SOCIAL-CULTURAL CHANGE Pastoralism

Sociologist main interest is in SOCIAL CHANGE - Members of such societies raise herds of
Anthropologist main interest is in CULTURE CHANGE domesticated animals. Thus, they are assured of
a steady supply of animals. They usually have a
Social Change surplus of food.
- Is the process by which whole societies, social Horticulture
institutions, patterns of interaction, work and leisure - This is a type of agriculture where the members
activities, roles and norms are altered or modified. cultivate plants such as rice, wheat and other
There is fundamental change in the pattern of structure grains or fruits, vegetables and ornamental
and social behavior over time. plants. The members also have a surplus of
food.
Cultural Change Agricultural Societies
- Refers to alteration in the technology or the emergence - With the invention of the plow, agriculture was
of new values. developed.
- Included here are changes in tools and material culture; - These societies are complex because there is a
changes in the norms, values and knowledge, changes need to coordinate management and thus arose
in norms of morality, ethics and propriety. a centralized political and economic
organization.
Societies by Subsistence Patterns - A consequence of this centralization is the
Subsistence may be classified according to their growth of cities.
subsistence patterns or how they secure the basic
necessities in life like food and clothing. Industrialized Societies
- These have the most complex structure.
There are five subsistence patterns according to Suvillan Machines and power tools operated by new
(2001:70-72) namely; sources of energy accomplish task that used to
 Hunting and gathering societies be done by hand.
 Pastoralism - Social relations are impersonal and formal.
 Horticulture - Statuses and roles based on achievement
 Agricultural Societies emerge and so do specialized institutions
 Industrialize Societies (political, economic, and educational.
- Social control is formal
Hunting and gathering societies - Division of labor is more complex and a diversity
- These are usually nomadic groups composed of of culture emerges.
around sixty members. - Industrialism and personal interest are the
- he able members go out to search food. concern of the members whose goal is usually
- The men usually hunt, fish and make or repair the acquisition of wealth.
weapons, while women gather fruits, make
cloth and do the cooking. When the children are THEORIES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
physically able, they help in the chores of the EVOLUTION THEORY
elders. - INFLUENCED BY CHARLES DARWIN’S
- There is no specialized leadership role. The BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION
group decides by consensus what activities to - SOCIETIES STARTED AS “SIMPLE”OR “PRIMITIVE”
undertake. Likewise the group or cases of - NEO-EVOLUTIONARY THEORIST- ARGUED THAT
violations of their rules. THERE ARE MULTIPLE PATHS TO SOCIETAL
- The families are loosely organized and the CHANGE DEPENDING ON CERTAIN
socialization of the children is shared by the CIRCUMSTANCES
whole group -
- There is no specialized institutions to perform Two viewpoints of contemporary social scientists
the economic political or religious functions.  FERDINAND TOENNIS
- Social control is administered by the whole -believed that there are two great periods in
group. history of the group system of culture
- Gossip, ridicule or in extreme cases ostracism
are forms of social control in the group.
GEMEINSCHAFT Cyclical Theory
-characterized the rural communities as societies Spengler and Toynbee
where there is intimate, personal, private, and - suggested that societies follow a certain life
exclusive living course, vigorous, innovative, and idealistic
-based on “natural will” youth.
GESELLSCHAFT - This theory holds the hope that civilizations can
-characterized the cosmopolitan urban life as made up learn from the errors of earlier societies able to
of impersonal, secondary, contractual, rationalized count an effective response to the challenges they
relationship and division of labor based on face,
specialization
-guided by “rational will” Spontaneous Challenge Theory
- Social Change is Traceable to one factor or
 DURKHEIM-subscribe to the unilinear events that are significant in altering the course
-dichotomized societies into two of society’s destiny
MECHANICAL SOLIDARITY - NATURAL DISASTER- can generate
-as the society becomes more complex and advanced, changes in society that appear to be
there are changes like the decline in the collective spontaneous.
conscience and the conformity of ideas -
ORGANIC SOLIDARITY Planned Social change Theory
-based on the differences and the growing - conscious, deliberate application of knowledge
interdependence for the good and the service of to reshape social behaviors, and institutional
others. patterns and goals to fit a predetermined,
desired state or condition
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
Change occurs with the help of Change Agents
TALCOTT PARSON- “SOCIETIES REMAIN IN EQUILIBRIUM Change Agents- persons or groups who develop
OR MAINTAIN THE STATUS QUO UNLESS SOMETHING strategies and tactics to accomplish a successful change
EXTERNAL INTERFERES. ( Ex. Psychiatrist)

CONFLICT THEORY - SEES CHANGE AS ENDEMIC TO ALL Planned social change involves;
SOCIETIES OR BUILT INTO SOCIAL RELATION  Targets of Change- (ex. Individuals or groups)
 Change Agents- (ex. Psychiatrist or consultants)
KARL MARX- “SOCIETY AS IN A FLUX”  Change goals

Social Classes in a Capitalist Society Characteristics of Social Change

Bourgeoise- capitalist or the propertied classes  Social change is natural and inevitable part of
Proletariat- laborers or the working class the society
 Social change is sometimes intentional but
RISE AND FALL THEORIES OF SOCIETAL CHANGE often unplanned
Spengler (1918) and Sorokin  Social change sometimes generates controversy
-argued that societies alternate between three  Some changes are beneficial or it has bad
different kinds of mentalities effects
 Give primacy to the senses
 Those that stress religiously Sources of Social Change
 Emphasizing logic and reason  The influence of natural environment
 Population change
Max Weber  Conflict and change
-emphasized cultural values in shaping human  Ideas and change
behavior, as well as political and economically rational  Collective behavior
forces
2 basic processes:
1. INNOVATION
2. DIFFUSION
 Diffusion requires modification and selectivity. In this
Social-Cultural Change is dependent upon innovations process of diffusion, culture traits or patterns may be
or the introduction of some new object or idea both in modified, revised, or interpreted.
technology and in social organization.
acculturation is a process which occurs when two
Innovations may be in the form of invention or groups or societies in a superordinate-subordinate
discovery or may be introduced through diffusion. relationship come in contact.

Invention - is the creation of new culture complex or “folk Catholicism” where the official doctrines, beliefs
pattern by the combination of known existing elements attitudes and practices are modified to suit local
and the creation of new rules for their use as a unique conditions.
combination. “folk Islam” a term used by Melville Herkskovits. It is
- It results from new ideas because of the reinterpretation of new cultural elements so as to
the unique capacity of humans for fit them into the old existing traditions or adopting new
insight and experimentation elements in their outward form, at the same time
- may also be either unconscious or intentional. keeping the old values and meanings alive.

Linton suggests that some inventions were probably Barriers to Change

unconscious especially those of prehistoric days. The Cultural Values and Traditions of the People
Novelty is viewed with skepticism and brings anxiety
Intentional invention is the deliberate attempt by an and stress. Such are reactions of people in peasant
individual to produce a new idea. societies, when innovations, like a new variety of rice,
are introduced for the first time.
Inventor may be motivated to make Related to traditionalism are fatalism, cultural
something in response to a need, ethnocentrism, pride and dignity, and modesty.
either self-perceived or publicly proclaimed. An education program will only be successful if it is
presented as something other than a return to school.
Alvin Toffer, in his book future shock, describes the Norms of modesty, which are inculcated early in life
fantastic and immense rate of change in contemporary may cause women to shun medical examination by a
Western Society, so that at times one is confronted with male physician.
a problem or account of his inability to adjust to the A study of Bailen of hilot in Marinduque revealed that
changes. the ideas of modesty which disapprove the exposure of
A charismatic person is most likely to have his novel women’s private parts to strangers during examinations
idea accepted and approved by his colleagues than and deliveries make home delivery by hilot or rural
someone who is disliked. midwives preferable even among the more educated
The great man theory of history states that a single families.
forceful individual can cause a major change.
The Motor Patterns and Customary Body Position
Discovery is the finding of something already in Motor patterns in sleeping, standing, or working are
existence but not yet known. determined by the culture and learned early in life
during the socialization process. Thus, the necessity or
Barriers to diffusion desirability of changing motor patterns may cause the
Natural barriers adult to reject new ways even if these would be
ex: mountain ranges, glaciers, swamps, and advantageous to use.
forests which deter cultural exchange.
Lack of good channels of communication Leadership and authority patterns
ex: highways and means of transportation, The Psychological Factor
telephones and satellites. This refers to perceived needs, small dynamics and
The attitudes of the people, such as traditionalism and communication.
conservatism which view novelty with skepticism may
also bring anxiety and stress.
Stimulant to Change Donor Agencies
Values Held in Industrialized Societies  United States Agency for International
-persons tend to be innovative and inclined to try out Development (USAID)
new things  United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
 Private Foundation led by the Ford and
Economic Gain and Competition Rockefeller Foundations

-If it can be demonstrated that an innovation will mean Negative Criticisms

more money or a higher standard of living, it is more The sources of failure arose from the following:
likely to be accepted.  Insensitivity of the planner to cultural
differences
Friendship or a Close Relationship with the members of  Favoring the rich and the powerful
the program staff  Creating a new international elite “the
-when the project workers or change agents are on development set”
friendly terms with the community, change is likely to  The serious negative higher order impacts
follow.
National Economic Development Authority (NEDA)
A Supporting Social Structure - Focused on accelerating the attainment of social
-If the new forms can be integrated into the traditional development goals and the eradication of
roles, then they have a bigger chance being accepted poverty
- Directed towards economic development,
Fitting the Innovation into the existing Cultural Patterns productivity, and growth and the equitable
-Any innovation will have more chances of success if it distribution of opportunities income and wealth.
fits into the existing cultural patterns.
-It is also important to maintain the traditional values The areas of concerns
and to adjust roles of the project workers so that they  Production
fit in with the local customs  Finance
interlocking and interrelated reasons-
 Foreign Trade
cultural, social, economic, and psychological
 Natural Resources
 Energy Resources
Development and Social Change
 Employment Household Income
Development
-Progress  Expenditure
-Improvement in the quality of life, ensuring an  Social Welfare
adequate level of nutrition and suitable physical  Community Development
surroundings, with the social, political, and economic  Public Order
systems helping people realize their potential  Safety
(Howard and Dunaef, 1992:596)  Justice

 Developed Countries are those that have Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (KKK)
achieved their development goals among which - Aimed at encouraging self-reliance, and the
are Canada, Japan, United States and Countries Integrated Rural Development (IRD) programs
in Western Europe provided for infrastructure and enhancement of
 Underdeveloped Countries are those countries social services
that are far from attaining their goals
 Developing Countries are those in a flux THE PHLIPPINES 2000
Development assistance has been given the United - Program of development embarked by
States, Canada, and several countries in Europe to President Fidel V. Ramos
developing and underdeveloped countries since the - The goals were people empowerment and
end of World War II global competition
NGO AND DEVELOPMENT Two important elements
 Ethnohistory- its values and significance,
NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION (NGO) particularly its myths, symbolic, memories and
- is non profit, voluntary citizen group which is values.
organized on local, national, and international  Posterity- In the face of the of the loss of
-it played significant role in national development and traditions, the only guarantee of identity, of
transformation preserving it, is the appeal of posterity, to the
future generations that are “ours because they
modernization - process of change towards those types think and feel as we do”
of social economic and political system that have
developed through time as well as the starting to use of Smith suggested the so-called “Pan-Nationalism”
the most recent methods, ideas, and equipment predicated on the attempt to unify in a single political
community several, usually contiguous states, on the
MODERNIZATION THEORY basis of common cultural characteristics or a family
SOCIAL CONFLICT THEORY cultures.
- By KARL MARX
- The theorist hold that a class society is capitalist
society with strongly pronounced social
stratification
- He believed that the state could not undertake
major reforms because it defended the wealth
and privileges of capitalist, and concluded that
despite the pretensions of democracy, power
rest primarily in the hands of the elite

ANDRE FRANK in Wilber (1979;103-113)

- Theorizes that underdevelopment of Latin
American societies is largely a historical
product of the continuing economic, political,
social and cultural relations between the
developed countries which called
“METROPOLE CENTER”

RANDOLF DAVID (1981;83)

- Points out that Philippines shares similar
characteristics of social and economy
dependency with the Latin American society

Globalization involves a series of processes including

diffusion to promote change in a world in which
nations and people are increasingly interlinked.
- viewed as a recolonization

For global forces are primarily at work today:

Liberalization. There is a continuing breaking down of
trade boundaries between nations.

Mobility of capital. International capital flows strongly

well beyond the capacity of governments to control or
match them.

▪ Global Culture