ABS OR ARISTOCRAFT BRISTONE STYRINE. A rigid black plastic pipe used for drain, waste and vent lines.

Generally, in the plumbing

industry (it is used a lot in the auto industry because it is so durable) this is black colored plastic pipe and fittings used in drainage,
sewer, waste and vents. ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) pipe/fittings and also PVC (see below) plastics have replaced much of
the cast iron, lead and steel pipes formerly used for DWV. Important note is that no solvent cement (and primer) can totally "glue"
(solvent weld) ABS to PVC plastic. Under normal conditions, quality ABS (when virgin resins are used) will not crack, chip or peel.

ABSORPTION FIELD. This is a seeping field designed to disperse the liquid waste from a septic tank through a filter bed. The septic
tank fills with liquid and solid waste and the liquid waste drains off to the absorption field leaving the solid waste behind.

ACCESS CHAMBER. An opening into the ground from which drains can be inspected and rodded or cleaned out, both towards and away
from a building, also acting as a junction into which the drainage from other plumbing fixtures may discharge into the horizontal drain.

ACCESSIBLE. In reference to a plumbing fixture, appliance, equipment or connection: easily reached, though the use of tools may be
required to remove an access panel or open a door.

ACCESSIBLE DESIGN. An approach to designing buildings, homes and products that renders them easier to access and use by people
with physical, sensory, or cognitive disabilities.

ACCESS PANEL. An opening in the wall or ceiling near a fixture that allows for access to service the plumbing or electrical system

ACID DILUTION BASIN. A plumbing appurtenance connected to waste piping servicing a part of a building receiving corrosive or acid
waste. Most acid neutralizing basins use limestone as the neutralizing media. Here are some applications where an acid dilution should
be used, school labs, hospitals, research facilities, pharmaceutical manufacturing, printing facilities, automotive service centers, film
processing, etc.

ACID WASTE. Any waste water containing corrosives or acidic liquids that must be neutralized before entering the municipal sewer
system. Most often fixtures receiving acid waste are connected to an acid dilution basin which neutralizes acid before the waste water
enters the sewer.

ACID WASTE PIPING. Simply put its waste piping and fittings that are resistant to acid waste. Examples of applications where this is
used, laboratories, hospitals, photo labs and printing presses. Some of the materials used in making acid resistant pipe and fittings;
glass, polypropylene and polyvinylidene fluoride for really harsh situations. Polyvinylidene fluoride is also fire retardant and when
approved can be used in a plenum ceiling.

ACRYLIC. A thermoplastic used on the surface of bathtubs and whirlpools. Generally comes in sheets and is formed to the shape of the
mold (tubs/showers) in the factory. Generally fiberglass is added to the back for strength.

ADA-COMPLIANT DEVICE. A device which is fully compliant, when properly installed, with the current requirements of the Americans
with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), as legislated by the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

ADAPTOR. A fitting that joins two different types of pipes together. Or/Also a fitting that joins threaded with none threaded pipe (as in:
female adaptor or male adaptor, PVC to cast iron pipe).

ADJUSTING LINKAGE. An adjustable rod or strap that forms the connection between the lift rod and the ball lever assembly of the
drain.

AERATION. A method to introduce air with water to help in releasing dissolved gasses that contribute to foul odors or unpleasant
taste. Aeration can be done in several different ways, air can be bubbled up through the liquid, liquid can be sprayed into the air or the
liquid can be agitated oxygenating it by bringing the surface water in to contact with the air. The best example we can give for the use
and effects of aeration is the cleansing of the Calumet Sag River in Illinois. Large parks where created along the Calumet Sag River
pumping millions of gallons of water through attractively created waterfalls. The results have been staggering.
AERATOR. A part at the end of a faucet spout which mixes air into the dropping water, thereby aerating the water.

AERATOR FITTINGS. A type of fitting installed on a plumbing fixture that mixes water with air. These fittings help with water
conservation and reduce splashing.

AEROBIC BACTERIA. Bacteria living, active and occurring in the presence of oxygen.

AGA. Imprinted on many gas valves and appliances. It is the American Gas Association rating.

A.I.A (AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS). This is basically a self-policing regulating body that promotes excellence in
architecture. They are heavily involved in all facets of education for their members from internship, to mentoring to licensing and
support. A.I.A. is also the preferred method by which sub-contractors invoice their customers. Chances are if you've been a
subcontractor for a while you know exactly what G701, G702 and a G703 form is for. If you are familiar with all of the AIA forms are you
probably have a head ache, they can be tedious but they are ultimately there to protect the Owner.

AIR ADMITTANCE VALVE. A mechanical one way valve used in place of traditional non mechanical (very reliable) vents. It is to allow air
to enter waste piping and equalizing pressures. Vents are used to preserve the seal of trap in plumbing fixtures. Also known as auto
trap vents

AIR BREAK. A physical separation between any pipe and receptor through the free atmosphere. The separation may be below the flood
level of the receptor but above the trap seal.

AIR CHAMBER. A vertical air filled pipe or manufactured spring coil installed above the waterline in a potable water system that
absorbs pressure fluctuations when valves are turned off i.e. a shower is turned off or a fill valve in a toilet slams shut. The pressure
absorbing devices reduce water hammer. Having air chambers on plumbing fixtures with water connections is code for most
municipalities.

AIR GAP. The unobstructed physical distance between the outlet end of a plumbing apparatus or piping delivering potable water to a
plumbing fixture to the flood rim level of the receptacle (sink, dishwasher, clothes washer or tank) Think of a kitchen sink faucet with a
pullout spray if you pulled it out and laid it in the sink you would have no air gap. The air gap protects the potable water system from
cross contamination.

AIR INVERSION. Air inversion pipe lining is used in waste, vent, storm and water main to repair broken piping due to ground settling,
pipe deterioration, tree roots etc. It is most commonly used in pipe sizing from 4" to 48" in diameter. The piping is prepared by video
camera inspection, then <the pipe is cleaned and scoured. The pipe is then lined using an air inversion machine. Think of tube sock with
epoxy lining on the inside. It is glued on one end and air pressure pushes the sock through the pipe turning it inside out thereby placing
the epoxy inside the piping.

ALLEY. Alley is any public space, public park moroughi are less than three (3) meters but not less than two (2) meters in width which
has been dedicated or deeded to the public for public use.

ALL THREAD ROD. A connecting rod used in almost every construction trade. In the mechanical trades it is mostly used to hang piping
materials from the underside of the structure of the building. Threads are in one direction and standard hex nuts can easily be
screwed on to secure a multitude of different hangers. Come in a variety of sizes and finishes. Most common sizes in the piping trades
are 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8 & 3/4" it's most common finishes are black and galvanized, stainless steel is also a common material.

ALTER OR ALTERATION. Alter or alteration is any change, addition or modification in construction or occupancy. (Change or repair).

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT (ADA). A federal law, passed in 1990, which prohibits discrimination against people with
disabilities. The term "disability" means a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more of the major life
activities of such individuals. Among the provisions in the law are requirements that impact plumbing products in the design of
accessible bathrooms and facilities.

AMERICAST. A patented process from American Standard that uses a porcelain surface, an enameling grade steel material and a
structural composite backing bonded together to create a sink that is similar to cast iron in durability, heat retention and sound
deadening but weighs considerably less therefore it is cheaper to install.

ANAEROBIC BACTERIA. Bacteria that lives and grows in the absence of free oxygen. These bacteria get their oxygen by decomposing
substances that contain oxygen.

ANGLE STOP. An "emergency" stop (valve) that is usually installed before the water supply line (below) to toilets and faucets. Angle
stops are to be shut off in case of an emergency or repair and are generally not designed for daily on and off usage. The difference
between a "straight stop" and an "angle stops" is that the "angle" stop changes direction by 90 degrees while a straight stop is like
most valves and does not change direction.

ANNEALING. In plumbing the process by which rigid copper is made soft and pliable. The process consists of heating the metal to a
certain temperature and holding that temperature for a set amount of time then allowing the metal to cool slowly to room
temperature.

ANODE ROD. A rod inside of a water heater that protects the tank from corrosion; usually made of magnesium or aluminum; most
manufacturer warranty lengths vary depending upon the quality of the anode rod of a water heater.

ANSI. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is a not-for-profit, non-government organization that oversees the creation
and use of voluntary health and safety standards for products and businesses across nearly all sectors of the U.S. economy.

ANTI MICROBIAL (PLUMBING DEFINITION). Any plumbing fixture or plumbing accessory that is manufactured with anti-microbial
characteristics integral to the product. An anti-microbial plumbing product is one that kills or hinders the growth of bacteria, mold,
etc. Vitreous china is naturally anti-microbial when glazed because of its glazing and non-porous surface. Recently toilet seats are a
common plumbing accessory manufactured with anti-microbial properties.

ANTI-SCALD VALVE. (please see pressure balanced and thermostatic mixing valve)

ANTI-SIPHON VALVE (VACUUM BREAKER). The simple definition is an anti-siphon valve is a device installed on a water supply line
that prevents water from backing up into the potable water system. Vacuum breakers are an example of an anti-siphon valve. Anti-
siphon valve are most commonly spring loaded one way valves. When the direction of flow is going in desired direction all works well, if
the direction of liquid changes the valve slams shut prevent back siphonage.

APPROVED. Approved means accepted or acceptable under an applicable specification stated or cited in this Code, or accepted as
suitable for the proposed use under procedures and powers at the authority.

APRON (OR SKIRT). The decorative portion of a bathtub that covers the rough-in area of the tub. It is most easily recognized on a
whirlpool tub, the apron is most often removable to be able to service the tubs plumbing and or motor.

AUTHORITY. An individual official, board, ministry or other political entity established and authorized by governmental sanction or a
specific law enacted by a governing body that confers statutory powers to formulate and enforce a code of practice for plumbing.

AUTOMATIC COMPENSATING VALVE. A valve that is supplied with hot and cold water, and provides a means of automatically
maintaining the water temperature selected for an outlet. Automatic compensating valves are used to reduce the risk of scalding and
thermal shock.

BACKFLOW.The reversing of the normal flow of water or other substances into the drinking-water distribution system from any
unintended source.
BACK FLOW PREVENTER. The two most common types of back flow prevention devices are a double detector check assembly and an
RPZ. A double detector check assembly is one device that houses two check valve assemblies in the line of flow. The check valves are
spring actuated and are designed to open with 1 pound of pressure.

BACKFLOW PREVENTION DEVICE. Any mechanical device designed to automatically prevent backflow.

BACK FLUSH. To temporarily reverse the normal liquid flow through a plumbing system.

BACKPRESSURE. The reversing of normal flow resulting from a pressure downstream that is higher than the supply pressure in the
distribution piping of a drinking-water supply system.

BACKPRESSURE IN A PLUMBING SYSTEM. Pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure. If a sewer drain line is running at 100%
capacity and with greater than intended velocity if the waste water passes another drain outlet it could cause a negative pressure.
This negative pressure can pull a water seal from a trap causing sewer gas or vermin into the living space. Extremely high winds can
also pull the air from the plumbing vent pulling the trap seals with it.

BACKSIPHONAGE. The reversing of normal flow resulting from negative or sub-atmospheric pressures in the distribution piping of a
drinking-water supply system.

BACKUP (SEWER). The overflow of water usually combined with waste from a plumbing fixture caused by a blockage in the fixture
drain or waste line servicing the aforementioned plumbing fixture.

BACK-UP SUMP PUMPS. Literally any pumping device that acts to back-up the primary sump in case of power failure or primary
pump failure. Most back-up sump devices include some sort of marine battery either wet cell or maintenance free gel battery. There
are back-up sump pumps that use no electricity and function on incoming water pressure.

BACKWASH CYCLE. No this isn't what you're sibling leaves in the bottom of the Gatorade bottle. The Backwash cycle is a process a
water softener or water filter goes into, usually pre-programmed for off hours, whereby the water flow is reversed cleaning the filter
media. The waste water is sent to an open site drain.

BACKWATER VALVE. A valve that is installed on the house sewer that prevents water from backing up into the house. The most
common use for a backwater valve is in situations where the city sewer is combined waste and storm. In these cases during torrential
rain the city sewer runs full with only one place to go, back into the house or businesses connected to it, a backwater valve is installed
in this situation.

BACK VENT PIPE. The part of a vent line which connects directly with an individual trap underneath or behind the fixture and extends
to the branch or main, soil, or waste pipe at any point higher than the fixture or fixture trap it serves. This is sometimes called an
individual vent.

BACKWATER VALVE. A device for preventing sewage or drainage water from flowing back into a building in the event of flooding or
sewer blockage.

BAFFLE. An object or screen placed in a plumbing fixture or appurtenance to change the direction of or retard the flow of water or
flue gasses. The most common baffles used in plumbing are the ones found in a grease separator. The baffles are used to slow down
the incoming waste water, allowed the suspended grease and solids to cool and rise to the top for easy removal.

BALANCING COCKS OR VALVES. A valve with an adjustable partition or gate which can be used to increase or decrease flow. They
also have self-sealing ports in which thermometers can be inserted to check the temperatures of the liquids.
BALL CHECK VALVE. A type of backflow preventer that uses a ball to seal against a seat in a valve. It is installed on a water line so
that water is allowed to flow in one direction only.

BALLCOCK. The fill valve that controls the flow of water from the supply line into a gravity-operated toilet tank. It’s controlled by a
mechanism that floats in the tank water. When the toilet is flushed, the float drops and opens the ballcock. This releases water into the
tank and/or bowl. As the water in the tank is restored, the float rises and shuts off the ballcock when the tank is full.
BALL JOINT - A connection in which a ball is held in a cuplike shell that allows movement in every direction.

BALL PASSAGE. The ball passage indicates the size of a ball that can pass through a toilet's trapway. It also refers to the size of the
trapway of a toilet; the trap size is to be 1/8" larger than the ball that can pass through it.

BARRIER-FREE. Products and buildings are considered "barrier-free" if they permit access by all users, including those in
wheelchairs. In plumbing products, the term can refer to showers that do not have a lip preventing wheelchair access, as well as sinks
and water fountains that are useable at different heights.
BASIN. Generally circular, vessel with slopping or curving sides for holding water for washing. Usually used to refer to a sink of some
sort.

BASIN WRENCH. Is a tool that only has one real use , it’s inexpensive and pretty easy to use. A basin wrench actually looks like a steel
bar with a curved head with teeth on one end. The other end ends with a T handle. Obviously turn the water off before using. Go under
the sink and position the head at a 90 angle catching the nut, turn in the appropriate direction to remove and your all set. If the sink
faucet is too high to reach you may have to pull out the extended handle.

BASKET STRAINERS. Generally a basket shaped strainer drain receptacle with holes, for sinks. Used to catch large food particles to
prevent them from entering the drainage system.

BATTERY OF FIXTURES. Battery of fixtures is any of two or more similar adjacent fixtures which discharge into a common horizontal
soil branch.

BEAM CLAMPS. A clamping device used when beams are the only thing used for support. They are used in conjunction with pipe
hangers to ensure proper support and pitch. The beam can be c-clamp type or can span the entire beam
BELL OR HUB. That portion of a pipe which for a short distance, is sufficiently enlarged to receive the end of another pipe of the same
diameter for the purpose of making a joint.

BENCH MARK. It is a known elevation set throughout a building or job site that all trades can use to locate proper elevations for
doors, windows, plumbing fixtures etc. An elevation will be set usually by the general contractor in accordance with the engineer and
all trades can measure from that elevation. It can also be a mark on a permanent flat service whereby it is used to lay out walls,
columns, stairwells, etc.
BENDING PIN (OR IRON). A tool used for straightening or expanding lead pipe.

BENDS. A generic term given to all elbows made from all types of piping material.

BIBB. aka bibcock or hose bibb - typically a faucet with nozzle bent downward. Also called: outside/outdoor faucet/spigot or garden
faucet.
BIDET. A plumbing fixture used for washing the middle part of the body, specially the genitals. Also a sitz bath (Used to wash posterior
parts of the body).

BISQUE. Refers to the finish on the unglazed areas of vitreous china fixtures.

BIODEGRADABLE - Any material subject to degradation to simpler substances by way of biological action i.e. aerobic and anaerobic
decomposition. Substances that are considered biodegradable are detergents, human waste, and organic matter.
BLACK WATER. Combined domestic effluent including liquid and solid human body waste and the water discharged from toilet usage.

BLANK FLANGE - A flange that is not drilled.

BLEED (WATER SYSTEM) - To drain a pipe or piping system of excess air by opening plumbing valves or appurtenances exposed to the
atmosphere i.e. shower valves, faucets and drain down valve.
BLIND FLANGE - A flange that closes the end of a pipe. There is no opening for the passage of water. (Used for black iron pipes).
BLIND PLUG - A plug or cap used on no-hub piping to end a drain line. It is affixed to the end of the pipe by a no-hub coupling.

BLOW OFF - A controlled outlet on a pipe line used too discharge water or detritus. (In Sanitary house trap).

BODY SPRAYS - For all practical purposes these are shower heads. Some are hand held, some are on a sliding bar so that the can be
moved up or down and some are positioned throughout a shower to spray on different parts of your body while showering.

BRACKISH WATER - Any water containing bacteria between 1,000 and 15,000 ppm of dissolved solids.

BRAIDED SUPPLIES - A flexible pressure tubing usually made of synthetic material that is encased in braided threads of steel or
stainless steel. The braided covering protects the synthetic tubing from damage due to abrasions and crimping.
BRANCH - A branch is any part of a piping system other than the main, riser or stack.
BRANCH INTERVAL - A length of soil or waste stack corresponding in general to a story height, but- in no case less than eight (8) feet,
within which the horizontal branches from one floor or story of a building are connected to the stack.
BRANCH VENT - A vent pipe connecting from a branch of the drainage system to a vent stack.

BRANCH WATER PIPING - The local domestic water piping that extends from the vertical risers (or other mains) and supplies water
to plumbing fixtures or equipment.

BRASS. An ancient alloy, composed primarily of copper and zinc, used in the manufacture of faucets and other plumbing fittings. Small
amounts of other alloying materials are also added for various types of brass to address the requirements of specific applications.
Brass is also the term for a faucet finish, also known as polished brass.

BRASS SEATS AND SEALS - In a plumbing valve the surface area on the moving part of a valve and the stationary part of the valve.
When the moving part of the valve comes in contact with the non-moving part the flow of water stops completely. The most common
material used for valves seats is brass. Brass seats eventually have to be repaired or replaced because with continual use the seating
surface degrades over time.

BRAZING – uses (How To) Similar to soldering, brazing is the process of filling a void (for plumbing) in a pipe joint with a filler metal to
join pieces of pipe or fittings. Brazing filler metals generally have melting temperatures above 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit. Most brazing
filler metals contain some amount of silver, copper and phosphorus.

BREAK TANK - A type of vessel that holds a supply of water that is to be used for a specific purpose (mainly heating) other than for
consuming or flushing plumbing fixtures. It is filled through an air gap (to prevent contamination of the domestic water system) and
the water supplying the tank shuts off, when filed to a predetermined height, by an automatic shut off valve.

BTU. Abbreviation for "British Thermal Unit"; a measurement of heat equal to the amount of heat necessary to raise one pound of
water one degree Fahrenheit at sea level. (One BTU is equal to about 250 calories.)

BUBBLER - The word bubbler has a rather interesting back story. Its definition is simple, it's another word to describe a drinking
fountain like the ones you see at a park. However, there is really only one place in the country where it is used with regularity and it's
in the Badger State of Wisconsin.
BUCHAN TRAP. Obsolete way of venting a waste water drain. An in-line trap with a vent on the inlet side. Also known as a Bristol
interceptor.

BUILDING - Building is any structure built, erected and framed of component structural parts designed for the housing, shelter,
enclosure or support of persons, animals, or property of any kind.

BUILDING DRAIN. The lowest part of a building drainage system where the drainage pipes meet and convey the discharge from within
the walls or footings of any building to the building sewer. Also called house drain. See also combined building drain; sanitary building
drain.

BUILDING SEWER. That part of the horizontal piping of a drainage system that extends from the end of the building drain and that
receives the discharge of the building drain and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer, private sewage disposal system or other
point of disposal. Also called house sewer. See also combined building sewer; sanitary building sewer; storm building sewer.

BUILDING SUBDRAIN. That portion of a drainage system that does not drain by gravity into the building sewer. Also called house
subdrain.

BUTTERFLY VALVES - The butterfly valve has some similar features to that of the wafer check valve. It is very thin and lightweight so
space and support are not issues. It is closed using a wafer or disc that is mounted on a rod that is secured in the middle of the valve.
The rod exits the valve at the top and ends with a handle that incrementally controls the internal disc. In the open position the disc is
parallel to the pipe in the closed position the disc is perpendicular to the pipe closing off flow. These types of valves can be used to
control flow and are especially affective in tight spots. Most times the handles are spring loaded and allow you to lock the valve into a
certain position.
CAD (COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN) - A method of designing building mechanical systems using a well known computer software. Prior
to CAD, engineers and architects had to design and layout all of the different piping trades by hand and with the aid of the
subcontractors "shop drawings". Now most of it's done via computer. There are still changes in the field but those changes are always
relayed to the engineer and are updated on the master CAD files.

CALKING - Plugging an opening with oakum, lead or other materials that are pounded into place. Also, the material that is pounded into
the opening.
CAST IRON. Formerly used for drainage, sewers, waste, and vent pipe and fittings. Very durable and heavy metal. Today, many top
quality bath tubs are still made with cast iron. Pipes and fittings today are generally only used for commercial applications where fire
ratings are involved.

CAST IRON PIPE AND FITTINGS - Plumbing sewer and vent pipe and fittings that are made from cast iron. It is manufactured in two
(2) types--hub and spigot, and no-hub. The hub and spigot pipe and fittings are manufactured as either service weight or extra
heavy. This relates to the wall thickness of the pipe and fittings, the extra heavy having a thicker wall thickness. The extra heavy pipe
and fittings are rarely used today and availability of various fittings is limited.

CAP - A fitting into which the end of a pipe is screwed for the purpose of closing the end of the pipe.
CATCH BASIN - A receptacle in which liquids are retained for a sufficient period to deposit settle able material

CENTERSET. A style of bathroom lavatory faucet having combined spout and handles. Handles are 4" from center of handle-to-handle.
Also a single handle faucet installed on 4" center-to-center faucet holes.

CERAMIC DISCS - similar to brass seating material, ceramic is the hardest material you can use in seating material. One ceramic disc
rotates and slides against the other. As the holes or notches in the discs align the water passes through. Ceramic discs are completely
unaffected by water temperature so the neither expand nor contract, they are not damaged by debris in the water line.
CESSPOOL - A pit for the reception or detention of sewage.

CHECK VALVES - A check valve is a one way valve in that is has one inlet and one outlet that allows the a liquid to travel in one
direction. It is used to halt the flow of the aforementioned liquid in case of a drop in pressure or reverse in directional flow. The
majority of check valves used in the plumbing industry work automatically meaning when the pressure or direction changes the valve
slams shut.

CHINA. In the plumbing industry that generally refers to porcelain or vitreous china used in making toilets and lavatory sinks. China is
a material that is made from clay and is glazed and high fired in a kiln. The finish is very hard and smooth. An excellent product for
toilets and lavatories. Fire clay is another form of china that is used for large farm sinks.

CIRCUIT SETTER -A circuit setter is a balancing type valve used in an HVAC or plumbing system to regulate pressure in the whole
system or within part of the system. In a plumbing system it is used to regulate pressure between hot and cold water inside the
potable water system. Many years ago a check valve and a ball valve where used, the check valve would shut down a hot or cold water
supply if there was a sudden drop in pressure and the ball valve with a memory stop was used to regulate flow. This prevented cold or
hot water bleed over if the pressure was increased or decreased in either supply piping.

CIRCUIT VENT. Where one common vent serves up to a maximum of eight fixtures connected to a horizontal branch drain. Circuit
venting must be designed by a professional engineer. The vent must be installed between the two most upstream fixture drains and the
vent cannot receive the discharge of any waste or soil.

CISTERN. A vessel open at the top to the atmosphere used to hold a supply of cold drinking-water.

CITY SEWER - sewage disposal system operated by the city or county.

CLEANING EYE. Same as access chamber.

CLEANOUT - An accessible opening that is placed in a drainage line at a convenient location to accommodate drain cleaning equipment
in the event of a line blockage.

CLEANOUT COVER - An esthetically pleasing cover (usually chrome plated) that hides a cleanout. The cleanout cover is usually
furnishing with a chrome center screw that threads into the cleanout plug.

CLEANOUT PLUG - a plug in a trap or drain pipe that provides access to the drain line for the purpose of clearing an obstruction.

CLEVIS HANGERS - A piece of metal bent in the shape of a "U" that is used to support pipe or conduit from a structure. The "U" has
holes through both ends through which a rod is inserted and attached to the rod is a yoke with a hole in it through which a threaded
rod is inserted and the threaded rod is attached to the structure.

CLOSE-COUPLED TOILET. A two-piece toilet. The toilet tank is separate from the toilet bowl. This is the most common type of toilet.

CLOSET - toilet; also known as a water closet

CLOSET AUGER - a flexible rod with a curved end used to access the toilet's built-in trap and remove clogs.

CLOSET BEND - a curved fitting mounted immediately below the toilet that connects the closet flange to the toilet drain.

CLOSET FLANGE - anchoring ring that attaches to the closet bend and secures it to the floor. Closet bolts that secure the toilet in
place are insert into slots in the closet flange.

COCK HOLE COVER – We know it’s a silly word but it is an actual plumbing term. It is simply this, a metal cover that is inserted onto an
empty hole in your kitchen sink or counter top. They come in different finishes like chrome, brass, white and stainless steel. Say you
replace your old kitchen sink faucet that has a side spray with an updated model that has a pull out spout. The faucet with the side
spray used a four hole sink. The one with a pull spout uses three holes or one if you don’t use a cover plate, you’ll have one extra hole.
You’ll need the ever famous cock hole cover.

COFFEE STATION - In a commercial tenant space, a place for employees to get coffee, ice, or have lunch or take a break. Coffee
stations typically consist of a kitchen sink, faucet, coffee maker, and refrigerator. Depending on the municipality the coffee station may
require a grease interceptor and a floor drain. The coffee maker and the refrigerator will require a backflow preventer.

COLD CHISEL - A steel hardened tool that is manufactured in various lengths and diameters with a beveled end that is used for
chipping and breaking concrete, cast iron, steel and other hard material.

COLOUR MARKING. The marking of pipes and fittings with different colours to designate the application of the product and to assist
installers in identification and prevention of cross-connections.

COMBINED OR COMBINATION SEWER – piping that is designed to carry both rain water with sewage. This method of evacuating waste
water is being phased out around the country in favor separating the storm sewer from waste.

COMBINED BUILDING DRAIN. A building drain that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage.

COMBINED BUILDING SEWER. A building sewer that conveys both sewage and storm water or other drainage.

COMMODE. Generally also stands for toilet.

COMMON VENT - See unit vent and dual vent

COMPOSITE MATERIAL - A material used to manufacture counter tops and and sinks. Composite materials usually have an acrylic
base that is colored and different aggregate materials are introduced to give the surface a unique look and in some instances adds
strength. Quartz composite sinks are a great example of composite material were quartz is added to give it a unique look and adds
strength and resists corroding and chipping.

COMPRESSION FITTINGS - A kind of tubing or pipe connection where a nut, and then a sleeve or ferrule is placed over a copper or
plastic tube and is compressed tightly around the tube as the nut is tightened, forming a positive grip and seal without soldering. Also
a flexible connector that has a nut and gasket designed to attach directly to an SAE standard compression thread, without the use of a
sleeve or ferrule.

CONDUCTOR, LEADER, OR DOWNSPOUT - A vertical pipe to convey rain water.

CONSERVATION. The preservation and protection of natural resources.

CONSOLE LAV. A table-like fixture with an integral lavatory. The back is fixed to a wall and the front is supported by consoles
(brackets) or legs.

CONTINUOUS VENT - A continuous vent is a vertical vent that is a continuation of the drain, to which the vent connects. (or VSTR)

COPPER. One of the basic elements (Cu), copper is used for plumbing piping, and is one of the alloys used to make brass, a key
material in the manufacture of faucets and fittings.

COPPER PIPE AND FITTINGS - Copper pipe and fittings are material used in drainage, waste and vent pipe as well as potable water
piping. Copper is fairly easy to work with, has excellent thermal conductive properties and it is very durable. Copper comes in a wide
variety of pipe sizes and can handle water, oil and gas.
CORE TOILET ROOMS - A group of centrally located toilet rooms in a commercial, industrial or institutional building. These toilet
rooms are usually designed to accommodate a certain number of workers or guests per floor or per area of a building. If core toilet
rooms are in a multi-level building they are usually stacked on top of one another using a common wet column.

CORPORATION COCK - A stop valve placed in a service pipe close to its connection with a water main.

CORROSION. A surface reaction causing a gradual erosion of the material affected.

COUPLING. A fitting that joins two pieces of pipe (or other fittings) together.

COURT - A court is an open , unoccupied space bounded on two (2) or more sides by the walls of the buildings. An inner court is a
court entirely within the exteriorwalls of a building. All other courts are outer courts.

CPVC. Chlorinated PolyVinyl Chloride is a plastic product designed for drinking water at temperatures up to 180 degrees (where code
permits). Comes in straight or rolls, generally off white colored (orange for fire sprinklers).

CROSS CONNECTION - Any connection in plumbing that allows potable water to be connected to a non potable water source. Cross
connections can be a potentially serious health hazard. Here is an example of a cross connection : a good number of utility sink faucets
come with a threaded hose connection at the end of the spout. This is used to attach a hose so a floor or room can be washed down. If
the spout or faucet is not installed with a vacuum breaker and the hose is dropped into the utility sink filled with water and a cleaning
chemical you have a cross connection.

CW. Abbreviation for Cold Water

CWP. Abbreviation for Cold Working Pressure

CWT. Abbreviation for Copper Water Tube (refers to nominal pipe size).

CxC. Copper x copper, meaning the fitting is sized for copper pipe.

CYCLE TIME. Refers to the amount of time it takes a toilet to complete it's flush cycle, from the instant it is flushed until the water
supply shuts off.

DAM. Refers to the seal caused by water in a trapway.

DEAD END -The extended portion of a pipe that is closed at one end to which no connections are made on the extended portion, thus
permitting the stagnation of water or air therein. (Water hammer arrester or air gap or air chamber).
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH -The length along the center line of the pipe and the fittings.
DIAMETER - “Diameter” of a pipe or tube shall mean the nominal internal diameter (I.D.) of such pipe; except brass and copper tubing
wherein the term shall mean the outside diameter (O.D.) of tubing.

DIAPHRAGM - flexible membrane in a valve body that regulates water flow from the supply lines and reduces build-up within a valve

DISINFECTION. Killing or rendering harmless microbial contaminants by chemical or physical processes.

DIP TUBES - Usually a plastic tube that is inserted into the inlet side of a domestic water heater. The tube forces the incoming water
to the bottom of the heater, (closest to the heating elements) whereby the water is more evenly heated throughout the tank.

DISHWASHER AIR GAP - An apparatus that is usually mounted next to your faucet, either on the counter or in a knockout on the
kitchen sink. This device connects from the waste outlet of the dishwasher to the airgap and from there it connects to a waste opening
in the p-trap of the kitchen sink. It allows waste water to flow into the waste piping however of the waste piping should ever back up,
the waste water will not back up into the dishwasher because of the aforementioned air gap. Please see our diagram for further
clarification.
DIVERTER. Valves which direct water to various outlets. They are used in showers, tub & shower combinations, bidets, Roman tub
fillers and kitchen faucet sprayers.

DOMESTIC SEWAGE - See sanitary sewage.

DOUBLE-BEND FITTING - A pipe fitting shaped like the letter “S”.

DOUBLE DETECTOR CHECK VALVE - The double detector check assembly is installed with one (1) gate valve on the inlet of the valve
and one (1) gate valve on the outlet side of the valve. These assemblies prevent back flow or back pressure in nonhazardous situations
and are most used to protect the potable water system of a building from the water in a fire prevention system.
DOUBLE OFFSET - Two offsets in succession or in series in the same line.

DOWNSPOUT PIPING - Also known as storm water piping. It is the piping system that handles the discharge of rain and melted snow
water to the city sewers, retention ponds, or ground level pavement or grassy areas. On the interior of buildings the piping material is
usually made of cast iron, copper or PVC. When it is installed on the exterior of the building the piping material is usually sheet metal
like the downspouts on a private residence.

DRAIN. Any pipe that carries waterborne waste in a building drainage system. See also building drain; storm drain; subsoil drain.

DRAINAGE SYSTEM. All the piping within public or private premises that conveys sewage or other liquid wastes to a point of disposal.
It does not include the mains of a public sewer system or a public sewage treatment or disposal plant.

DRAIN COCK. A valve, usually installed in the lowest portion of a piping system or vessel, that controls the flow of liquid from the
system or vessel. Also called drain valve.

DRAIN PIPING PITCH (SLOPE) - In plumbing the grade at which the drain piping is installed to assure that the waste water flows at a
speed that allows the piping to be self scouring. Meaning the turbulence and movement of the water cleans the inside of the pipe. 1/4"
per foot is a common pitch for plumbing. We like to say a lazy sewer is a good sewer, if the water is moving too fast it may move past
the suspended solids leaving them behind. If enough waste is left behind you have the potential for a build up and an eventual blockage.

DRAIN TILE SYSTEM - A system of pipe usually made of corrugated plastic, PVC or clay tile that collects subsoil drainage and allows it
to dump into a sewer or water retention area. Drain tile is usually perforated to allow water to seep into the pipe and it is widely used
under basement floors or under concrete footings, this keeps water from getting into basements or washing out backfilled soil. Drain
tile is also used in athletic fields, farm fields and in any situations where water needs to be removed quickly.

DRAINAGE FITTINGS (CAST IRON) - This a true plumbing professional term. Obviously all Drainage, Waste and Vent (DWV) are types of
fittings used for drainage however cast iron drainage fittings are threaded fittings that are specifically used for drainage piping. These
fittings are a dying breed and are only used in certain areas or in repair situations. These fittings are made with pitch built in to
assure proper flow. Anvil Corp is one of the last companies to continue making CI drainage fittings.

DRIP LEG- a stub-ended pipe installed at the low point on a gas line; collects condensation and debris and allows for its removal; also
known as a sediment trap

DROP IN BATH TUB - A bathtub that is built with an integral lip or ledge that is meant to fit into or be dropped-into a pre-framed area
that is to receive the bathtub.

DROP-IN ANCHOR - These are anchors that are inserted into a pre-drilled hole in concrete. The anchor has a metal cam inside that
when hit or "set" flares the bottom out to secure it in the concrete. Drop-in anchors are threaded on the inside to accept all thread
rod or bolts and they are commonly used in conjunction with a clevis hanger to hang piping from the underside of a deck.

DRUM TRAPS - Very rarely used, a drum trap is a circular metal canister with the inlet near the bottom of the trap and the waste
outlet is at the top with a removable cover. Ideally the drum trap is installed in a place with easy access so you can remove the cover
to clean. Unfortunately many drum traps we’ve encountered are buried behind a wall or the cover is unable to be removed, fused
together by time. So when drum trap stop they are extremely difficult to clear by rodding because of their inlet and outlet
configuration. Drum traps were installed so people could find jewelry or valuables if lost down the drain. The trap would catch the ring
or earring by sinking to the bottom, the likely hood that a valuable would flow into the waste opening at the top of the trap is highly
unlikely.

DRY VENT - A vent that does not carry water or water- borne wastes.

DUAL-FLUSH. A high-efficiency toilet that gives users the choice of flushing with the maximum amount of water allowed by law (1.6 gpf
in the United States) or less water. The average amount of water used by the toilet cannot be more than 20 percent less than the
maximum allowable, qualifying it to be considered high-efficiency and eligible for WaterSense labeling.

DUAL SYSTEM. A situation in which a second plumbing system is installed alongside the system for provision of drinking-water. An
example is a potable drinking-water system and a greywater system in the same facility.

DUPLEX PUMPS (EJECTOR OR HOUSE PUMPS) - This is simply a pumping system that uses two pumps instead of one. These pumps
are usually equipped with an alternator that alternates pumping cycles to minimize wear on one particular pump. The alternator can
be set to alternate the pumps in a variety of ways i.e. every other cycle, every ten cycles or it can be set by usage parameters if
equipped with the right controls.

DWV. Abbreviation for Drainage, Waste & Vent systems. Not for drinking water.

DYNAMIC PRESSURE. The pressure when the water IS flowing.

EFFLUENT. Liquid waste, potentially hazardous, generally refers to liquid waste from septic tanks.

EJECTOR PITS - A round, square or rectangular pit (collection vessel) that can be made from cast iron, steel, PVC, fiberglass,
concrete or clay tile. They are used in applications where the sanitary waste that flows into them is lower that the main sewer and by
mean of an ejector pump(s) the waste is pumped up and out to the main sewer. They must always have a gas tight cover and be
properly vented.

EJECTOR PUMPS – A device manufactured to elevate water, sewage (suspended solids) or liquid waste from a lower level to a point of
discharge where it can be drained away by gravity into a sewer or drain.

ELEVATED VACUUM BREAKER - A vacuum breaker that is elevated off the floor at 7ft-6".

ELBOW (aka ELL). A fitting with two openings that changes the direction of the line. Also called an ell. It comes in a variety of angles,
from 22 1/2° to 90°, though by far the most common is the 90°.

ELECTROLYSIS. A chemical change that occurs when an electric current is generated by the connection of two different metals, either
directly or via an electrolyte solution.

ELONGATED. The shape of the front of a toilet bowl. Generally about 2" longer than the standard "round front" bowl.

ENAMEL. An opaque vitreous composition applied by fusion to the surface of metal fixtures such as cast iron and pressed steel tubs,
lavatories and sinks. Please do not confuse enameled steel with enameled cast iron. Cast iron with enameling is much more durable.

ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 1992. Among the provisions of this federal legislation, the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPAct ’92) required that
all residential toilets had to flush using no more than 1.6 gallons per flush.
EPOXY PIPE LINING - Epoxy lining of plumbing pipes is used when the cost of digging and or tearing walls and ceilings apart proves to
be too cost prohibitive. There are several different types of epoxy pipe lining and they are used based on application type.

EPOXY PIPE RESTORATION - This method is used mostly in water piping and it is most effective in pipe sizes from 1/2" through 4".
Although some companies have different techniques most have these steps that are common for all. Drain down of water piping being
restored, heated and compressed are introduced to the piping to dry pipe thoroughly. A sand slurry mixture is blown into the pipe to
scour the inside of the pipe walls, knocking off any scale or oxidation. Finally the epoxy coating is blown in coating the inside of the
pipe. Check out the video of CuraFlo explaining the process.

ESCUTCHEON. (pronounced ih-skuhch-uhn) An ornamental or protective flange or shield beneath a faucet handle, This part covers the
faucet stem and the hole in the fixture or wall. They are also found around shower arms, stop valves, and other piping that comes
through the wall. Typically cosmetic, some escutcheons are gasketed to help with waterproofing, like escutcheons for body sprays.

EXISTING WORK - The term “existing work” shall apply to those portions of plumbing system which have been installed and approved
prior to the contemplated additions, collections, or corrections.

EXPANSION TANK - A tank usually installed on a closed hot water line used to absorb excess pressure due to thermal expansion.
Because water expands when heated, the water needs a place to expand to hence the expansion tank.

EXPRESS RISER - A domestic water riser is used to distribute potable water to floor levels that require potable water to function in
both commercial or residential applications. For a high rise building maintaining water pressure suitable to proper fixture function is
critical. An express riser is a water riser thats sole purpose is to bypass lower floors and service upper floors so adequate water
pressure is maintained.

EXTENSION TAILPIECE - A length of tubular brass or PVC piping used to extend the waste on a kitchen, lavatory or service sink.
Connections or usually Slip Joint or threaded.

EXTRA HEAVY SOIL PIPE - Cast iron soil has been used for drainage, waste and vent piping for hundreds of years. Extra heavy soil
pipe is specified for extreme conditions and has a very high crush strength. It's popularity has declined sharply over the last 30 years.
It was not uncommon to see extra heavy soil pipe used in schools, hospitals and prisons.
FALL - also known as flow; the proper slope or pitch of a pipe for adequate drainage
FAUCET - A valve on a water pipe by means of which water can be drawn from or held within the pipe. The valve is placed on the end of
the pipe.

FAUCET TYPES - A faucet is any device that controls the flow of water. The most common types of faucets used in plumbing are
kitchen, lavatory, bar, service sink, hose bibbs, shower valve, tub filler and yard hydrants.

FERNCO. A manufacturer. Commonly means rubber coupling

FERRULE - A metallic sleeve, called or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into which a plug is screwed that can be removed for
the purpose of cleaning or examining the interior of the pipe.

FHT. Abbreviation for female hose threads.

FIBERGLASS. Glass in a fibrous form used in making products such as boats and bathtubs.

FILL VALVE - Most commonly referred to as a Ball Cock, the fill valve controls water to the tank of a tank type toilet. The fill valves is
operated by means of a float. Most fill valves also have an anti siphon device or vacuum breaker to ensure there is no cross
contamination from the water in the tank to the potable water supply.

FITTING. A device designed to control and guide the flow of water. Examples include faucets, shower heads, shutoff valves, shower
valves, and drinking fountain spouts. Some people call these "fixtures," but that term means something different to the plumbing
industry. The differing usage of "fitting vs. fixtures" can lead to unintended consequences, such as when legislation calls for changes in
fixtures, although the true intent involves changes in fittings.

FIP(S). Abbreviation for female iron pipe size threaded fitting. Threads are inside the fitting.

FIXTURE. A device for receiving water and/or waste matter that directs these substances into a sanitary drainage system. Examples
include toilets, sinks, bathtubs, shower receptors, and water closet bowls. The term is used erroneously in common vernacular to
describe fittings.

FIXTURE BRANCH - The supply pipe between the fixture and the water distributing pipe.

FIXTURE CARRIERS - A device that is installed behind a finished wall and anchored to the floor to mount and off the floor plumbing
fixtures i.e., lavatories, wall hung toilets, urinals and slop sinks. It is most commonly used in commercial and institutional applications
due to increases wear and tear.
FIXTURE DRAIN - The drain from the trap of a fixture to the junction of the drain with any other drain pipe.

FIXTURE UNIT. An arbitrarily chosen scale or quantity that represents the load of a fixture on a drainage system. One fixture unit was
originally established as 7.5 imperial (UK) gallons = 9 US gallons = 34 litres per minute discharge by gravity through a fixture.

FIXTURE UNITS (DRAINAGE) - The quantity of load producing effects a plumbing fixture has on a plumbing drainage system. The
number is based on the probable discharge of waste water into the plumbing drainage system by different fixtures for a single
operation and on the average time between operations. The rate of discharge through a plumbing fixture of 7.5 GPM is termed one
fixture unit.

FIXTURE UNITS (SUPPLY) - The measure of how much water a plumbing fixture needs for proper function. The plumbing valve used by
a particular fixture and its function is based on the volume of water it uses on a single occasion and on the average time between
operations.

FLAMMABLE WASTE. Waste that is easily ignited and will burn.

FLAPPER. The moveable part of a toilet flush valve that releases the water from the tank into the bowl when the toilet is flushed and
seals the valve shut when the toilet is not being flushed. The most familiar version is a red replacement rubber ring that can
deteriorate over time, leading to leaks and water waste. Newer flapper technologies are impervious to deterioration, increasing water
efficiency and reducing operating costs.

FLAPPER VALVE - the part on the bottom of the toilet tank that opens and allows water to flow from the tank into the bowl

FLASHING - A piece of sheet metal fitted under another piece of flat metal or wood over which water is expected to run.

FLOAT BALL - the floating ball connected to the ballcock inside the tank that rises or falls with the changing water level in the tank

FLOAT VALVE. A valve that operates by means of a bulb or ball floating on the surface of a liquid in a tank or container. The rise and
fall action operates a lever, which opens and closes the valve.

FLOOD LEVEL - The level in a fixture at which water begins to overflow the top or rim of the fixture.
FLOOR AREA - The area included within surrounding walls of a building (or portion thereof), exclusive of vent shafts and courts.

FLOOR CLEANOUTS - A readily accessible opening installed in the floor off of a horizontal waste line to accommodate drain cleaning
equipment to remove potential blockages.

FLOOR DRAINS - An opening in the floor used to drain potential liquid waste from the floors into the drainage system. Floor drains are
most commonly seen in basements, core toilet rooms, janitor's closets and mechanical rooms.
FLOOR FLANGE - a fitting that connects a toilet to the sewer line; also known as a closet flange

FLOOR SINKS - A receptor installed in a floor that receives drainage from indirect waste lines. Floor sinks are often glazed with
porcelain or epoxy to inhibit bacterial growth and to make it easier to clean and maintain.

FLUSHOMETER VALVE – There are several different type of flushometer valves on the market the diaphragm type valve invented by
William Sloan and the Sloan Valve Company in 1906 is the undisputed leader in Flush valve production and market use. However all
flushometers are designed to do the same thing and that is to deliver a measured amount of water to a fixture to flush out waste, i.e. a
water closet or urinal. Both a diaphragm and a piston type flush valve operate by using water pressure to actuate the valve.

FLUSH VALVE - A valve used for flushing a fixture by using water directly from the water supply pipes or in connection with a special
flush tank.

FLUX (PLUMBING) – Plumbers flux comes in the form of paste and it is brushed on copper or brass pipe and fittings to remove oxides
and other coatings for the metals before joining. Oxides make soldering difficult. Upon heating the pipe/fittings and flux, the flux will
clean and float away any oxides or particulates.

FNPT. Abbreviation for Female National Pipe Thread Taper.

FRICTION CLAMPS/RISER CLAMPS - A friction or riser clamp is used in the plumbing and mechanical trades to support vertical
piping at each floor. The hanger device is place around the piping and tightened with bolts which prevents the piping from slipping.
Riser clamps have wings or ears that extend out from the pipe to span the opening in the floor to accommodate the piping being
braced.

FRICTION LOSS. Pressure lost in a pipe due to turbulence created by water traveling through pipe.

FRICTION (WATER PIPING) - It is the resistance between to objects in contact with one another. In a water piping system it is the
friction that occurs between water and the walls of the piping. Water that comes in contact with the walls of the pipe actually moves
slower than water in the center of the piping. We call that friction loss in the piping trades.

FROST PROOF HOSE BIBBS OR SILLCOCKS - A faucet that delivers water to locations (usually outside) for watering landscaping or
grass, washing vehicles or general cleaning. When the hose bibb is designated as "Frost Proof" it is usually has an apparatus which
allows ice to expand without damaging the unit or connected supply piping.

FSWT. Female sweat connection

FROST PROTECTION. Methods, such as burial or insulation, used to protect against freezing of pipes or fixtures.

FUTURES (VENT, WATER AND WASTE) - Futures in plumbing are fittings and or piping installed and capped to accommodate "future"
plumbing expansions. i.e. an office building is being built and the owner is taking the entire space. However, at some point the owner
may want to divide the building to accommodate possible tenants or expansion of existing office space. Futures would minimize the
contruction to rehab, expand or reconfigure the existing plumbing systems.

FVIR. Flammable Vapor Ignition Resistant. Gas fired water heaters sold as of July 1, 2003, per the American National Standards
Institute (ANSI), must include features to resist possible ignition of flammable vapors outside of the water heater combustion
chamber.

GALLONS PER MINUTE (GPM OR GPM). A measure of the rate at which water flows through a fixture or fitting at a certain pressure.
It is measured by the number of gallons flowing from the device in one minute at a given water supply pressure.

GALLONS PER FLUSH (GPF OR GPF). A measure of the total volume of water required to flush a water closet or urinal, measured in
gallons.
GARABAGE DISPOSALS - An electrically powered plumbing appliance installed on the outlet of a kitchen sink that is used to grind up
leftover organic waste so it is easily rinsed away by LOTS OF WATER. Garbage disposal are manufactured in several different price
points which include better build quality, sound deadening materials and features. Commercial versions are also available.

GAS COCK - gas valve installed on main gas line and on a gas appliance to allow the gas to be shut off when necessary

GAS CONTROL - device used to regulate gas pressure on a water heater.

GAS PIPING - The piping used to deliver propane or natural gas to a home and it's gas powered appliances in the home i.e. stove, oven,
and clothes dryer.

GATE VALVE - A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk, fitting against machine-smoothed faces, at right
angles to the direction of flow. The disk is raised or lowered by means of a threaded stem connected to the handle of the valve. The
opening in the valve is usually as large as the full bore of the pipe.

GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE (GL INSURANCE) - A standard insurance policy issued to businesses but in this case plumbing and
mechanical businesses to protect against liability claims generating from the operations the business performs this includes employee
negligence. This is usually coupled with Workers Compensation Insurance to form a firms commercial insurance package.

GLOBE VALVE - A valve in which the flow of water is cut off by means of a circular disk that fits against the valve seat. The plane of
movement of the disk is parallel to the normal direction of flow of water, which is turned through a tortuous passage to direct the flow
normal to the face of the disk.
GOOSE NECK - A return bend of small-sized pipe one end of which is about one (1) foot long and the other end is about three (3) inches
long. It is commonly used as a faucet for a pantry sink. Also, the lead connection between a service pipe and a water main.

GPF. Gallons Per Flush. Today's toilets, per federal law, are only allowed to deliver 1.6gpf or less. In many years past, toilets flushed as
much as 7-8gpf.

GPH. Abbreviation for Gallons Per Hour.

GPM. Abbreviation for Gallons Per Minute

GRADE - The slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a horizontal plane usually expressed in percent.

GRAVITY-FED TOILETS. The most common type of toilet in the United States, gravity-fed toilets rely on the force of gravity to flush the
toilet effectively. The natural force of water dropping down from the tank scours the bowl clean and forces water and waste quickly
into the trapway.

GRAVITY OPERATED TOILET - a toilet that relies on the natural downward pressure of water in a toilet tank to flush the toilet
effectively; most toilets in American homes are gravity operated

GRAVITY SEWERS - All sewers work by by gravity. However this term is used by plumbers to describe a house drain which runs under
the basement floor and receives the discharge from soil, waste and other drainage from pipes within the building. It is almost always
used to describe a sewer when a home is affected by sewage backing up from the city sewer during extreme rain fall. The solution to a
gravity sewer would be to run the sewer over head. (See Over Head Sewers)

GRAY WATER - is defined as water generated by sinks, showers, bathtubs and clothes washers. It does not contain waste water from
water closets, urinals, kitchen sinks or waste from dishwashers.

GRAY WATER WASTE PIPE SYSTEM - Is the piping and storage system that collects waste water generated from hand sinks, showers,
bathtubs and clothes washers. Because over 60% of all household water usage can be labelled as gray water systems have been
developed to recycle this water and reuse. Graywater piping is purple in color so it will standout amongst other piping systems.
GREASE INTERCEPTOR. A device, usually outside a building, that retains grease and prevents it passing into the sewerage system.

GREASE TRAP. A grease interceptor installed inside a facility, usually near the grease-producing fixtures.

GREEN PLUMBING - Is any type of plumbing that promotes conservation of water and or electricity.

GREEN WATER. Reclaimed water that has been treated to a standard, suitable for general domestic non-potable applications. It may
be identified through inclusion of a green dye and supplied through a dedicated colour-coded pipework system.

GREYWATER. Water that has already been used for bathing, washing, laundry or dishwashing, but does not contain excreta.

GROUND WATER - The water that is standing in or passing through the ground.
GROUP VENT - A branch vent that performs its function for two (2) or more traps.

HANDSHOWER. A showerhead designed with a handle that is connected to a water supply via a flexible hose.

HAIR SEPARATOR OR HAIR TRAP - these are installed on lavatories or sinks in beauty salons or barber shops and they catch link or
hair from entering the waste piping. They are equipped with a removable basket that must be cleaned regularly to maintain proper
flow. They also have a secondary purpose as they safeguard against losing jewelry if dropped down the drain.

HAND HELD SHOWER WITH SLIDE BAR - A shower head that is attached to a flexible hose and can be moved up or down on a
stationary slide bar or removed from a holder and used to rinse the hair and body. Originally designed as necessary item for the
elderly and handicapped it has now become a premium upgrade in home showers.

HAND OR SINK AUGER - This is a coiled flexible cable that is contained inside a metal cannister and has a self feeding auger bit to dig
through blockages in small diameter piping. The cannister is usually equipped with a handle and a knob so you can turn the rod
cleaning the pipe of debris.See the full sink auger definition.

HARD WATER - Hard water is a condition caused by minerals dissolved in water. There are many minerals that can be dissolved in
water but the primary are Calcium and Magnesium. 85% of the water in the U.S is considered hard water. Some of the symptoms a
homeowner will experience if they have hard water will be spots on their dishware, rings around the bathtub, scale build-up on shower
heads and aerators on sink faucets. Hard water also reacts with cleaning products and detergents reducing it's effectiveness. Hard
water treatment comes in several forms the most common is an ion exchange based water softener.

HEAD. The water pressure exerted by gravity (2.31 feet of height means/delivers one pound of head). Also, slang for toilet.

HEAD PRESSURE - It is the difference in elevation between two points of water expressed in weight of a given height of a column of
water. The pressure at the bottom of the column of water is greater than at the top of the column and that pressure is independent of
the volume of water present. For instance the "head pressure" of a column of water that is 15ft high in a 3" pipe is the same as if the
pipe were 3ft in diameter.

HEAT EXCHANGER - A heat exchanger is an apparatus such as coiled copper or stainless steel tubing that is submerged in a tank of
water. That coil is used to transfer the heat from the liquid in the tubing to the water in the tank by way of the metal surface.

HEAT TRAPS - On water heaters a heat trap allows cold water to flow into the the heater but prevents hot water from flow out of the
tank when not in use. Having heat traps provides energy cost savings by preventing heated water from escaping the tank so it doesn't
have to be brought up to temperature again.
HEIGHT OF BUILDING - The vertical distance from the “Grade Line” to the highest point of the coping of a flat roof or to the deck line
of a mansard roof or to the average height of the highest gab le of a pitch or hip-roof.

HIGH EFFICIENCY TOILET (HET). A toilet with an average water consumption of 1.28 gallons per flush or 4.8 liters per flush, when
tested in accordance with a standard or product specification, such as the United States Environmental Protection Agency's
WaterSense program. HETs use 20 percent less water than mandated by the Energy Policy Act of 1992, which lowers utility bills and
reduces the strain on septic systems. HETs are eligible for special rebates in many drought-prone areas. They are available as single
flush gravity toilets, dual-flush gravity toilets or pressure-assisted toilets.

HIGH EFFICIENCY URINAL (HEU). A urinal that uses a half gallon or less of water, half the amount allowed under the by the Energy
Policy Act of 1992, Contributes to lower utility bills, while reducing the burden on septic systems. HEUs are sometimes thought to be
waterless, which isn't true. Waterless urinals are one type of HEU, but there are also urinals that use water and still meet higher
efficiency standards.

HOAR FROST - In plumbing it is the frost that forms on vent stacks from water vapor coming in direct contact with air that is below
freezing. The thought is that with continual sub freezing temperatures that layer upon layer of hoar frost can eventually close off vent
stacks compromising the proper function of the waste system in a home or building.
HORIZONTAL BRANCH - A branch drain extending laterally from soil or waste stack, with or without vertical sections or branches,
that receives the discharge from one or more fixture drains and conducts it to the soil or waste stack or to the building drain.

HORIZONTAL RUN - the horizontal distance between the point where fluid enters a pipe and the point at which it leaves

HOSE BIBB - A garden or outdoor faucet. Also, a faucet that delivers water with a hose connection at the end of the spout (such as to
a washing machine).

Hot Tap - The process of tapping into water main or water supply line while the line is still active and in use. The process was
developed to minimize down time to other homeowners or building tenants during maintenance, rehab or new construction. The
alternative to hot tapping or pressure tapping would be to shut down and drain down the affected section of piping so the work could
be completed.

Hot Water Return Piping - Hot water return piping is piping connecting the end of a run of plumbing fixtures and/or appliances back
to a hot water source i.e. a water heater or boiler. Most times a hot water return line is installed with a recirculating pump to insure
hot water is always recirculating through the hot water supply piping. Keeping hot water recirculating through the line dramatically
cuts down on the time it takes to get hot water to a fixture. The average family wastes 12,000 gallons per year waiting for hot water.

HOUDEE. Former manufacturer. Commonly means stainless steel sink frame.

HOUSE DRAIN - The house drain is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system which receives the discharge from
soil, waste, and other drainage pipes inside of a buildings conveys it to the house sewer.

House Pumps (Domestic Water Booster Pumps) Variable Frequency or constant speed. Uses in commercial and residential. Most
plumbing fixtures and equipment need a minimum amount of water pressure to function properly, a house pump or booster pump
takes incoming water and increases the pressure to accommodate the water demands of a private residence or a commercial
building.

House Sewer - The part of the horizontal piping of a plumbing or drainage system that extends from the house drain to it's connection
with the main sewer or other place of sewage disposal. So the piping that connects the interior sewer to it's connection to the
municipal sewer.
HOUSE STORM SEWER - A house storm sewer is the pipeline from the building to the public storm sewer system.
House Trap - Although there are many homes that still have a house trap in use they are generally frowned upon. A house trap is a
trap installed on the house drain to prevent sewer gases and vermin from entering a residence or commercial building. The biggest
issues with house traps are that if the trap is ever compromised the entire building is susceptible to sewer gases.

H.P.. Abbreviation for "horse power."

H.T.. Abbreviation for "hose threads." Garden hose threads are different than standard pipe threads. They are much more coarse and
are 0.75 - 11.5 NH (normal hose). The 0.75 is the nominal diameter (3/4 inch) and the 11.5 is the number of threads per inch.

Hub and Spigot Soil Pipe - Hub and spigot soil pipe is usually made of cast iron and is used in sanitary drain, waste and vent, sewer
and storm drainage applications. The pipe and fittings have a bell on one end and are plain on the other. The plain end is inserted into
the bell or spigot end and the joint is sealed using a rubber soil gasket or braided oakum and lead.

Hydraulic Pressure – The pressure applied by a liquid against an object. Most liquids cannot be compressed into a small area like air
can. Therefore when a liquid is applying pressure to an object the liquid will find it’s way around the object or if need be through the
object.

IAPMO Plumbing Code ( The International Association of Plumbing and Mechnical Offiicials) or UPC (Universal Plumbing Code)
- This is the most update and accurate set of current plumbing practices, it is produced by plumbers and mechanical engineers. It
includes installations for potable water, building water supply and distribution, waste drainage and vent piping, sewer mains and
plumbing fixtures. It also defines material and code approved joining methods.

Ice Maker - A plumbing appurtenance that can be stand alone or part of a refrigerator and is used to make ice for beverages or for
therapeutic uses. An ice maker needs both a water connection and a waste connection for the discharge of condensate waste.

I.D.. Abbreviation for "inside diameter." In plumbing, most pipes are sized by "nominal" (approx.) I.D. which means that when plumbers
say 3/4" pipe, for example, it generally means that the outside diameter is wider than 3/4".

INDIRECT CONNECTIONS. Waste piping that discharges into a receptor or interceptor through an air break or air gap into the
drainage system.

Indirect Waste Pipe - Waste piping from a plumbing fixture or appurtenance that isn't connected directly to the waste drainage
system of a home or building but instead it drains into the drainage system through an air gap and into a fixture, interceptor or
receptacle like a floor sink which is properly trapped and vented.
INDIVIDUAL VENT - See back vent.

INDUSTRIAL WASTES - Industrial waste are liquid waste resulting from the processes employed in industrial establishments and are
free from fecal matter.
INSANITARY - Contrary to sanitary principles or injurious to health.

inspection chamber. Same as access chamber.

Instantaneous Water Heater - a type of water heater that heats water as it flows through a heat exchanger coil; also known by the
brand name "Insta-Hot"

interceptor. A device used to separate deleterious, hazardous or undesirable matter from normal wastes, retaining it while permitting
normal sewage or liquid wastes to discharge into the drainage system by gravity.
International Plumbing Code or IPC - The International Plumbing Code was first adopted in 1995 and it was really a combined effort
as representatives from BOCA, ICBO and the SBCCI were all used to produce an all inclusive set of rules and regulations based on
existing model codes.
INVERT - The lowest portion of the inside of any pipe conduit that is not vertical.

Invert Elevation - Closely associated with the above, the invert elevation is really the cornerstone elevation for the mechanical and in
particular the plumbing trade. It is the lowest inside point of any pipe at a certain location. Knowing invert elevations are extremely
important for laying out waste piping runs. Mistakes can cause mistakes ranging from sewer piping not having enough pitch to waste
piping being removed because it is above the ground or hanging below a drop ceiling.

IPS. Generally an abbreviation for "iron pipe size." Sometimes it means male pipe threads.

IPT. Generally an abbreviation for "iron pipe thread." Sometimes it means male pipe threads.

Iron Filter Tank - Any device that removes disolved or undissolved iron from potable drinking water. Some smaller units can be
installed in line with your water main and need to be maintained by changing a removable media. There are also iron filters that can
handle removing iron for the whole house using media that can be recharged relieving the homeowner of having to change the filter
once a month. See Charger Water Treatment for their solutions on treating potable drinking water.

Isolation Valves - Any type of valve installed on the potable water system that isolates a section of a building, a battery of bathrooms
or plumbing mechnical equipment i.e. a house pump. Isolation valves allow plumbers positively shut down the water supply to the
aforementioned so work can be performed without shutting down the water supply to the entire building.

J-Hooks - J type hooks are used in just about every industry. In the plumbing industry they are made of plastic, steel or copper plated
and come in different sizes to accommodate different sized pipe. They look like the letter "J" and are usually nailed or screwed into a
wooden or steel joist to hang waster, vent and water piping.

Kitchen Sink Faucet with a Pull-Out Spray - Kitchen sink faucets are manufactured with or without a spray mechanism. In the last
20 years most of the faucet manufacturers have come out with kitchen faucets with a sprayer that pulls out from the spout. The spray
head will have a function button that when depressed will switch the function between hard spray or aerated flow. Since their inception
they have become extremely popular due to the fact that you don't have to have a side spray taking up space on the faucet deck to
have the same functionality.
LATERAL - In plumbing, a secondary pipe line. In average, a common sewer to which no other common sewer is tributary, receives
sewage only from building sewers.

LATRINE - A water closet consisting of a continuous though containing water. The trough extends under two (2) or more adjacent seats.
Prohibited by most authorities for permanent installations.
Lavatory. While sometimes used by the general public to mean a bathroom or washroom, the plumbing industry uses lavatory
to mean a bathroom washbowl or basin permanently installed with running water. The plumbing industry uses the term
"sink" in reference to kitchen sinks.

Leach. In the case of plumbing systems, leaching refers to the process of dissolving a soluble component out of a constituent
material at a wetted surface. Materials commonly leached into drinking water from water distribution systems include
copper, lead, and nickel.
LEACHING CESSPOOL – A cesspool that is not watertight.
Lead. One of the basic elements (Pb), lead is a soft metal that has been used in plumbing systems for thousands of years. The
word "plumbing" derives from the Latin word for lead, plumbum. Lead has a unique ability to resist pinhole leaks, while being
soft enough to form into shapes that deliver water most efficiently. Its softness and malleability were for a long time highly
desirable properties for manufacturing everything from pipe to paint. Lead is a neurotoxin that can accumulate in the body
in soft tissues, as well as bone.

Lead and Copper Rule (LCR). A United States Environmental Protection Agency regulation dating back to 1991, LCR requires
water systems to monitor drinking water that comes through faucets in homes and buildings. If lead concentrations exceed
15 parts per billion (ppb) or copper concentrations exceed 1.3 parts per million (ppm) in more than 10% of homes and
businesses sampled in a regional plumbing system, the system must take actions to control corrosion and leaching. If the
action level for lead is exceeded, the system must also inform the public about steps they should take to protect their health,
including the possible replacement of plumbing system piping.
LEADER - See conductor.

Lead Flashings - thin sheets of lead used to water proof vent stacks through the roof. A tube of lead is made slightly larger in diamter
than the piping being flashed, that tube is welded on to flat piece of lead. The lead flashing is installed over the vent through roof
increaser and the end of the lead is pounded down inside the piping. The roofing material is placed over the flashing and around the
pipe and is sealed. Vent flashings are also made of rubber membrane.

Lead-free. Under section 1417(d) of the Safe Drinking Water Act, "lead free" is defined as being no more than 0.2 percent of
materials used in solders, and no more than 8 percent of materials used to manufacture pipe, fittings, and well pumps.

Lead Pan - Lead pans have been used in plumbing for a number of reasons. As a durable malleable material to use to water proof a
shower or mop basin where stone or tile is being used as flooring, as a drain pan used to catch water from a water heater should it
start to leak. You being with a flat piece of sheet lead

Lead Pick - This a tool that looks like an awl, with a metal tip bent at a 90° angle or like a hook, that is used while drilling out an old
lead joint, to pick out the loose lead and oakum.

Lead Pot and Ladel - Used primarily to pour lead and oakum joints for waste and vent piping. A lead pot is made of cast iron and lots
similar to a cooking pot. It is made to sit securely on top of furnace that attaches to plumbers propane tank. Lead is placed inside the
lead pot and is heated until melted. A cast iron ladel is used to extact the molten lead from the pot so it can be poured into a hub.
Molten lead does not stick to cast so it can be poured easily.

Lead Water Services – Lead was the material of choice for water services in all major municipalities until the end of the 1960's.
Because lead is malleable and utterly non-corrosive it was a go to for plumbers for the better part of a century. It wasn't until we
became aware of the harmful effects of lead poisoning that lead services were discontinued. The funny things about lead water
services is that a hard scale barrier forms over the piping exposed to potable water so quickly that there is no measurable leeching
however I suppose it's better to be safe than sorry.
LENGTH OF PIPE - The length as measured along.

liquid waste. The discharge from any fixture, appliance or appurtenance in connection with a plumbing system that does not receive
faecal matter.

LOCAL VENT - A pipe or shaft serving to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a room to the outer air.
LOOP OR CIRCUIT VENT - A continuation of a horizontal soil or waste pipe beyond the connection at which liquid wastes from a fixture
or fixtures enter the waste or soil pipe. The extension is usually vertical immediately beyond its connection to the soil or waste pipe.
The base of the vertical portion of the vent may be connected to the horizontal portion of the soil or waste stack between fixtures
connected thereto.

Loop Vent - Some times this is referred to as an island vent because if you do vent your island you'd use a loop vent. A island loop
vent begins at the discharge from island sink using a sanitary tee. The vent rises up above the discharge of the drain then drops back
down and connects back to the drainage system below the floor. A loop vent in a commercial application has a different meaning; it is a
single vent pipe connected to the horizontal drainage piping that receives the discharge from one or more unvented fixtures. The
single vent pipe rises above the overflow level of the highest unvented fixture and the single vent is connected back to the vent stack.
Basically this is a way to vent a battery of fixtures using a single vent pipe.

Low-flow. In the plumbing industry, low-flow fixtures and fittings refer to plumbing products that meet the water efficiency
standard of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The term is used interchangeably with the term "low consumption."

LWCO. Low water cut off.

MAIN - The main of any system of continuous piping is the principal artery of the system, to which branches may be connected.

Main Line - the primary line that supplies water from the water company's meter at the street up to the point where it enters the
home; all other supply lines in the home branch out from this main line

Main Pipe - The central pipe line to which all other branches are connected. This covers all plumbing piping systems i.e. waste, vent
and water piping.
MAIN VENT - See vent stack.

MALE THREADS. Male threads thread into female threads. Female fittings openings are larger than male fittings. Male fittings fit
into/inside female fittings.

Man Hole - A circular cover usually manufactured from cast iron that is part of a larger concrete structure used for easy excess to
any number of below grade plumbing equipment. i.e. below ground valves, ejector or grinder pumps. A manhole can also be used as an
access point for rodding and drain cleaning equipment on storm and sewer lines.

MaP Testing. A voluntary test protocol for toilets that measures the ability to remove solid waste, also referred to as "bulk."
Cooperatively developed in 2003 by water utilities and water-efficiency specialists in the United States and Canada, it uses
soybean paste (miso) as test media, in an effort to replicate "real world" waste. The test is conducted by successively
increasing the amount of test media that is flushed until the toilet is no longer able to reliably or completely remove the
media from the bowl. Results are reported as a MaP score, which is related to the number of grams of a test media that a
toilet can adequately flush.

MASTERPLUMBER - A person with knowledge of and experience in plumbing who employs journeymen plumbers or who conducts a
plumbing business.

Mechanical Joints – definition, materials used, types of mechanical joints. Any type of pipe and fitting joining method that ensures a
water tight seal using the following: gaskets, couplings, grooved fittings and couplings, nuts and bolts, etc. The following are examples
of mechanical joints:

Mechanics Lien - A form of legal protection afforded to contractors and suppliers obtained as collateral against unpaid bills. When
enforced any real estate or property such as a home or commercial building can be sold to pay off past due bills. As a mechanical
contractor you should always protect your lien rights. The time for filing an Intent to Lien is different from state to state but usually
you have 90 days from the performance of work to file an Intent to Lien. Once that time passes you will be forced to litigate but your
lien rights will expire.

Metered toilets, or metered flush. A toilet with a mechanism that delivers a precise, non-variable amount of water with each
flush.

MHT. Abbreviation for male hose threads.

MINI-WIDESPREAD. A special style of bathroom lavatory faucet having separate spout and handles. But designed small enough that it
will fit 4" center-to-center faucet holes.

MIP(s). Abbreviation for male pipe threads.

mixing valve. A valve or faucet that mixes liquids using automatic or manual regulation.

Molded Stone - Molded stone is most commonly used for laundry tubs and it is really used to describe a fiberglass product
impregnated with a calcium resin. It's extremely durable while being low cost. Consumers may think the term molded stone is
misleading however it's a term that has been used in the plumbing industry for decades.

Mop Basins – See plumbing fixtures

National Plumbing Code - This is a standard code book for the plumbing industry that covers BOCA (Building Officials and Code
Administrator International) and UBC codes highlighting specifications and best practices and procedures for installation and standard
plumbing materials

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs, or primary standards). Legally enforceable federal standards that apply to
public water systems. Primary standards limit the levels of contaminants in drinking water. A 1996 amendment to the Safe
Water Drinking Act (SDWA) requires that the United States Environmental Protection Agency establish a list of contaminants
every five years that are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and may require future regulations under
the SDWA.
negative pressure. Pressure below the external atmosphere pressure, taking into account the local elevation.

Nipple - a short length of pipe installed between couplings or other fittings.

No-Hub Connector - a connector for no-hub iron pipe consisting of a rubber sleeve and a stainless steel band secured by hose
clamps. Or a a neoprene sleeve with two adjustable steel bands that is used for connecting dissimilar materials (for example, when
connecting new plastic pipe to an existing cast-iron drainpipe.) Usually used in older homes.

No Hub Soil Pipe - A type of pipe normally made of cast iron, without hubs, joined with no hub couplings

NOMINAL. Size used for identification only; not literal dimensions. Used to identify pipe and fitting sizes in plumbing. Refers to the
inside diameter of the pipe which can vary by thickness of the pipe. The outside is a constant size. For copper pipe the outside
diameter is always 1/8" larger than the nominal size. Example: 1/2" nominal is always 5/8" O.D.
non-return valve. Same as check valve.

NPS. Abbreviation for National Pipe Straight Threads Standard (IPS)

NPSM. Abbreviation for National Pipe Straight Mechanical. Similar to garden hose threads NPSM fittings must be used with a washer
between the male and female fittings to create a tight leak-proof seal. The threads themselves will not seal liquid from leaking at the
fitting.

NPT. Abbreviation for National Pipe Tapered Threads Standard (FIP, MIP). NPT is the United States standard for tapered threaded
fittings and pipe. Manufacturers are to follow this standard when fabricating or manufacturing pipes and fittings used for plumbing.

NSF. Founded in 1944, NSF International is a not-for-profit, non-governmental organization that develops standards and
product certifications in the area of public health and safety.
NSF/ANSI Standard 60. A standard related to chemicals used to treat drinking water. Developed by NSF and conforming to the
ANSI voluntary standard, the standard was accepted by the NSF board in 1988 to evaluate products, such as softeners and
oxidizers, to assure that usage amounts safeguard the public health and safety.

NSF/ANSI Standard 61. A standard related to products that come in contact with drinking water. Developed by NSF and
conforming to the ANSI voluntary standard, the standard was accepted by the NSF board in 1988 to confirm that such
products will not contribute excessive levels of contaminants into drinking water. Most U.S. states and many Canadian
provinces require products used in municipal water distribution systems and building plumbing systems to comply with
Standard 61.
OAKUM - Hemp or old hemp rope soaked in oil to make it waterproof.

OD. Abbreviation for "outside diameter." The measurement of the diameter of the pipe as taken from the outside edge.
OCCUPANCY - Occupancy is the purpose for which a building is used or intended to be used. The term shall also include the building or
room housing such use. Change of
Occupancy is not intended to include change of tenants or proprietors.

OEM. Abbreviation for "original equipment manufacturer."

oil trap. An interceptor used to retain oil and prevent it passing into sewers.

ONE-PIECE TOILET. The toilet tank and bowl are not separate, but make one single fixture. Less common and usually more expensive,
but generally a more stylish toilet.

overflow system. An outlet or receptacle designed to collect surplus liquids after the desired amount has been received. pH. The
negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydrogen concentration. On the scale of 0 to 14, 7 is neutral, lower numbers are acidic, and higher
numbers are basic.

OVALITY. The difference between the most wide OD and the most narrow OD on a pipe or tube. Found be subtracting the minimum
outside diameter from the maximum outside diameter on a pipe.

OVERFLOW TUBE. If the ballcock malfunctions this vertical tube inside the toilet tank will direct water into the toilet bowl. This is the
part that can sometimes make your toilet sound like it is constantly running, which is an indication that there is a problem with your
ballcock.

PB. Polybutylene, flexible plastic tubing formerly used in water supply systems where allowed by code.

PE. Abbreviation for polyethylene. Most common plastic made. Plastic used for many types of water and gas piping.
PERSON - A natural person, his heirs, executors, administrators, its or their successor or assigns, or the agent of any of the aforesaid.

Performance-based product standards. These standards define a desired outcome from products, related to what they do,
rather than how they are made and what they are made of. These standards typically prescribe a means for determining
whether the product delivers to the standard. For example, a performance-based product standard for fittings would specify
the maximum amount of alloy materials, such as lead, that may be leached into the drinking water.

PEX. Abbreviation for crosslinked polyethylene. A plastic material manufactured with chemical crosslinks (stronger than, PE.)

Pipe Bursting - The pipe bursting method is used in underground piping i.e. concrete or clay tile where the piping is too deteriorated
to repair by other methods. A very strong cable is pulled through deteriorated piping and attached to a conical pipe bursting head,
attached behind the head is the new piping. As the pipe bursting head is pulled through the old piping it is being broken up and the new
piping is being pulled through the old pipe bed.
PIPES. Unlike tubes, the measurement of a pipe (i.e. 2") roughly references the inside diameter (ID) of the pipe and not the outside
diameter (OD). A 2" Sch 40 pipe actually has an OD of 2.375", a wall thickness of .154" and an ID of 2.067".
Pitch - Downward slope of a drain pipe in the direction of the water flow, also known as the “fall” of the pipe.

PLUMBER'S PUTTY. A pliable putty used to seal joints.

PLUMBING - The art and technique of installing in buildings the pipes, fixtures, and other apparatuses for bringing in the water supply,
liquids, substances or ingredients and removing them and such water, liquid, and other carried-wastes affecting health and sanitation
and hazardous to life and property; also the pipes and fixtures after they have been installed, i.e. the plumbing system.

plumbing fixture. A general term applied to any plumbing receptacle, device or appliance that can be temporarily or permanently fixed
in place. It is connected to the drinking-water supply or to the drainage system either by an indirect or direct connection.

Plumbing Manufacturers International (PMI). A not-for-profit trade association of plumbing products manufacturers. PMI
member companies produce most of the nation's plumbing products.

PLUMBING SYSTEM - The plumbing system of a building, institution,, factory or industrial establishment, includes the water-supply,
liquids, substances and or ingredients distributing pipes; and those pipes removing them and such water, liquid, and other carried-
wastes; the fixtures and fixture traps; the soil, waste, and vent
pipes; the house drain, the foundation drain, and the house sewer; the storm-water drainage; drainage ejectors, all with their devices,
appurtenances, and connections within or on a building, a factory, or an industry.
PLUMBING OFFICIAL - The authority or the officer charged with the administration and enforcement of the National Plumbing Code, or
his regularly authorized deputy.

POC. Point of connection

Polybutylene - This is a soft, gray or blue plastic pipe that was widely-used from the mid- 70′s to the mid- 90′s across the nation.
Since then it has become known that polybutylene deteriorates over time and leaks.

POP-UP ASSEMBLY. The drain mechanism of a faucet installed on a lavatory. The drain stopper "pops" up and down.

PORCELAIN. A white ceramic ware that consists of quartz, kaolin, and feldspar. It is fired at high temperature on steel or cast iron to
make the surface of some bathtubs, kitchen sinks and bathroom lavatories. Many times the word "porcelain" also refers to porcelain
china which is a ceramic product with porcelain glaze.

Porcelain enamel. A coating used on metal fixtures, such as cast iron sinks and bathtubs. Ceramic material is fired at high
temperature to form a vitreous porcelain film that is fused to the base metal of the fixture or fused to a ground coat.
Porcelain enamel gives metal plumbing fixtures their colors and desirable glossy surfaces.

POTABLE WATER - Potable water is water which is satisfactory for drinking, culinary, domestic purposes and meets the
requirements of the health authority having jurisdiction.

Power Flush System - Toilet flushing system that compresses water to provide a pressurized flush as opposed to a gravity flush.
Power assisted toilets are more typically found in business or commercial settings.

POWER VENT. Refers to mechanical venting in water heating. Generally (not always) water heaters that use power venting are more
efficient than regular draft venting.

PR. Abbreviation for "Pressure Regulator." Generally means water pressure regulator. Most codes require one if water pressures
ever exceeds 80 pounds at any time on domestic potable water systems inside a structure.
Prescriptive product standards. These standards differ from performance-based product standards in that they attempt to
achieve a desired outcome by specifying the characteristics, materials, performance and operability of products. For
example, a prescriptive product standard for fittings would specify the maximum amount of alloy material, such as lead, that
can come in direct contact with the drinking water.

Pressure-assisted toilets. A toilet that uses a compressed-air device to enhance the force of gravity used to clean the bowl
when the toilet is flushed.

Pressure-balancing valve. Also known as a pressure-compensating valve, this device is designed to reduce the risk of thermal
shock and scalding while showering. Required by code in most areas of the United States, a pressure-balance valve senses
the hot and cold water pressures coming in from the supply line and compensates for variations to maintain the water
temperature. Such variations can occur when a toilet is flushed or a washing machine started while someone is showering.

pressure reduction valve. A device that regulates pressure in liquids or gases by reducing a higher pressure to a definite lower
pressure, maintaining the liquids or gases at a constant pressure.
pressure relief valve. A safety valve that is held closed by a spring or other means and automatically relieves the pressure in excess
of its setting. See also temperature and pressure relief valve.

PRIMARY BRANCH - A primary branch of the building drain is the single sloping drain from the base of a stack to its junction with the
main building drain or with another branch thereof.

PRIMING JET. The opening in the toilet bowl that allows the flow of water from the tank, designed to push waste through the trapway.
PRIVATE OR PRIVATE USE - Private applies to fixtures in a residence where the fixtures are intended for the use of a family or an
individual.
PRIVATE SEWER - A private sewer is a sewer privately owned and not directly controlled by public authority.
PRIVY - An outhouse or structure used for the deposition of excrement.
PRIVY VAULT - A pit beneath a privy in which excrement collects.

Product standards. Established by research and consensus, product standards define what products are made of, as well as
how they perform. For plumbing products, product standards govern the characteristics, materials, performance and
operability, as well as how products need to interact with other plumbing-system elements. For example, a product standard
for fittings would define the alloys and the amounts that can be used in their manufacture.

Proposition 65. Also known colloquially as Prop 65, California's Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act of 1986
requires companies to post notice of chemicals in products that can be released into the environment and have been
determined by the state to be a cause of cancer. In early 2008, the list included 775 chemicals. Prop 65 impacts residents in
other states when they receive such notices in purchased products, such as bathroom faucets. Companies will often post
the notification on all products, rather than incur extra costs to isolate products sold only in California.

Proximity valves. An electronic valve for plumbing fixtures and fittings that enables them to be operated without being
touched. Similar to auto-open doors and light sensors that are activated by movement, proximity valves deliver the benefits
of being both barrier-free and sanitary to use. Proximity valves can operate toilets, urinals and faucets.

PRV or Pressure Reducing Valve - a special valve installed on the main water line coming in to the home so that water entering the
valve from municipal mains is constricted within the valve body. It reduces water pressure coming in to your home from the high level
used by the water company down to a level that can be used in your home without damaging your fixtures.
PUBLIC OR PUBLIC USE - In the classification of plumbing fixtures, public applies to fixtures in general toilet rooms of schools,
gymnasiums, hotels, railroad stations, public buildings, bars, public comforts stations, or places to which the public is invited or which
are frequented by the public without special permission or special invitation, and other installations (whether pay or free) where a
number of fixtures are installed so that their use is similarly unrestricted.
PUBLIC SEWER - A public sewer is a common sewer directly controlled by public authority to which all abutters have equal rights of
connections.

PULL OUT SPRAY. When referring to a kitchen faucet this is a retractable hose/sprayhead. We'd like to mention that hoses used with
a pull-out spray can turn out to be a high replaceable item. If you have a pull out sprayer be sure to pull it out straight each and every
time. Do not kink the hose because if you do, no matter what brand, you could be ordering replacement hoses frequently.

PVC. Polyvinyl Chloride - A rigid, generally white plastic pipe. Used for waste and vent systems as well as cold water (underground)
supplies outside of the house as well as used for sprinkler and irrigation pipes, sewers, drains, wastes and venting pipes and
fittings. Flexible PVC pipe is also available and quite practical for spas, pools and sprinklers. PVC in the plumbing business is generally
white but sometimes comes in other colors (in our industry gray is the second most popular PVC color).

PVD finishes. PVD stands for Physical Vapor Deposition. This process, which occurs in a vacuum chamber, electrostatically
applies extremely thin, but extremely dense coatings of exotic metal alloys onto fittings. The resulting finish is state-of-the-
art in durability, scratch-resistance and lasting beauty for faucets. A wide range of finishes with PVD is possible, including
chrome, nickel, brass and bronze.

Rated Storage Volume - Quantity of water stored in a tank.

Rate of Flow - This is a term used to describe the volume of moving water as it related to a time period. The most common
measurement used in plumbing is gallons per minute (GPM) or gallons per hour (GPH).

reclaimed water. Water that has been treated so that its quality is suitable for particular specified purposes, such as irrigation, toilet
flushing or possibly drinking. Also called recycled water.

REDUCER. A fitting that connects pipes of different sizes together.

RELIEF VENT - A relief vent is a vent the primary function of which is to provide circulation of air between drainage and vent system.

REFILL TUBE. Carries water from the ballcock to the overflow tube after the siphon break in order to refill the toilet bowl.

RELIEF VENT. Extra vent added to a vent line or drain line to keep the air pressure within the system in balance with the outside
atmosphere. This will help keep the traps from air-locking or losing their trap seal. Required when a drainage stack extends 10 or more
stories above the building drain. Such drainage stack shall be served by a parallel vent stack that connects to the drainage stack at
each fifth floor. Relief vents of these types of drainage stacks shall not be less in diameter than either the drainage or vent stack,
whichever is smaller. Also required when combination waste and vent systems are used for multiple floor or shower drains, floor sinks
in markets, work tables in schools or similar applications where the fixtures are not close enough to walls to allow for conventional
type venting. Relief vents for combination waste and vents shall not be less than one-half of the inside cross sectional area of the
drain pipe it will serve.
REPAIR - The reconstruction or renewal of any part of an existing building for the purpose of its maintenance. The word “repair” or
“repairs” shall not apply to any change of construction.
RETURN BEND - An open return bend, usually with inside threads, but applied also to a one hundred eighty (180 degree) bend in a pipe.
REVENT PIPE - See back vent pipe.

Rim Holes - a series of small holes in the underside of a toilet rim around the circumference of the bowl. Water flows down into the
bowl through these holes and washes over the entire inner surface of the bowl.
Riser - a vertical metal or plastic supply line that connects a faucet or shower fixture to the water supply stop valve. It is usually
made of copper though Metal Flex Risers are corrugated to facilitate bending. Also, the name of a supply line that rises from one story
to the next.
Roof Drain - a roof drain is a plumbing appurtenance installed on a building roof, inside a gutter or in a parapet wall to receive rain
water. The water is routed to the building or structures downspout piping and discharged to a storm sewer or is allowed to splash on
the ground. Please check your local plumbing codes to find out acceptable methods for the discharge of rain water.

roof drainage. Conveyance of rainwater from a sloping roof by gutters and downspouts, or from a vertical roof by pipe, to a surface
water sewer or suitable soak away.
ROUGHING-IN - The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in partitions and under floors. It includes the plumbing work
done before the setting of the fixtures, or finishing.

ROUGH-IN DIMENSIONS. Rough-in dimensions give you the necessary information to install basic plumbing, electrical venting or other
similar systems before installing the fixture. Many times a dimensional drawing is available that provides this information.

ROUND FRONT. The standard shape of the front of a toilet bowl. Generally bout 2" shorter than the optional "elongated" bowl.

RUN. A complete or secondary section(s) of pipe that extend from supply to fixture or drain to stack.

Saddle Valve - a valve mounted on a pipe run by a clamping device, or fitting that taps into the side of a pipe, used to make quick
connection to an existing line to provide a water supply for a low-demand device.

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is a federal law originally passed by Congress in 1974 to
protect public health by regulating the nation's public drinking water supply. Amendments were passed in 1986 and in 1996.
The SDWA requires many actions to protect drinking water and its sources: rivers, lakes, reservoirs, springs, and ground
water wells. SDWA authorizes the United States Environmental Protection Agency to set national health-based standards for
drinking water to protect against both naturally occurring and man-made contaminants. Enforcement is accomplished
through the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations.

safe or potable drinking-water. Water that is intended for human consumption and suitable for all usual domestic uses, complying with
the requirements of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality or appropriate national standards established by the regulating
authority.
sanitary building drain. A building drain that conveys only domestic or industrial waste, not storm water.
sanitary building sewer. A building sewer that conveys only domestic or industrial waste, not storm water.

SANITARY FITTING. Fitting that joins the assorted pipes in a drain, waste and vent system; designed to allow solid material to pass
through without clogging.

SANITARY SEWAGE - The sewage containing human excrement and liquid household waste; also called domestic sewage.
SANITARY SEWER - A sewer intended to receive sanitary sewage with or without industrial wastes and without the admixture of surface
water, storm water, or drainage.

SCHEDULE (SCH). The "Schedule" designation tells you how thick the wall is for any size of pipe with the higher schedule numbers
meaning a thicker wall. The most common schedules are Sch 40 and Sch 80, but the actual wall thickness varies depending on the size
of the pipe.

SDR. Standard Dimension Ratio (SDR) used for determining the minimum wall thickness for pipe. SDR is found by dividing the outside
diameter (OD) of the pipe by the wall thickness measurement. To find the minimum wall thickness of a pipe you simply divide the OD by
the SDR.
SEAL - The vertical distance between the dip and the crown weir of a trap. Also, the water in the trap between the dip and the crown
weir.
SECONDARY BRANCH - And branch in a building drain other than the primary branch.
SEPTIC TANK - A septic tank is a watertight receptacle, which receives the discharge of a plumbing system or part thereof, and is
designed and constructed so as to separate solids from the liquid digest the organic matter through a period of detention, and allow
the effluent to discharge into a storm drain; or directly to the ground outside the tank through a system of open joint or perforated
piping.
SERVICE PIPE - The pipe from the water main or source of water supply to the building served.

SEWAGE - The liquid wastes conducted away from residences, business buildings, institutions, industrial establishments; and with such
ground, surface, and storm water as may be present.

Sewage Ejector Pump - These pumps are required where wastewater cannot flow to its destination by means of gravity at a velocity
of at least 2 feet per second. Nearly all residential plumbing systems rely on the force of gravity to move waste through the lines; but,
occasionally, a fixture needs to be installed below the nearest available sewer or septic line (for example in a basement bathroom).
The waste from the drain for this fixture must be lifted to the level of the main drain.

sewer. A channel or conduit, usually subterranean, for carrying off water and waste matter, such as surface water from rainfall,
household waste from sinks and baths, and wastewater from industrial works. See also building sewer; sanitary sewer.

Sewerage or sewerage work. The works comprising a sewer system, pumping stations, treatment works and all other works
necessary to the collection, treatment and disposal of sewage.
sewer system. System including a building sewer, a private or public sewer, and a private or public sewage disposal system.

SHAFT - A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumb-waiter, ventilation or similar purpose.
SHALL - As used in this Code, is mandatory.

Shroud - Color matched component under a wall-mount lavatory that covers the drain outlet for aesthetic purposes
SIAMESE CONNECTION - A wye connection used on fire lines so that two lines of hose may be connected to hydrant or to the same
nozzle.
SIPHONAGE. - A suction by the flow of liquids in pipes. A pressure less than atmospheric.

SIPHON BREAK. Recognized by the gurgling sound that takes place at the end of a toilet flush, the siphon break is when air is re-
introduced into the trapway, causing the siphoning action to cease.

SIPHONING. Suction that takes place when water pressure drops which causes water or waste to be pulled through a descending
outlet channel.

SOLDER. A metal alloy that is melted to join or mend metal surfaces; also, the act of melting solder into the joint.
SOIL PIPE - A soil pipe is any pipe which conveys the discharge of water closets, urinals, or fixtures having similar functions. Also, a
cast-iron pipe, with bell and spigot ends, used in plumbing to convey fecal matter or liquid wastes.
SOIL STACK PIPE - A vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and liquid waste.
SPIGOT. Term used with PVC, CPVC and cast-iron fittings and pipe. For PVC or CPVC fittings and pipe; A male end of a fitting the same
size as the pipe that is inserted and glued into the slip (hub) end of a fitting. For cast-iron pipe; The plain end of a cast-iron pipe. The
spigot is inserted into the bell or hub (female) end of the next pipe to make a water tight joint.

SPxS. An abbreviation normally used for PVC or CPVC fittings, to describe a non-threaded fitting with a spigot end (male) on one side
and a slip (female) connector on the other side. The spigot end is the same size as the pipe and glues into a slip fitting. The slip fitting
is a normal female hub end that fits over pipe.
STACK - A general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or vent piping.
STACK VENT - A stack vent is the extension of a soil or waste stack above the highest horizontal drain connected to the stack.
STANDPIPE - A vertical pipe usually used for the storage of water, frequently under pressure.

STATIC PRESSURE. The pressure when NO water is flowing.

STOP VALVE. A valve that controls the flow of water to an individual fixture, allowing water supply to be stopped to one fixture without
affecting the water supply to other fixtures.
storm drain. The part of the horizontal piping and its branches that directs subsoil and surface drainage from areas, courts, roofs or
yards to a building or storm sewer.

STORM WATER - Storm water is that portion of the rainfall or other precipitation, which runs off over the surface after the storm and
for such a short period following a storm as the flow exceeds the normal runoff.

storm water drainage. Drainage of rainwater from roofs, courtyards and paved areas and conveying it away from buildings to a place
of disposal.

STORY - Story is that portion of a building included between the upper surface of any floor and the upper surface of the floor next
above, except that the topmost story shall be that portion of a building of a building included between the upper surface of the topmost
floor and the ceiling or roof above. If the finished floor level directly above a basement or cellar is more than six (6) feet above grade
such basement or cellar shall be considered a story.

STRAIGHT STOP. An "emergency" stop (valve) that is usually installed before the water supply line (below) to toilets and faucets.
Angle stops are to be shut off in case of an emergency or repair and are generally not designed for daily on and off usage. The
difference between a "straight stop" and an "angle stops" is that the "angle" stop changes direction by 90 degrees while a straight
stop is like most valves and does not change direction.

subsoil drain. A drain that collects subsurface or seepage water and conveys it to a place of disposal.

STREET ELBOW. An elbow (90 degree bend) fitting that has a male end (same size as pipe) on one side and a female end (pipe fits
inside this size) on the other side.

Sub-Soil Drain - The part of the drainage system which transports subsoil ground or seepage water to the house drain or house
sewer. (Most times it's called drain tile.)

SUMP - A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.

Sump Pump - This type of pump is used where basement flooding happens regularly. A pit is dug in the basement. The water
accumulates in the pit. Then, the sump pump pushes the water outside the home and away to an area where it is no longer
problematic.

Supply Line - a metal or plastic line that carries water from the Main Line to an individual fixture (e.g. faucet, toilet, etc.) in the home.
SUPPORTS - Supports, hangers, anchors, brackets, cradles are devices for holding and securing pipes and fixtures to walls, ceiling,
floors, or structural members.
SURFACE WATER - Surface water is that portion of a rainfall or other precipitation which runs off over the surface of the ground.

Suspended Solids - The solid waste material held afloat or suspended in the transport medium in this case it's water.

SWIMMING POOL - A water receptacle used for swimming designed to accommodate more than one bather at time and properly
connected to a disposal system.
T-BOLT. Also known as toilet or closet bolts, T-bolts are 2 anchor bolts that attach a toilet to the floor.

T&P Valve or Temperature and Pressure Valve - temperature & pressure relief valve. A safety device used to expel excess
pressure or heat from inside a tank. If the water in the tank gets too hot, some of it is released through the T&P valve.

Tailpiece - section of pipe that runs between a fixture outlet and the trap.

TANK. Holds flush water for your fixture. On typical toilets the tank includes the ballcock, trip valve and flush lever.

TANK BALL. The moving part of the flush valve that seals water in or allows water out of the tank during the flush cycle. Also known as
the flapper, flush ball, stopper and seal disk.

TANK BOLTS. Three bolts that hold together the tank, gasket and bowl of the toilet.

TANK COVER LOCK. Device to prevent damage to and removal of the toilet tank cover and contents of the tank.

TAP.Tap is synonymous with faucet. Also tap refers to the divergence of water from one fitting to another.
TAPED TEE - A cast-iron bell-end tee with the branch tapped to receive a threaded pipe of fitting.

TEE. Any T-shaped plumbing fitting. It has three openings used to create branch lines.

TEFLON TAPE. Thread sealing tape with stain resistant, water repellant Teflon finish. Teflon is a trademark of DuPont.
temperature and pressure relief valve. A device that controls both temperature and pressure, releasing water to atmosphere at
predetermined settings. See also pressure relief valve.

TEMPERED. A heat treatment technique to strengthen and harden glass for more safety. Also applies to water that has been mixed in
order to avoid a temperature extreme.

Tempering Valves - A valve used to control temperature to a constant temperature. These valves are mechanical in nature meaning a
temperature can be set with a set and locked in and won't allow any more hot water through the valve. Hot and cold water flow is
controlled by the internal ports.

Thermal Expansion - The expansion of water or material from heat

Thermal shock. A large and rapid change in the water temperature. Thermal shock is a particular concern for showers where
rapid changes in the temperature of the water can lead to scalding, as well as increased risk of injuries due to slips and falls.
Technologies to prevent thermal shock include pressure-balance and thermostatic shower valves.

Thermocouple - small electric generator. Electron flow between the hot junction of 1200ºF and cold junction of 600ºF creates
millivoltage.

Thermostatic valves. Also known as a thermostatic compensating valve, this technology senses the temperature of the water
to adjust the mix of hot and cold water. This maintains a safe, comfortable water temperature whether the fluctuation is due
to a change in the pressure or the temperature of the incoming hot and cold water supplies.

THREAD SEALANT (TAPE). Dry ribbons of sealant sold on spools. Unlike liquid sealant there is no chance of it getting into the supply
lines and blocking water flow.

THROUGH-THE-FLOOR. Installation where the bath drain tee outlet points down rather than horizontal.

THUMB NUT. To ease installation and to prevent over-tightening this nut was designed to be tightened without tools.
THUMB SCREW. To ease installation and to prevent over-tightening this screw was designed to be tightened without tools.

TILE-IN. Installation where the sink is fit flush with the countertop

Toilets – A plumbing fixture designed to receive human excrement from the user of the fixture to the sanitary sewer system.

TOILET SETTING COMPOUND. Provides a non-hardening watertight seal for the base of the toilet and the floor.

TORQUE WRENCH. Tool for measuring the amount of force applied to a threaded connection

TPI. Threads per inch.

TRANSFER VALVE. Valve the changes the flow of water from one outlet to another

Trap - Curved section of drain line that prevents sewer odors from escaping into the atmosphere. All fixtures that have drains must
have a “P” trap installed. A toilet is the only plumbing fixture with an “S” trap. The “S” trap is built in to the base of the toilet.

Trap Primers - A device used to prime a p-trap, preventing the evaporation of water form the trap

Trap Seal - Height of water in a toilet bowl “at rest.” This water prevents sewer gases from entering the home.

Trapway. The channel in a toilet that connects the bowl to the waste outlet. The trapway is measured in terms of the largest
diameter ball that can pass through it, called a ball-pass or ball-passage.

Trap Weir- The highest point of water held in a trap (either p-trap or s-trap) before it leaves the trap and drains

TRIP ARM. The trip lever on the outside of the toilet tank connects to this

TRIP CHAIN. Chain that connects the toilet trip arm and the flapper on the flush valve

Trip Lever - Flush handle and actuating arm on a toilet tank that is attached to the flapper to make the toilet flush. Also the lever that
opens and closes the drain on the bathtub waste and overflow.

TUBE. Unlike pipes, the measurement of a tube (i.e. 2") corresponds to it's outside diameter (OD). So the outside diameter of a 2" tube
is truly 2".

TWO-PIECE TOILET. The toilet tank is separate from the toilet bowl. This is the most common type of toilet and is also called a close-
coupled toilet.

ULF. Abbreviation for ultra low flush, which describes a toilet that deliver 1.6gpf or less.

Ultra-low-flow. In the plumbing industry, ultra-low flow fixtures and fittings refer to plumbing products that exceed the water
efficiency standard of the Energy Policy Act of 1992. The term is used interchangeably with the term "high efficiency"

UNC, UC, or NC. Abbreviation for Unified National Coarse Thread (National Coarse) - Use on fittings, nuts, & bolts - not for pipes.

UNF, UF, or NF. Abbreviation for Unified National Fine Thread (National Fine) - Use on fittings, nuts, & bolts - not for pipes.

Union - Three piece fitting that joins two sections of pipe, but allows them to be disconnected without cutting the pipe. Used primarily
with steel pipe; never in a DWV system

UNIT VENT - An arrangement of venting so installed that one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps.
Universal design. Universal design should be accessibility that is not apparent and, at the same time, can accommodate a wide
variety of people of all ages and statures. It allows access to a richer life by eliminating disability by design. This thoughtful
approach to space and barriers allows the maximum number of people to use the widest variety of products in their homes
for the greatest length of time.

Urinals – A plumbing fixture that is flushed by potable water that is designed to receive human urine, the discharge is disposed into
the sanitary system.
VACUUM - An air pressure less than that atmospheric. Also, siphonage.

Valve. A fitting with a movable part that opens or closes one or more passages and thereby allows a liquid flow to be started,
stopped, and regulated. In plumbing, valves are used in faucets and showers, and can be called mixing valves because they
control the mix of hot and cold water to achieve desired water temperatures.

VANITY. A bathroom storage cabinet beneath the counter. Some plumbers also call a lavatory sink a vanity. Often a mirror is on the
wall above.

Velocity - The rate of speed at which water moves through piping. It is measured in feet per second.
vent. Any pipe provided to ventilate a plumbing system in order to prevent backpressure and trap siphonage, or to equalize the air
pressure within the drainage system.

Vent Stack - Upper portion of the vent line about the topmost fixture through which gases and odors escape.

Vitreous china. A type of pottery most commonly used for plumbing fixtures, such as toilets. It is a compound of ceramic
materials fired at a high temperature to form a nonporous body. Exposed surfaces are coated with a ceramic glaze that
fuses to the china when fired and gives vitreous china plumbing fixtures their colors and glossy appearance.

VTR. Vent through the roof

Wafer Check Valve - A wafer style check valve is obviously a check valve that is used when space constraints won't allow traditional
check valves to be used. Some of the other benefits of using a wafer check is weight, this style of check doesn't need as much support
as it's traditional full body counterpart.

Washing Machine Box - A fixture on the wall in the laundry area that holds the hot and cold supply lines for the washing machine. It
also has a connection to the drain line so that water from the washing machine can be pumped out to the drain.

WASTE & OVERFLOW. The drain assembly for a bathtub. The outlet at the top removes the "overflow" water during tub filling and the
drain at the bottom removes "waste" water when the tub is drained.
WASTE PIPE - A waste pipe is a pipe, which conveys only liquid waste, free of fecal matter.

WASTE SHOE. Generally refers to a bathtub drain assembly.

wastewater. The spent or used water of a community, including from residences and commercial buildings, and any surface water or
storm water that contains dissolved or suspended matter.

water closet. A water-flushing device or fixture designed to receive human waste directly from the user and discharge it to the
drainage system.

Water Hammer - A loud annoying noise or vibration made by your pipes when you turn the water on or off. It is caused by a pressure
surge or wave when water in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly; for example, when a valve is suddenly closed. This
pressure wave can cause major problems, from noise and vibration to pipe collapse. Water hammer can be stopped by adding
Water Sense. WaterSense is a partnership program sponsored by United States Environmental Protection Agency, which
works to promote water efficiency and enhance the market for water-efficient products, programs, and practices. Similar to
the EnergyStar program that helps consumers choose energy-efficient appliances, WaterSense helps consumers to choose
water-efficient products by specifying the maximum flow rates and minimum performance levels. Products certified as
meeting current WaterSense product specifications are eligible to carry the WaterSense label.

WET VENT. When the drain discharge of one fixture is put into the vent stack of another fixture. Vertical wet venting is the most
common and allows 4 fixtures of one or two fixture units each to discharge (drain) into a vent pipe serving another fixture. This can
only be done if all of the fixtures involved are located on the same story as the wet vented fixture.

WHITE – EURO. Not all whites are alike. Euro-white generally is a somewhat yellowish white. Similar to Corian and Avonite's = Cameo
white; Surell/Formica and Wilsonart's = Frosty white.

WHITE – POLAR. Polar-white generally is a bluish white. Similar to Kohler, Elkay, Moenstone, and Swanstone's = White; Corian's =
Glacier white; Avonite's = Porcelain white; Surrell/Formica's = Arctic white.

WIDESPREAD. A style of bathroom lavatory faucet having separate spout and handles. Usually 8" from center of handle-to-handle.
Some widespread faucets can be set with handles up to 12" apart.

Winterization - The act of preparing a vacant home for winter by draining out the water heater and water lines and applying products
to toilet bowls to prevent them from freezing.

WOG. Abbreviation for cold water, oil, gas pressure rating (water oil gas).

WORKING PRESSURE. Normal, maximum operating pressure design of a faucet, valve or plumbing product.

WYE. A Y-shaped fitting with three openings used to create branch lines.

YARD - A yard is an open, unoccupied space, other than a court, unobstructed from the ground to the sky, except where specifically
provide by this Code, on the lot on which a building is situated.