PK-102 Pakistan Studies

Ideology: Ideology is composed of two Greek words idea & logy (logos).
 Idea is the views & collection of thoughts.
 Logy (logos) is the study or science of ideas.
An ideology is a collection of normative beliefs and values that an individual or group
holds for other than purely epistemic reasons. The ideology of any nation reflects the
ideals and aspirations of its people, and religion and cultural shape, their thinking
which binds them together. An ideology in the positive sense is a system of beliefs,
values, ideas, convictions, institutions, goals and a body of knowledge which a people
considers true, binding and practicable.

Ideology Of Pakistan: The ideology of Pakistan is based on the basic principles of

Islam because it would be an Islamic State. There are 3 ways of life:

1. Holy Quran: The Holy Quran is the complete code of conduct of life. It provides
guidance to people how to live a Islamic life.

2. Sunnah: The way Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) spent his entire life.

3. Traditions & Culture: There are many differences of traditions & culture between
hindus & muslims. Hindus have their own living style and on the other hand muslims
also have their own living style.

Now, lets have a historic look on the ideology of Pakistan:

The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary process. Historical

experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-
i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan,
bypassing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanction. It was due to the
realization of the Muslims of South Asia that they are different from the Hindus that
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they demanded separate electorates. However, when they realized that their future in
a „Democratic India‟ dominated by Hindu majority was not safe, they changed their
demand to a separate state. The ideology of Pakistan stemmed from the instinct of the
Muslim community of South Asia to maintain their individuality in the Hindu society.
The Muslims believed that Islam and Hinduism are not only two religions, but are two
social orders that produced two distinct cultures. There is no compatibility between
the two. A deep study of the history of this land proves that the differences between
Hindus and Muslims are not confined to the struggle for political supremacy but are
also manifested in the clash of two social orders. Despite living together for more than
one thousand years, they continue to develop different cultures and traditions. The
basis of the Muslim nationhood was neither territorial nor racial or linguistic or ethnic
rather they were a nation because they belonged to the same faith, Islam. They
demanded that the areas where they were in the majority should be constituted into a
sovereign state, wherein they could order their lives by the teachings of Holy Quran
and Sunnah of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The creation of Pakistan was unique in the sense
that it was based on an ideology which sought its roots from the religion of Islam. The
famous slogan was as under:-

“PAKISTAN KA MATLAB KIYA, LA ILLA HA ILL ALLAH”

It became the corner of the freedom movement and the basis of Pakistan.

Meaning and definitions of Pakistan Ideology are explained as under:-

1. The ideology of Pakistan is actual implementation of Islamic teachings.
2. To maintain and arouse the national dignity and struggles for unity among
Muslim Ummah and Islamic rule is, in fact, Ideology of Pakistan.
3. Two-Nation Theory by Islamic Philosophy in the political and cultural background
of Sub-continent is called the ideology of Pakistan.
4. The ideology of Pakistan is actually Islamic ideology.
5. The idea of Muslims, attaining Pakistan was infected Ideology of Pakistan.

Pakistan is an Ideological state, and the ideology of Pakistan is Islamic ideology. Its
basic principle being:

“The only sovereign is Allah”.

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Islam acted as a nation-building force before the establishment of Pakistan. The
ideology of Pakistan basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the
Muslims should have an opportunity to live according to the faith and creed based on
the Islamic principles. They should have all the resources at the disposal to enhance
Islamic culture and civilization. Quid-e-Azam once said:

“Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam”.

From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one.

Allama Iqbal and Ideology of Pakistan:

VISION OF A SEPARATEMUSLIMSTATE

Men like Allama Iqbal are born but in centuries. He was conscious of the significance of
Islam in lives of the Muslims. His first public appearance was in 1899 at the annual
session of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam in Lahore when he presented the poem, Nala-i-
Yatim. At initial stages, Dr Iqbal was a nationalist by ideas, and his poetry contained
verses like Tarana-i- Hind. His poetry was a critique of the existing societal conditions.
Being educated from Europe, he knew all weak aspects of the Western culture. He
criticized capitalism, materialism, and lack of spiritualism. Address to the Muslim
League Session, Allahabad, December 1930 The climax of Iqbal’s political career came
in 1930 when at the annual session of All India Muslim League, he boldly stated the
Muslim demand for creation of a separate Muslim state within India. He added:

“I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh, and Baluchistan amalgamated into a
single state as a self-government within the British Empire or without the British
Empire, The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to
me to be the final destiny of the Muslims, at least, of North-West India.”

In short, Iqbal gave the idea of Pakistan. He inspired the Muslims of India to make the
demand for a separate homeland. He infects, prepared the ground for Mr Jinnah, who
finally led the Muslims to the goal of Pakistan. Mr Jinnah acknowledged his debt to Dr
Iqbal in the following words:

“His views were substantially in consonance with my own and had finally led me to
the same conclusions as a result of careful examination and study of the
constitutional problems facing India”.

Mr Jinnah paid him a tribute two days after the Lahore Resolution that:

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“If I live to see the idea of a Muslim state being achieved and I was then offered to
choose between the works of Iqbal and the rulership of the Muslim state, I would
prefer the former”.

Two Nation Concept / Theory:

The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity.
They should have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and
principles, profess their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition. On one occasion
Quid-e-Azam said:

“The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule by their own system of life, their
cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws.”

Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two nations in the
Sub Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan. The ideology of Pakistan was
created when Muslims of Indo-Pak Sub Continent developed a specific attitude of mind
that they are different from Hindus. This was due to the injustices were done to the
Muslims by British and Hindus.

Some of these are:

1. Anti-Muslim Campaign:

The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith, belief, customs and national
importance of Muslims because Muslims rebellion was creating many problems for
both.

2. In acceptance of British Rule:

Muslims had been ruling the Sub Continent for ages. Therefore, they could not resist
any power over them, When British came to rule the Sub Continent, Muslims were the
only nation who opposed them. Thus, to gain power, British had to crush the Muslims
collectivity.

3. Hindus Betrayed Muslims:

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In the beginning, Hindus appeared to be on Muslim’s side, but later on, their hostility
was exposed as they opposed various steps taken by British Government which purely
benefited for Muslims.

4. Refusal of Muslim identity:

British wanted to implement a parliamentary system in Sub Continent in which the

majority was the power and authority. Due to Hindu majority, it was probable that if
British left India undivided, it would fall under the Hindus rule. Furthermore, Hindus
did not accept the separate identity of Muslims, and thus, there were no chances of
freedom even after the British rule.

5. War of 1857:

In 1857, Muslims and Hindus tried to expel the British out of India but failed. Later due
to Hindu conspiracies; Muslims were held responsible for it and hence were crushed
further by Britishers.

6. Sir Syed’s Idea:

Sir Syed for the first time put down the idea that Muslims are a separate nation. He
convinced Muslims to unite themselves in order to have a separate social and political
identity.

Quaid-i-Azam and Ideology of Pakistan:

Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a history-making leader who changed the course of history.
He possessed a visionary leadership, commitment to the cause and political
mobilization capacity. He was a Charismatic Leader in the real sense of the meaning.
On March 8, 1944, Quaid-i-Azam while addressing in Muslim University Aligarh, said;

“Actually Pakistan came into being when the very first Hindu converted into Muslim,
it happened, when there was no rule of Muslims. The foundation of Muslims is
Kalama-e- Tauheed rather than state or race. When a Hindu converted his religion,
he became a member of the separate nation and new nation came into being.”

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Jinnah played a decisive role in articulating the Muslim demands and pursuing this
faced strong opposition from the Hindus and the British. He started his political career
in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was elected to the Legislative
Council in 1909, and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim League (AIML). Now he
was a member of both the political parties. Having a disagreement with Gandhi on the
issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom from the British and on using extra-
constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the Congress in 1920. His early efforts to
promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW PACT (1916) was
signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:

 Separate Electorate
 One-third Seats in Central Legislature
 Protection of minority rights

In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated
forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929. He defined Muslim identity and mobilized
them concerning Islam and convinced others that Muslims are different from the
Hindus and the Congress. Islamic principles, concepts, and symbols surfaced in his
speeches and statements. Jinnah used the term NATION for the Muslims of India in
Feb 1935 (Legislative Assembly). He argued that the combination of religion, culture,
race, arts, music and so forth make a minority a SEPARATE ENTITY. In March 1936
Bombay, he stated that the Muslims could arrive at a settlement with Hindus as TWO
Nations. In 1937, he asserted that there is also a third party in India, the Muslims. In
1939, he roared that the Muslims and Hindus are two nations and they are going to
live as a nation and playing a part as a nation:

“We are a nation with our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and
literature, names and nomenclature, sense of values and proportion, legal laws and
moral code, custom and calendar, history and tradition, aptitudes and ambitions; in
short, we have our own distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of
international law, we are a nation.”

Principles Of Guiding The Ideology Of Pakistan:

1. Unity Of Allah: It means the belief in oneness of Allah. Muslims believe, above all
else, that Allah, or God, is the sole divine deity, who does not share his divinity with
other partners. There are three traditional categories of Tawhid. Allah is the only

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 one who created and maintains all things. Allah is not in need of help or assistance
over creation.

2. Finality Of Prophethood: The holy Quran and the holy Prophet's Ahadith
(teachings) eloquently prove that prophethood (nabuwwat and risalat ) came to an
end with our Prophet Muhammad(SAW). There are decisive verses to that effect.
Being the last Prophet in the chain of prophethood, no one ever shall now succeed
him to that status of dignity. The Prophet(SAW) unequivocally declared that he was
the final Prophet. There are a large number of Ahadith to sustain this article of
Islamic faith. Not only that but the Prophet(SAW) was also pleased to bring forth such
expositions of this word (Khatam-un-Nabieen) that all doubts relating to his finality
in prophethood stand void and misinterpretations exposed.

3. Life Here & After: Life here & after means the belief that all mainkind will reborn
after death and on the day of judgement & they will be punished or rewarded
according to their deeds which they performed in this mortal world. Life here &
after is a basic principle of Islam, which every muslim should believe in.

4. Fundamentals: Fundamentals are the basics of Islam. Which includes:

1. Salah: Salah also known as Namaz is one of the Five Pillars in the Islamic faith, and
an obligatory religious duty for every Muslim. It is a physical, mental, and spiritual
act of worship that is observed five times every day at prescribed times. When they
do this, they must face towards the Qiblah in Mecca. In this ritual, one stands, bows,
and prostrates oneself, and concludes sitting on the ground. During each posture,
one recites or reads certain verses, phrases, and prayers. Salah may be better
translated as "communication with the divine", as it consists primarily of
establishing contact with the divine rather than making a petition.

2. Fasting: Fasting is the willing abstinence from all food, drink, for a period of time.
An absolute fast or dry fasting is normally defined as abstinence from all food and
liquid for a defined period. Other fasts may be partially restrictive, limiting only
particular foods or substances, or be intermittent. Fasting may also be part of a

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 religious ritual. Muslims believe that fasting is more than abstaining from food and
drink. Fasting also includes abstaining from any falsehood in speech and action,
abstaining from any ignorant and indecent speech, and from arguing, fighting, and
having lustful thoughts. During the sacred month of Ramadan, believers strive to
purify body and soul and increase their taqwa (good deeds and God-consciousness).
This purification of body and soul harmonizes the inner and outer spheres of an
individual. Muslims aim to improve their body by reducing food intake and
maintaining a healthier lifestyle. Overindulgence in food is discouraged and eating
only enough to silence the pain of hunger is encouraged.

3. Zakkat: Zakat is a form of alms-giving treated in Islam as a religious obligation or

tax. As one of the Five Pillars of Islam, zakat is a religious obligation for all Muslims
who meet the necessary criteria of wealth. Zakat is based on income and the value
of all of one's possessions. It is customarily 2.5% (or 1/40) of a Muslim's total
savings and wealth above a minimum amount known as nisab, According to Islamic
doctrine, the collected amount should be paid to the poor, the needy, Zakat
collectors, those sympathetic to Islam, to free from slavery, for debt relief, in the
cause of Allah and to benefit the stranded traveller.

4. Hajj: The Hajj is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city
for Muslims, and a mandatory religious duty for Muslims that must be carried out at
least once in their lifetime by all adult Muslims who are physically and financially
capable of undertaking the journey, and can support their family during their
absence. Hajj is a pilgrimage made to Kaaba, the "House of Allah", in the sacred city
of Mecca in Saudi Arabia. The rites of Hajj are performed over five or six days,
beginning on the eighth and ending on the thirteenth day of Dhu al-Hijjah, the last
month of the Islamic calendar. The state of being physically and financially capable
of performing the Hajj is called istita'ah, and a Muslim who fulfils this condition is
called a mustati. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people,
and their submission to God (Allah).

Statement Of Al-Beruni: The hindus considered muslims impure & forbid any other
found of relationship. Even that, they avoid sitting, eating, drinking with them because
they feel polluted.

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Statement Of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan: I am fully convinced that now muslims &
hindus could never become one nation.

Indian National Congress: It was the first political party during the birtish rule. It
was founded by retired civil service officer Allan Octavian Hume, Dada bhai Naoroji &
Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee in December 1885. Then he thought about the Indian
people, there are a lot of problems which needed to be solved on a political platform
then he made a political party named as Indian National Congress. The Indian National
Congress is a political partyFounded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist
movement to emerge in the British Empire in Asia. From the late 19th century, and
especially after 1920, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, Congress became the
principal leader of the Indian independence movement. Congress led India to
independence from Great Britain, and powerfully influenced other anti-colonial
nationalist movements in the British Empire. Congress' social policy is based upon the
Gandhian principle of Sarvodaya—the lifting up of all sections of society—which
involves the improvement of the lives of economically underprivileged and socially
marginalised people.

Major Objectives Of Indian National Congress (INC):

1. To seek the cooperation of all Indians & its efforts.

2. Discuss & solve the problems of country.

3. Formation of popular demands & presented to the interest & rights. Provincial
prejudice by to form national unity.

4. Request to gave more shares to local administrative efforts.

War Of Independence (1857): The war was fought by Indians against british empire
from meerut city of india. Dehli, Lucknow, Bihar, Kanpur were also a ground for this
battle. Mangal Pandy was the commander of Indian army. The main reason why this
war was fought was the cartridge of rifle which was made by meat of pig & cow. It is
also given names as Indian Rebellion, Indian Mutiny as well as Indian Revolt. The main
causes of the War were political, social, economical, military and religious. It was an
extreme effort made by Indians, but they failed due to certain reasons including
mutual jealousies, disunity, and lack of central leadership etc. This war was not spread
throughout India but it was limited to few areas mainly Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur,
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Lucknow etc. The main event which became the immediate cause of the war was the
refusal of the Sepoys to use the grease covered cartridges (greased with fat of pig and
cow) on January 23, 1857. At the same time, an Indian sepoy killed two British officers
at Barrackpore, when he was forced to use greased cartridges. He was arrested and
hanged to death on April 8, 1857. This news spread as fast as jungle fire.

Meerut: On 6th May, 1857 A.D. 85 out of 90 Indian soldiers at Meerut refused to bite
the greased cartridges with their teeth. These 85 soldiers were court-martialled and
imprisoned for 10 years. They were stripped off their uniforms in the presence of the
entire Indian crowd. It was too much of a disgrace and this incident sent a wave of
indignation. On 10th May 1857, the Indian soldiers at Meerut broke into open revolt.
They released their companions and murdered a few European officers. On the night
of 10th May the mutineers marched to Delhi and reached there on 11th May.

Delhi: The revolutionaries reached from Meerut to Delhi on 11th May, 1857 and the
small British garrison at Delhi was not able to resist and consequently fell into their
hands within 2 days. The Mughal Emperor, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was proclaimed
Emperor of India. In order to regain Delhi, Sir John Lawrence sent a strong British force
commanded by John Nicholson. After a long siege of four months, the British
recovered Delhi in September 1857 A.D. The Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was
captured, his two sons and a grandson were shot dead before his eyes and he was sent
to Rangoon where he died in the year 1862 A. D.

Kanpur: At Kanpur the struggle for Independence was led by Nana Sahib Dondu Pant
(The adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II). A number of British fell into his hands and he
showed great kindness to them. But when he heard about inhuman attitude of Gen.
O’Neil towards Indians, he became very furious and killed all the British. General
Havelock captured Kanpur after defeating Nana Sahib in a hotly contested battle on
June 17, 1857. Later on Nana Sahib, with the help of Tantya Topi, recaptured Kanpur in
November, 1857 but not for a long time and British defeated them once again in a
fierce war from December 1 to 6, 1857. Nana Sahib fled towards Nepal, where he
probably died, while Tantya Tope migrated to Kalpi.

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Lucknow: The struggle for independence at Lucknow was led by Nawab, Wajid Ali
Shah. The Chief Commissioner, Sir Henry Lawrence, sought refuge with 1000 English
and 700 Indian soldiers inside the Residency. The Indians did not make any concession
and killed most of the Englishmen, including Sir Henry Lawrence and the notorious
English General O’Neil. At last, the Commander-in-Chief General Collin Campbell,
marched towards Lucknow and captured it after a fierce battle in March 1858.

Bihar: In Bihar, the Revolt was led by Kunwar Singh, a zamindar of Jagdishpur. Though
he was eighty years old, he played a prominent part in the revolt. He fought the British
in Bihar and then joined Nana Sahib’s forces and took part in various encounters with
the English in Oudh and Central India. He died on April 27, 1858, leaving behind a
glorious record of valour and bravery.

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