-14.0% / beta acid: 7.5-9.0%)
Golding Golding is a group of aroma-type cultivars originating in England. Over the decades, the group has been
changed and widened. Mostly they have been named after villages in East Kent, (Petham, Rothersham,
Canterbury, Eastwell) or hop farmers, who grew them (Amos's Early Bird, Cobbs).

English Goldings grown in East Kent, are a premium hop, called East Kent Golding and should not be
confused with U.K. Goldings, which are grown in other parts such as Kent, Worcestershire, Hampshire and
Herefordshire. The cultivar grown in the USA (Oregon and Washington State) is a Canterbury Golding.

The premier English aroma hop. Superb in English-style ales, and lend a unique character to fine lagers as
well. This hop has a unique spicy aroma and refined flavor. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 2.0-3.0%)
Hallertau mf Hallertau mf (Mittelfrueh) is an aroma-type cultivar which originated in Germany as a land - race hop. The
original Hallertau mf in Germany has been replaced with other Hallertau types with similar quality
characteristics. The name indicates that it is a middle to early ripening cultivar.

If you are looking to brew an authentic European-style lager, this is the best choice. Mild spicy flavor and
aroma. (alpha acid: 3.5-5.5% / beta acid: 3.5-5.5%)
Horizon Horizon is a high alpha-aroma cultivar, a diploid seedling result of a cross made in 1970 between the USDA
65009 female plant (with Brewers Gold and Early Green lineage) and the male plant 64035M. It was
released as a commercial variety in 1998. (alpha acid: 10.2-16.5% / beta acid: 6.5-8.5%)
Liberty Liberty is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, the result in 1983 of the colchicine induced tetrapcoid female
cultivar Hallertau mf and a downy mildew resistant male, USDA 64035M. It is a half-sister to Ultra, Mt.
Hood and Crystal. (alpha acid: 3.5-4.5% / beta acid: 3.0-3.5%)
Magnum Magnum is a bittering/aroma type cultivar, bred in 1980 at Huell, the German Hop Research Instititute,
from the American variety Galena and the German male 75/5/3. (alpha acid: 10.0-12.6% / beta acid: 5.0-
7.0%)
Mount Hood Mt. Hood is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, the 1983 result of a cross between the colchicine - induced
tetraploid female Hallertau mf (USDA 21397) and the USDA 19058M, male plant. It is a half-sister to Ultra,
Liberty and Crystal.

An aromatic variety derived from Hallertau with a refined, spicy aroma and clean bittering. A good choice
for lagers. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-7.5%)
Northern Brewer Northern Brewer is a bittering-type cultivar, bred in 1934 in England from a Canterbury Golding female
plant and the male plant OB21. Northern Brewer has been used in the breeding process of many newer
varieties. This cultivar is grown in England, Belgium, Germany and the USA.

A strong fragrant hop with a rich rough-hewn flavor and aroma, ideal for steam-style beers and ales.
Northern Brewer has a unique mint-like evergreen flavor. (alpha acid: 8.0-10.0%/ beta acid: 3.0-5.0%)
Nugget Nugget is a bittering-type cultivar, bred in 1970 from the USDA 65009 female plant and USDA 63015M.
The lineage of Nugget is 5/8 Brewers Gold, 1/8 Early Green, 1/16 Canterbury Golding, 1/32 Bavarian and
5/32 unknown.

Nugget is a great bittering hop with a heavy herbal aroma. (alpha acid: 12.5-14.5% / beta acid: 4.0-6.0%)
Perle Perle is an aroma-type cultivar, bred in 1978 in Germany from Northern Brewer. It is grown in Germany,
Belgium and the U. S. A.

Perle is a newer variety, originally from Germany but now grown quite successfully in the US. Perle is a
medium alpha hop with a very clean, almost minty bitterness and pleasant aroma. (alpha acid: 7.0-9.5% /
beta acid: 4.0-5.0%)
Saaz Saaz is the traditional noble hop for true pilsner beer. Saaz is famous for its spicy, clean bitterness.
(average alpha acid: 3.0%)
Satus Satus is a bittering-type cultivar of recent origin. (alpha acid: 12.5-14.0% / beta acid: 8.5-9.0%)
Simcoe Simcoe is a bittering/aroma type cultivar bred by Yakima Chief Ranches. (alpha acid: 12.0-14.0% / beta
acid: 4.0-5.0%)
Spalt Select Spalt Select is an aroma – type cultivar, bred in Germany and released for cultivation in the late 1980's. It
is grown in Germany in the Hallertau and Spalt areas and in the U.S.A. in Washington State. (alpha acid:
3.5-5.5% / beta acid: 3.0-4.5%)
Sterling Sterling is an aroma cultivar, a diploid seedling made in 1990 with a 21522 female plant and a 21361 male
plant. Its parentage is 1/2 Saazer, 1/4 Cascade, 1/8 64035M (unknown German aroma X open
pollination),1/16 Brewers Gold, 1/32 Early Green, and 1/32 unknown. (alpha acid: 4.5-5.0% / beta acid:
5.0-6.0%)
Tettnang Tettnang is an aroma-type cultivar which originated in the Tettnang hop growing area of Germany as a
land-race hop. It is grown in the U.S.A. in Oregon and Washington State.
 The original noble hop from the Tettnang region of Germany, ideal for your finest lagers and wheat beers.
This limited availability hop has a fine, pure aroma, that is not present in United States grown Tettnanger.
(alpha acid: 4.0-5.0% / beta acid: 3.5-4.5%)
Tomahawk Tomahawk is a bittering hop of recent origin, bred by Charles Zimmermann. It is the first commercially
grown 'Super Alpha' variety. In 1998 it contributed to 11% of the USA hop crop. (alpha acid: 14.0-18.0% /
beta acid: 4.5-5.8%)
Ultra Ultra is a triploid aroma-type cultivar, originated in 1983 from a cross between the colchicine-induced
tetraploid Hallertau mf (USDA 21397) and the diploid Saazer-derived male genotype (USDA 21237m). Ultra
is the half-sister to Mt. Hood, Liberty and Crystal. Its genetic composition is 4/6 Hallertau mf, 1/6 Saazer,
and 1/6 unknown. This cultivar was released for commercial production in March, 1995. (alpha acid: 4.5-
5.0% / beta acid: 3.6-4.7%)
US Fuggle A mild-flavored English-style hop grown in Oregon, with a fragrant wood-like aroma. Milder in character
than English Fuggles. This hop imparts a smooth, well rounded hop character. (average alpha acid: 3.9%)
Vanguard Vanguard is a diploid seedling made in 1982 between USDA 21285, which has Hallertau mf parentage and
USDA 64037m. It was released for cultivation in 1997. (alpha acid: 5.0-6.0% / beta acid: 5.0-7.0%)
Warrior Warrior is a bittering hop of a recent origin, bred by Yakima Chief Ranches. (alpha acid: 15.0-17.0% / beta
acid: 4.5-5.5%)
Willamette Willamette is a triploid aroma-type hop, which originated in the mid 1970’s and is a seedling of Fuggle. It is
a very popular aroma hop, contributing in 1998 to 18% of the total USA hop crop.

A variation on English Fuggle hops grown in Oregon and Washington. Willamette has a fragrant spicy
woody aroma. An excellent American aromatic hops for ales and lagers. (alpha acid: 4.0-6.0% / beta acid:
3.5-4.5%)

Malt & Adjunct Guide

Malts (and adjuncts) provide the fermentable sugars that are required to make beer (and to make beer "sweet"). The process of malting
converts insoluble starch to soluble starch, reduces complex proteins, generates nutrients for yeast development, and develops enzymes.

The following is a growing list of different malt & adjunct types.

Type Description
Base Malts Base malts usually account for a large percent of the total grain bill, with darker-colored specialty malts
accounting for 10 to 25% of the grain bill. The only exception is wheat malt, which can make up to 100%
of the total grain bill in brewing wheat beers. Base malts and, to some extent, light-colored specialty malts
provide most of the enzymatic (diastatic) power to convert starches into fermentable sugars. The base
malts provide the highest extract potential. Dark-colored specialty malts, caramelized malts, roasted malts,
unmalted barely, and other malted grains are added in smaller quantities to obtain darker colors and to
enhance flavor characteristics. Depending on the style of beer brewed, the brewer may use only one or
two types of barley malts, or as many as seven or eight. Other grains used in brewing include corn, rye,
and oats.
Caramel Malts Caramel malt is made from green malt that is produced by drying the wet germinated barley at controlled
temperatures, causing the starches to convert to sugars and caramelize. The major variable in the process
is the roasting temperature, which determines the depth of the color and the degree of caramel flavor.
Caramelized malts come in a wide range of colors, from light to very dark amber, and with flavors ranging
from a mild sweet caramel to caramel/burnt sugar. It is primarily known for its color control but can also
provide body (dextrins), mouthfeel, and some sweetness. Caramel malt will also improve foam stability.
Light caramel malts accentuate the soft malt flavor, while darker caramel malts promote a caramel, slightly
sweet taste, European in flavor.
Dark Malts Specialty dark-colored malts have little or no enzyme activity because of high-temperature kilning or
roasting. Consequently, specialty malts cannot be used alone in a mash. These malts are used in relatively
smaller amounts than light-colored specialty malts because of their strong flavoring and coloring
components. Some styles of beers, such as stout and Bock, cannot be made without the use of these
specialty malts. Amber and brown malts are examples of specialty dark-colored malts.
Light Malts Light-colored specialty malts are kilned at higher temperatures than base malts and impart a deeper color
and a fuller malt flavor and aroma to the finished beer. Enzyme levels are lower than for base malts.
Vienna and Munich malts are examples of specialty light-colored malts.
 Pale Ale malt is most commonly associated with British ales, and has the flavor characteristic of full
maltiness. It is well modified, and is well suited to a single temperature infusion mash. It tends to have
fewer enzymes, although sufficient enough to allow up to 15% adjuncts in the mash. It also tends to have
a lower haze potential, and is less likely to produce DMS, which can lead to a 'sweet creamed corn' aroma.

Lager malt is less well modified in the malting process, and so is better suited to a program temperature
mash. It typically has a high protein content, and has a thick husk which is rich in polyphenols (tannins),
which can lead to protein haze and astringency. The 2-row variety tends to be lower in enzyme and protein
levels and has a thinner husk than the 6-row malt, but this quality depends more on the strain of barley
used to make the malt.
Roasted Malts Chocolate malt is not roasted quite as long as black malt; consequently, it is lighter in color – more dark
brown – and retains some of the aromatics and flavor of malt’s sweetness. It imparts a nutty, roasted
flavor to the beer but does not make it as bitter as black malt. There are no enzymes in chocolate malt.
Chocolate is an essential ingredient in porters and stouts and can be used in mild ales, brown ales, and old
ales, and can be incorporated into the grist of dark lagers.

Making black malt involves roasting the malted barley at temperatures so high that they drive off all of the
aromatics (malt flavor). There are no enzymes in black malt. In excess, black malt will contribute a dry,
burnt flavor to the beer that may be perceived as a bitterness different from that derived from hops.
Corn Corn products have traditionally been the adjunct of choice among brewers. They are extremely consistent
in terms of quality, composition, and availability and produce a spectrum of fermentable sugars and
dextrins similar to that produced by malt upon enzymatic conversion.

Corn has a sweet, smooth flavor that is compatible with many styles of beer. It is the most popular adjunct
used in American breweries. It lowers the protein and polyphenol content of beers, thereby lightening body
and reducing haze potential. Corn will provide a somewhat neutral flavor to the finished beer. A "corn"
taste may be apparent, making it generally more suited to the sweeter dark beers and lagers than to the
drier pale ales. It is, however, one of the best adjuncts to use for full-bodied bitters. Some brewmasters
claim that the use of corn (10–20%) will help stabilize the flavor of beer.
Grits Grits consist of uncooked fragments of starchy endosperm derived from cereal grains. The starch of these
adjunct products is in its native form, and is not readily attacked by the malt diastase enzymes during
mashing. Consequently, these adjuncts must be processed by boiling in a cereal cooker to bring about
solubilization and gelatinization of the starch granules and render them susceptible to diastatic enzyme
attack. Unlike in America and Australia, grits are rarely used in British brewing, as cereal cookers are not
found in most traditional British breweries.
Malt Extracts Malt extracts can be used as a sole source of fermentable sugar, or they can be combined with barley malt.
The malt extract comes in the form of syrup or dried powder. If the final product is a dried powder, the
malt extract has undergone a complete evaporation process by means of "spray-drying," thus removing
almost all of the water. For simplicity, use an 85% conversion factor when substituting dried malt for
syrup. Syrups are more popular than dried malt extract, possibly because they are less trouble to store. A
common problem noticed in malt extract beers is the thin, dry palate, which correlates with a low terminal
gravity. Another common problem is the lack of a true "dark malt" flavor in dark beers.
Oats The high protein, fat, and oil content of oats is theoretically a deterrent to their use in brewing. However,
oats have been used in the brewing process, particularly in brewing oatmeal stout.
Refined Starches Refined starches can be prepared from many cereal grains. In commercial practice, refined wheat starch,
potato starch, and cornstarch have been used in breweries; corn starches, in particular, are used in the
preparation of glucose syrups. Wheat starch has been employed in breweries in Australia and Canada,
where local conditions make it economical to use. However, the most important source of refined starch is
corn.
Rice Rice is currently the second most widely used adjunct material in the U.S. in the production of light-colored
lager beers (30). Rice has almost no taste of its own, which is regarded as a positive characteristic since
the rice will not interfere with the basic malt character of the beer. It promotes dry, crisp, and snappy
flavors and is employed in several premium brands, including Budweiser. Some brewers prefer rice because
it has a lower oil content than corn grits. One disadvantage in using rice is the need to use an additional
cooking vessel because its gelatinization temperature is too high for adequate starch breakdown during
normal mashing.

Different types of rice vary widely in their suitability for use in brewing. Short-grain rice is preferred
because medium- and long-grain varieties can lead to viscosity problems. In milling rice, a certain
proportion of the rice kernels are chipped and broken, rendering them unsuited for table use because of
their impaired physical appearance. It is this portion of the broken rice that is designated as "brewer's
rice."
Syrups & Sugars The British are known for their use of syrups and sugars, which are mainly used as nitrogen dilutents. The
reduction in proteins leads to shorter fermentation periods, cleaner yeast, and sharper filtration (allowing
more beer to be processed with the same amount, or less, of filter aid). Another advantage in using syrups
and sugars is that the carbohydrate component can be controlled and custom manufactured to the needs
 of the brewer. Syrups and sugars also allow for shorter boiling times and high-gravity brewing, and they
can be used to expand brew house capacity. Finally, syrups and sugars are handled easily in bulk form.
Cereal adjuncts need handling systems such as conveyors, dust collectors, and milling operations. Brewing
syrups and sugars, having already undergone gelatinization and saccharification, can be added directly to
the kettle or can be used in priming, thereby bypassing the mashing operation.
Sugar Dextrose is also known as corn sugar and is available in the trade in the purified form as a spray dry or as
a crystalline powder. Dextrose sugar is added directly to the brew kettle during boiling.

Various grades of sucrose are used in the brewing industry. Few brewers today use raw sugar; most prefer
the more consistent products of the sugar refiner. Granulated sugar, the normal end product of the refining
process, may be added directly to the kettle, but usually is dissolved in a solution before being added.

Malto-dextrin is the most complex fraction of the products of starch conversion. It is tasteless, gummy, and
hard to dissolve. It is often said to add body (palate fullness) to beer, increase wort viscosity, and add
smoothness to the palate of low-malt beers. However, it is easy to increase the dextrin content of grain
beers by changing the mash schedule or using dextrin malt. Malto-dextrin is of interest mainly as a
supplement to extract brews.

Caramel is used in brewing as a flavor and/or coloring agent. For example, many milds and sweet stouts
contain caramel for both flavor and color. Caramel may be used either in the kettle or in primings to make
minor adjustments to the color of the beer, but the choice of malt grist and the grade of adjuncts added to
the kettle will determine the fundamental color of the beer.

Invert sugar is a mixture of dextrose (also called glucose) and fructose syrup.
Syrups The two major syrups used in brewing are sucrose- and starch-based. The sucrose-based syrups have
been refined from natural sources such as sugar cane or beets. The starch-based syrups are produced
from cereals by hydrolysis using acid, exogenous enzymes, or a combination of the two to produce a range
of syrups with different fermentabilities. In recent years, there has been a great development in the range
of starch-based syrups produced from corn and wheat. In the U.S., these adjuncts are produced
exclusively from yellow corn; while in Europe, they are produced from corn and wheat. The starch-based
syrups are commonly referred to as "glucose" syrups. This name is misleading, however, since the syrups
contain a large range of sugars, depending on the method of manufacture – dextrose, maltose,
maltotriose, maltotetraose, and larger dextrins.
Unmalted Barley Unmalted barley gives a rich, smooth, "grainy" flavor to beer. Unlike the other adjuncts, unmalted barley
will contribute foam (head) retention to the finished beer because of lower levels of proteolysis. However,
the nitrogenous and complex proteins that contribute to head retention also contribute to chill haze
problems. Clarity problems make unmalted barley inappropriate for light beers, which is one reason why
corn and rice are preferred. It is essential in dry stout, e.g., Guinness Stout.

Unmalted barley can be employed for as much as 50% of the total grist, but it usually makes up no more
than 10 to 15% as an adjunct. High levels of unmalted barley can lead to a slightly harsh taste in the beer.
It can also result in insufficient malt enzymes for the necessary hydrolysis of starch, protein, and beta-
glucans. Incomplete degradation of beta-glucans can increase wort viscosity and runoff times, which could
effect the stability of the finished product. These problems can be alleviated by employing a beta-glucans
rest at a range from 45 to 50ºC, the temperature optimum of beta-glucanase. Another approach is to
incorporate fungal or bacterial beta-glucanases and alpha-amylases to facilitate starch gelatinization in the
cooker and mash filtration.

Roasting unmalted barley at high temperatures makes roasted barley. Roasted barley is not black in
appearance; it is rather a rich, dark brown. It has an assertive, roasted flavor, similar to roasted coffee
beans, with a sharp, acrid after-palate, and is especially used in the making of dry stouts and porters. It
contributes significantly to the color of the beer, enhances head production and stabilization, and whitens
the head on the beer. There are no enzymes in roasted barley. Roasted barley produces a stronger, drier,
more bitter taste than roasted malt and is less aromatic and drier, with a more intense burnt flavor than
black malt.
Wheat Wheat malt, for obvious reasons, is essential in making wheat beers. Wheat is also used in malt-based
beers (3–5%) because its protein gives the beer a fuller mouthfeel and enhanced beer head stability. On
the down side, wheat malt contains considerably more protein than barley malt, often 13 to 18%, and
consists primarily of glutens that can result in beer haze. Compared to barley malt it has a slightly higher
extract, especially if the malt is milled somewhat finer than barely malt. European wheat malts are usually
lower in enzymes than American malts, probably because of the malting techniques or the varieties of
wheat used.

 
Yeast Guide

Yeast are single-celled microorganisms that reproduce by budding. They are biologically classified as fungi and are responsible for converting
fermentable sugars into alcohol and other byproducts. There are literally hundreds of varieties and strains of yeast. In the past, there were two
types of beer yeast: ale yeast (the "top-fermenting" type, Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and lager yeast (the "bottom-fermenting" type,
Saccharomyces uvarum, formerly known as Saccharomyces carlsbergensis). Today, as a result of recent reclassification of Saccharomyces
species, both ale and lager yeast strains are considered to be members of S. cerevisiae.

Top-Fermenting Yeast
Ale yeast strains are best used at temperatures ranging from 10 to 25°C, though some strains will not actively ferment below 12°C (33). Ale
yeasts are generally regarded as top-fermenting yeasts since they rise to the surface during fermentation, creating a very thick, rich yeast
head. That is why the term "top-fermenting" is associated with ale yeasts. Fermentation by ale yeasts at these relatively warmer temperatures
produces a beer high in esters, which many regard as a distinctive character of ale beers.

Top-fermenting yeasts are used for brewing ales, porters, stouts, Altbier, Kölsch, and wheat beers.

Bottom-Fermenting Yeast
Lager yeast strains are best used at temperatures ranging from 7 to 15°C. At these temperatures, lager yeasts grow less rapidly than ale
yeasts, and with less surface foam they tend to settle out to the bottom of the fermenter as fermentation nears completion. This is why they
are often referred to as "bottom" yeasts. The final flavour of the beer will depend a great deal on the strain of lager yeast and the
temperatures at which it was fermented.

Some of the lager styles made from bottom-fermenting yeasts are Pilsners, Dortmunders, Märzen, Bocks, and American malt liquors.

Spontaneous Fermentation
Beer that is exposed to the surrounding open air to allow natural/wild yeast and bacteria to literally infect the beer, are spontaneous fermented
beers. One of the typical yeasts is the Brettanomyces Lambicus strain. Beers produced in this fashion are sour, non-filtered and inspired by the
traditional lambics of the Zenne-region. This brewing method has been practised for decades in the West Flanders region of Belgium.

Byproducts of Yeast
Yeast impact the flavour and aroma of beer more than you might think. The flavour and aroma of beer is very complex, being derived from a
vast array of components that arise from a number of sources. Not only do malt, hops, and water have an impact on flavour, so does the
synthesis of yeast, which forms byproducts during fermentation and maturation. The most notable of these byproducts are, of course, ethanol
(alcohol) and carbon dioxide (CO2); but in addition, a large number of other flavour compounds are produced such as:

acetaldehyde (green apple aroma)

diacetyl (taste or aroma of buttery, butterscotch)
dimethyl sulfide (DMS) (taste or aroma of sweet corn, cooked veggies)
clove (spicy character reminiscent of cloves)
fruity / estery (flavour and aroma of bananas, strawberries, apples, or other fruit)
medicinal (chemical or phenolic character)
phenolic (flavour and aroma of medicine, plastic, Band-Aids, smoke, or cloves)
solvent (reminiscent of acetone or lacquer thinner)
sulfur (reminiscent of rotten eggs or burnt matches)

There are other yeast byproducts, and some of the listed can be both desired byproducts and/or undesired depending on the beer style or
what the brewer was trying to achieve.
 

 
History of American Beer

The following is a growing list of key milestones throughout the history of American beer.

Year Beer Milestone

1587 Virginia colonists brew ale using corn.
1607 First shipment of beer arrives in the Virginia colony from England.
1609 American "Help Wanted" advertisements appear in London seeking brewers for the Virginia Colony.
1612 Adrian Block & Hans Christiansen establish the first known brewery in the New World on the southern tip of New
Amsterdam (Manhattan).
1614 The first non-native American is born in New Amsterdam, (perhaps the first non-native American male born in the New
World) in Block & Christiansen's brewhouse. Jean Vigne grows up to become the first brewer born in the New World.
1620 Pilgrims arrive in Plymouth in the Colony of Massachusetts aboard the Mayflower. Beer is extremely short on board ship
and the seamen force the passengers ashore to ensure that they will have sufficient beer for their return trip to England.
1632 The West India Company builds a brewery on Brewers Street in New Amsterdam led by Governor Van Twiller.
1633 Peter Ninuit establishes a brewery at Market Field on Manhattan Island.
1634 Samuel Cole is the first to be licensed in Boston to operate a tavern.
1637 First authoritatively recorded brewery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the control of Captain Sedgwick.
1639 Sergeant Bauleton is placed in charge of a brewhouse in Providence, Rhode Island.
1670 Samuel Wentworth of Portsmouth obtains the first license to brew beer in New Hampshire.
1683 William Penn's colony erects a brewery at Peonshury near Bristol, Pennsylvania.

William Frampton erects the first brewery in Philadelphia on Front Street between Walnut and Spruce at the Dock Street
Creek.
1734 Mary Lisle, the first known "brewster" in America, takes over her late fathers Edinburgh Brewhouse in Philadelphia, which
she operates until 1751.
1738 Major William Horton builds the first brewery in the deep south at Jekyll Island, Georgia.
1754 George Washington enters a beer recipe in his notebook.
1762 The Theory and Practice of Brewing by Michael Combrune is published. This is the first attempt to establish rules and
principles for the art of brewing.
1765 The British Army builds a brewery at Fort Pitt (Pittsburgh, PA). The first brewery west of the Allegheny mountains.

A brewery is built in the French colonial settlement of Kaskaskia in what is now Illinois. It is the first brewery outside the
13 colonies.
1772 A mixture of dark to light malts called "Porter" is concocted in England. Exports begin to America but it fails to gain
popularity.
1774 Robert Smith begins a modest ale brewing venture at Saint John & Noble Streets in Philadelphia. Through relocations and
buy outs, the Robert Smith brand will survive until 1986 - 212 years.

The Single Brothers Brewery and Distillery opens in the Noravian religious settlement of Salem, North Carolina.
1775 Revolutionary War measures by Congress include rationing to each soldier one quart of Spruce Beer or Cider per man per
day.
1789 George Washington presents his "buy American" policy indicating he will only drink porter made in America.

Massachusetts passes an Act encouraging the manufacture and consumption of beer and ale.
1792 New Hampshire agrees not to tax brewing property.
1793 Philadelphia produces more beer than all the other seaports in the country.
1808 Nembers of the Congregational Church in Moreau, Saratoga County, New York form a temperance society.
1810 132 operating breweries produce 185,000 barrels of beer. Population of the country is 7 million.
 Jacques Delassas de St. Vrain begins brewing in St. Louis, Missouri (brewery destroyed by fire in 1812).
1815 The American Brewer and Maltster by Joseph Cappinger is published.
1819 A steam engine built by Thomas Holloway is installed in the brewery of Frances Perot in Philadelphia. This is the first
engine to be used in beer production in America.

Nathan Lyman starts the first brewery in Rochester, New York.

1820 Brewers report business off due to increased consumption of whiskey.
1826 American Society for the Promotion of Temperance formed in Boston (also known as the American Temperance Society).
1829 American Temperance Society has 100,000 members.

David G. Yuengling opens a brewery in the Pennsylvania coal town of Pottsville. It continues in 1995 as the oldest
operating brewery in the United States, still owned by the Yuengling family.
1830 Jacob Roos builds the first brewery in Buffalo, New York.
1832 Secretary of War Lewis Cass cancels the ration of liquor to the military.
1833 William Lill & Co. (Heas & Sulzer) start the first commercial brewery in Chicago and produce 600 barrels of ale in their
first year.

Membership in the country's five thousand temperance societies exceeds one and one quarter million.
1836 United States Temperance Union meets in Saratoga, New York and changes name to American Temperance Union.
Principle of total abstinence or "Teetotalism" is introduced.
1837 Rice and Kroener establish the first brewery in Evansville, Indiana.
1840 Philadelphia brewer John Wagner introduces lager beer.
1844 The Fortmann and Company Brewery introduces lager beer to Cincinnati.

Jacob Best starts a brewery in Milwaukee which later becomes the Pabst Brewing Co.
1846 Maine passes prohibition law.
1847 John Huck and John Schneider start the first lager beer brewery in Chicago.
1848 John Roesele starts a lager beer brewery in Boston.

Unrest in Germany causes many Germans to emigrate to America.

1849 August Krug forms a brewery in Milwaukee which evolved into the Schlitz Brewery.

Adam Schuppert Brewery at Stockton and Jackson Streets in San Francisco becomes California's first brewery.
1850 Mathias Frahm establishes Davenport, Iowa's first brewery.

431 breweries in the country produce 750,000 barrels of beer (31 gallons per barrel). The population is 23 million.
1852 George Schneider starts a brewery in St. Louis, Missouri. This brewery is the seed of the Anheuser-Busch Brewery.

San Francisco has 350 bar rooms to serve the hard-drinking population of 36,000.

Henry Saxer starts a brewing business (City Brewery) in Portland, Oregon Territory. This brewery was later owned by
Henry Weinhard.

Prohibition comes to Vermont.

Prohibition adopted in Massachusetts (repealed in 1868).

Rhode Island enacts prohibition (repealed in 1863).

Territory of Minnesota enacts a short-lived prohibition.

1853 Prohibition voted in for Michigan.
1854 Prohibition begins in Connecticut.
1855 German brewer William Menger starts a lager beer brewery in San Antonio, Texas. This is the first brewery in that city.

Prohibition adopted in New York, New Hampshire, Delaware, Indiana, Iowa, and the Nebraska Territory.
1856 The Benedictine Society of Saint Vincent's Abbey opens a commercial brewery in their Monastery near Latrobe,
Pennsylvania.
1857 The largest brewery in the West is the Chicago brewery of William Lill and Michael Diversey.
1859 Solomon, Taecher & Co. start Colorado's first brewery, the Rocky Mountain Brewery.
1860 1269 breweries produce over one million barrels of beer for a population of 31 million. New York and Pennsylvania
 account for 85% of the production.
1861 Internal Revenue System introduced.
1862 Ernest Weisgerber builds Idaho's first brewery (in Lewistown).

Internal Revenue Act taxes beer at the rate of one dollar per barrel to help finance the government during the Civil War.

37 New York breweries form an association that would officially become the United States Brewers Association in 1864.
1863 161,607 barrels of beer are produced in the New England states.

Thomas Smith, Christian Ritcher, and Henry Gilbert found the first brewery in Montana Territory (Virginia City).
1865 Mathew Vassar, a prominent Poughkeepsie, New York brewer, founds Vassar College, the first privately endowed school
for women.

National Temperance Society and Publication House formed in Saratoga, New York.
1866 Internal Revenue issues stamp regulations requiring application of tax stamps to barrels of beer leaving the brewery.

Levin & Co.'s pioneer Brewery in Tucson is the first to operate in the Arizona Territory.
1867 Prohibition efforts in Iowa and New York fail.

3700 breweries in operation in America producing 6 million barrels of beer.

1868 John Siebel opens a brewing school which later becomes the Siebel Institute of Technology.

Publication of the monthly magazine The American Brewer begins in January.

1869 Prohibition Party organized in Chicago.

Another prohibition law enacted in Massachusetts (repealed 1875).

Best Brewing Co. (later Pabst) begins expansion in Milwaukee with the purchase of Charles T. Melms' Brewery.
1871 A number of Chicago breweries destroyed by fire started by Mrs. O'Leary's cow: Doyle & Co., Huck, Jerusalem, Lill &
Diversey, Metz, Mueller, Sands, and K. G. Schmidt.
1872 Anheuser adopts A and Eagle trademark.

First brewery workers' strike in New York City.

Prohibitionist presidential candidate James Black draws 5608 votes.

1873 4131 breweries (record number) produce 9 million barrels of beer.

Adolphus Busch begins bottling of beer for large scale shipments at the Anheuser Brewery in St. Louis (bottling was not
new - only the magnitude of this venture).
1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union formed.
1875 First lager beer in California brewed by Boca Brewing Co. in Boca.
1876 Louis Pasteur publishes "Studies on Beer" showing how yeast organisms can be controlled.
1877 George Ehret of New York is the largest brewer in the country.
1879 Ballantine adopts three ring trademark.
1880 Frederick Salem authors "Beer, Its History and Its Economic Value as a National Beverage." The book is his argument for
beer as a temperance measure. It offers the motto "Beer against Whisky."

Internal Revenue Department records indicate 2830 ale and lager breweries in operation.

U. S. Brewers Academy established.

1880-1910 Number of breweries declines. Improved methods of production and distribution mean fewer breweries can manufacture
more beer. By 1910 number of breweries drops to around 1500.
1882 National Brewers' and Distillers' Association formed.
1884 Adolphus Busch of St. Louis and Otto Koehler establish the Lone Star Brewing Co. in San Antonio, Texas.
1885 An injunction closes the John Walruff Brewery in Lawrence, Kansas which had flaunted prohibition laws for five years. He
appeals on the basis that prohibition laws constitute illegal confiscation of property.
1886 John Walruff wins appeal in lower courts. Case taken to Supreme Court.

National Union of the Brewers of the United States established.

Abraham Cohen establishes the first brewery in Alaska at Juneau.

1887 United States Supreme Court rules in John Walruff case that Kansas was not depriving Walruff of his property, but merely
abating a nuisance and prohibiting the injurious use of that property.

Master Brewers' Association organized.

Tuscarora Advertising Company formed in Coshocton, Ohio producing a wide variety of advertising items.
1888 Standard Advertising Company founded by H. D. Beach in Coschocton, Ohio in competition with Tuscarora Advertising.

Brewery employees strike in New York, Chicago, and Milwaukee.

A British syndicate under the name New York Breweries Co. is formed through the purchase of H. Claussen & Son
Brewing Co. and Flanagan, Nay & Co.
1889 One of the first big brewery mergers takes place. Franz Falk Brewing Co. and Jung and Borchert in Milwaukee merge to
form Falk, Jung & Borchert Brewing Co. This brewery was taken over four years later by Pabst.

A British syndicate proposes a plan to merge Schlitz, Pabst, and Blatz in Milwaukee. Schlitz and Pabst decline the offer.
Blatz sells part of its business to Milwaukee and Chicago Breweries Ltd.

Eighteen St. Louis breweries merge into the English syndicate St. Louis Brewing Association.
1890 Six New Orleans brewers combine to form the New Orleans Brewing Co.
1892 British syndicates start price wars. Prices in Chicago decrease from $6.00 per barrel to $3.50 and $4.00 per barrel.

Crown cap invented by William Painter of Crown Cork and Seal Co. in Baltimore.

Wood pulp coaster invented by Robert Smith of Dresden, Germany.

1893 Anti-Saloon League founded by Rev. Howard Hyde Russell with the goal of suppressing the saloon.
1898 Beer barrel tax raised to $2.00 during Spanish American War. Beer sales decline.

The Royal Brewery is the first to operate in Hawaii.

1899 The Pittsburgh Brewing Company formed by the consolidation of twenty one Pittsburgh brewers.
1900 Woman's Christian Temperance Union member Carrie Nation does a hatchet job on the Carey Hotel in Wichita, Kansas.
1901 Ten Boston brewers merge into Massachusetts Breweries Company, Ltd.

Sixteen Baltimore brewers consolidate into the Gottlieb-Bauernschmidt-Straus Brewing Company.

Barrel tax on beer reduced to $1.60.

1902 Barrel tax on beer reduced to $1.00.
1905 Independent Brewing Company formed by fifteen Pittsburgh breweries.
1909 United States Brewers Association yearbook discusses the problems of poor conditions in saloons and the need for a
cleanup.
1912 Nine states vote dry.
1913 Webb-Kenyon bill passed prohibiting the interstate shipment of alcoholic beverages to dry states.
1914 Resolution to prohibit liquor through a constitutional amendment loses in the House due to lack of required two-thirds
majority vote (197 for, 190 against).

Fourteen states dry.

Secretary of Navy Josephus Daniels orders prohibition of alcohol on Naval ships and Naval installations.
1916 Twenty-three states dry.

Six San Francisco breweries consolidate.

1917 District of Columbia passes a prohibition law.

Distilleries closed by Food Control Law.

1919 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution ratified on January 16 calling for national prohibition to take effect one year
from the date of ratification.

House of Representatives Bill No. 6810 presented in May by Rep. Volstead establishing the apparatus for the enforcement
of prohibition. The bill was passed October 10, vetoed by President Wilson on October 27. The veto was subsequently
overridden by Congressional vote.
1920s Near beers brewed during prohibition: Pablo by Pabst, Famo by Schlitz, Vivo by Miller, Lux-O by Stroh and Bevo by
Anheuser.-Busch.
1920 Association Against the Prohibition Amendment organized by William H. Stayton.
1921 300 million gallons of "near beer" produced.
1922 Prohibitionist Volstead defeated in Minnesota elections.

Anthony & Kuhn Brewery of St. Louis sold to a laundry.

1923 The Moderation League is formed.
1926 Montana votes to repeal the state prohibition enforcement law. Other states follow suit.
1929 The Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform started.
1930 The Crusaders formed protesting the lawlessness, crime, and corruption brought on by Prohibition.

American Brewers Association formed.

1931 American Legion votes for a referendum of national prohibition.
1932 86 million gallons of near beer produced.
1933 The Cullen Bill is passed in March allowing states which did not have state prohibition laws to sell 3.2% beer. It also
instituted a $5.00 per barrel tax on beer. On April 7, 1933 the legalization of beer takes effect via the 21st Amendment
repealing the 18th.

31 brewers back in operation by June.

1934 756 brewers back in operation.
1935 Canned beer introduced by American Can Company and Krueger Brewing Co. of Newark, New Jersey on June 24.

Schlitz introduces cone top can produced by Continental Can Company.

Falstaff Brewing Co. of St. Louis leases the Krug Brewing Company of Omaha, Nebraska. This touches off a wave of
acquisitions by large brewers.
1936 United Brewers Industrial Foundation formed.

Brewing Industry, Inc. formed.

1940 Beer production at level of preprohibition years with half the number of breweries in operation as in 1910.

Barrel tax raised from $5.00 to $6.00.

1941 All brewers' associations united under the United States Brewers' Association.
1943 Brewers are required to allocate 15% of their production for military use.
1944 Barrel tax raised to $8.00.
1949-1958 185 breweries close down or sell out.
1950 407 breweries in operation.
1951 Anheuser-Busch of St. Louis builds a new brewery in Newark, New Jersey starting a trend for expansion of breweries.

Barrel tax raised to $9.00.

1953 Anheuser-Busch buys the St. Louis Cardinals baseball team.
1954 First l6oz can introduced by Schlitz.
1959 Aluminum can introduced by Coors of Golden, Colorado.
1960 Aluminum can top introduced.
1961 230 breweries in operation. Only 140 are independently run.
1962 Tab top can introduced by Pittsburgh Brewing Company.
1964 Haffenreffer brews the last beer in Boston. After 300 years of brewing history, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts
found itself without an operating brewery.
1965 "Ring Pull" can introduced.
1969 Canned beer outsells bottled beer for the first time.

Fritz Maytag takes ownership of the Anchor Brewing Co. in San Francisco, CA. It is not obvious at the time, but a
revolution has begun. He brews high quality beer for non-main stream tastes.
1970 A small group of collectors of brewery advertising items form the first club in the nation devoted to that hobby - The
Eastern Coast Breweriana Association (ECBA).
1971 Philip Morris Co. acquires Miller Brewing Co.
1972 State of Oregon becomes the first state to adopt a container deposit law.
1977 The first ale is served in a new brewery in Sonoma, CA. Jack McAuliffe's venture is short lived, but the New Albion
Brewery will become known as America's first "Micro Brewery", or "Craft Brewery".
 President Jimmy Carter's brother debuts his "Billy Beer."
1978 Homebrewing made federally legal in the United States.
1981 First ever Great American Beer Festival (GABF) is held in Colorado -- now America's oldest and largest beer tasting and
competition.
1982 For the first time since prohibition, a brewery is allowed to open that not only sells its' beer at its' own bar on premises,
but serves food to boot. In Bert Grant's Yakima Brewing and Malting Co., Inc., the Brew Pub is born.
1983 In January, 51 brewing concerns are operating a total of 80 breweries. This is the low water mark for breweries in the
20th century.

The top six breweries (Anheuser-Busch, Miller, Heileman, Stroh, Coors, and Pabst) control 92% of U. S. beer production.
1984 44 Brewing concerns are operating a total of 83 breweries.

Micro Breweries begin to spread: Riley-Lyon (AR): Boulder (CO); Snake River (ID); Millstream (IA); Columbia River (OR);
Kessler (MT); Chesapeake Bay (VA).

Manhatten Brewing Co., in New York City's SOHO section, becomes the first Brew Pub on the east coast.

Jim Koch establishes the Boston Beer Company.

1990 307 years after William Frampton opened his brewery on Philadelphia's Dock Street Creek, he is memorialized through
the opening of the Dock Street Brewing Co.

Producing 31,000 bbls. of beer, the Sierra Nevada Brewery in Chico, CA becomes the first start up micro brewery to break
out of that classification (considered 25,000 bbl or less).
1994 It becomes legal to put the alcohol content of beer on containers.

California begins the year with 84 Micro Breweries or Brewpubs in operation - one more than there were breweries in the
nation 10 years earlier.

Attendees at the Woman's Christian Temperance Union convention are admonished to recapture the spirit of Carrie
Nation.

Year end production figures rank the top 5 brewers as: Anheuser.Busch (87.5 million bbls.); Miller (42.6 million bbls.);
Adolph Coors (20.3 million bbls.); Stroh's (11.8 million bbls.); G. Heileman (8.4 million bbls.)
1995 Approximately 500 breweries are operating in the United States, and they are estimated to increase at a rate of 3 or 4
per week.

Todd Alstrom writes his first beer review on a napkin in Northampton, MA; Berkshire's Steel Rail Extra Pale Ale.
1996 1,102 craft breweries produce 5.3 million barrels; a record 333 new brewpubs and microbreweries open in one year.

BeerAdvocate.com launches.
1997 1,315 craft breweries produce 5.5 million barrels of beer.
1998 1,376 craft breweries produce 5.5 million barrels of beer. A crowded industry feels the strain of such a large number of
producers and begins to correct itself, resulting in the closing of many brewpubs and microbreweries across the nation.
1999 1,147 craft breweries produce 5.8 million barrels as the craftbrewing industry begins a period of more stable, consistent
growth.
2000 1,147 craft breweries produce 6.1 million barrels of beer.
2001 1,458 breweries produce 6.2 million barrels of beer. Annual dollar volume for craft beer is $3.4 billion. US brewing
industry total is $51 billion.
 

 
Get to Know Your Alcohol (By Volume)

Alcohol By Volume
Alcohol by volume (ABV) simply represents what portion of the total volume of liquid is alcohol. Our liquid of choice is, of course, beer. And to
determine the ABV of a beer, a brewer typically uses what's called a hydrometer, which is an instrument that aids in measuring the density of
liquid in relation to water (it essentially free-floats in a cylinder or liquid). The hydrometer will be calibrated to read 1.000 in water (at 60°F),
and the denser the liquid (example: add sugar to the liquid), the higher the hydrometer reading.

Okay, so how does this relate to beer? Well, before yeast cells are introduced to ferment beer, the liquid is called "wort (pronounced wert),"
and it's full of all kinds of sugars that were previously extracted from the grain. A brewer will take a hydrometer measurement of the wort (at
60°F) to determine what's called the original gravity (OG). Then yeast is pitched into the wort, and fermentation begins. As the yeast cells eat
the sugar in the wort, they create two wonderful by-products: carbonation (CO2) and alcohol. And once the brewer has determined that our
hungry yeast have had enough (could be days, weeks or months), s/he'll go ahead and pull another hydrometer reading (at 60°F) and record
what's called the final gravity (FG).

Notice that all measurements were taken at 60°F. That's because the temperature of the liquid will impact the hydrometers' measurement of
the liquid, and the hydrometer was calibrated with water at 60°F. So in order to maintain controlled calculations ... you get it. Otherwise
you'd need to make adjustments in calculations, and we don't want to worry about that.

Calculating the ABV

Say our brewer crafted a high-alcohol beer. The OG measured at 1.080, and the beer stopped fermentation with a FG measurement of 1.011.
Simply subtract the FG from the OG and multiply by 131.

1.080 - 1.011 = 0.069 x 131 = 9.039%

So we've got a 9 percent alcohol by volume beer. Easy!

Alcohol By Weight
Although alcohol by volume is becoming more of a standard in the U.S., don't be fooled. Often brewers throughout the U.S. and a few parts
of the world will still use what's called alcohol by weight (ABW). If you purchase a beer that has ABW listed instead of ABV, the alcohol
content is going to actually be higher than you might think. To convert ABW to ABV, simply multiply the ABW by 1.25. So a 7 percent ABW
beer would be a 9 percent ABV beer. If for some reason you want to convert from ABV to ABW, multiply the ABV percent by 0.80.

Often brewpubs will list the OG (sometimes called SG: specific gravity) and the FG of their beers but no estimated alcohol by volume content.
Using the extremely simple formulas above, not only can you work out the alcohol by volumes of the beers, but you'll impress the hell out of
your friends.

Knowing your alcohol helps you to better appreciate beer ... and now you know.

Respect beer.
How To Store Beer

Wine is not the only drink that can be aged for maturation. Many beers benefit from extended aging. We're not talking about your average
beer with a mere shelf life of 3-6 months, tops -- before quality begins to degrade. We're talking about beers that beg for maturation and
strict storage like vintage beers, barleywines, imperial stouts, Belgian strong ales, lambics, old ales and so on. Ideally, any type of beer that
can be laid-down for a year or two, or even more, in order to build a slew of complexities and thus further its character in a positive way.

If you're interested in starting your own beer cellar it's actually pretty easy. First, you'll need to maintain enough patience and will-power to
not drink them too early. This, beyond anything else, is the public enemy number one to your attempts. There's nothing worse than thinking
about that special beer, just sitting there, as it whispers its sweet song to the pleasure portion of the brain, "Drink me".

Next, you'll need to buy at least two of each beer. One of the beers you'll want to drink immediately so you'll have a comparison in which to
judge the aged one - taking some notes if you want. The other beer should be cellared for at least a year.

Now there's a lot of debate surrounding storing a beer upright vs. laying it down like a wine, specifically towards corked bottles. Some
"experts" have faith in the old school wine way, that a corked beer should be kept on its side in order to keep the cork from drying out, while
others believe that it doesn't really matter. In our opinion, ALL beer should be stored upright. Here's why we believe so, along with some
other interesting facts about storage and cork:

1. Cork cells are impregnated with a waxy material, called suberin, that is almost impermeable to water or gases. Cork is also buoyant
due to the presence of trapped air in the cavities of the waterproof dead cells. When cut these cells act as suction-cups and become
adhesive, thus making them ideal bottle stoppers.
2. Natural cork is sometimes prone to drying out, however we've never had any problems -- even with beers aged 10+ years upright.
Today's modern plastic/synthetic, screw cap, agglomerated, technical and capsulated corks are a lot less prone to shrinkage, to the
point where it's not even worth worrying about. If a beer has been both corked and capped or corked then waxed, cork shrinkage
is definitely not a major concern.
3. The inside of the bottle already contains its own humidity level, and as a result will not dry out the portion of the cork inside the
bottle if stored properly. So the idea of laying a beer down to ensure that the liquid touches the cork to prevent drying is a moot
point -- remember "almost impermeable to water", the cork is not going to act like a sponge. It's the cork exposed to the open air
that should be of concern, however an ample amount of humidity is all that is required to stop any exposed cork from drying out
during long-term storage.
4. Cork problems are usually a sign of a bad cork or a cork that has passed its lifespan, not necessarily a sign of poor storage.
Agglomerated corks last for about 1-3 years before beginning to disintegrate. Plastic corks eventually lose their elasticity, too. We
suggest contacting the brewery to find out what type of cork they used, and its expected lifespan.
5. Long storage of a beer on its side can create a yeast ring (or water-mark) inside the bottle, which will not settle. Storing a beer
upright will ensure that the yeast compacts to the bottom of the bottle.
6. The upright storage method decreases the amount of exposed beer thus slowing oxidation of the beer.
7. Another real good reason for not storing a beer on its side is that long exposure to the cork (especially non-taint treated natural
cork) can impart cork flavours within the beer. The alcohol in beer draws out that mouldy/musty character of the cork and in fact
can taint the beer. In our opinion this doesn't add any wanted complexity to the beer. Natural cork can also harbour certain fungal
bacterias which are believed to create an off-flavour compound called 2,4,6, Trichloroanisole or simply TCA, which renders its
victim lifeless and dull to the taste.
8. Many vintage beers are kept on beer shelves for quite some time before being sold. Don't you think beer stores would shelve their
corked beers like wine, if they were meant to be laid-down like wine?
9. We've spoken to dozens of brewers, who all recommend the upright method of beer storage. Even world-renowned brewers like
Chimay and Riva suggest that you store all of their beers upright.
10. Just because a self-proclaimed "beer expert" recommends that beer be laid-down like wine, doesn't mean that they are 100%
correct. There's more than one opinion in the world, and opinions change over time.

So now you have a better understanding on how to store a beer. Next, where to store? First, beer should never come into contact with heat
or light. Both will wreak havoc on your delicate stash of brews, and we're sure everyone has heard of the term "skunky". This is often a sign
of a "light struck" beer.

We recommend that you store your beer in a cool area, away from direct light, sources of heat and in a constant temperature environment.
Speaking of which, temperature is very important, and a major factor in the storing and serving aspects of beer. It also can become a real
balancing act. Beer benefits from cool constant temperatures; usually around 50-55 degrees F is ideal for most beers, and most beer
collectors. Higher temperatures and you'll risk shortening the lifespan of your beer, lower and you'll induce chill haze (cloudy). For you beer
geeks out there, we'll break it down a bit further ...

There are 3 storage temperatures used to lay beer down for maturation and/or storage. Not only will you want store your beers at these
specific temperatures, but also you'll want to serve them at the same. Your strong beers (like barleywines, tripels, dark ales) will be their
happiest at room temperature (55-60F), most of your standard ales (like bitters, IPAs, dobbelbocks, lambics, stouts, etc) will be at cellar
temperature (50-55F) and your lighter beers (like lagers, pilsners, wheat beers, milds, etc) will be at a refrigerated temperature (45-50F).
How
Usually theto Review
higher alcohol, thea Beer
higher temperature and lower alcohol, the lower temperature ... you get the point.

Obviously it'll be near impossible to regulate some of the above temperatures, unless you have a second fridge for beer or a cool basement. A
compromise is to at least store those beers that are ideal at slightly higher temperature in a closet, away from light and environmental
changes, or stay within the 50-55F range. As you get into beer cellaring, you'll probably see many variations of these recommended
temperatures, but ours are good averages to go by.

Note on refrigerators: Long-term use is not recommended. Refrigerators are designed to keep food dry, so dehydration of cork can become
an issue (laid-down or upright). Corked beers that you wish to age long-term should be kept in a cellar, where moderate humidity levels
might be more appropriate.

Cool. Now that you have an idea as to what to cellar and how, what can you expect a year or more down the road when you've patiently
waiting to crack open your aging beers? The answer = who knows? There are way too many variables that come to play, on top of the
variations within the different styles. Some beers age very well, others don't. Some beers need only a year, while others can age for 25+
years. And, many breweries have no idea what their beer will taste like years down the road, while others can make pretty damn good
predictions. It's all part of the fun.

Some final advice: if you cellared your beer too cold, then serve it immediately you'll get less carbonation, less aroma and less flavour. You'll
also risk numbing your palate. Use the store temp = serve temp rule and you'll be fine.

How To Taste Beer

When analyzing a beer, you can't just swill it down, burp and say "it's great" or "it's crap." And, even though tasting is an individual art,
there are a few steps, which if followed, will take your beer tasting to a blissful level.
Look
Take pause and marvel at its greatness before you partake of it. Raise the beer in front of you, but don't hold
your beer to direct light as this will dilute its true color. Describe its color, its head and its consistency.

Agitate
Swirl your beer, gently in the glass. This will pull out aromas, slight nuances, loosen & stimulate carbonation
and test head retention.

Smell
90-95% of what you experience is through you sense of smell. Breathe thru your nose with two quick sniffs,
then with your mouth open, then thru your mouth only (nose and mouth are connected in the experience).
Let olfaction guide you. Agitate again if need be, and ensure that you are in an area that has no
overpowering aromas. Enjoy its bouquet.

Taste
Now sip the beer. Resist swallowing immediately. Let it wander and explore your entire palate. Let your taste
buds speak. Note the mouthfeel, the consistency of the liquid's body, and breathe out during the process of
tasting. This process of exhaling is called "retro-olfaction" and will release retained stimulations at the mucus
and mouthfeel level, but at a higher temperature. At times this will be the same as the olfactory process if not
different and complimentary. Try to detect any sweetness, salty flavors, acids and general bitterness. Explain
what they are, or what they are similar to.

Also, try tasting the beer after it warms a bit (just a bit mind you). Really cold beer tends to mask some of
the flavors. As a beer warms, its true flavors will pull through, become more pronounced.

 
First ...
This info is long overdue, and I was amazed at how little info there actually was on "reviewing beer." There's some pro-stuff, but nothing for
the average beer lover. So I hope that everyone finds this useful in his or her beer adventures.

I've had the idea for this for a while now, but I'd like to send some props out to Abe Kabakoff, of the Trailhead Brewing Company, for giving
me the kick-in-the-ass that I needed to get this thing started. I plan on revising the how to as my thoughts on the topic continue to form and
I collect more people from within the industry.

And now for something complete different ...

Stop, think and drink!

One day you might find yourself enjoying a beer, when all of the sudden you begin to have an opinion on the beer, beyond just enjoying it -
or not, as the case might be. From there, you might decide to discuss it with others or take some notes. But before you do: stop, think and
drink! Although taste is very subjective, there are ways to compose your thoughts and remain as objective as possible. The following tips will
allow you to evaluate a beer, while respecting what the brewer was trying to achieve.

Note: you don't need to be a beer geek to follow these tips either.

Respect brewers
Behind each beer is a person with feelings and pride. Beer might be their passion, livelihood or entire life. Even if you don't like a beer, at the
very least have some respect and be constructive with your criticism.

Form your own opinion

It's important to not be influenced by others when reviewing a beer. Everyone is going to have a different experience, so make sure your
opinions are your own. Don't allow others to lead you before you review the beer yourself - this includes reading on-line reviews of the beer
that you're about to review.

Keep style in mind

Say you don't like light beers. We suggest that you do one of two things: 1) don't review them if you know you already don't like them - your
opinion will be tainted. 2) Review with an open mind and for what the beer is trying to be, not what you think the beer should be or pit it
against the kick-ass India Pale Ale that you had earlier. It's also important to note that a beery character that you might not like, could be "to
style," and shouldn't be deemed a flaw. Example: buttery notes (diacetyl) in a Scotch Ale or ESB, the vinegary sourness in a Lambic, or the
intense smokiness in a Rauchbier.

Know your beer styles, checkout our Beer Styles section for more info. And if you really want to geek out, study to become a certified beer
judge: www.bjcp.org - in general, a great reference, but keep in mind that these guidelines are but one opinion (like our styles are) and in
place for pro-judging a fests and homebrew competitions.

Senses
Flavor and aroma are tightly connected, so make sure you have your senses in check. Don't attempt to review a beer if your senses are out
of whack, like: you've got a cold, burnt your tongue with coffee in the morning, just ate a plate of atomic wings, tasted too many beers
already, you're exhausted or simply in a bad mood. Taste buds can get ruined and tired, so be flexible and try a beer more than once.

Smoking
Speaking of senses, never review a beer in a smoky environment or while smoking. Smoking inhibits your sense of smell and taste in a major
way, and smoking (first- or second-hand) can damage your senses, sometimes permanently.

What to look for

There are five categories to evaluating a beer with your review:

Appearance - Note the beer's color, carbonation, head and its retention. Is it clear or cloudy? Does it look lackluster and dull or alive and
inviting?

Smell - Bring the beer to your nose. Note the beer's aromatic qualities. Malts: sweet, roasty, smoky, toasty, chocolaty, nutty, caramelly,
biscuity? Hops: dank / resiny, herbal, perfumy, spicy, leafy, grassy, floral, piney, citrusy? Yeast will also create aromas. You might get fruity
or flowery aromas (esters) from ales and very clean aromas from lagers, which will allow the malt and hop subtleties to pull through.

Taste - Take a deep sip of the beer. Note any flavors, or interpretations of flavors, that you might discover. The descriptions will be similar to
what you smell. Is the beer built-well? Is there a balance between the ingredients? Was the beer brewed with a specific dominance of
character in mind? How does it fit the style?

Mouthfeel - Take another sip and let it wander. Note how the beer feels on the palate and its body. Light, heavy, chewy, thin / watery,
smooth or coarse? Was the beer flat, over-carbonated?

Drinkability - The beer's overall ease of consumption and your overall impression of the beer. Would you have another?

Temperature
Many drink their beer too damn cold. Cold temperatures will numb the taste buds and literally masks the beer's true flavors, aromas and
nuances. Use color (malts) and alcohol content to determine the best drinking temperatures. Try around 40-50 degrees F for paler or lower
alcohol beers, and 50-60 degrees F for darker or higher alcohol beers.

Glassware (clean)
Is important. Instead of listing out the hows and whys, checkout our Glassware for Beer section. If you're at home, stock up on some of the
basics, otherwise do the best you can.

Serving preparation
As mentioned, clean glassware is a must. You should take note to not review a beer if: you know that the tap lines are dirty or your sample is
from a recapped or abused growler sample - like a growler shipped across the US or growler that is poured into bottles and recapped to ship
to multiple reviewers.

Order
Many suggest that beers should be tasted from the old "lightest to darkest" heuristic method. While this generally works, today it's dated and
flawed. Sure, malt flavors will intensify with increasing kilning temperatures, but often times color has nothing to do with tasting a beer. Color
can be an indication of what you might be in for, but for the most part, and with most drinkers, it's psychological. You'll want to consider two
things: alcohol content and hop levels. Keep your hoppy and high alcohol beers towards the end so you don't ruin your palate early in the
tasting. Exceptions to this might be certain specialty ingredients that have very bold and distinct characters, like: smoked malts in Rauchbiers,
intense fruit beers, or the wild yeast and bacteria used in Lambics - all of which can be light in color, hence the flaw. You'll want to save
these for the end as well.

Don't review a "bad" beer

Not a beer that you simply don't like, but rather a beer you know to be spoiled due to reasons outside of the brewer's control - like a skunked
beer and beer past its prime. If you come across a beer like this, alert whoever you purchased it from and send a note to the brewer. Using
your review to bitch about it won't help anyone.

Don't review at beer fests

If you're planning on taking notes at a beer fest, don't. With small sample sizes (usually 1 to 4ozs), loud environments, slew of smells, and
tasting of numerous beer styles back-to-back, beer fests are not the ideal environment in which to review a beer. Doing so does a disservice
to the brewer and could mislead others. It's also not a good idea to have multiple people review from the same small serving or review by
cell-phone light at night.

Don't review from samplers

Along the same lines as beer fests, many brewpubs and beer bars offer samplers - typically 4ozs servings of a range of offerings. You
shouldn't review these either. Between the presentation and sample size, samplers are simply not worthy of reviews. You're not going to get
to know a beer off of a single 4oz sample.

Don't review while intoxicated

You should always practice moderation when drinking, but never review a beer if you're intoxicated. Your judgment will be clouded, as will
your senses.

Cleanse the palate

It's highly recommended that you have some water as well as plain bread, crackers or even air-popped popcorn on hand to cleanse the
palate between beers and to help stave off inebriation. Avoid salty and greasy foods or anything that could overpower the senses - you want
to clean/scrub the palate, not destroy it.

Take notes
Many view this as a rather geeky practice, but note taking can really help you to learn more about beer, train your palate and broaden your
 How to Host a Beer-Tasting Party
Beer is a wonderful social lubricant, and what better way to apply it than hosting your own beer tasting party! Not only are they fun, but
they can be very educational and enlightening – as the world of beer often is.

Step One: What Beer To Buy?

First, who will be attending? If they are potential converts to the world of better beer, then cross them over with lighter styles, like
lagers/pilsners, golden/blonde ales and perhaps finish things off with a light pale ale or even a dry Irish stout – aka "crossover" beers.
Steer clear of over-the-top hoppy and high alcohol beers. The idea of a crossover beer is that it should be similar to the beer you are
trying to crossover from. You want to wean them off of their current beer, or ease them into beer ... not spook them into running back to
their beverage of choice. Who knows, after a few different brews they may want to try something a bit bolder.

If those attending have an adventurous palate, then just buy whatever you want. If you experience a mental block, start off by thinking of
a theme which will not only make it easier to pick the beers, but it’ll make your beer tasting party much more exciting. Some themes
might be: "Oktoberfest" (round up as many of these fest beers as possible), "Taste of Belgium" (Belgian beers on their own, or pairing
Belgian beer with cheeses and chocolates), "Big Beer Bash" (hearty, high alcohol beers), "A Winter Warmer" (winter warmers, spiced
beers) or our personal favorite, "The Shit Beer Showdown" (a selection of American macro lagers) … you get the idea.

Step Two: Handling and Storing the Beer

Handle your beer with love and kid gloves. Beer should be stored in a consistent environment, away from heat and light which could spoil
your beer. Ideally you’ll want to store your beer in the fridge, upright and between 45ºF and 55ºF.

Step Three: Serving the Beer

Temperature: Americans drink their beer too damn cold, typically at 30ºF to 40ºF. The coldness tends to numb the taste buds and literally
masks the beer’s true flavors, aromas and nuances. This is fine for most mass-produced American shit beer, which requires one to have
numbed senses, but not ideal for real beer. You can break serving temperatures into three general levels: 55ºF-60ºF (strong beers, like
barleywines, dark ales), 50ºF-55ºF (standard ales, like bitters, IPAs, dobbelbocks, abbey ales, lambics, stouts, etc.) and 45ºF-50ºF (lighter
beers, like lagers, pilsners, wheat beers, milds, etc.). Usually the higher the alcohol, the higher the temperature and the lower the alcohol,
the lower the temperature.

Glassware: Normally, we recommend that you always use the appropriate glassware for any given beer, or style of beer, however in the
case of a tasting party it might be difficult to obtain enough glassware for everyone. So feel free to break out the wine glasses, standard
pint glasses or whatever you have. Do not use plastic or paper cups.

Step Four: Tasting the Beer

Order: Many "beer experts" suggest that beers should be tasted from lightest to darkest. This is flawed. Color has nothing to do with your
"tasting a beer." Sure, color is often an indication of what you might be in for, but for the most part and with most drinkers, it’s
psychological. In our own experience you’ll want to consider two things: alcohol content and hop levels. Keep your hoppy and high alcohol
beers towards the end so you don’t ruin your palate early in the tasting.

Be Vocal: Share your thoughts, describe what you’re tasting. If you have trouble finding the words, remember that beer is essentially a
food, so try to identify similar food like qualities that you can use to describe the beer, such as: banana, caramel, citrus, toast, coffee,
chocolate, etc. … it’s all in beer. You get the idea.

Cleanse the Palate: It’s highly recommended that you have some water as well as bread, crackers and even popcorn on hand to cleanse
the palate between beers and to help stave off inebriation. Avoid salty foods or anything that could overpower the senses – you want to
clean the palate, not destroy it.

Finally, something important to note: Beer tasting is very much an individual experience, and everything about it is highly subjective.
There are no beer experts, just beer drinkers with opinions.

 
How to Prepare for a Beer Festival
by: Alström Bros

When people ask us what we do for a living, and they find out that we basically drink beer and write about it, they become instantly jealous.
It is insanely awesome to do what you love, and make money doing it. And, if it happens to involve beer ... ah-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha!

Well, despite the general belief that it must be fun and easy to drink beer for a living, it is not. Well okay, it is, very much so, but there is a
lot of work involved. For instance, we recently attended the 2001 Great American Beer Festival in Denver, CO. The GABF is a 3 day event
with 4 sessions, 4 hours long each. There was something like 1,488 beers to be had too, from 325 breweries. On average we drank beer for
15 hours a day (around 20 pints a day). We do not give a rats-ass how tough you think you are. That kind of drinking will knock you on your
ass if you are not in shape. "In shape?!" you say. You bet your fat ass in shape! We follow a strict regimen when preparing for festivals of
this magnitude, loosening it up a bit for our normal day-to-day drinking. Check this out:

Tolerance. This is key, and all of the following will, in some part, contribute to it. We start the process by building up our alcohol tolerance,
by drinking at least 6-10 beers a day. This is not a limit, but rather a base to get your body used to the alcohol and its effects.

Sleep. At least 8 hours of sound sleep. How can you drink if you are fainting like a sissy?

Hydrate. Probably the most important part. You cannot get enough water in your system. It helps to detoxify and counteracts the alcohol
stripping water from your system. Water is your friend.

Eat. This will not only replenish the system, but it will help to absorb the alcohol so you do not get drunk, too quickly. Taking some
vitamin/mineral supplements never hurts either. No one wants to witness a weak, depleted beer drinker in action.

Moderation. Life is not a frat party and nobody is impressed by beer drinking antics. Appreciate what you are drinking and always practice
moderation with your drinking. Know your buzz level and maintain it. Exceed it and you will only run into problems.

Milk Thistle. Used for thousands of years, this bad-ass herb, if taken correctly, promotes the protection of your liver by aiding in the
detoxification process and stimulating the production of new lever cells. It is also an antioxidant, more powerful than vitamin C and E. Note:
Before using this patron saint of the liver, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

Do not smoke. You might think that you look cool puffing on that cigarette (cancer stick) while sipping a beer, but you are actually helping
to dull your sense of smell and taste. Perhaps even causing permanent damage. It is said that it can take as long as you smoked for your
senses to return to normal, if that. We Beer Advocates need our palates intact so we can accurately smell, taste and talk about beer.

I am not an alcoholic. Damn straight. The politically correct term is "champion of beer" and we individually chant this every night before
we go to bed.

Respect. Always, always respect beer. Nobody likes a jackass.