Chapter 1 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry reekecon Introduction Introduction eee ener When you start studying chemistry, different kinds of new questions come to your mind and these questions require some basic concepts Nature of Matter and techniques of chemistry to be solved. In this chapter we will eee study only such concepts and techniques. We will discuss, what 1s Thee de ume chemistry, why shall we study chemistry and how useful 1s 1 to mankind? As you probably know, chemistry 1s about studie © Uncertainty in Measurement matter, so we will study characteristics, classification and a ishpa of chancel measurement of matter with international Goce conversions, Once units and their conversions are known we will study how to make precise and accurate scientific calculations. After © Dation’s Atomic Theory this we will study how elements combine under the laws of chemical Pinte oie combinations and Dalton's atomic theory and how to deal with Pst calculations involving atoms, molecules, moles and molar mass. Determination of empirical and molecular formula for a compound + Mole Concept and Molar from the given experimen Masses ©) Equivalent Mass IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY © Percentage Composition ‘Man has always been curious about the changes taking place in his. congener surroundings and this curiosity led him to study, observe and Skachened i Catchers ‘experiment with the changes taking place. When these observations ‘and experiments or we can say knowledge is systematically arranged, © Reactions in Solutions itis called science, so we can define science as “a continuing human Some Important Definitions effort to systematize knowledge for describing and understanding ature’. so eianaie fart Due to expansion and diversification in science, it has been subdivided © Quick Recap into various disciplines like chemistry, physics, biology, geology etc. so that we can study each of them easily. We define chemistry as the branch of science that deals with the composition, properties and interaction of matter. Chemistry has a very important role in our daily life. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt Ltd. - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476234562 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some important roles of chemistry are (1) Chemical principles are involved in everything from weather patterns to brain functioning to the operation of a computer. Different chemical composition of atmosphere make different weather at different places on the earth as well as on different planets too. For example, higher concentration of oxides of sulphur and nitragan in ‘atmosphere causes acid rain, similarly green house gases lead to extreme weather events such as drought, flooding, high wind and storm. Here principles of geo-chemistry are involved. In the brain, nitric oxide (NO) acts as a messenger compound in the transmission of brain waves and in immune system it slows down the growth of tumor cells. Here the principles of biochemical processes are portent: (2) Chemistry plays an important role in economic condition of a country by having its role in various industrial processes like manufacturing chemical fertilizers like urea, ammonium sulphate etc. which help in better production of crops. Alkalis, acids, salts, dyes are important in synthesis of various chemical compounds and products of ‘commercial value. Chemical industries involved in production of drugs, soaps, detergents, metals, alloys ‘and various organic and inorganic compounds have a very big role in the economic growth of a nation. (3) Chemistry has very important role in making human life comfortable and convenient by the following means Preservatives like sodium benzoate and sodium metabisulphite are used for better preservation of food and check its wastage. Insecticides and pesticides like D.0.T., gammexane etc. are helpful for crop protection and storage of food grains. Products of domestic consumptions like soaps, cosmetics, oils, perfumes etc. are outcomes of chemical synthesis. Health-care products, skin cream and soaps contain chemical compound, similarly disinfectants and germicides also contain chemical compounds. Materials for improving quality of life like air conditioner use chemical substances like liquid ammonia or liquid sulphur dioxide. Life saving drugs such as cisplatin and taxol (used in cancer therapy) and AZT (azidothymidine is used for helping AIDS victims) are prepared by chemical processes. (4) With advancement in chemistry now it is possible to make new materials with specific magnetic, electric ‘and optical properties .g., superconducting ceramics (the ceramic materials used to make superconductors. are a class of materials called perovskites), conducting polymers (are organic polymers that conduct electricity), optical fibres (an optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fibre made of a pure glass (silica) not much wider than human hair. With increasing understanding in chemistry now it is possible to apply principles of chemistry to stop environmental degradation e.g., CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), a refrigerant responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere has been replaced with newly synthesised blends of various compounds e.g., R-410A and also Natural refrigerants such as ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and non-halogenated hydrocarbons, they Preserve the ozone layer and have no (¢.g., ammonia) or only a low (carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons) global ‘warming potential are in use once again. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 3. Still there are some challenges to chemists like management of the green house gases like methane, carbon dioxide etc., understanding various chemical reactions in living organisms (= biochemical processes) and use of enzymes for large scale production of chemicals. NATURE OF MATTER We see different things around us having different shapes, sizes and colours, mass and occupy space, all these things are composed of matter. So, matter is anything that occupies space possesses mass and can bbe felt by one or more of our senses. Example : water, air, living things, books, table, chalk, blackboard etc. all are composed of matter. Depending upon physical and chemical properties matter can be classified into different categories. Based on physical states matter can be classified as solid, liquid and gas. In solid, constituent particles of matter are held close to each other or tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern and do not have much freedom to move or not easily compressible. Therefore they retain a fixed volume. and shape e.g., NaCl, Fe etc. In liquid, constituent particles are close together with no regular arrangement and acquire the shape of the container in which itis kept. their particles can move and are not easily compressible due to little free space but flow easily. Therefore they have definite volume but not definite shape e.g., Br, water etc In gas, constituent particles are far apart with no regular arrangement and occupies the shape and volume of its container, they can move around or flow easily and are compressible, Gases have no definite volume and shape e.g., O,, NH, etc. Gas Liquid Solid Solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter are interconvertible by changing temperature and pressure. Solid =H Liquid —Htl+ Gas For example, when water is cooled at 0°C, it. gets converted into ice, which is a solid and on heating at 100°C, it starts to boil and gets converted into vapour, which is. a gaseous state of water. On cooling, water vapour first gets converted into liquid and on further cooling to 0°C it becomes a solid (Ie). oat ce == Water Vapour Stor Further on applying pressure at a particular temperature gases can be liquefied, this principle is applied to compress natural gas and petroleum gas which are available for our uses as CNG and LPG. At the macroscopic or bulk level matter can be classified into two main categories as mixtures and pure ‘substances. These are further sub-divided. Mixtures are made up of two or more substances called its components and possess variable composition. Mixture are of two types, homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixtures are the mixtures which have same composition throughout, these are also called ‘as solutions @g., sugar solution, salt solution, air gasoline, brass etc. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476234564 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Heterogeneous mixtures are the mixtures which do not have uniform composition throughout and sometimes different components can be observed with naked eyes or with the help of a microscope. e.g., the mixture of salt and sugar, grains and pulses along with stone pieces are heterogeneous mixtures because they do not evenly mix and can be seen as separate entities in a mixture. Similarly milk appear to us as a homogeneous ‘mixture but by physical methods like configuration or churning of the components like cream can be separated. So milk is also a heterogenous mixture. Other examples are sand and iron filings, sand and water, mud etc. Components of a mixture can be separated by physical methods like filtration, crystallisation, sublimation, ‘extraction, distilation, chromatography, magnetic separation, simple hand picking etc. Pure substances have a fixed composition and their constituents cannot be separated by simple physical methods. Their properties do not vary, e.g., copper, silver, water, carbon dioxide etc, all of these have same constituents and they cannot be separated by physical methods, also take the case of glucose, it contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a fixed ratio Pure substances can be classified into elements and compounds. An Element is a pure substance which is made up of one kind of particles called atoms or molecules e.g., sodium, copper, silver etc. But atoms of different elements are different in nature due to different number of protons, electrons and neutrons which lead to different properties. ‘Some elements such as sodium or copper contain single atoms (monatomic) held together as their constituent Patticles whereas in some others, two or more atoms combine to give respectively diatomic or polyatomic molecules of the element. Some common diatomic molecules are H,, O,, CO, N,, F,, Cl, Br, etc. @O@®@ ® + @ — @ ‘Atoms of different elements, ‘An atom of Amolecule hhydrogen (H) atom Stet of hydrogen hydrogen (Hy) wy) Qo: @a—- @ *+@— ‘An atom of Achloine An atomof Another Amolecule chlorine (Cl) atom monet ‘molecule ‘oxygen (0) atom of of oxygen on (cu) cayaen ) Fig. : A representation of atoms and molecules. ‘When two or more atoms of different elements combine in a fixed proportion by mass, then a molecule of a compound is formed. e.g., H,O, CO,, NaCI, NH,, sugar etc. e.g., water (H,0) is a compound made up of two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, chemically combined in a fixed proportion of 1: 8 by mass. Wieec mciocite Carbon dioxide molecule (CO,) Similarly in carbon dioxide (CO,) carbon and oxygen, chemically combined in a fixed proportion of 3: 8 by This fixed and definite ratio is characteristic of a particular compound. When a compound is formed, the constituent elements lose their properties or we can say that the properties of a compound are different from those of its constituent elements, Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 5) For example, hydrogen is a combustible substance and bums with a pop sound and oxygen is a supporter ‘of combustion but water which is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion rather itis used as a fire extinguisher. Also hydrogen and oxygen are gases whereas water is a liquid, Unlike mixtures, the constituents of the compound cannot be separated into simpler substances by physical methods. Consider a compound of iron and sulphur for example, iron disulphide (FeS, also called as iron pyrite). Ha magnet is brought near to sample of iron disulphide compound, the iron does not separate from sulphur. So, constituents of compounds cannot be separated by physical methods but they can be separated by chemical methods or electricity for example : Molten magnesium chloride can be broken down into its constituent elements, magnesium and chlorine gas by passing electricity (= electrolysis). Physical Classification Homogeneous] [Heterogeneous mixtures : ‘mixtures : uniform composition! | composition is not throughout juniform throughout Elements = ‘Compounds = ‘cannot be| ‘can be decomposed posed lby chemical methods| ‘into shrigler into constituent substances elements, Example 1: Classify the following as pure substances or mixtures, give reasons. @ Graphite Milk. (ii) Air () Diamond Solution : Pure substance : Graphite and diamond, both are made up of only one kind of atom, carbon. Mixture : Air and milk, both contain various constituent in variable amount. Example 2: identify the following as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture. @ Aerated drinks @ Brass Solution = Brass is homogeneous mixture because constituents are evenly mixed whereas aerated drinks have liquid and gas separate from each other, when opened; so a heterogeneous mixtures. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476294566) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Compstitive Exams. 1. Identify the following as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. () Sugar dissolved in water (i) Oll and water 2. Identify the following as homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. (Alcohol and water (i). Sand and iron filings PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR MEASUREMENT Chemists broadly classified properties into two kinds, namely physical properties and chemical properties in order to characterize a particular sample of matter. Physical properties are those properties which can be measured or observed without changing the identity or the composition of the substance. Chemical properties are those which can be measured only by @ chemical reaction, These cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. Chemical properties shows the kind of reaction in which a substance can take part e.g., acidity or basicity, combustibilty, reactivity etc. ‘There are many properties of matter which are capable of being measured or quantitative in nature e.g., length, area, volume etc. Such quantities are measured with some fixed standard. For example, if we want to know the length of a piece of paper, we shall lay the piece of paper parallel to a centimeter scale and will count the number of marking on the scale. Suppose the number of marking is 15.2, this means that the piece of paper is 15.2 times longer than one unit of measurement but it is senseless to say the paper is 15.2, until we add centimeter, a unit of length to 15.2 ie., 15.2 cm. This presentation is appropriate and called physical quantity. Therefore, a measured physical quantity is expressed in two parts, a numerical coefficient and 2 unit. Either of them are meaningless without each other. A unit Is the standard of reference chosen to measure or express any physical quantity. The International System of Units (S.l.) SI system is a modification of metric system and has seven base units pertaining to the seven fundamental scientific quantities. Base Physical Quantities and their Units Length # ‘metre m Mass m kilogram kg Time t ‘second s Electric current ' ampere A The r kelvin K Temperature: ‘Amount of substance n mole ‘mot Luminous intensity i candela od ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 6, Pisa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47629456Board & Competitive Exams, Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 7 ‘The definition of Si base units are given in table below. Definitions of Si Base Units Unitofiength ‘metre The metre is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792.458 of a second. Unitofmass kilogram | The kilogram is the unit of mags; itis equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram, Unitoftime second | The second is the duration of 9 192 631 70 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the caesium-133 atom. Unitofelectriccurrent | ampere | The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to2 « 10’ newton per metre of length. Unit of thermodynamic | kelvin ‘The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the temperature fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water Unit of amount of | mole 1. The moleis the amount of substance of a system which ‘substance contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12; its symbol is “mol” 2. Whenthe moleis used, the elementary entities must be ‘specified any may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. Unit of luminous | candela | The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, intensity of @ source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency $40 x 10" hertz and that has a radiantintensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. There are some physical quantities which are derived using the SI base units in combinations e.9., metre square (m2) is the unit for area, the cubic metre (m*) is the unit for volume and kg/m: is unit of density, ‘Such units are called derived units. UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT ‘There are certain set of rules to present the experimental data and theoretical calculations in meaningful ways, so that we can use numbers easily and data can be made more sensible with firmness to the possible extent. Scientific notations, significant figures and dimensional analysis help us in many ways in presenting of data and theoretical calculations. Scientific Notation In chemistry, we study about atoms and molecules which have very low masses and are present in very large numbers, a chemist is often concerned with numbers as large as 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000 for the molecule of 2 g of hydrogen gas or as smaill as 0.00000000000000000000000166 g mass of a H-atom. But such a problem can be solved by using scientific notations of such numbers, /.e., exponential notation in Which any number can be represented in the form N * 10°, where n is an exponent having positive or negative values and N can vary between 1 to 10 or 1.00... to 9.999... til it reaches 10. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Scientific notations are expressed as follows (1) All numbers, large or small are expressed between 1.000... to 9.999... by multiplying or dividing number by 10 to transform a number larger than 9.999... to scientific notation the decimal point is moved to left until there is only one non-zero digit before the decimal point. @.g., 342.505 is written as 3.42505 = 10 in scientific notation. Here while writing the decimal has been moved to the left by two places and same is the exponent (2) of 10 in the scientific notation. ‘Similarly, to express smaller number or number smaller than 1.0000 is scientific notation, the decimal point is moved towards the right until there is only one non-zero digit before the decimal point, this can also be done by dividing the given number by number of tens, which can bring the number to one non-zero digit before decimat point. 3.42505 3.42505 ___ 3 4250510 Toxt0xt0x10 eg. 0.000342505 = (or 0,000342505 = 3.42505 = 104 Here the decimal has been moved four places to the right and (—4) is the exponent in the scientific notation. (2) Addition and subtraction in scientific notation To add or subtract numbers in scientific notation, the power of 10 that is exponent must be same in all the numbers. @.g., 3.425 * 104 + 3.425 « 10° Both have different exponents so first of all exponents should be made uniform or same then only they ‘should be added, 3.425 = 10* + 0.3425 x 104 = 3.7675 = 104 ‘Similarly the substraction can be done as shown below 3.425 104 — 3.425 « 10° = 3.425 « 104 — 0.3425 x 10 = 3.0825 10 (8) Multiplication and division in scientific notation White both the operations, exponents are added and subtracted as per their positive and negative values. This will become more clear with following examples. @.g., Multiplication 10" x 10” = 10**¥ ; where x and y are integers (8.425 * 10°) x (3.425 x 108) = 11.73 « 1079 oF (3.425 x 108) x (3.425 « 10-8) = 11.73 « 109 or (8.425 x 10-8) x (3.425 = 10-8) = 11.73 x 10-8 ‘Simitarty in division (- x 10 +) a andy we beg 3.425%10° 3.425x10" 9425x107 4498-68) 1089 3.42510 3.425x10°% 3.425% 10 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 110°? = 110° = 1x10) 1x10?B Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Scientific notations are expressed as follows : (1) All pumbers, large or small are expressed between 1.000... to 9.999... by multiplying or dividing number by 10 to transform a number larger than 9.999... to scientific notation the decimal point is moved to left nti there is only one non-zero digit before the decimal point. 0.g., 342.508 is written as 3.42505 x 10? in scientific notation. Here while writing the decimal has been ‘moved to the left by two places and same is the exponent (2) of 10 in the scientific notation ‘Similarly, to express smaller number or number smaller than 1.0000 is scientific notation, the decimal point is moved towards the right until there is only one non-zero digit before the decimal point, this can also ‘be done by dividing the given number by number of tens, which can bring the number to one non-zero digit before decimal point. 3.42505 10x10%10%10 or 0,000342505 = 3.42505 x 104 Here the decimal has been moved four places to the right and (—4) is the exponent in the scientific notation. (2) Addition and subtraction in scientific notation To add or subtract numbers in scientific notation, the power of 10 that is exponent must be same in all the numbers, 0.g., 3.425 108 + 3.425 « 10° Both have different exponents so first of all exponents should be made uniform or same then only they should be added. 3.425 x 10* + 0.3425 « 10* = 3.7675 = 104 ‘Simitarty the substraction can be done as shown below 3.425 x 104 — 3.425 « 10° 425 * 104 — 0.3425 = 10* .0825 = 104 (8) Multiplication and division in scientific notation White both the operations, exponents are added and subtracted as per their positive and negative values. This will become more clear with following examples. @.g., Multiplication 10* « 10” = 10** ; where x and y are integers (3.425 * 10°) x (3.425 « 108) = 11.73 « 10%? or (3.425 x 10%) x (3.425 = 10) = 11.73 = 10% or (3.425 x 10-4) « (3.425 x 10-8) = 11.73 x 10-3 @g., 0.000342505 = =3.42505<10+ Similarly in division (3 10" *} where x and y are integers 3.42510" 4 4088 1x10 Baz6x1g® ~ 10" * = 1010 3.425x10° 3, 3.425210 49664) = 410 3.425.107 3.425%10 x 10°) 2110" 3425x107 Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Rogd. Office: Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, Now Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Some Basie Concepts of Chemistry |) Example 3: Express the following in scientific notation. (175000 @ o77 Solution : (1) 1.75 « 108 @ 17% 107 Example 4: Express the following mathematical operations in scientific notation. () (6.6 * 10%) x (7.7 « 108) 2) (6.6 * 10% «(7.7 « 107) Solution: (1), 6.6 * 7.7 « 108+ 9 = 50.82 = 10% 2) 6.6 «7.7 « 105° 67 = 60.82 x 107 Example 5: Express the following mathematical operations in scientific notation. 77x10" 77107 66x108 @ 66x10 Solution : a @ Example 6: Express the following mathematical operations in scientific notation. (D) (7.7 * 104) + (0.77 * 10) 2 (8.7 * 10%) — (0.77 « 10°) Solution : (1) (7.7 * 104) # (7.7 * 104) = 15.4 * 10* Q) (87 « 104)- (7.7 « 104) = 1 « 108 Express 900.00 in scientific notation. Express (2.2 * 104) x (3.3 = 10°) in scientific notation. Significant Figures Experimental measurements are generally associated with some extent of uncertainty. However, one would always like the result/results precise and accurate. Precision means closeness of various measurements of the same quantity. Accuracy, on the other hand, is the agreement of a particular value to the true value of the result; but these aspects again depend on the accuracy of measuring device and the skill of the person who is performing the experiment. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Puss Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345640 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. For example, if the true value of a result is 4.00 m and a student Rajeev takes two measurements and reports the result as 3.95 m and 3.93 m, these values are precise as they are close to each other but are not accurate. Another student Rajneesh repeats the experiment and obtains 3.94 m and 4.05 m as a result for two measurements. These observations are neither precise nor accurate. When a third student Mukesh repeats these measurement and reports 4.01 m and 3.99 m as the result. These values are both precise and accurate. This will become clear from data given in table below. ‘Student Rajeev 3.95m 393m 304m ‘Student Rajneesh 394m 405m 399m ‘Student Mukesh 401m 399m ‘400m ‘The experiment conducted by mukesh is both precise and accurate because its average value is equal to the true valve of the result. The level of uncertainty as discussed before also depends upon accuracy of measuring devices. For example if a centimetre scale is used to measure the length of a page, we may get length, let us assume 12.8 om. In such a measurement we can be sure that the number of tens in numerical expression is 1 and the number of ones is 2, but we cannot be sure of 1/10 of a centimetre which is 8. Here this last digit Le., 6 is called uncertain digit and 12 is certain digit. The uncertainty in last digit would be +1 and it is always understood. Hence the uncertainty in measurement of length can be expressed by recording the above measurement as 12.8 £ 0.1 em. ‘An easy method of expressing the uncertainty in measurement is to express it in terms of significant figures instead of using the notation +1 Significant figures are meaningful digits which are known with certainty. The number of significant figures in a measurement is the number of figures that are known with certainty plus one that is uncertain, beginning with the first non-zero digit. e.g., 8.00 has three significant figures. To determine the significant figures in a measured quantity, following rules should be applied (1) All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 175 cm, 0.175 om and 1.75 em all have three significant figures. (2) Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit in the number are not significant. Such zero indicates the position of decimal point. For example, 0.0175 cm has three significant figures. 0.0017 cm has two significant figures. (3) Zeros between two non-zero digits are significant. For example, 1.007 cm has four significant figures. 1.07 om has three significant figures. (@) Zeros at the end or right of a number are significant provided they are on the right side of the decimal point. For example, 6.00 cm has three significant figures. 0.060 cm has two significant figures. But the terminal zeros are not significant if there is no decimal point ¢.g., 100 has only one significant figure, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Some Basic Concepts of Chemisty | 411 (8) Exact numbers have an infinite number of significant figures. As there is no uncertainty in the accuracy of conuntable objects so the countable objects have infinite significant digits For example, in 4 pens or 40 copies, there are infinite significant figures as these are exact numbers and ‘can be represented by writing infinite number of zeros after placing a decimal ie., 4 = 4.00000 or 40 = 40.000000. The ambiguity in the last point can be removed by expressing the number in scientific notation. For example, 4500 m can be expressed in scientific notation in the following forms depending upon whether it has two, three or four significant figures. 4.5 * 10° m (Two significant figures) 4.50 * 10° m (Three significant figures) 4.500 « 10? m (Four significant figures) In these expressions, all the zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. Rounding off ‘Sometimes, the final result of a calculation contains figures that are not significant, under such cases the final result is rounded off. In rounding off the extra digits are dropped with or without minor changes in the figures retained. One should keep following points in mind for rounding off the numbers. (1) Ifthe right most digit to be removed is more than 5, then the preceding number is increased by one. For example, if 58.87 is to be rounded off to three significant digits. The last digit to be retained Is 8 and the digit following it s 7 which is greater than 5, therefore 8 would be increased by one to 9. The resultant ‘umber in terms of significant figures would be expressed as 58.9. @) Ifthe right most digit to be removed is less than 5, the preceding number is not changed. For example, if 58.82 is to be rounded off to three significant digits. The last digit to be retained is 8 and the digit following it is 2, which is less than 5, therefore 8 will be retained as such without change and the resultant number in terms of significant figures would be expressed as 58.8. () If the right most digit to be removed is 5, then the preceding number is not changed, if it is an even number, For example, if 5.25 is to be rounded off by removing 5 it is rounded off to 5.2. ‘The preceding number is increased by one if it is an odd number. For example, if 5.35 is to be rounded off by removing 5, we have to increase 3 to 4 giving 5.4 as the result. Addition and Subtraction of Significant Figures. In case of addition and subtraction, the final result should be reported to same number of decimal places as the number carrying minimum number of decimal places to the right. This will become more clear with the following examples. wad 4444 + 0.14 12.32 In this sum 11.1 has the one digit after the decimal point therefore the result should be reported only up to ‘one digit after decimal point which is 12.3, also as per rounding off rule 2 is dropped. Similarly, 3.56 -0.031 3.529 Here, 3.56 has minimum number of decimal places of two only so the result after rounding off wil be 3.53. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid.~ Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph. 011-4762345612 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Multiplication and Division of Significant Figures {n case of multiplication and division, the final result should be reported as having the same number of significant digits as the number with least number of significant digits. This will become more clear with the following examples 15.79 * 6,06 = 95.6874 Here 6.06 has the minimum number of significant figure that is 3, s0 the final result after rounding off should have only three significant figures, therefore the result will be 95.7. Similarly, 5.28 0.156%3.00 0.0428 Here all the values have three significant figures, so the result should be expressed in three significant figures as 57,7, If in a calculation some exact number is involved, it is regarded to have infinite number of significant digits, and the number of digits in the final result Is limited by the other number. For example, 20 « 3.33 = 66.6 Here 20 has infinite number of significant figures, therefore final result will be equal to the number of significant figures in 3.33 which is 3, s0 the result will be expressed as 66.6. =87.73458 Example 7: Express the following numbers to four significant figures. () 6.608792 (2) 42.392600 Solution: (1). As the fith digit 7 is greater than 5, therefore the result will be expressed as 6.609. (2) It will be expressed as 42.39. The digit 2 is dropped since it is less than 5 (the figure is not rounded off to the next number). Example 8: Express the following numbers to four significant figures. () 1.81234 x 10 2) 0.008837 Solution: (1). The fifth digit is less than 5, therefore result is expressed as 1.812 * 10° (2) The four digits to be retained are 8, 8, 3 and 7 therefore, the number is expressed as 8.837 « 10°. Note : The exponential terms does not add to significant figures. Example 9: What is the sum of 3.368 kg and 2.02 kg? Solution : 3.368 42.02 5.388 ‘The sum is rounded off to 2 decimal places. Therefore, the sum is 5.39 kg. Example 10: The mass of a wood block is 6.932 9. if density of wood is 7.7 g/cm’, what is its volume? Express the result to the appropriate significant figures. Mi 6.9324 density 7.7 gem = 0.9002597...... = 0.90 cm? Solution : ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 13 Example 11: Express the following calculations fo the proper number of significant figures. (2.3410 (0.5) 64 Solution = In this calculation 0.5 has minimum number of significant digits. It has only one significant digit. The result of this calculation is, therefore, to be rounded off to one significant digit (2.34410°°)(0.5) _ 1.17%10% 64 CO = 0.1828125 « 10% Here 8, after 1 is greater than 5, so the result after rounding off is 0.2 « 10° 8. _ Express the following number to two significant figures. @ 5602792 (i) 3.340280 6. Express the following numbers to three significant figures. @ 6.022 x 10% (i) 44.216 ‘7. What is the sum of 5.228 kg and 1.02 kg? Express the result to the appropriate significant figures. 8. Perform the following calculations to the appropriate number of significant digits 6.0210" x 4.00 40x10 Dimensional Analysis During calculations, we often need techniques to solve problems involving conversion of units from one system to another. The method used to carry out this is called unit factor method or dimensional analysis. For example, a piece of wood is 4 inch (represented by in) long and you are asked to convert its length in cm. We know that, 1 in = 2.54 cm, from this equivalence, we can write tin 2.54 em 254om Tin tin 2.54 cm Thus, 754 em CWAls 1 and “TT also equals 1. Both of these are called unit factors. A unit factor must have the numerator and denominator representing equivalent quantities. The numerator should have that part in which the desired result is required, if result is required in centimetre then centimetre should be in umerator. If some number is multiplied by these unit factors (ie., 1), it will not be affected in other respects. In simple words we can represent this as Information asked = Information given * unit factor ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345614° Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Let us go back to the conversion above, 2.54 om 4 in=4 inx = 4*254.om = 10.16 cm = 10.2 cm The units can be cancelled, divided, multiplied, squared etc., just like the numerical figures in mathematical calculations. For example, let us calculate number of second in 3 days. ‘We know, 1 day = 24 hours Aday _4_ 24h Zan | tday ah in, 1h = 60 min Ther 60min oF min So, for converting 3 days to seconds Le.,3 days oi. oo... seconde 24h 60min 60s jae S0.ni: x 24 x 60 « ‘day 1h tmin S24 * 60 * 60 s 3 days = 259200 s 1. One day is equal to (1) 24«60~60s Q) 24« 605 (@) 24 50 x 60s (4) 24 100 x 60s 2. The unit of intensity is (1) mole @) kg @) candela (4) ampere 3. The unit of frequency is (1) hertz @) second"? @) mint (@) Allof these 4. How many significant figures are in 0.00057 Om @2 @s was 5. The number of significant figures in 1.0001 are mt @2 @ 4 @5 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 15 6. Add (0.001 + 0.02) upto correct number of significant figures (1) 0.021 @ 002 (@) 0.008 (4) 0.001 7. The multiple 5 « 0.2 after rounding off wll be m4 @ 10 @ 1.00 (4) 1.000 8. Round off 0.1525 upto three significant figures (1) 0.183 2) 0.4182 @) 016 (4) 048 9. Round off 0.1576 upto one digit after decimal @) 04 @ 16% 107 @) 02 @) 16 10. The value of =23=3°° wit be equal to 2.86 mes @s1 @ en (4) 8.13 LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS: Whenever substances react, they do so according to certain laws. These laws are called the laws of chemical combinations, (1) Law of Conservation of Mass ‘This law was proposed by the French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1789). This law states that : During any physical or chemical change, the total mass of products remains equal to the total mass of the reactants. oR Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed Lavoisier showed that when mercuric oxide was heated it produced free mercury and oxygen. The sum of masses of mercury and oxygen was found to be equal to the mass of mercuric oxide. Mercurie oxides Mercury + Oxygen ‘oe te eS Note : Nuclear reactions do not obey law of conservation of mass because in these reactions some mass is converted to energy according to E = me! Example 12: 10.0 g of CaCO, on heating gave 4.4 g of CO, and x g of CaO. Applying law of conservation of mass calculate the mass of CaO. According to the law, ‘Mass of reactants = mass of product, here Caco, ——+C0, + Cad 106 “ag Hence, x= 109-4.4g=56g which is mass of CaO. Solution Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345616 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. (2) 9. When 8.4 g of NaHCO, is added to solution of CH,COOH weighing 20 g. It is observed that 4.4 of CO, is released into atmosphere and a residue is left behind. Calculate the mass of residue by applying law of conservation of mass. 10. 1f 12.6 g of NaHCO, are added to 30.0 g of CH,COOH solution, the residue is found to weigh 36.0 g, What is the mass of CO, released in the reaction? Law of Constant or Definite Proportions This law was given by, a French chemist Joseph Proust in 1799. This law states that “a chemical ‘compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass”. Proust worked with two samples of cupric carbonate — one of which was of natural origin and the other was synthetic one. He found that the composition of elements present in it was same for both the samples as shown below : ‘Thus, imespective of the source, a chemical compound always contains the elements in fixed ratio by mass. €.g., pure water obtained from river, sea, well etc. always contains hydrogen and axygen combined together in the ratio of 1 : 8 by mass. Similarly, CO, can be obtained by different methods like : burning of carbon, heating limestone and action of dilute hydrochloric acid on marble pieces or during respiration (Buming of food). All these different samples of CO, contain carbon and oxygen in the ratio of 3 : & by mass. Example 13 : Copper oxide was prepared by two different methods. In one case. 1.75 g of the metal gave Solution = 2.19 g of oxide. In the second case, 1.14 g of the metal gave 1.43 g of the oxide, show that the given data illustrate the law of constant proportions. In case |, mass of copper = 1.75 9 ‘Mass of copper oxide = 2.19 g Mass of copper 499 ‘Mass of copper oxide 175 .400-79.9% 219 % of oxygen = 100 ~ 79.9 = 20.1% In case Il, mass of copper = 1.14 9 Mass of copper oxide = 1.43 g 2% ot copper in ae ode = 4.900 = 70.7% °% of copper in the oxide = % of oxygen = 100 ~ 79.7 = 20.3% ‘Thus, copper oxide prepared by any of the given methods contain copper and oxygen in the same proportion by mass (within the experimental error). Hence, it proves the law of constant proportions. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 17 11. 2.75 g of cupric oxide was reduced by heating in a current of hydrogen and the weight of copper that remained was 2.196 g. Another experiment, 2.358 g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and the resulting copper nitrate converted into cupric oxide by ignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed was 2.952 g. Show that these results illustrate taw of constant composition. Hint : In first case % of oxygen in CuO = 20.14%. In second case % of oxygen in CuO = 20.12% 12. 12976 g of lead combines with 2.004 g of oxygen to form PbO,. PbO, can also be produced by heating lead nitrate and it was found that the percentage of oxygen present in PbO, is 13.38%. With the help of given informations, illustrate the law of constant composition. Hint : In first case % of oxygen in PbO, = 13.38% In second case, as given % of oxygen in PbO, = 13.38% (3) Law of Multiple Proportions This law was proposed by Dalton in 1803. This law states that When two elements combine with each other to form two or more than two compounds, the masses of one of the elements which combine with fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio, For example, carbon and oxygen with each other to form carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO,) In CO : 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 16 part by mass of oxygen. In CO, : 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 32 parts by mass of oxygen. Ratio of masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon in these compounds is 16 : 32 or 1: 2, which is a simple whole number ratio, Example 14: Fhctogen and angen ae krcwn to fam bo compounde Te Pciopen content none of fase 12 Stee whe hv io ciner Iie 1.2% Show Matis dat Macatee to fw Of ute proporions Soltion : nthe et compound Hrerogen = 599% Oxygen = (100 ~ 6.999% = 4 0794 tte second compound, Hydrogen = 1.2% Oxygen = (100 11.296 = an 8% In the first compound the number of parts by mass of oxygen that combine with one part by 24 tras of hyeropen = 2407 508 tn te second compound the ruber of pat by mas of oxygen thet combine wih one part by mass of hydrogen = 222-7: pats The ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with fixed mass (1 part) by mass of hydrogen is Woorroortt Since tia rai em spe wile umber rae, Hence the gin ate Musas te aw of multiple proportions. 5.86 parts ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 47 aie 12. 2.75 g of cupric oxide was reduced by heating in a current of hydrogen and the weight of copper that remained was 2.196 g. Another experiment, 2.358 g of copper was dissolved in nitric acid and the resulting copper nitrate converted into cupric oxide by ignition. The weight of cupric oxide formed was 2.952 g. Show that these results illustrate law of constant composition. Hint : In first case % of oxygen in CuO = 20.14%. In second case % of oxygen in CuO = 20.12% 12.976 g of lead combines with 2.004 g of oxygen to form PbO,. PbO, can also be produced by heating lead nitrate and it was found that the percentage of oxygen present in PbO, is 13.38%. With the help of given informations, ilustrate the law of constant composition. Hint : In first case % of oxygen in PbO, = 13.38% In second case, as given % of oxygen in PbO, = 13.38% (3) Law of This law Multiple Proportions was proposed by Dalton in 1803. This law states that When two elements combine with each other to form two or more than two compounds, the masses of one of the elements which combine with fixed mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio. For example, carbon and oxygen with each other to form carbon monoxide (GO) and carbon dioxide (GO,). Inco: Inco, Ratio of 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 16 part by mass of oxygen. 12 parts by mass of carbon combine with 32 parts by mass of oxygen. masses of oxygen which combine with fixed mass of carbon in these compounds is 16 : 32 or 11: 2, which is a simple whole number ratio. Example 14: Solution = Hydrogen and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The hydrogen content in one of these is 6.93% while in the other it is 11.2%. Show that this data Mustrates the law of multiple Proportions. In the first compound, Hydrogen = 5.93% ‘Oxygen = (100 ~ 5.93)% = 94.07% In the second compound, Hydrogen = 11.2% ‘Oxygen = (100 ~ 11.2)% = 88.8% In the first compound the number of parts by mass of oxygen that combine with one part by 94.07 mass of hydrogen = 94.07 5.93 In the second compound the number of part by mass of oxygen that combine with one part £88 7.9 parts 15.86 parts by mass of hydrogen = 12 The ratio of masses of oxygen that combine with fixed mass (1 part) by mass of hydrogen is 15.86 : 7.9 or 2:1. Since this ratio is @ simple whole number ratio, hence the given data illustrates the law of ‘multiple proportions, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-476234561B Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. 13. On analysis it was found that the black oxide of copper and red oxide of copper contain 80% ‘and 89% of copper respectively. Show that this data is in accordance with law of multiple proportions. Hint : The ratio of Cu combining with fixed weight of oxygen in black and red oxide is 1: 2 respectively. 14. Sulphur and oxygen are known to form two compounds. The sulphur content in one of these is 51% while in the other is 41%. Show that this data is in agreement with the law of multiple proportions. Hint : Ratio of oxygen in oxides of sulphur is 2: 3. (4) Gay-Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes This law was given by Gay Lussac in 1808. This law states that : When gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature and pressure, This law may be illustrated by the following examples : Ithas been found that one volume of nitrogen combines with three volumes of hydrogen to form two volumes of ammonia gas, 3H(g) + Ng) ® ‘2NH,(9) — - (sraomeT) * [rcctno)) ~ Ersine Hydrogen: ‘Nitrogen Ammonia Tere roby vokmes of roger. etogen andemeanie e932 hihi ete whol curer ratio, ‘Similarly, 100 mL of hydrogen combine with 50 mL of oxygen to give 100 mL of water vapour. 2H,(@) + O,(g) ——>2H,0(9) Hydrogen + Oxygen—> Water LZ) Game) * Gem) * Game) — ez () ae ‘Thus, inte pele igscget ee and oxygen ino combine together (ie., 100 mL and 50 mL) bear a simple ratio of 2:4. Gay-Lussac's discovery of integer ratio in volume relationship is in fact the law of definite proportions by volume. The law of definite proportions was with respect to mass. The Gay-Lussac’s law was explained property by the work of Avogadro in 1811 (5) Avogadro Law ‘Avogadro, an Italian chemist differentiated the ultimate particle of an element that takes part in the reactions and the ultimate particle that has independent existence. The smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reactions ie called atom. It may or may not have independent existence. The smallest particle of a substance (element or compound) that has independent existence is called molecule. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 19) Avogadro argued that since smallest particle of gases that has independent existence is a molecule and not an atom hence volume of gases should be related to number of molecules and not number of atoms. He put forward Avogadro's law which states that : Equal volume of all gases under similar conditions of, temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules. (On applying Avogadro's law to the reaction between hydrogen and chlorine, Hydrogen + Chlorine ——+ Hydrochloric acid Yeoume woke Ze Applying Avogadro's Law, 1n molecules of hydrogen + n molecules of chlorine —> 2n molecules of hydrochloric acid gas 1 molecule + 1 molecule —> 2 molecules 4 mace + 1 molecule —+ 1 maocle timeare hat ne molecule of hyroctiore acd gas conane + mascot hytogon and + melocle of chlorine. Since a molecule may contain more than one atom (= polyatomic), it is possible to divide it into atoms. DALTON'S ATOMIC THEORY 1 12, 13, ‘Atom is indivisible particle and called as a-tomio (meaning-indivisible) at the time of Democritus. The main points of Dalton's atomic theory are as follows (1) Matter is made up of extremely small, indivisible particles called atoms. @) Atoms of a given element are identical in all respect, i, they possess same size, shape, mass, chemical Properties etc. (@) Atoms of different elements are different in all respects, (e.. hey possess different sizes, shapes, masses, chemical properties etc. (4) Atoms of different elements may combine with each other in a fixed, simple, whole number ratio to form ‘compounds. (5) Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction. Dalton’s theory could explain the laws of chemical combination. ‘The percentage of hydrogen in water and hydrogen peroxide is 11.1 and 5.9 respectively. These figures itlustrate (1) Law of multiple proportions (2) Law of conservation of mass (@) Law of constant proportions (4) Law of combining volumes Element X forms five stable oxides with oxygen of formula X,0, XO, X03. X,O,, XO, The formation of these oxides explains (1) Law of definite proportions 2) Law of partial pressures @)_ Law of multiple proportions (4) Law of reciprocal proportions ‘Which of the following represents Avogadro's hypothesis? (1) Gases react together in volumes which bear a simple ratio to one another (@) Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of molecules (8) Equal volumes of all gases under same conditions of temperature and pressure contain equal number of atoms (4) The rates of diffusion of gases are inversely proportional to the square root of their densities ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd.- Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-4762345620 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. 14. When 200 g of lime stone is strongly heated, it undergoes thermal decomposition to form 112 g of lime and unknown mass of carbon dioxide gas as Caco, + Ca + CO, aie Tis > ‘What will be the mass of CO, formed? @) 889 2) 249 @) 649 (4) 409 15. Carbon and oxygen react in ratio of 3 : 8 by mass to form CO,. What weight of carbon should be used to react completely with 32 g of oxygen? (1) 109 @ 89 @) 129 @ 79 16. Gu forms two oxides cuprous and cupric oxides, which law can be proved by the woights of Cu and 0? (1) Constant composition (2) Muttiple proportions (8) Reciprocal proportions (@) Definite proportions 17. The law of conservation of mass is valid for ail the following, except (1) All. chemical reactions 2) Nuclear reactions (8) Endothermic reactions (4) Exothermic reaction 18. Equal volume of different gases at any definite temperature and pressure have (1) Equal atoms, 2) Equal masses (8) Equal densities (4) Equal molecules 19. Which of the following pairs of compound illustrate law of multiple proportions’? (1) KOH, CsOH @) H,0.0,0 (@) Ethane, benzene @) KCl, KBr 20. Gay Lussac’s law is not valid in the chemical reaction: (1) H,(Q) + Cl, (9g) — 241 (9) @)_ 3H, (@) + N,(@) —> 2NH(Q) @) 28049) + Of) —> 280,(9) (4) caco,s) —*-» Caos) + C0,(9) ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR MASSES Atomic Mass Before the advent of mass spectrometry for determining the atomic masses accurately; scientists wore determining mass of one atom relative to another by experimental means. Hydrogen, being lightest atom was arbitrarily assigned a mass of 1 (without any units) and other elements were assigned masses relative to it. But in 1961, the International Union of chemists selected the most stable isotope of carbon (C-12 isotope) 18 standard for comparison of the atomic masses of various elements. In this system, "C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass unit (amu) and masses of all other atoms are given relative to this standard. One atomic mass unit is defined as "a mass exactly equal to one-twelfth the mass of one carbon-12 atom’. ‘And 1 amu = 1.66056 = 10% g Relative atomic mass 7 Mi 72% Mass of an atom of carbon (C-12) The atomic mass of an element tell us as how many times an atom of the element is heavier than one-twelfth of an atom of carbon (C-12). ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 21 For example, Mass of an atom of hydrogen = 1.6736 « 10° g In terms of amu, the mass of hydrogen atom 24 1.873610 7" 9 amy = 1.0078 amu = 1.0080 amu 1.66056 x10 g ‘Atomic mass of magnesium is 24 amu it means that an atom of magnesium is twelfth of mass of a carbon atom (C-12). Similarly, the mass of oxygen-16 ('40) atom would be 15.995 amu. Today, amu has been replaced by u which is known as unified mass. 24 times heavier than one- Average Atomic Mass ‘When we use atomic masses of elements in calculations, we actually use average atomic masses of elements because naturally occurring elements exist as more than one isotopes (Isotopes are atoms of the same ‘loment which have different relative masses). The average mass of various elements are determined by multiplying the atomic mass of each isotope by its fractional abundance and adding the value thus obtained. For example, chlorine contains two types of atoms having relative masses 35 u and 37 u. The relative ‘abundance of these isotopes in nature is in the ratio 3: 1. Thus atomic mass of chlorine is the average of these different relative masses as described below Average atomic mass of chlorine 5x8) 87x} (37x) Atomic mass of isotope (1)*% abundance + Atomic mass of isotope (2) * % 100 In the periodic table of elements, the atomic masses mentioned for different elements actually represent their average atomic masses. 5.5u oF Average atomic mass = Example 15: Nitrogen occurs in nature in the form of two Isotopes with atomic mass 14 and 15 respectively. if average atomic mass of nitrogen is 14.0067, what is the % abundance of the two isotopes? Solution : Let % abundance of N-14 isotope = x ‘Then % abundance of N-15 isotope = (100 ~ x) The average atomic mass = **14+(100—x)15, 100 14x 4 (100~ x15 100 or -x = 1400.67 - 1500 = -99.33 oF x= 99.33 ‘Thus, % abundance of N-14 isotope = 99.33% % abundance of N-15 isotope = 0.67% Now, 14.0067 15. Boron has two isotopes, B-10 and 8-11. The average atomic mass of boron is found to be 10.80u. Calculate the percentage of abundance of these isotopes. 16. Carbon found in nature as a mixture of C-12 and C-13. The average atomic mass of carbon is 42.011u. What is the percentage abundance of carbon-12 in nature? ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 0114762345622) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Molecular Mass Molecular mass is the sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a molecule. It is obtained by multiplying the atomic mass of each element by the number of its atoms and adding them together. For example, molecular mass of water (H,0) = (2 * 1.00794 u) + (1 * 16.00 u) = 18.020 Formula Mass In case of ionic compounds, formula of the compound does not represent its molecule, but only represents the ratio of different ions in the compounds. This is called a formula unit of the compound. In such ‘compounds, therefore, we do not use the term molecular mass. Instead we use the term formula mass. Formula mass of the compound is obtained by adding atomic masses of all the atoms in a formula unit of the compound For example, in NaCI, positive (sodium) and negative (chloride) entities are arranged in a three dimensional structure as Shown below, where one Na’ Is surrounded by six CI and vice versa and they does not exist as a single entity Fig.: NaCl crystal having a cubic structure Formula mass of sodium chloride (NaCI) = atomic mass of sodium + atomic mass of chlorine =23u+355u=585u '* Hydrogen was chosen to be the first standard element for determination of atomic mass. | 1 amu=1u=1 Aston = 4 Dalton = 1 Avogram ‘+The actual mass is different from the gram atomic mass. For example, the gram atomic mass. ‘of hydrogen is 1.008 g whereas its actual mass is 1.672 x 10 g. ‘+ _Dulong and Petits law - It states that product of atomic mass of a metal and its specific heat is approximately equal to 6.4. ‘+ Mitscherlich’s law of isomorphism - The compounds having identical composition, identical ‘qrystal structure and simitar chemical formula are called isomorphous compounds e.g., KMnO, and KCIO, ‘+ Molecular mass = 2 = vapour density ‘+ Atomic mass = Equivalent mass * Valency ‘+ The number of molecules in 1 cm? of gas at STP is known as Loschmidt number. © Tamu = 1.68 * 10% g oF 1.66 « 10-27 kg ‘+ Atomicity is number of atoms in a molecule. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, Now Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 23 Determination of Atomic Mass ‘Atomic mass = Equivalent mass * Valency Dulong and Petit’s law : The product of approximate atomic mass and specific heat of any solid element is 64. MOLE CONCEPT AND MOLAR MASSES. ‘Mole is simply a unit for counting entities at the microscopic level (i.e., atoms, molecules, particles, electrons, ions, etc.), just as we use one dozen for twelve objects and one score for twenty objects. In SI system, mole (symbol : mol) was introduced as seventh base quantity for the amount of a substance. ‘One mole is defined as "the amount of a substance that contains as many particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (or 0.012 kg) of the "°C isotope". ‘The mole of a substance always contain the same number of entities, no matter what the substance may be. In order to determine this number accurately, the mass of a carbon-12 atom was determined by a mass ‘spectrometer and found to be equal to 1.992648 x 10 g. Knowing that one mole of carbon weighs 12 9, the number of atoms in itis equal to 12 g/mol *C 1.992648 «10° g/"*C atom ‘This number is given a separate name and symbol, known as Avogadro constant, denoted by (N,) in honour of Amedeo Avogadro. ‘Therefore we can say 1 mole = 6.022 * 10* particles ‘One mole of oxygen atoms ‘One mole of oxygen molecules ‘One mole of ammonia molecules = 6.022 = 10® NH, molecules ‘One mole of sodium jons = 6.022 * 102 sodium ions ‘One mole of sodium chloride = 6.022 x 10 formula units of sodium chloride = 6.0221367 x 10 atomsimol 022 « 10” atoms 3.022 x 10° molecules ‘The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called ils molar mass. The molar mass in grams is numerically equal to atomic, molecular or formula mass in u. Molar mass of ammonia = 17.0 9 Gram formula mass of sodium chloride = 68.5 9 ‘The number of entities (atoms or molecules) contained in molar mass is equal to 6.022 10% For example, ‘One mol of sodium = 6.022 x 10% Na atoms weighing 23.0 g (gram atomic mass of sodium, gram atomic ‘mass is that much quantity of the element whose mass in gram is numerically equal to its atomic mass). In brief we can write that Molar mass of sodium = 23.0 g/mol Similarty, one mol of ammonia contains 6.022 * 10° NH, molecules weighing 17.0 g (molar mass of ammonia) ‘Thus we can write Molar mass of NH, = 17.0 g/mol _= Mass of substance in gram Number of moles(9) = Volar mass of the substance ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-1 10005 Ph. 011-4762345624) Some Basic Concopts of Chemistry The reciprocal of Avogadro's number is called AVOGRAM ( ‘Summary of various relationships of mol Board & Competitive Exams. Example 16: Calculato mass of one atom of nitrogen in gram. Solution: Mass of 6.022 = 10 atoms of nitrogen = gram atomic mass of nitrogen = 14 g Mass of 1 atom = GAM/N, 149 Mass of 1 atom of nitrogen = 5530 8a = 232% 109 Example 17: Calculate mass of one molecule of methane (CH). Solution: Mass of 6.022 x 10 molecule of CH, Molar mass of CH, = 16 9 Molar mass Ne 16 6022x108 = 265% 10% 9 and we know mass of 1 molecule = Example 18 : How many moles of H,SO, are present in 4.9 9 H,SO,? Solution: Gram molecular weight of H,SO, is 98 g So, number of moles = 4.9/98 = 0.05 Example 19: Caiculato the actual mass of a water molecule in gram. Solution: Molecular mass of HO = 18 amu ‘Weight of 6.02 1073 molecules of water = 18 g 18 6.02.10 = 299 x 10g ‘Weight of one molecule = ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office: Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 25 Example 20: Calculate the number of atoms in o @ wy Solution: — () w a) 1 mole of nitrogen (N,) 1 mole of phosphorous molecules (P,) 0.05 g of water 1 mole of nitrogen contains 6.02 * 10% molecules i.e. two mole atoms or 1.2046 x 10% atoms of nitrogen 1 mole of phosphorous contains 6.02 « 1073 molecules or 4 x 6.02 « 1073 atoms Le., 24092 « 10% atoms. 18 9 of water contains 1 mole of molecules or 3 mole atoms (2 mole atoms of hydrogen and 1 mole atoms of oxygen). 36.02% 10 «0.05 18 = 5.016 x 102" atoms. 05016 « 102 So, Number of atoms in 0.05 water Example 21: Calculate the number of molecules in 1 ml of O, at NTP. Solution : 22400 ml of O, at NTP contains = 6.023 x 10° molecules 1 mi of O, at NTP contains = 6.023107 molecules = 2.69 10" molecules Example 22 : Calculate the volume occupied at NTP by o w@ Solution: — (), w 2.5 mole of carbon dioxide 14 g of nitrogen gas 1 mole of a gas at NTP occupies 22.4 L volume So, 25 moles will occupy = 22.4 «2.5L =56L 1 mole of nitrogen 7.0 28 g of nitrogen occupies 22.4 L So, 14 g of nitrogen will occupy 11.2 L Example 23 : Calculate the number of ions, number of oxygen atom and total charge in 3. gm CO; Solution: Formula units = Mass of species g go, 492 ‘Number of oxygen atoms = Number of formula units * 3 Charge = 3.0 « 10% x 3.2 « 10-9 (One formula unit has charge = 1.6 * 2 x 10° = 3.2 x 10-1 coulomb) Formula mass 3 3 16.0210 6.02 .0 = 107 (approx.) = 3.0.x 3* 10% {because one unit has 3 oxygen atom) = 9.0 107 = 9.6 * 10? coulomb ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345626 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Example 24; Calculate the mass of 2.5 9 atom of oxygen. Mass of an element ‘Atomic mass Mass of an element = 2.5 * 16 = 40.09 Solution: Number of g atoms = Example 25 : Calculate number of molecules in 1 mi of CO, at NTP. Solution : 22400 ml contains molecules = 6.02 = 10 6.0210 722400 = 2.69 « 109 molecules 1 mi contains molecules Example 26 : Calculate number of atoms in 3 mol of NH, Solution : Number of atoms in one molecule of NH,, Number of atoms in 3 mol of NH, = 6.02 « 102 x 3x 4 7.22 * 102 atoms Example 27 : An enzyme contains 5.6% Fe, calculate number of Fe atoms present in 1g of enzyme. 56 2 Solution: Mass of Fe = 25 < 5.61 ass of Fe = FO = 5.6x10%9 = 6.02 « 10 atoms Try Yourself 17. Calculate the weight of CO having the same number of oxygen atoms as are present in 22 g of CO, 18. Whats the molecular mass of substance, each molecule of which contains 4 atoms of carbon ‘and 10 atoms of hydrogen? 19. How many molecules of ©, are present in 1 L air containing 80% volume of ©, at STP? 20. Calculate the volume occupied by ()) 28 u nitrogen gas (ji) 28 g N, gas at STP. 21. Atomic weight of chlorine is 35.5. It has two isotopes of atomic weight 36 and 37. What is the percentage of the heavier isotope in the sample? ms @ 10 @ 2 (@) 20 22. The number of moles of nitrogen atom in 56 g nitrogen gas is, (1) 2 mol @) 4m @) 8 mol @) 10 mol 23. The number of mole of N-atom in 18,066 = 10® nitrogen atoms is (1) 1 mot @) 2moi @) 3 moi (4) 4 mol Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry "27 24, What weight in grams is represented by 1.5 moles of sulphur dioxide? (1) 609 @ 749 @) %9 @) 919 25, The number of atoms in 20 g of SO, is approximately (1 10% @ 15% 108 @) 2 108 @) 6102 26. The number of particles present in 1 mol of nitrogen atom are (1) 6.022 « 10 @ 6.022 « 10% @) 6.022 « 10% (@) 6.022 x 10% 27. B has two isotopes 1B (19%) and "B (81%). The atomic mass of B is (1081 @ 0 on @ 105 28. Mass of 1 amu ing (1) 1.68 = 10% @) 1.66» 10 @) 1.008 @) 91% 10% 29. One ‘u' stands for the mass of (1) Anatom of earbon-12 @) 4112" of the carbon-12 @)_ 1/12" of hydrogen atom (4) One atom of any of the elements 30. The mass of one molecule of water is approximately (1) 3*10%9 @ 89 @) 15% 10% @) 45% 108 EQUIVALENT MASS Equivalent weight of a substance is defined as number of parts by weight of given substance which combines. or displaces 1 part by weight of hydrogen (11.2 L of H, at STP), 8 parts by weight of oxygen ((5.6 L at STP), or 35.5 parts by weight of chlorine (11.2 L at STP) _ Atwt. Ea. wt of Element = we Mol. wt. of Acid Eawt of Acids = Basicity of Acid Basicity of acid is defined as number of replaceable hydrogen fons present in an acid e.g., H,SO,, H.CO,, H,C,0,, H,PO,are dibasic acids. HCl, HBr, HNO,, H,PO, are monobasic acids. H,PO, isa tribasic acid. H\P,O, {s'a telrabasic acid. in case of H,BO,, it Gan accept one OH- to form [B(OH),}” So, the basicity is one. Mol. wtof Base Acidity of Base Acidity of base is number of OH" produced in aqueous solution by base e.g., Al(OH), is triacidic base. In cease of NH,, it can accept one Ht to form NH,". So, acidity is one. Eq. wt. of bases = Mol. wt.of salt 106 Eq. wt. of salts = ——___Mol. wt of salt _______ g., Eq. wt. of Na,co, = 408 = 53, ne Total charge on+ve ions or ve tons 9" <4 NAPOse eZ Mol.wt.of acid salt Replaceable H atominit ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456 a. wt of Act eat 29. 60. ot Nanco, = =a,28 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Example 28 : Find the equivalent weight of (@ caco, (0) K,S0, -Al{SO,),- 24H,0 (Mol. mass = M) Mol. wt. 100 Solution : (a) Equivalent weight of CaCO, = Fo; charge on wwe lon = = 50 wt. Mol. (b) Equivalent weight of K,S0, -A,(SO,), -24H,0 = NOS Example 29 : What is the equivalent weight of hydride of metal if equivalent weight of its oxide is 20? Solution : Equivalent weight of oxide = &+8=20 E=12 Now, equivalent weight of hydride will be = & + 1 =12+4 =13 Example 30 : Calculate equivalent weight of H,PO, and Ca(OH), on the basis of given reaction. H,PO, + NaOH —> NaH,PO, + HO Ca(OH), + HCI > Ca(OFIC! + H,0 Solution: Equivalent weight of HsPO. because one H is replaced in given reaction) 74 (n= Equivalent weight of Ca(OH), (n= 1 because one OH" is produced by Ca(OH), in given reaction) Methods of determining Eq. wt. : There are different methods to determine equivalent weight. (@) Hydrogen displacement method Mass of metal____Eq.wtof metal Mass of H, displaced ~ Eq. wt.ofhydrogen () Oxide method Massof metal __Eq. wt.of metal Mass of oxygen Eq. wt.of oxygen (©) Chloride method Mass of metal wtof metal __& Massof chlorine E9.wt.of chlorine ~ 35.5 {@) Double decomposition method AB + CD — ADL + BC eS 8 Mass of AD ~ Eq.wtof AD ~ Eq.wiof A +Eq. wt.ofD ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110008 Ph. 011-47623456fae eer ee pera einer auecaree ot marian PB | estima FAIR ama Bea) 9 1 mmm a ee ee Sh pegee ag oe + ae een ee Brea ta nly ld) = PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION Pane: euw corredlieey of (me coc lhe py etnies ey ID senecr bankas =e ie wate fae eh Realise oi, aT CI AyeBO) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula ‘An empirical formula of a compound may be defined as the formula which gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of the various elements present in the molecule of the compound. The molecular formula of a compound may be defined as the formula which gives the actual number of atoms of various elements present in the molecule of the compound, For example, the molecular formula of glucose is C,H,,0, and empirical formula is CH,O (which shows that C, H and O are present in the simplest ratio of 1 : 2: 1. Relation between the two formulae Molecular formula = Empirical formula « n _ Molecular formula mass Empirical formula mass ‘Steps for Writing Empirical and Molecular Formula If the mass percent of various elements present in a compound is known, its empirical formula can be determined. Molecular formula can be obtained if the molar mass is also known. This will become clear with following example A compound contains 4.07% hydrogen, 24.27% carbon and 71.65% chlorine. Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular formulas? Step 1. Conversion of mass percent to grams. Since we are having mass percent. It is convenient to use 100 g of the compound as the starting ‘material. Thus, in the 100 g sample of the above compound, 4.07 g hydrogen is present, 24.27 g carbon Is present and 71.65 g chlorine is present. Step 2. Convert into number moles of each element Divide the masses obtained above by respective atomic masses of various elements, Where, n= 1, 2,3 a _ 4079 Moles of hydrogen = Fogg = 4.04 _ 24.279 Moles of carbon = 357 9 = 2.021 71.659 Moles of chlorine = Teo = 2.021 Step 3. Divide the mole value obtained above by the smallest number Since, 2.021 is smallest value, division by it gives a ratio of 2:1: 1 forH =: Cl In case the ratios are not whole numbers, then they may be converted into whole number by multiplying with a suitable coefficient Step 4.Write empirical formula by mentioning the number after writing the symbols of respective elements. CH,C is, thus, the empirical formula of the above compound. Step 5. Writing molecular formula (@) Determine empirical formula mass. ‘Add the atomic masses of various atoms present in the empirical formula. For CH,Cl, empirical formula mass is 12.01 +2 * 1.008 + 35.453 = 49.48 9 Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 34 (0) Divide molar mass by empirical formula mass. Molar mass. Empirical formula mass (©) Multiply empirical formula by n obtained above to get the molecular formula. Empirical formula = CH,Cl, n = 2. Hence, molecular formula is C,H,Cl,. Example 32: — Whats the simplest formula of the compound which has the following percentage composition - Carbon 80%, Hydrogen 20%, if the molecular mass is 30, calculate its molecular formula? Solution : Calculation of empirical formula Empirical formula is CH, Calculation of molecular formula Empirical formula mass = 12 * 1+ 1* 3=15 Molecular mass Empirical formula mass ‘Molecular formula = Empirical formula * 2 = CH, «2 = CH, Example 33 : A compound on analysis gave the following results C = 54.54%, H = 9.09% and vapour density of the compound = 88. Determine the molecular formula of the compound. Solution: Percentage of Oxygen 100 ~ (54.54 + 9.09) = 36.37% ae 372 Element | Percentage | Atomic weight | Relative No. of atoms | Ratio . 453 c 54.54 12 54.54/12 = 4.53 a2 . 9.09 H 9.09 1 9.09/1 = 9.09 or 227 ° 36.37 16 36.97/16 = 227 we Empirical formula C,H,0 Empirical formula weight = 44 176 Molecular weight = 2x 88 =176, n = “Jp =4 ‘So, molecular formula = 4 x EF. = 4(C,H,0) = Cyt, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt.Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345682) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Example 34: An inorganic substance on analysis gave the following results Na = 29.1%, S = 40.5% and (© = 30.4%. Calculate its empirical formula. ‘Solution : 265 =4 La Na 291 2 posrs=1265 | Toe=1 2 = 1.266 s 40.5 32 aosm2=1266 | 1200 2 1.90 Y 1 14/16 = 1, 190 24, ° 30.4 6 30. 90 jane 8 3 Simplest whole number rato of NaS: O willbe 27275 and thus empirical formula wil be Na,S,0s 23. A substance, on analysis, gave the following percentage composition : Na = 43.4%, = 11.3%, O = 45.3%. Calculate the empirical formula. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16) 24. An organic compound on analysis gave the following data : C = §7.82%, H = 3.6% and 38.58% is oxygen. Find its empirical formula. 31. 74.5 g of metal chloride contains 35.5 g of chiorine. The equivalent weight of metal is 748 @ 2 @ 355 @) 745 32. Two elements X and ¥ (atomic mass of X = 75, Y= 16) combine to give @ compound having 76% of X. The formula of the compound Is a) x @ XY @) XY, @) XNs 33. Equivalent weight of crystalline oxalic acid is ) % @ 8) 53 4) 4 34. Equivalont mass of HPO, for the given reaction, H,PO, + Ca(OH), —> CaHPO, + 2H,0 w M as @) 2M @ ™ ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office Aakash Towor, 8, Pusa Road, New Dolhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry || 33 35. Equivalent mass of a metal is 12. Hence, equivalent mass of its oxide is (24 @ 2 @ 2 @) 4 36, The percentage of nitrogen in HNO, is (22.22% @) 35% @) 28.57% 4) 45% 37. What is the ratio of empirical formula mass to molecular formula mass of benzene? 1:6 @ 2:3 @ 6:4 @ 3:2 38. The compound in which mass percentage of carbon is 75% and that of hydrogen is 25% is OCH @ CH, @) CH a CH, 39. Identify the molecule having empirical formula CH,O ()CH,CHO @ HO-CH,~cH,-OH OH ® boon (@)_CH,COoH 40. 4g of a metal oxide contains 1.6 g oxygen, then equivalent mass of the metal is ( 32 @ 2 @ 2 @) 2 STOICHIOMETRY AND STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS ‘Calculations based on the quantitative relationship between the reactants and the products are referred as stoichiometry The term stoichiometry is derived from two Greek words — Stoicheion (meaning — element) and Metron (meaning ~ measure). In order to solve the problems based on chemical calculations the following steps, in general, are quite helpful () Write the balanced chemical equation (i) From the chemical equation write the molar ratio between the given and required substance (ii) Convert these moles into the desired parameters such as mass or volume, like Mass —— Moles —— No. of molecules For example, CH,(g) + 20,() —> CO,{g) + 2H,0(@) Here, one mole of CH,(g) reacts with two moles of O,(g) to give one mole of CO,{(g) and two moles of H,000) oR ‘One molecule of CH,(g) reacts with two molecules of ©,(g) to give one molecule of CO,(g) and two molecules of H,0(g) oR 22.4 L of CH,(g) reacts with 44.8 L of O,(g) to give 22.4 L of CO,(g) and 44.8 L of H,0(g) at STP. oR 16 g of CH,(g) reacts with 2 32 g of O,(g) to give 44 g of CO,(g) and 2 * 18 g of H,O(a) ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345634) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. (W) Calculate the final result by applying unitary method. (Unitary method consists of altering one of the variable 10 single unit, i.e., 1 and then performing the operation necessary to alter it to the desired value.) The above steps will become clear with following solved example. Example 35: How many gram of oxygen (0,) is required to completely react with 0.200 g of hydrogen (H,) 10 ‘Yield water (HO)? Also calculate the amount of water formed. (molecular mass H = 2, 0 = 32) Solution ; The balanced equation for the reaction is 2H, + 0, —>2H,0 2mol tmol ——-2mot 49 329 369 Now. 4 g of H, require oxygen = 32g 0.2009 ot H,reaure oxygen = $2%0.200-18 Again. 4901 Hy produc H,0 = 369 0.200 9 of, proauce H,0 = 880.200=1.89 25, Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of methane. Hint : CH, +20, —+ CO, + 2H,0 28. How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO, for combustion? Hint : CH, +20, —> GO, + 2H,0 Limiting Reagent Consider the combustion of hydrogen, 2H,(g) + 0,(g) —+ 2H,0(@) ‘Suppose that 2 moles of H, and 2 moles of O, are taken for the reaction. It follows from the equation that only 1 mole of O, is required for complete combustion of 2 moles of H,, 1 mole of O, will, therefore, be left ‘over on completion of the reaction. The amount of product obtained is determined by the amount of reactant that is completely consumed in the reaction (Here H,). This reactant is called limiting reagent. Thus limiting reagent may be defined as the reactant which Is completely consumed during the reaction. In performing stoichiometric calculations, this feature should be kept in mind. Example 36 : How much magnesium sulphide can be obtained from 2.00 g of magnesium and 2.00 g of sulphur by the reaction, Mg + S —» MgS? Which is the limiting agent? Calculate the amount of one of the reactants which remains unreacted. [Mg = 24, S = 32] Solution: We shall convert the masses into moles 2.00 9 of Mg = 290 = 0.0833 motes of Mo 2.009 of S = 72° = 0.0625 moles of S From the equation, Mg +S —> Mgs ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Dethi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 35 It follows that one mole of Mg reacts with one mole of S. We are given more mole of Mg than S, therafore S is the limiting reagent. From equation, one mole of S gives one mole of MgS, So, 0.0625 mole of S will react with 0.0625 mole of Mg to form 0.0625 mole of MgS. Molar mass of MgS = 56 g *. Mass of MgS formed = 0.0625 = 56.0 g = 3.5 g of MgS ‘Mole of Mg left unreacted = 0.0833 — 0.0625 mole of Mg = 0.0208 mole of Mg Mass of Mg lefi unreacted = moles of Mg * molar mass of Mg 0208 x 24 g of Mg = 0.4992 g of Mg ~ 0.5. g Mg Example 37 Galiot valme of carbon donde produced on heating 109 of inestone at TP. Solution: CaCOxs)——>CaO+CO, T foo Yao = 469 = 224 Wo 100 got tine sone gives CO, = 224 tre 10 g.tine stone wt ove CO, = 224219 «224 we Example 38 Gallet number of mes ef Ne,50, produced fom 1 mole of NaOH 2NOH + H,S0, — HayS0, * 2140 Sotition = Fram ghon euatn 2 mol NaOH ges NSO, = 1 mol 1 mol NaoH gies Na,50, = mola Example 89 Galasso mass of C0, produced by heat 40 of 20% pure Imestone Solution: cac0, 00+ C0, ‘as (009) ‘mata 9) 40x20 _, 100 Pure Cacos From equation, 100 g CaCO, gives CO, = 44.g A 8g CaCO, gives CO, = x8=3.529 Example 40: Solution : How many moles of lead nitrate is needed to produce 224 litre of oxygen at NTP? 2Pb(NO,) > 2PbO + 4NO, + 0, 1 mol or 22.4 LO, at NTP = 2 mol Pb(NO,), 2x224 224 224 LO, at NTP = = 20 mol Pb(NO3 )z ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345686) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. Example 41 : Calculate the amount of 50% H,SO, required to decompose 25 g of Marble (Calcium Carbonate). Solution: CaCO, + H,SO, > CaSO, + H,O + CO, (1009) (98.9) 100 g Marble require 98 g of H,SO, 25g wil ood = 28.25 = 245 9 of H,80, 24.5100 But H,SO, provided is only 50% so amount required will be = 24:5 =499 Try Yourself E 27. 50.0 kg of N,(a) and 10.0 kg of H,(g) are mixed to produce NH,(g). Calculate the moles of NH,(g) formed, Identity the limiting reagent in the production of NH, in this situation, Hint : N,(g)+3H,(9) ——> 2NH,(0) 28. 80 of H, is reacted with 80 g of ©, to form water. Find out the mass of water obtained. Which ‘substance is the limiting reagent? 41. 8g H, and 32 g ©, is allowed to react to form water then which of the following statement is corract? (1) ©, i limiting reagent 2) 0, is reagent in excess @) Hy is limiting reagent (4) 40 g water is formed 42. Equal volume of N, and H, react to form ammonia under suitable condition then the limiting reagent is Hy Qn @) NH, (4) No one reactant is limiting reagent 43, How many grams of calcium oxide is obtained on heating 100 g of CaCO,(s)? (1) 509 @ 409 @ 569 4) 449 44. The volume of ©, at STP required for the complete combustion of 4 g CH, is (1) 5.6 tte 2) 2.88 lire @) 224 ttre @) 11.21te 45. 0.9 g Al reacts with dil. HCI to give H,. The volume of H, evolved at STP is (Atomic weight of Al = 27) (1) 1.12 ttre @) 2.24 ttre @) 3.33 ttre (4) 4.44 titre ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 37 46. Which of the following statement is correct? (1) 26 9 CO contains 12 g carbon and 16 g oxygen (2) One mole of CO reacts completely with half mole of ©, to form CO, (3) Nz and CO have same molar mass @) Allof these 47. The volume of GO, evolved at STP on heating 50 g CaCO, (1) 11.2 titre 2) 22.4 litre @) 56 lite (4) 24.4 litre 48, Limiting reagent in a chemical reaction is that reactant which (1) Left some amount unreacted after the completion of reaction (2) Reacts completely in the reaction (3) Does not react in the reaction @) All of these 49. What is the mass of glucose required to produce 44 g of CO,, on complete combustion? (1) 309 @ 459 (@) 609 () 229 50. 10g of MnO, on reaction with HCl forms 2.24 L of Cl,(g) at NTP, the percentage impurity of MnO, is MnO, + 4HCI—> MnCl, + Cl, + 2H,0 (1) 87% @) 25% @) 33.3% (4) 13% REACTIONS IN SOLUTIONS It is very important to know how the amount of substance is expressed when it is present in the form of a solution. The concentration of a solution or the amount of substance present in its given volume can be ‘expressed in any of the following ways. (1) Mass Percent Its obtained by using the following relation Mass of solute Mass percent = ,MaS® of SOI 409 Mass percent is independent of temperature. Example 42 : A solution is prepared by adding 5 g of a substance x fo 18 g of water. Calculate the mass percent of the solute. Mass of x Solution = Mass percent of X= iacs of solution * 100 _— Sg ofx+ 18 q of water = 21.74% = 100 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345638) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. (2) Mole Fraction (x) It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total number of moles in the solution If a substance ‘A’ dissolves in substance ‘Band their number of moles are n, and ng respectively; then the mole fractions of A and B are given as No.ofmoles ofA na Mole fraction of A. (ta) = No.of moles of solution ~ ia +g No.of moles of 8 hp Mole fraction of B, (zg) = No- of moles of B___ No. of moles of solution ~ nq +e ‘The sum of mole fractions of all the components in the solution is always equal to one. S, xa + Xe= 1 [if there are two components in a solution] ‘Mole fraction is independent of the temperature because it does not contain volume term. tat ta ko [if there are three components in @ solution] Example 43: A solution is prepared by adding 360 g of glucose to 864 g of water. Calculate mole fraction of glucose (molar mass of glucose = 180) Solution = No. of moles of glucose (3) Motarity (Mm) It is defined as number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of the solution. Thus, No.of motes of solute ‘Volume of solution in ira = Weight of solute ‘Molar mass of solute x Volume of solution in ies Unit of molarity is motlitre or mol L-* or M(Molar) \Molarity ofa solution depends upon temperature because volume of a solution is temperature depenctent. \When a concentrated solution is diluted by adding more solvent, the number of moles of solute in the solution remains unchanged Molarity (M) = To calculate the molarity of a solution after dilution following formula is used MV, = MV, where, M, = intial molarity M, = molarity of new solution V, = initial volume \V, = volume of new solution ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 39 For mixing two solutions of the same substance, M,V, + MV, = MV, + Vp) where M, is molarity of the mixture formed. Molarity can be directly calculated from % strength if density is known. Motarity ~ % by weight 10d GMM where d is density and GMM is gram molecular mass. Example 44: A given solution of NaOH contains 4.00 9 of NaOH per litre of solution. Calculate the molarity of this solution. Solution : Molar mass of NaOH = 40.00 ¢ 4.00 g of Nao Mole of solute 4 Molanty = Jojume of solution in iro ~ 4°" M Example 45 : A solution is prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of NaOH in water to get 250 mi of solution. Calculate its molarity. Solution : Gram Molecular mass of NaOH = 40 @ We, 1000 Motarty = We 1000 Me” Vocus (mL) 4. 1000 40” 250 =o1M Example 46 : How many moles and how many grams of HC! are present in 250 cm? of 0.5 M HC! solution? Solution : Molecular mass of HCI = 36:5 Motanty = 0.5 M = 0.5 Mol L-* Volume of solution = 250 cm? ‘So, number of moles in 250 cm? = MV, = 0.5/4 = 0.125 moles Weight of HC! dissolved = number of moles of HCI x 36.5 = 0.125 «36.5 = 4.5625 9 Example 47 ; 1.26 g of hydrated oxalic acid was dissolved in water to prepare 250 mi of solution. Calculate ‘molarity of solution Solution : 28, 0.04M ‘726% 25071000 ~ ° ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345640° Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. 29. A given solution of NaOH contains 2.00 g of NaOH per litre of solution. Calculate the molarity of this solution. 30. How many moles of HCI are present in 1 litre of 1 M HC! solution? Hint : No. of moles = Molarity * Volume in litre (4) Motality (m) It is defined as number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of the solvent. Thus No. of moles of solute 5 of solvent in kg Unit: mot kg" (mola) —> ‘m* Molality of a solution does not change with temperature since mass remains unaffected with change in temperature. Molality (m) Example 48 : A solution contains 10 moles of sucrose in 1 kg of solvent. Calculate the molality of solution. No, of moles of solute _ 10 mol Solution: Molalty(m) = oluti ity) kg of solvent 1kg (0 mol kg* Example 49: Calculate the molality of a solution containing 6.3 g of anhydrous Na,CO, in 400 g of water. 53/106 _ 0.05 Solution : BS IANS 4007/1000 0.4 125 m Normality ‘The number of gram equivalents of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution Gram equivalents of the solute ‘Volume of solution in litre _ Mass of solute in grams/Equivalent mass ‘Volume of solution in mL/1000 Normality of solution on mixing two solutions: N,V, + NV, = NW, + V,) N sano Bs Row kai amr Hae rset aoa ee Hp, ca Solution: Gram equivalents = NX volume of solution in fire = A 200, 401000 ces 50 = 0.02 gram equivalent ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 44 Example 51 : 100 mf decinormal HCI is mixed to 100 ml seminormal H,SO, solution. Calculate normality of resulting mixture Solution: NV=N,V, + N,V, 200 = 1100+ 4% Nx200 = <4 100+ $100 n= 2° Loan 200 Example 52: 200m N.H,50, mixed ino 200 mi-M. NaOH. Calculate nonmaltyofrsuting mature 1 1 Solution : «500 = 1 200-—1 x Nx<500 = 35 «200-55 300 ie, N*500=17 N= 0.034 51. Molality is expressed in units of (1) mol kg @) mol @) mol 52. Which of the following is correct? (1) The sum of mole fractions of all the components in a solution is always unity (@) Mole fraction depends upon temperature (@) Mole fraction is always negative (4) Mole fraction is independent of content of solute in solution 53. Which of the following methods of expressing concentration varies with temperature? 4) mot gt s+ (1) Molatity (2) Weight percent (@) Molarity (4) Mole fraction 54, What is the molarity of NaOH solution if 250 mL of it contains 1 mg of NaOH? @ 107M @ 107M @ 104m @) 10°M 55. How many moles of sodium chloride present in 250 mL of a 0.50 M NaCI solution? (1) 0.125 mot @) 0.150 mot @) 0.075 mot @) 0.02 mot 56. 5M solution of H,SO, is diluted from 1 litre to a volume of 100 litres, the normality of the solution will be (IN @ 5N @ o1N @) O5N 57. If 100 mL of 1 NH,SO, is mixed with 100 mL of 1 M NaOH solution. The resulting solution will be (1) Highly acidic @) Neutral @ Highly basic (4) Slightly acidic Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345642) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams 58. 27 g Al (at. mass = 27) will react completely with oxygen equals to () 249 @ 89 @) 409 @ 109 59. 12g Mg (at. mass 24) react with dilute mineral acid to produce maximum hydrogen equal to (1) 0.5 mot 2) 15mot @) 159 (4) 059 60. Volume at NTP of oxygen required to completely burn 1 kg of coal (100% carbon) (1) 22400 L @) 224% 10°L @) 1.86 « 109L (4) 1000 L ADDITIONAL INFORMATION 1. Whenever two substances react with each other, respective of their molar ratio or ratio by weight their number of gram equivalents or number of gram milliequivalent will always be equal. For example, A+ 28» 30+5D Number of gram equivalents of A = Number of gram equivalents of B. In a given reaction the number of gram ‘equivalents of each product is always equal to the number of gram equivalents of the reactant whose ‘equivalents are less. To elaborate A+ 2B» 36 +50 Let gram equivalents of Ais 5 and gram equivalents of B is given as 7 then the number of gram equivalents of B which reacts in the reaction and the gram equivalents of C and D formed in the reaction will be equal to 5. Weight of substance (in gram) Equivalent weight (in gram) oF Number of gram equivalents of a substance = N x V(L) 2. Only those chemical reactions can be solved by using the law of chemical equivalence where the calculation of n-factor (and hence equivalent weight) of the compounds involved can be easily done. Number of gram equivalents of @ substance Matter : Anything that occupies space and has mass. Element : A pure substance which can neither be decomposed into nor built from simpler substances by any physical or chemical method. It contains only one kind of atoms. * Compound : A pure substance which can be decomposed into simpler substances by some suitable chemical method. '* Mixture : A substance obtained by simple mixing of two or more pure substances. + Law of Conservation of Mass : During any physical or chemical change total mass of the Products formed is equal to the total mass of the reactants consumed. + Law of Constant Composition : A chemical compound always contains same elements ‘combined together in same proportion of mass. * Law of Multiple Proportions : When two elements combine with each other to form two or ‘more than two compounds then the masses of one of the elements that combine with the fixed ‘mass of the other, bear a simple whole number ratio to one another. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Deihi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 43 Gay Lussac’s law : When gases react with each other they do so in volumes which bear a simple whole number ratio to one another and to the volumes of products, if there are also ‘gases, provided all volumes are measured under similar conditions of temperature and pressure. ‘Avogadro's Law : Equal volume of all gases under similar conditions contain equal number of molecules. Atom : The smallest particle of an element that takes part in chemical reactions. Molecule : The smallest particle of a substance that has independent existence. Atomicity : The number of atoms in a molecule of the elementary substance. Unified Mass (u) : One-tweifth of the actual mass of an atom of carbon (C-12). It is equal to 1.65 * 107 kg. ‘Atomic Mass : The average relative mass of an atom of the element as compared with mass of a carbon atom (C-12) taken as 12 u. Molecular Mass : The average relative mass of a molecule of the substance as compared with mass of an atom of carbon (C-12) taken as 12 u. Gram Atomic Mass : The mass of 1 mole of atoms (6 * 10°) in g is called gram atomic mass. Gram Molecular Mass : The mass of 1 gram molecule of compound expressed in grams. ‘Avogadro's Number (N,) : 6.022 * 10%. Mole : 6.022 10% specified particles. Molar Mass : Mass of one mole particles of the substance. Gram Molecular Volume (G.M.V.) : Volume occupied by one mole molecules of the gaseous substance. IIs value is equal to 22.4 L and S.7-P. Gram atomic mass Mass of one atom in grams = Sram atomic Mass serene 2 6.02210" ‘Gram molecular mass Mass of one molecule in grams MET 1 One amu. = sat ages 0 ‘The reciprocal of Avogadro's number is also called AVOGRAM. Empirical Formula : The formula which gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of different elements present in the molecule of the compound. Molecular formula is whole number multiple of empirical formula, Molarity (M) : Number of moles of solute per litre of solution. Expressed as moles per litre or ‘moles per dm? or Molar (M). Molarity changes with change in temperature because volume of the solution changes with change in temperature. __ Mass of solute in gram per litre of solution Gram molecular mass of the solute Molarity: ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345644 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. _ __ Moles of solute ‘Mass of soluto(@) * Molality = Mass of solvent in kilograms — GMM xMass of solvent (ka) ‘+ Mole Fraction : It is defined as the ratio of the moles of solute to the total no, of moles of all the components in solution. In, and ny are the numbers of moles of solute and solvent Me Pate respectively, the mole fraction, X,, of the solute is given as Xq = * Mass % : It is the amount of solute present in 100 g of solution. 1% = Westie) 4100 I ecton) * Limiting Reagent : The reactant that is completely consumed during the reaction. 1. K="C 4273.15 9 2 = Bcep+32 3. Relate atomic mass =, Mass ofan atom ofthe element _ 4p Mass of an atom of carbon (C-12) 4, Number of gram atoms = Gat, (GAM — gram atomic mass) Wi 5. Number of gram molecules nae 6. Mass of 1 atom of element = GMM 7. Mass of 1 molecule of substance (MM — Molar mass) Wg *Na GMM 8. Number of molecules in W, of substance Na 224 *Ny 9, Number of molecules in V litre of gas at S.T.P. = 10. Number of molecules in n moles of substance ‘Mass of that element in 1 mole of the compound. 11. Mass % of an element in a compound = — 100 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 45 12. Molecular formula = Empirical formula * n. where n= 1, 2,3 Mass of solute 13. Mass percent - Mass of solute_ percent ~ Mass of solution 100 14. Mole fraction of A = __No- of tA No. of moles of solution 15 Moly core tein ns 46, Dilution formula : MV, = MV, For mixing two solutions of the same substance MV + MMe = Mi, + Ve) 17. Molarity can be directly calculated from P(%) by mass if density is known P(%)<10xd Molaity = iM No. of moles of solute 16. Molality(m) = “tase of solvent in kg 19. Molecular mass = 2 * vapour density All substances contain matter and any matter can exist in any of three states~ solid, liquid or gas. ‘The constituent particles are held in different ways in these states of matter and they exhibit their characteristic properties. Matter can also be classified into elements, compounds or mixtures. An ‘element contains particies of only one type which may be atoms or molecules. The compounds: are formed when atoms of two or more elements combine In a fixed ratio to each other. Mixtures: ‘occur widely in nature and many of the substances present around us are mixtures. When the properties of a substance are studied, measurement is required. The quantification of properties requires a system of measurement and units in which the quantities are to be expressed. Many systems of measurement exist, however, we agreed to have a uniform and common system throughout the world which is abbreviated as SI units (International System of Units). ‘Since measurements involve recording of data which are always associated with a certain amount of uncertainty, the proper handling of data obtained by measuring the quantities is very important. The. ‘measurements of quantities in chemistry are spread over a wide range of 10" to 10%. Hence, convenient system of expressing the numbers in scientific notation is used. The uncertainty taken care of by specifying the number of significant figures in which the observations are reported. ‘The dimensional analysis helps to express the measured quantities in different systems of units. Hence, itis possible to interconvert the results from one system of units to another. ‘The combination of different atoms is govemned by basic laws of chemical combination ~ these being the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Definite Properties, Law of Multiple Proportions, Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes and Avogadro Law. All these laws led to the Dalton’ atomic theory which states that atoms are building blocks of matter. The atomic mass of an Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345646 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. ‘element is expressed relative to '°C isotope of carbon which has an exact value of 12. Usually, the atomic mass used for an element is the average atomic mass obtained by taking into account the natural abundance of different isotopes of that element. The molecular mass of a molecule is ‘obtained by taking sum of the atomic masses of different atoms present in a molecule. The molecular formula can be calculated by determining the mass per cent of different elements present in a ‘compound and its molecular mass. “The number of atoms, molecules or any other particles present in a given system are expressed in the terms of Avogadro constant (6.022 x 10). This is known as 1 mol. ‘Chemical reactions represent the chemical changes undergone by different elements and compounds. Abalanced chemical equation provides lots of information. The coefficients indicate the molar ratios. and the respective number of particles taking part in a particular reaction. The quantitative study of the reactants required or the products formed is called stoichiometry. Using stoichiometric calculations, the amounts of one or more reactants) required to produce a particular amount of product can be determined and vice-versa. gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456a assignment (SET - 1) School/Board Examinations Students are required to solve and write the solutions in their exercise book. For referring solutions to the assignment (Set-1), please visit our Library at the Centre or log on to our website: www.aakash.ac.in4B) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. SECTION -A School/Board Exam. Type Questions Very Short Answer Type Questions : What is the SI unit of volume? What is the other common unit which is not a SI unit of volume? What are the reference points in thermometer with celsius scale? ‘What is the SI unit of density? What information we get from a balanced chemical equation? Define molarity of a solution. Give its SI units. ‘What is the effect of temperature on followings? (@) Molarity (b) Mole fraction Why is the law of Gay-Lussac not obeyed if any reactant or product is not a gas? Calculate the mass of 3 g molecules of HNO,, 9. How many significant figures are there in each of the following numbers? (a) 18 (b) 1.053 (©) 0.0050 10. Perform the following calculations to the proper number of significant digits (@) (2.00 x 10° km) + (4.2 « 10 km) (©) (4.5 * 10' em) x (8.0 x 102 cm) x (0.0100 m) oo aera ex ‘Short Answer Type Questions : 11. What does the following prefixes stand for? @) pico (©) nano (6) cent (@) deci 12. Convert 35°C to *F and K. 13. () Calculate the percentage composition of the named element in the following compounds (a) Alin KAKSO,), - 12H,0 (©) Na in Na,SO,- 10H,0 (i) How many moles are present in following? (@) 24.5 9H,S0, (©) 4.0090, 14. State the rules to follow in rounding off a number. 15. If the speed of Shatabdi express is 150 miles per hour, then express its speed in SI unit. (1 mile = 1.6 km) 16. What is the law of constant proportions? Write with an example. 17. Copper and oxygen combine to form two oxides, the red cuprous oxide (Cu,0) and the black cupric oxide (CuO). Show that these compounds follow the law of multiple proportions, 18. Calculate the mole fraction of ethyl alcohol (C,H,OH) and water in a solution in which 46 g of ethyl alcohol and 90 g of water have been mixed. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 49) 19. A battery acid contains 24.5% by mass of H,SO,. What is the molality of the solution? 20. A sample of sodium hydroxide weighing 0.48 g is dissolved in water and the solution is made to ‘50.0 cm? in a volumetric flask. What is the molarity of the resulting solution? (molar mass of NaOH = 40) 21. What is the molality of a 1 L solution of H,SO, which is 46% wivol? (Density of solution = 1.40 gem?) 22, An aqueous sugar syrup of mass 224.2 g contains 34.2 g of sugar (C,,H;,0,,)- Calculate (the moiality of the solution. (i) the mole fraction of solute. 23. Calculate the molarity of pure water if its density at room temperature is 1.0 g/cm®. 24. The following reaction, 2Br (aq) * Ci(aq) —» 2Cr(aq) + Br,(0) is used for the commercial preparation of bromine from its salts. Suppose we have 50.0 mL. of a 0.080 M solution of NaBr. What volume of a 0.050 M solution of Cl, is needed to react completely with Br? 25. Write four points of Dalton’s atomic theory. 26. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (4 mote atoms of nitrogen. (i) 0.4 mole molecules of nitrogen. 27. Express the following in the scientific notation ()1.66,000 i) 1660 (ii) 0.0016 (w) 1660 28. Express the following SI base units using power of 10 notations (2.35 milimotes ( 2day (ii) 8.45 mt, ™) 68.u9 (0.0826 inch 28. Zinc and hydrochloric acid react according to the reaction Zn(s) + 2HCKaq) —> ZnCh(aq) + H,(9) 10.40 mol Zn are added to hydrochloric acid containing 0.62 mol HCI, how many moles of H, are produced? 30. Calculate the molarity of solution obtained by dissolving 0.100 g of Na,CO, in 250 cm? of solution. Long Answer Type Questions : 31. Express each of the following in SI units (83 million mite (i) 7 feet 2 inch i) 0.64 A (W) 250 miles per hour ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456550 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. (24 pounds per square inch (w) 26°C (i) 250 pounds 32. 6.055 10-? kg of washing soda (Na,CO, - 10H,,0) is dissolved in water to obtain 1 L of a solution of density 1077.2 kg/m®. Calculate the molarity, molality and mole fraction of Na,CO, in the solution. 33. Calculate the molality of solution of C,H,OH in water in which the mole fraction of C;H,OH is 0.050. 34. A sample of phosphorus has 0.5 moles of P, molecules (How many P, molecules are there? (How many P atoms are there? (ii) How many moles of P atoms are there in the sample? (W) What is the mass of the sample? 35. Calculate the percentage composition of zinc, phosphorus and oxygen in zinc phosphate, Zn,(PO,),. (Zn = 655, P = 31 and © = 16 u) 36. 0.90 g of an organic compound containing only carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen on combustion gave 1.1 g CO, and 0.3 g water. What is %C, %H and %N in the organic compound? 37. Calculate the number of atoms of oxygen present in 132 g CO,. What would be the weight CO having the ‘same number of oxygen atom? 38. What is the molecular formula of a compound that contains 47.4% S and 52.6% Ci? The molecular mass of the compound as determined experimentally is 135g mol. 39. A.0.2076 g sample of an oxide of cobalt on analysis was found to contain 0.1476 g cobalt. Calculate the empirical formula of the oxide. (Co = 59 amu] 40. The mass percent composition of a substance is 24.7% Ca, 1.24% H, 14.8% C and 59.3% O. Calculate the ‘molecular formula of the substance if its molecular mass is 162 u. 41. The oxides of lead were separately reduced to metallic lead by heating in a current of hydrogen and the following data were obtained (Mass of yellow oxide = 3.45 g Loss of mass during reduction = 0.24 g (Mass of brown oxide = 1.195 g Loss of mass during reduction = 0.156 g ‘Show that the above data illustrate the law of multiple proportions, 42. What will be the concentration of a solution which is made by mixing 25 mL of 0.2 MH,SO,, 35 mL. of 0.25 MH,SO, and 45 ml of 0.35 M H,S0,? 43. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contains these elements in the ratio 9 : 1: 3.8. Calculate the ‘empirical formula, if its molecular mass is 108, what is the molecular formula? 44. A carbon compound containing only carbon and oxygen has an approximate molecular mass of 290. On analysis itis found to contain 50% by mass of each element. What is the molecular formula of the compound? 45. A compound has following composition @ Sodium = 14.13% (i) Sulphur = 9.97% (ii) Oxygen = 69.50% (W) Hydrogen = 6.22%. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound assuming that whole hydrogen in the compound is present as water of crystallisation. Molecular mass of the compound is 322. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623458Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 54 SECTION -B Model Test Paper Very Short Answer Type Questions : [1 Marky ‘What Is the difference between precision and accuracy? What is formula mass? How many molecules present in one mole of a substance? ‘What is one molal solution? Calculate the number of molecules present in 0.5 mole of CO, Write an expression for molarity and molality of a solution. Express 1947, 0.00019, 0.02601, 2600.00 in the scientific notation, Write two differences between pure substances and mixtures. eNoneene Short Answer Type Questions 9. Define Kelvin, 40. Calculate the number of moles in the folowing masses () 9gofFe () 91mg of Ca 11. Write the empirical formula of the compound having molecular formulae Cty Wi) OH Gi) HO, 0 12. Assolution is prepared by adding 4 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass percent of the solute. 13. How many significant figures should be present in the answer of the following calculations? () 9:24%0.08666 5.006 (li) 1.78986 = 10° (w) 943 « 0.00345 + 101 [2 Marks] () 0.58 + 324.65 Short Answer Type Questions : [3 Marks} 14, Three litres of water are added to 2 L of 5 molar HC! solution. What is the molarity of resulting solution? 15. State law of multiple proportions with an example. 16. A solution is prepared by adding 60 g CHjOH to 120 g of water. Calculate the mole fraction of CH,OH and water. 17. Calculate the number of molecules of sulphur (S,) present in 32 g of solid sulphur. 18. Calculate the molar mass of C,Hy, CyH,,044. H,SOy, HyPO,- Long Answer Type Questions : 15 Marks} 19. () Calculate the mass of 2.5 gram atom of calcium. (Atomic mass of calcium is 40.) (i) Calculate the mass of 1.5 gram molecule of water (H,0). 20. Calculate number of atoms of each type in 6.84 g of sucrose (C,H,,0,,) oR ‘An organic compound contains element C, H and oxygen. A 4.24 mg sample of compound is completely burt in oxygen. It gives 8.45 mg of carbon dioxide and 3.46 mg of water. What is the mass percentage of each ‘element? Determine the empirical and molecular formula of compound if molecular mass of compound is 86 u. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office :Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345652) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. 21. 500 cm? of 0.300 M NaC! solution is added to 100 cm? of 0.600 M AgNO, solution resulting in the formation of white precipitate of insoluble AgCI. How many moles and how many grams of AgCI are formed? Which is the limiting reagent? oR Calculate number of atoms in each of the following (0.6 mole atoms of nitrogen (i) 0.3 mole of nitrogen gas (i) 3.2 9 of sulphur ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Zo assignment (SET - 2) NEET & AIIMS (Competitive Entrance Exams.)54 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry SECTION - A Objective Type Questions 1. A sample of ammonium phosphate (NH,),PO, contains 3.18 moles of hydrogen atoms. The umber of moles of oxygen atoms in the sample is, (1) 0.265 2) 0.795 (3) 1.06 (4) 4.00 2. Two metallic oxides contain 27.6% and 30% oxygen respectively. If the formula of the first oxide is X,0,, that of the second will be () x0 @ %0, (8) XO, (4) 0, 3. Calculate the molality of solution containing 3 9 glucose dissolved in 30 g of water. (molar mass of glucose = 180) (1) 0.50 m @) 0.56 m (8) 0.091 m (4) 0.05 m 4, An element, X has the following isotopic composition 2x : 90% "9X : 8% 2X : 2.0%. The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally occurring element X is closest to (1) 201 amu @) 202 amu @) 199 amu (4) 200. amu 5. Which has the maximum number of molecules among the following? (1) 89H, @) 64980, @) 449C0, () 4890, 6. What volume of oxygen gas (,) measured at 0°C and 1 atm, is needed to bum completely 1 L of propane gas (C,H) measured under the same conditions? () 10L @7 @ 6L @) SL 7. Volume occupied by one molecule of water (density = 1g om) is (1) 5.510 cm? — (2) 9.0 x 10° cm? (8) 6.023 x 10-3 cm? (4) 3.0 x 10-2 cm? 8. The total number of electrons in 1.6 g of CH, to that in 1.8 g of H,O- (1) Double (3) Triple @) Same (@) One fourth 10. 1" 12, 13, 14. 15. 16. 17. Board & Competitive Exams. When x molecules are removed from 200 mg of NO. 2.89 * 10 moles of NO are let. x will be (1) 107° molecules: (2) 10% molecules 3) 21 molecules 4) 107 molecules 4g of hydrogen reacts with 20 g of oxygen to form water. The mass of water formed is (1) 249 2) %a 3) 2259 4) 40g Which has maximum molecules? (1) 79N,0 @) 29H, (@) 16g NO, (4) 16980, The number of molecules in 4.25 g of NH, is approximately (1) 4108 @) 15 * 108 @) 1x 108 (4) 6* 102 The maximum number of molecules is present in (1) 15LofH, gas at STP 2) SLOEN, gas at STP @) 05 gofH, gas (4) 10.9 0f 0; gas The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a tetraatomic gas is (N, = 6.02 x 102 mor) (1) 24 « 102 (2) 6.026 x 102 @) 24% 10 (4) 3.600 « 108 How many grams of NaOH should be added to water to prepare 250 mi solution of 2M NaOH? (1) 9.6 « 108 @) 24% 108 @ 2» (a) 24 Haemoglobin contains 0.334% of iron by weight. The molecular weight of haemoglobin. is approximately 67200. The number of iron atoms (Atomic weight of Fe is 56) present in one ‘molecule of haemoglobin is ma @s @s a2 In the reaction, 280, + 0, +> 280, when 1 mole of SO, and 1 mole of O, are made to react to completion (1) All the oxygen will be consumed (2) 1.0 mole of SO, wil be produced {@) 0.5 mole of SO, is remained (4) All of these ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt, Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 57 5. A mixture of gases contains H, and O, gases in the ratio of 1 : 4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of the two gases in the mixture? [AIPMT-2015] (2:4 @ 1:4 @44 (@) 16:4 6. 1.0 g of magnesium is burt with 0.56 g O, in a closed vessel. Which reactant is left in excess ‘and how much? (At. wt. Mg = 24; O = 16) TatpMT-2014) (1) Mg, 0.16 9 @) 0,016.4 (@) Mg. 0.44 g @ 0,028.9 7. When 22.4 litres of H,(g) is mixed with 11.2 litres of Ci,(g), each at S.T.P, the moles of HC\(g) formed is equal to [AIPMT-2014] (1) 1 mol of HEI) @) 2 mol of HCI (9) (8) 0.5 mol of HCI (9) (4) 1.5 mol of HCI (g) 8. 6.02 * 10% molecules of urea are present in 100 ml. of its Solution. The concentration of solution is INEET-2013] (1) 001M @) 0.001 M @) 1M @) oo2m 9. How many grams of concentrated nitric acid solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2M HNO,? The concentrated acid is 70% (wiw) HNO, INEET-2013] (1) 90.0 g conc. HNO, (@) 70.0 g cone. HNO, (3) 54.0 g cone. HNO, (4) 45.0 g cone, HNO, 10. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous solution is [AIPMT (Pretims)-2011] (1) 1.700 @ 0.1770 (@) 0.0177 (4) 0.0344 11. Which has the maximum number of molecules ‘among the following? [AIPM (Mains)-2011] () 8g H, @) 64gS0, @) 449C0, @) 4890, 12. ‘The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas is (N,=6.02 = 10% mol“) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010] (1) 6.026 102 (2) 1.806 x 102 (3) 3.600 x 102 (@) 1.800 x 102 19. 25.3 9 of sodium carbonate, Na,CO, is dissolved in enough water to make 250 mL. of solution. If sodium carbonate dissociates completely, molar concentration of sodium ion, Na* and carbonate ions, CO} are respectively (Molar mass of Na,CO, = 106 g mot) [AIPMT (Pretims)-2010] (1) 0.955 Mand 1.910 M @) 1.910 M and 0.955 M @) 1.90 Mand 1.910 M (8) 0.477 Mand 0.477 M 14.10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water produced in this reaction will be IAIPMT (Prelims)-2009] (1) 3 mot @) 4 mol @) 1 mot @) 2mol 15. How many moles of lead (I!) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.59 of PbO and 3.2 g of Her IAIPMT (Prelims)-2008] () 0.029 (@) 0.044 @) 0.333 @) 0.011 16. Volume occupied by one molecule of water (density 1gcm)is IAIPMT (Pretims)-2008] (1) 55% 10% om? — @) 9.0 x 10-2 cm? @) 6.023 x 10 cm? (4) 3.0 x 10°29 cm? 17. What volume of oxygen gas (O,) measured at 0°C and 1 atm, is needed to burn completely 1 L of propane gas (C3H,) measured under the same ‘conditions? [AIPMT ((Prelims)-2008} () t0L @7L @) 6L @) SL 18. An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen ‘and oxygen. Its elemental analysis gave C, 38.71% and H, 9.67%. The empirical formula of the ‘compound would be [AIPMT (Pralims)-2008] @) CHO @ cro @) CHO (@) CHO 19. An element, X has the following isotopic ‘composition; 2°X:90%; 19°X:8.0%; #2X:2.0%. “The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally ‘occurring element X is closest to : IAIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) 199 amu (2) 200 amu @) 201 amu (@) 202 amu ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 18. If the weight of metal chloride is x gram containing y gram of metal, the equivalent weight of metal will be By-x) () E=%x355 Qe @e “35.5 (4) &y) 19. 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filed in a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water produced in this reaction will be. (1) 1 mot 2) 2 mol @) 3mot 4) 4 mot 20. Consider the following reaction sequence: S,(s) + 80,(9) + 8S0,(9) 280,(g) + O{9) ~» 2S0,(9) How many grams of SO, are produced trom 1 mole S,? (1) 1280 (2) 9609 (3) 6409 (4) 3209 SECTION -B Objective Type Questions 1. The total number of electrons in 4.2 g of N®- ion is, (q's the Avogadro's number) (1) 21Ny @) 42N, 3% (4) 32, 2. The number of mole of nitrogen in one litre of air Containing 10% nitrogen by volume, under standard conditions, is (1) 0.03 mole (2) 2.10 motes (3) 0.186 mole (4) 4.46 * 10° mole 3. Liquid benzene (C,H) buns in oxygen according to 26,H, (I) + 150,(g) —> 12C0,(g) + 6H,0(g) How many litres of O, at STP are needed to complete the combustion of 39 g of liquid benzene? Q) 74b 2) W2b 3) 224L (4) 84 4. 1 mol of KCIO, is thermally decomposed and excess of aluminium is burnt in the gaseous product. How many moles of Al,O, are formed? a4 @2 @ 15 a3 10. 1. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 55 ‘The amount of zinc required to produce 1.12 mi of H, at STP on treatment with dilute HC! will be () 659 @) 0.065 g @) 325% 1049 @) 659 Volume of CO, obtained at STP by the complete decomposition of 9.85 g Na,CO, is (1) 2.24 titre @) Zoro @) 085 titre (4) 0.56 titre One litre of CO, Is passed through red hot coke. The volume becomes 1.4 litres at same temperature and pressure. The composition of products is (1) 08 lite of CO, and 0.6 litre of CO 2) 0.7 lite of CO, and 0.7 litre of CO @) 0.6 litre of CO, and 0.8 litre of CO (4) 0.4 lite of CO, and 1.0 litre of CO ‘Suppose that A and B form the compounds BA, and B,A. If 0.05 mole of BA, weighs 9 g and 0.1 mole of BA weighs 10 g, the atomic weight of A and B respectively are (1) 30 and 40 @) 20and 5 @ 40end 90 4) A820 vin eortat i 90, trast wan 0 et M sWOH then mtr of eslhg ston and normality of excess of reactant left is N N (1) Acidic, @) Basic, § N N (B) Basic, 55 () Acidic, $5 Mole fraction of solvent in aqueous solution of NaOH having molality of 3 is (@ 03 @) 0.05 @) 07 (4) 0.95 Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H,SO,, by mass and has a density of 1.80 gmL-!. Volume of acid required to make one litre of 0.1 M H,SO, solution is () 16.65 mL @) 5.55 mL (@) 2220 mt @) 11.410mL Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid.- Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345656 12, 13. 14. 15. 16, 17 18. 19. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Number of significant figures in 6.62 x 10. (1) Two (@) Thee (3) Four @ One Ammonia gas is passed into water, yielding a solution of density 0.93 g/em? and containing 18.6% NH, by weight. The mass of NH, per cc of the solution is (1) 0.17 gle? 2) 0.34 glem* (3) 0.51 glom* (4) 0.68 gfem* ‘A certain amount of a metal whose equivalent mass. is 28 displaces 0.7 L of H, at S.T.P. from an acid hence mass of the element is () 1759 @ 08759 @) 3.509 @) 7.009 Number of Fe atoms in 100 g Haemoglobin if it contains 0.33% Fe. (Atomic mass of Fe = 56) (1) 0.035 « 10% @ 35 @) 35 ~ 102 @) 7 * 10° ‘An organic compound containing C and H gave the following analysis C = 40%, H = 6.7%. Its ‘empirical formula would be (1) cH, @ cHo @) OHO, @ oH The number of electrons in 1.6 g of CH, is approximately (1) 25 « 10% (2) 1.5 * 10% @) 6x 10% (4) 3.0 x 10% 6.025 = 10° molecules of acetic acid are present in '500 ml of its solution. The concentration of solution is (1) 0.002 M @ 102M @) 0012M (4) 0.001. Mm How many ite of oxygen at STP is required to bur 60.9 C,H,? (1) 2244 @ 120 @) 224«7L @ 85L For the formation of 3.65 g of HCI gas, what volume of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas are required at NTP conditions? M tae @) 3.651, 1.83 2 112,224 @) 142L, 142 21. 22. Board & Competitive Exams. ‘Specific volume of cylindrical virus particle is 6.02 = 10 cclgm whose radius and length are 7 A and 10 A respectively. If Ny = 6.02 * 102, find molecular weight of virus. (1) 15.4 kg/mol Q) 1.54 * 10% kgimol @) 3.08 « 104 kg/mot (4) 3.08 * 10° kg/mol ‘The crystalline salt Na,SO,.xH,0 on heating loses, 55.9% of its mass and becomes anhydrous. The formula of crystalline salt is (1) Na,S0,5H,0 @) Na,SO,7H,0 (3) Na,SO,.2H,O (4) Na,SO,.10H,O SECTION -C Previous Years Questions ‘Suppose the elements X and Y combine to form two compounds XY, and X,Y. When 0.1 mole of XY weighs 10 g and 0.05 mole of X,¥2 weighs 9, the atomic weights of X and Y are INEET-Phase-2-2016] (1) 40, 30 @) 60, 40 @) 20, 30 (4) 30, 20 What is the mass of the precipitate formed when 50 mL of 16.9% (w/v) solution of AGNO,, is mixed with 50 mL of 5.8% (w/v) NaCI solution? (Ag = 107.8, N= 14, O= 16, Na = 23, Cl = 35.5) [Re-AIPMT-2015) 79 @ 144 @) 289 @) 359 If Avogadro number Ny, is changed from 6.022 = 10% mor" to 6.022 = 102° mor", this would change [Re-AIPMT-2015} (1) The ratio of chemical species to each other in ‘a balanced equation (2) The ratio of elements to each oth seempoun: (8) The definition of mass in units of grams (4) The mass of one mole of carbon 20.0 g of a magnesium carbonate sample decomposes on heating to give carbon dioxide and 8.0 g magnesium oxide. What will be the percentage purity of magnesium carbonate in the sample? (At wt.=Mg= 24) [Re-AIPMT-2015] () 6 @ @) 75 (4) 96 ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 5. A mixture of gases contains H, and O, gases in the ratio of 1: 4 (w/w). What is the molar ratio of the two gases in the mixture? [AIPMT-2015] (2st @ 1:4 @4ait @) 16:4 6. 1.0 g of magnesium is bumt with 0.56 g O, in a closed vessel. Which reactant is loft in excess ‘and how much? (At. wt. Mg = 24; O = 16) [AIPMT-2014] (1) Mg, 0.16 g 2 0,016 (@) Mg, 0.44 9 @) 0,028 g 7. When 22.4 litres of H, (g) is mixed with 11.2 litres of Ci,(g), each at S.T.P, the moles of HCi(g) formed is equal to [AIPMT-2014] (1) 1 mol of HI (g) (2) 2 mol of HI (g) @) 0.5 mol of HCI (9) (4) 1.5 mol of HCI (9) 8. 6.02 x 102 molecules of urea are present in 100 mi of its solution. The concentration of solution is INEET-2013] (1) 001M @) 0.001 M @) o1M @) oo2m 9, How many grams of concentrated nitric acid ‘solution should be used to prepare 250 mL of 2M HNO,? The concentrated acid is 70% (wiw) HNO, INEET-2013] (1) 90.0 g conc. HNO, (2) 70.0 g conc. HNO, (@) 540 g conc. HNO, (4) 45.0 g cone. HNO, 10. Mole fraction of the solute in a 1.00 molal aqueous solution is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011] (1) 1.7700 @ 0.1770 @) 0017 @) 0.0344 14. Which has the maximum number of molecules among the following? [AIPM (Mains)-2011] () 89H, @) 6490, @) 449.0, (4) 4890, 42. The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a triatomic gas, is (Nq=6.02 * 10% mol") [AIPMT (Prelims)-2010] (1) 6.026 = 102 (2) 1.806 x 102 (3) 3.600 x 102 (4) 1.800 x 102 13, 14 16, 16. 17. 18. 19. ‘Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry | 57 25.3 g of sodium carbonate, Na,CO, is dissolved in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. If ‘sodium carbonate dissociates completely, molar concentration of sodium ion. Na’ and carbonate ions, CO? are respectively (Molar mass of Na,CO, = 106 g mor") [AIPMT (Prolims)-2010}, (1) 0.955 M and 1.910 M @) 1.910 Mand 0.955 M @) 190M and 1.910 M (4) 0.477 Mand 0.477 M 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filled in a steel vessel and exploded. Amount of water produced in this reaction will be IAIPMT (Pretims)-2009] (1) 3 mot (2) 4 mot @) 1 mot (4) 2 mot How many moles of lead (|!) chloride will be formed from a reaction between 6.59 of PbO and 3.2 g of Hor IAIPMT (Pretims)-2008], ) 0.029 @) 0044 @) 0.339 4) oon Volume occupied by one molecule of water (density = 19cm) is IAIPMT (Prolims)-2008) (1) 55% 10cm? — (@) 9.0 x 10% cm? (8) 6.023 = 10° cm? (4) 3.0 x 10-23 cmt ‘What volume of oxygen gas (O,) measured at 0°C. and 1 aim, is needed to bur completely 1 L of propane gas (C;H,) measured under the same conditions? [AIPMT ((Prolims)-2008] (10 @7L @ 6L @ SL ‘An organic compound contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Its elemental analysis gave C, 38.71% and H, 9.67%. The empirical formula of the ‘compound would be TAIPMT (Prelims)-2008] 1) CHO @) cH,O @) CHO (4) CHO ‘An element, X has the following isotopic ‘composition; 2°X:90%; 199X:8.0%; 2X:2.0%. ‘The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally ‘occurring element X is closest to : IAIPMT (Protims)-2007] (1) 199 amu (2) 200 amu @) 201 amu (@) 202 amu ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345658 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Board & Competitive Exams. 20. Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H,SO, by mass and has a density of 1.80 g ml". Volume of acid required to make one litre of 0.1 M H,SO, is [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007] (1) 5.55 mL (2) 11.10 mL @) 16.65 mL (4) 2220 mL ‘Questions asked prior to Medical Ent. Exams. 2005 21. How many grams of CHjOH should be added to ‘water to prepare 150 ml solution of 2M CH,OH? (1) 96 * 105 @) 24% 109 @) 96 @) 24 22. The total number of valence electrons in 4.2 g of N° ion is (N, is the Avogadro's number) (1) 24 @) 42, @ 16N, @ 32N, 23. The number of mole of oxygen in one litre of air containing 21% oxygen by volume, under standard conditions, is (1) 0.0093 mote 2) 2.10 moles @) 0.186 mole @) 0.21 mote 24. ‘The amount of zinc required to produce 224 mi of H, at STP on treatment with dilute H,SO, will be n= 68) () 659 @) 0.0659 @) 0659 @ 659 25. Given the numbers : 161 cm, 0.161 cm, 0.0161 cm. ‘The number of significant figures for the three. numbers is (1) 3,3 and 4 respectively Q) 3,4.and4 respectively @) 3,4 and 5 respectively (4) 3,3 and 3 respectively 26. Change in volume when 100 ml. PH, decomposed to solid phosphorus and H, gas. (1) Increase in 50 mt (2) Decrease in 50 mL. @) Increase in 150 mt (4) Decrease in 200 mi. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. In the reaction, 4ANH,(Q) + 50,(g) -» 4NO(Q) + 6H,0(1) when 1 mole of ammonia and 1 mole of ©, are made to react to completion (1) All the oxygen will be consumed (2) 1.0 mole of NO wil be produced (8) 1.0 mole of H,0 is produced (4) All the ammonia will be consumed {An organic compound containing C, H and N gave the following analysis C = 40%, H = 13.33%, N = 46.67%. Its empirical formula would be (1) CH.N (2) CH.N 2) CHM @) CAN ‘How many g of dibasic acid (mol. weight 200) should be present in 100 mi. of the aqueous Solution to give strength of 0.1 N? (1) 109 @ 29 @ 19 @ 209 The number of atoms in 4.25 g of NH, is approximately (1) 4 * 102 @ 2% 202 @) 1% 10 @ 6x 102 Volume of CO, obtained at STP by the complete decomposition of 9.85 gm BaCO, is (Mol. wt. of BaCO, = 197) (1) 2.24 ttre @ 142 titre @) 085 litre (4) 0.56 litre Percentage of Se in peroxidase anhydrous enzyme {is 0.5% by weight (at. wt. = 78.4) then minimum molecular weight of peroxidase anhydrous enzyme is (1) 1.568 104 @ 1.568 10% @) 1568 (4) 2.136 « 10 2.5 litre of 1 M NaOH solution mixed with another 3 litre of 0.5 M NaOH solution. Then find out molarity of resultant solution. (1) 080M @ 10M @) 073M (4) 050M Which has maximum molecules? () 7amN, @ 2gmH, 8) 16 gmNo, (4) 16 gmo, ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Lid. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph, 011-47623456Board & Competitive Exams. 36. 37. 40. a In Haber process 30 litres of dihydrogen and 30 litres of dinitrogen were taken for reaction which yielded only 50% of the expected product. What will be the composition of gaseous mixture under the aforesaid condition in the end? (1) 20 titres ammonia, 20 litres nitrogen, 20 litres hydrogen (2) 10 litres ammonia, 25 litres nitrogen, 15 litres. hydrogen (3) 20 litres ammonia, 10 litres nitrogen, 30 litres: hydrogen, (4) 20 litres ammonia, 25 litres nitrogen, 15 litres hydrogen ‘The maximum number of molecules is present in (1) 15 L of water at STP 2) 151 of H,0 gas at Ste @) 159 of ice (4) Same in alt Concentrated aqueous sulphuric acid is 98% H,SO, (wiv) and has a density of 1.80 gml-!. Molarity of solution aim @ 18M (@) 10M (4) 15M ‘An element, X has the following isotopic composition 9X : 90% "7X : 8% ®X : 2.0%. The weighted average atomic mass of the naturallyoccurring element X is closest to (1) 96.14 amu @ 568amu (8) 60 amu (@) 55 amu 10 g of hydrogen and 64 g of oxygen were filed in a steel vessel and exploded. Volume of gaseous product after reaction (1) 1 224b @) 2*224L (@) 3*224L @) 4x224L What is the [OH] in the final solution prepared by mixing 20.0 mL of 0.050 M HCI with 30.0 mL of 0.10 M Ba(OH),7 (1) 012M @) 010M (3) 040M (4) 0.0050 M “The number of atoms in 0.1 mol of a tratomic gas is (Nq = 6.02 x 10% mor") (1) 1.800 = 10% (@) 6.026 « 107 (3) 1.806 = 1023 (4) 3.600 = 10 Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry 59 42. The total number of electrons in 2.0 g of D,O to that in1.8gofH,0 (1) Double (@) Same @) Triple (4) One fourth 43. From 200 mg of CO, when x molecules are removed. 2.89 * 10 motes of CO, are left. x will be (1) 10™molecules (2) 10" molecules (@) 21 molecules (4) 10#* molecules 44. If the weight of metal oxide is x g containing y g of ‘oxygen, the equivalent weight of metal will be ay e=8 @ £-%-%) y x @ e=% @ £=S6-¥) 3 Y 45, The number of significant figures in 2.653 « 10¢is ae @4 @7 1 ‘Mole fraction of solute in aqueous solution of 30% NaOH. () 0.16 @) 0.05 @) 025 @) 095 SECTION - D Assertion-Reason Type Questions Inthe following questions, a statement of assertion (A) is followed by a statement of reason (R) (1) If both Assertion & Reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (1). @) If both Assertion & Reason are true but the reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion, then mark (2). @) If Assertion is true statement but Reason is false, then mark (3). (@) If both Assertion and Reason are false statements, then mark (4). 2 Vamu. = 1.66 x 10 gram. R:: Actual mass of one atom of C-12 is equal to 1.99 x 10 g Unit of specific gravity is gram-ce-'. R:: Specific gravity is same as density of a liquid in normal conditions. Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-4762345660) Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry % A: R: A >a> 7 Number of atoms in 2 mole of NH, is equal to ‘umber of atoms in 4 mole of CH, Both are chemically similar species. Inthe reaction 2NaOQH + H,PO, ———>Na,HPO, + 2H,0, cavirdontweghtoH,Po, te whore te molecular weight. i Molecular weight Equivalent weight Se ‘Mass of 1 gram molecule of HSO, is 98 gram. ‘One gram atom contains N, atoms. : One mole of sucrose reacts completely with ‘oxygen produces 268.8 litre of carbon dioxide at STP. : Amount of oxygen required for reaction is 268.8 litre, : In the reaction, 2NaOH + H,SO, ——>Na,SO, +2H,0 equivalents of NaOH, Na,SO, and H,SO, are equal. : Number of equivalents = number of moles « nefactor. When 4 moles of H, reacts with 2 moles of ©, then 4 moles of water is formed. 10. 4 12, 13, 14. 15, Board & Competitive Exams. © ©, will act as limiting reagent. 50 mi, decinormal HCI when mixed with 50 mil, decinormal H,SO,, then normality of H* ion in resultant solution is 0.1 N. Here, MV = M,V, ~ MV 50 ml, decimolar H,SO, when mixed with 50 ml, decimolar NaOH, then normality of resultant solution is 0.05 N. Here, NV = 11N,V, ~ N2Ve_ Ratio of empirical formula mass and molecular formula mass must be a natural number. Molecular formula mass = n x empirical formula mass, where n is the simplest whole number. For a given solution (density = 1 gm/ml), molality is greater than molarity. Molarity involves volume of solution while molality involves mass of solvent. 1 gram of salt in 1 m? of solution has. concentration of 1 ppm. ppm is defined as number of parts by mass of solute per million parts of solution. Total charge on N, ions of CO} is 1.93 « 10° coulomb. Charge on one electron is 96500 coulomb. Number of ions in 9 gram of NH; is equal to ‘Avogadro's number (N,). Number of ions is equal to number of atoms. ‘Aakash Educational Services Pvt. Ltd. - Regd. Office : Askash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005 Ph. 011-47623456