COST ANALYSIS IN LOW COST

BUILDINGS

SUBMITTED BY:-
MEENU NASHIER
NANCY
NEERAJ
 Low Cost Buildings
Affordable housing is a term used to describe dwelling units whose total
housing cost are deemed “Affordable” to a group of people within a
specified income range.

• In India, the technology to be adopted for housing components should be such

that the production and erection technology be adjusted to suite the level of skills
and handling facilities available under metropolitan, urban and rural conditions.
• While preparing the specifications it should be kept in mind that, cost effective
construction systems are adopted.
• Energy efficiency has gained considerable importance due to energy crisis
especially in developing countries. Orientation, built–form, openings & materials
play a vital role besides landscaping / outdoor environment.
• To develop an effective mechanism for providing appropriate technology based
shelter particularly to the vulnerable group and economically weaker section.
 Prefabrication as applied to `Low
Cost Housing
1. In prefabricated construction, as the components are readymade,
self supporting, shuttering and scaffolding is eliminated with a
saving in shuttering cost.
2. In prefabricated housing system, time is saved by the use of precast
elements which are casted off-site during the course of foundations
being laid. The finishes and services can be done below the slab
immediately. While in the conventional in-situ RCC slabs, due to
props and shuttering, the work cannot be done, till they are
removed. Thus, saving of time attributes to saving of money.
3. In precast construction, similar types of components are produced
repeatedly, resulting in increased productivity and economy in cost
too.
4. Since there is repeated production of similar types of components in
precast construction, therefore, it results in faster execution, more
productivity and economy.
Construction techniques & Materials

Different components of a building

• SUBSTRUCTURE(FOUNDATION)

• WALLS

• ROOF & FLOOR SLAB

• DOORS & WINDOWS

1. FOUNDATION
 2. WALL

In the construction of walls, rammed earth,

normal bricks, soil cement blocks, hollow clay
blocks, dense concrete blocks, small, medium i. Non erodable mud plaster:
and room size panels etc of different sizes are The plaster over mud walls gets eroded during
used. However, bricks continue to be the rains, which necessitates costly annual
backbone of the building industry. repairs. This can be made non erodable by
the use of bitumen cutback emulsion
Increasing the size of wall blocks will prove containing mixture of hot bitumen and
economical due to greater speed and less kerosene oil. The mixture is pugged along
mortar consumption, which can be achieved with mud mortar and wheat/ rice straw.
by producing low density bigger size wall This mortar is applied on mud wall surface
blocks using industrial wastes like blast furnace in thickness of 12 mm. One or two coats of
slag and fly ash. mud cow dung slurry with cutback are
applied after the plaster is dry. The
Several prefabrication techniques have been maintenance cost is low due to enhanced
developed and executed for walls but these durability of mud walls.
medium and large panel techniques have not
proved economical for low rise buildings as
compared to traditional brick work.
ii. Fly –Ash sand lime bricks:
Bricks made by mixing lime and fly ash are
therefore, chemically bonded bricks. The bricks
are manufactured with the help of hydraulic
press and are dried in the autoclave. These
bricks have various advantages over the clay
bricks, It possesses adequate crushing
strength, uniform shape, smooth finish and
does not require plastering and also are lighter
in weight than ordinary clay bricks.

iii. Solid concrete and stone blocks:

This technique is suitable in areas where
stones and aggregates for the blocks are
available locally at cheaper rates.
Approximate saving of Rs.478 i.e.20%is achieved per m3of Rat trap bond .
Approximate saving of 30% is achieved in fly ash brick than normal bricks.
 3. FLOOR AND ROOF
Structural floors/roofs account for
substantial cost of a building in
normal situation. Therefore, any
savings achieved in floor/roof
considerably reduce the cost of
building.
Some of the prefabricated
roofing/flooring components found
suitable in many low-cost housing
projects are:
i. Precast RC Planks.
ii. Prefabricated Brick Panels
iii. Precast RB Curved Panels.
iv. Precast RC Channel Roofing
v. Precast Hollow Slabs
vi. Precast Concrete Panels
vii. L Panel Roofing
viii. Trapezon Panel Roofing
ix. Un reinforced Pyramidal Brick Roof
i. Precast RC plank roofing system:
This system consists of precast RC planks
supported over partially precast joist.
The savings achieved in practical
implementations compared with conventional
RCC slab is about 25%.
Precast R.C. Planks

ii. Prefabricated brick panel roofing system:

Brick panel is made of first class bricks
reinforced with two MS bars of 6 mm dia and
joints filled with either 1:3 cement sand
mortar or M-15 concrete. Panels can be made
in any size
Structural design The prefab brick panel for roof
iv. Precast RC channel roofing
as well as for floor of residential buildings has two
numbers 6 mm dia MS bars as reinforcement up Nominal width of units is 300 mm or 600 mm
to a span of 120 cms. with overall depths of 130 mm to 200 mm
An overall economy of 25% has been achieved A saving of 14% has been achieved in actual
in actual practice compared to cast-in-situ RCC implementation in various projects.
slab.

iii. Precast curved brick arch panel roofing

This roofing is same as RB panel roofing except
that the panels do not have any reinforcement.
A panel while casting is given a rise in the
centre and thus an arching action is created.
An overall economy of 30% has been achieved
in single storeyed building and 20% in two or
three storeyed buildings

Pre Fab Brick Arch Panel

v. Precast hollow slabs roofing
Precast hollow slabs are panels in which voids
are created by earthen kulars. without
decreasing the stiffness or strength.
There is saving of about 30% in cost of
concrete and an overall saving of about 23%. Hollow Slabs Roofing System

vi. L- Pan roofing

L-Panel roofing is quite lighter in weight,
economic in construction and sound in
performance and durability. In addition to roof,
the L-panels can be used for making loft,
cooking platforms, parapets and many other
minor elements of buildings and structures. L Pan Roofing System
 4. DOORS AND WINDOWS

Economy can be achieved by: (i) Standardizing

and optimizing dimensions; (ii) Evolving
restricted number of doors and window sizes;
and (iii) Use of precast door and window
frames.
Frame Less Door
1. Bamboo Mat Board 3. Bamboo Corrugated Roofing Sheet
2. Bamboo Mat Veneer Composite 4. Bamboo-Rice Husk Composite
1. 2. 3. 4.
 5. Fly Ash Polymer Composite 6. Blast Furnace Slag Composite

7. Sandwitched Fly Ash Panel

8. Plantation Timber Doors/ Windows
Materials used:- (BMTPC- Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council,
Govt. of India)
By and large, conventional building materials like burnt bricks, steel and cement
are higher in cost, utilize large amount of non-renewable natural resources like
energy, minerals, top soil, forest cover,etc,. The continued use of such
conventional materials has adverse impact on economy and environment.
Environment friendly materials and technologies with cost effectiveness are,
therefore, required to be adopted for sustainable constructions which must
fulfill some or more of the following criterion :-
•Not endanger bio-reserves and be non-polluting.
•Be self sustaining and promote self reliance. Recycle polluting waste into usable
materials.
• Utilize locally available materials.
•Utilize local skills, manpower and managing systems.
•Benefit local economy by being income generating.
•Utilize renewable energy sources.
•Be accessible to people.
• Be low in monetary cost.
Various construction techniques

•Arch foundation -40% reduce - cost of

construction
•Bamboo foundation – 10 - 12%
•Ferro cement techniques – 30 – 40 %
•Walls- rat trap bond – 30 % reduction in
bricks in place of conventional techniques
•Brick jalli - 5% reduce of running cost
•Filler slab – 20 – 25 % reduce initial cost of
construction than r.c.c slab
•Brick arch roofing – 30 % less