Two-Way Concrete Floor Slab with Beams Design and Detailing (CSA A23.

3-14)
Two-Way Concrete Floor Slab with Beams Design and Detailing (CSA A23.3-14)

Design the slab system shown in Figure 1 for an intermediate floor where the story height = 3.7 m, column cross-
sectional dimensions = 450 mm × 450 mm, edge beam dimensions = 350 mm × 700 mm, interior beam dimensions =
350 mm x 500 mm, and unfactored live load = 4.8 kN/m2. The lateral loads are resisted by shear walls. Normal weight
concrete with ultimate strength (fc’= 25 MPa) is used for all members, respectively. And reinforcement with Fy = 400
MPa is used. Use the Elastic Frame Method (EFM) and compare the results with spSlab model results.

Figure 1 – Two-Way Slab with Beams Spanning between all Supports

Version: Oct-03-2018
Contents
1. Preliminary Slab Thickness Sizing ...........................................................................................................................1
2. Two-Way Slab Analysis and Design – Using Elastic Frame Method (EFM) ..........................................................4
2.1. Elastic frame method limitations.......................................................................................................................4
2.2. Frame members of elastic frame .......................................................................................................................5
2.3. Elastic frame analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 10
2.4. Design moments .............................................................................................................................................. 13
2.5. Distribution of design moments ...................................................................................................................... 14
2.6. Flexural reinforcement requirements .............................................................................................................. 15
2.7. Column design moments ................................................................................................................................. 22
3. Design of Interior, Edge, and Corner Columns ...................................................................................................... 23
4. Two-Way Slab Shear Strength ............................................................................................................................... 23
4.1. One-Way (Beam action) Shear Strength ......................................................................................................... 23
4.2. Two-Way (Punching) Shear Strength ............................................................................................................. 24
5. Two-Way Slab Deflection Control (Serviceability Requirements) ........................................................................ 27
5.1. Immediate (Instantaneous) Deflections ........................................................................................................... 27
5.2. Time-Dependent (Long-Term) Deflections (Δlt) ............................................................................................. 39
6. spSlab Software Program Model Solution ............................................................................................................. 40
7. Summary and Comparison of Design Results ........................................................................................................ 63
8. Conclusions & Observations .................................................................................................................................. 66

Version: Oct-03-2018
Code

Design of Concrete Structures (CSA A23.3-14) and Explanatory Notes on CSA Group standard A23.3-14
“Design of Concrete Structures”

References

CAC Concrete Design Handbook, 4th Edition, Cement Association of Canada

Notes on ACI 318-11 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, Twelfth Edition, 2013 Portland
Cement Association.

Design Data

Floor-to-Floor Height = 3.7 m (provided by architectural drawings)

Columns = 450 × 450 mm

Interior beams = 350 × 500 mm

Edge beams = 350 × 700 mm

wc = 24 kN/m3

fc’ = 25 MPa

fy = 400 MPa

Live load, Lo = 4.8 kN/m2

Solution
1. Preliminary Slab Thickness Sizing

Control of deflections. CSA A23.3 (13.2.5)

In lieu of detailed calculation for deflections, CSA A23.3 Code gives minimum thickness for two-way slab
with beams between all supports on all sides in Clause 13.2.5.
Ratio of moment of inertia of beam section to moment of inertia of a slab (α) is computed as follows:
I
 b CSA A23.3 (13.2.5)
Is

The moment of inertia for the effective beam and slab sections can be calculated as follows:
bw h3   hs  
Ib   2.5 1   
12  
CSA A23.3 (Eq. 13.4)
h 

The preliminary thickness of 155 mm is assumed and it will be checked in next steps.

Edge Beams:
The effective beam and slab sections for the computation of stiffness ratio for edge beam is calculated as
follows:

1
For North-South Edge Beams:

350  7003   155  

Ib   2.5  1     1.95 10 mm
10 4

12   700  

6,500 1553
Is   2.02 109 mm4
12

1.95 1010
  9.65
2.02 109

For East-West Edge Beams:

350  7003   155  

Ib   2.5  1     1.95 10 mm
10 4

12   700 

5,500 1553
. Is   1.71109 mm4 .
12

1.95 1010
  11.41
1.71109

Interior Beams:
For North-South Interior Beams:

350  5003   155  

Ib   2.5  1     6.29 10 mm
9 4

12   500  

6.29 109
  3.12
2.02 109

For East-West Interior Beams:

350  5003   155  

Ib   2.5  1     6.29 10 mm
9 4

12   500  

6.29 109
  3.68
1.71109

The average of α for the beams on four sides of exterior and interior panels are calculated as:
(11.41  3.68  3.12  3.12)
For exterior panels:  m   5.33
4
(2  3.68  2  3.12)
For interior panels:  m   3.40
4
αm shall not be taken greater than 2.0, then αm = 2.0 for both exterior and interior panels.

2
The minimum slab thickness is given by:
 fy 
ln  0.6  
  
1, 000
hmin CSA A23.3-14 (13.2.5)
30  4 m

Where:

ln  clear span in the long direction measured face to face of columns  6.05 m  6050 mm
clear span in the long direction 6500  450
   1.182
clear span in the short direction 5500  450

 400 
6, 050  0.6 
 1, 000 
hmin 
30  4 1.182  2

The assumed thickness is more than the hmin. Use 155 mm slab thickness.

3
2. Two-Way Slab Analysis and Design – Using Elastic Frame Method (EFM)

EFM (as known as Equivalent Frame Method in the ACI 318) is the most comprehensive and detailed
procedure provided by the CSA A23.3 for the analysis and design of two-way slab systems where these
systems may, for purposes of analysis, be considered a series of plane frames acting longitudinally and
transversely through the building. Each frame shall be composed of equivalent line members intersecting at
member centerlines, shall follow a column line, and shall include the portion of slab bounded laterally by the
centerline of the panel on each side. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.1.1)

Probably the most frequently used method to determine design moments in regular two-way slab systems is
to consider the slab as a series of two-dimensional frames that are analyzed elastically. When using this
analogy, it is essential that stiffness properties of the elements of the frame be selected to properly represent
the behavior of the three-dimensional slab system.

In a typical frame analysis it is assumed that at a beam-column connection all members meeting at the joint
undergo the same rotation. For uniform gravity loading this reduced restraint is accounted for by reducing
the effective stiffness of the column by either Clause 13.8.2 or Clause 13.8.3. CSA A23.3-14 (N.13.8)
Each floor and roof slab with attached columns may be analyzed separately, with the far ends of the columns
considered fixed. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.1.2)
The moment of inertia of column and slab-beam elements at any cross-section outside of joints or column
capitals shall be based on the gross area of concrete at that section. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.5)
An equivalent column shall be assumed to consist of the actual columns above and below the slab- beam plus
an attached torsional member transverse to the direction of the span for which moments are being determined.
CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.5)

2.1. Elastic frame method limitations

In EFM, live load shall be arranged in accordance with 13.8.4 which requires slab systems to be analyzed
and designed for the most demanding set of forces established by investigating the effects of live load placed
in various critical patterns. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.4)
Complete analysis must include representative interior and exterior elastic frames in both the longitudinal
and transverse directions of the floor. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.1.1)
Panels shall be rectangular, with a ratio of longer to shorter panel dimensions, measured center-to-center of
supports, not to exceed 2. CSA A23.3-14 (3.1a)
For slab systems with beams between supports, the relative effective stiffness of beams in the two directions
is not less than 0.2 or greater than 2. CSA A23.3-14 (3.1b)
Column offsets are not greater than 20% of the span (in the direction of offset) from either axis between
centerlines of successive columns. CSA A23.3-14 (3.1c)
The reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal grid. CSA A23.3-14 (3.1d)

4
2.2. Frame members of elastic frame

Determine moment distribution factors and fixed-end moments for the elastic frame members. The moment
distribution procedure will be used to analyze the elastic frame. Stiffness factors k , carry over factors COF,
and fixed-end moment factors FEM for the slab-beams and column members are determined using the design
aids tables at Appendix 20A of PCA Notes on ACI 318-11. These calculations are shown below.

a. Flexural stiffness of slab-beams at both ends, Ksb.

cN 1 450 c 450
  0.082, N 2   0.069
1 5,500 2 6,500

For cF1  cF 2 stiffness factors, kNF  kFN  4.15 PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A1)

Ec I sb Ec I sb
Thus, K sb  k NF  4.15 PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A1)
1 1

Where Isb is the moment of inertia of slab-beam section shown in Figure 2 and can be computed with the
aid of Figure 3 as follows:

 b h3   350  5003 
I sb  Ct  w   2.72    9.92 10 mm
9 4

 12   12 

Ec  9.92 109
K sb  4.15  7.48 103 Ec N.m
5,500

Figure 2 – Cross-Section of Slab-Beam

Carry-over factor COF = 0.508 PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A1)
Fixed-end moment FEM  0.0844wu 2 1
2
PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A1)

Figure 3 – Coefficient Ct for Gross Moment of Inertia of Flanged Sections

5
b. Flexural stiffness of column members at both ends, Kc.

Referring to Table A7, Appendix 20A:

For Interior Columns:
ta  500  155 / 2  422.5 mm , tb  77.5 mm

ta H
H  3.7 m  3700 mm, H c  3700  500  3200 mm,  5.45,  1.16
tb Hc

Thus, kc, top  6.55 and kc, bottom  4.91 by interpolation.

c 4 (450)4
Ic    3.42 109 mm4
12 12

c  3.7 m  3,700 mm
kc Ecc I c
Kc  PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A7)
c

6.55  3.42 109  Ec

Kc , top   6.05 103 Ec N.m
3, 700

4.915  3.42 109  Ec

Kc , bottom   4.54 103 Ec N.m
3, 700

For Exterior Columns:

ta  700  155 / 2  622.5 mm , tb  77.5 mm

ta H
H  3.7 m  3, 700 mm, H c  3, 700  700  3, 000 mm ,  8.0,  1.23
tb Hc

Thus, kc, top  8.45 and kc, bottom  5.47 by interpolation.

c 4 (450)4
Ic    3.42 109 mm4
12 12

c  3.7 ft  3,700 mm

kc Ecc I c
Kc  PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A7)
c

8.45  3.42 109  Ec

Kc , top   7.80 103 Ec N.m
3, 700

5.47  3.42 109  Ec

Kc , bottom   5.05 103 Ec
3, 700

6
c. Torsional stiffness of torsional members, Kt.

9 Ecs C
Kt   CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.8)
c
[ t (1  2 )3 ]
t

For Interior Columns:

9 Ec  4.61109
Kt  3
 9.74 103 Ec N.m
5,500(0.918)

Where:
c2 450
1  1  0.918
t 5,500

 x   x3 y 
C   1  0.63    CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.9)
 y  3 

x1 = 350 mm x2 = 155 mm x1 = 350 mm x2 = 150 mm

y1 = 345 mm y2 = 1,040 mm y1 = 500 mm y2 = 345 mm
C1 = 1.78×109 C2 = 1.17×109 C1 = 3.99×109 C2 = 3.08×108

∑C = 1.78×109 + 1.17×109 = 2.95×109 mm4 ∑C = 3.99×109 + 3.07×108 = 4.61×109 mm4

Figure 4 – Attached Torsional Member at Interior Column

7
For Exterior Columns:
9 Ec  7.41109
Kt   1.57 104 Ec N.m
5,500(0.918)3

Where:
c2 450
1  1  0.918
t 5,500

 x   x3 y 
C   1  0.63    CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.9)
 y  3 

x1 = 350 mm x2 = 155 mm x1 = 350 mm x2 = 155 mm

y1 = 545 mm y2 = 895 mm y1 =700 mm y2 = 545 mm
C1 = 4.64×109 C2 = 9.90×108 C1 = 6.85×109 C2 = 5.55×109

∑C = 4.64×109 + 9.90×108 = 5.63×109 mm4 ∑C = 6.85×109+ 5.55×109= 7.41 ×109 mm4

Figure 5 – Attached Torsional Member at Exterior Column

8
d. Increased torsional stiffness due to parallel beams, Kta.

For Interior Columns:

Figure 6 – Slab-Beam in the Direction of Analysis

Kt I sb 9.74 103 E c  9.92 109

Kta    4.79 104 Ec N.m
Is 2.02 109

Where:
l2  h3 6,500 1553
Is    2.02 109 mm4
12 12

For Exterior Columns:

Kt I sb 1.57 104 Ec  9.92 109

Kta    7.70 104 Ec N.m
Is 2.02 109

e. Equivalent column stiffness Kec.

 K c   Kta
K ec 
 K c   Kta

Where ∑ Kta is for two torsional members one on each side of the
column, and ∑ Kc is for the upper and lower columns at the slab-
beam joint of an intermediate floor.

For Interior Columns:

(6.05 103 Ec  4.54 103 Ec )(2  4.79 104 Ec )

Kec   9.53 103 Ec
(6.05 103 Ec  4.54 103 Ec )  (2  4.79 104 Ec ) Figure 7 – Equivalent Column
Stiffness

9
 For Exterior Columns:

(7.80 103 Ec  5.05 103 Ec )(2  7.70 104 Ec )

Kec   1.19 104 Ec
(7.80 103 Ec  5.05 103 Ec )  (2  7.70 104 Ec )

f. Slab-beam joint distribution factors, DF.

At exterior joint,
7.48 103 Ec
DF   0.387
(7.48 103 Ec  1.19 104 Ec )

At interior joint,
7.48 103 Ec
DF   0.305
(7.48 103 Ec  9.53 103 Ec )

COF for slab-beam =0.508 Figure 8 – Slab and Column Stiffness

2.3. Elastic frame analysis

Determine negative and positive moments for the slab-beams using the moment distribution method.
With an unfactored live-to-dead load ratio:
L 4.8 3
  1.29 
D (24 155 /1000) 4
The frame will be analyzed for five loading conditions with pattern loading and partial live load as allowed
by CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.4).

a. Factored load and Fixed-End Moments (FEM’s).

Factored dead load wdf  1.25(3.72  0.446)  5.21 kN/m2

Where (0.446 kN/m2 = (0.345 x 0.35) × 24 / 6.5 is the weight of beam stem per foot divided by l2)
Factored live load wLf  1.5(4.8)  7.2 kN/m2

Factored load wf  wDf  wLf  12.41 kN/m2

FEM's for slab-beam  mNF wf 2 1

2
PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (Table A1)

FEM due to wDf  wLf  0.0844  (12.41 6.5)  5.52  206.02 kN.m

3
FEM due to wDf  wLf  0.0844  (10.61 6.5)  5.52  176.13 kN.m
4

FEM due to wDf  0.0844  (5.21 6.5)  5.52  86.47 kN.m

10
 b. Moment distribution.
Moment distribution for the five loading conditions is shown in Table 1 (The unit for moment values is
kN.m). Counter-clockwise rotational moments acting on member ends are taken as positive. Positive span
moments are determined from the following equation:
( M uL  M uR )
M u ( midspan )  M o 
2
Where Mo is the moment at the midspan for a simple beam.
When the end moments are not equal, the maximum moment in the span does not occur at the midspan, but
its value is close to that midspan for this example.
Positive moment in span 1-2 for loading (1):
5.52 (131.1  232.8)
M f  (12.41 6.5)   123.0 kN.m
8 2
Positive moment span 2-3 for loading (1):
5.52 (213.5  213.5)
M f  (12.41 6.5)   91.5 kN.m
8 2

Table 1 – Moment Distribution for Partial Frame (Transverse Direction)

Joint 1 2 3 4
Member 1-2 2-1 2-3 3-2 3-4 4-3
DF 0.387 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.305 0.387
COF 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508 0.508

Loading (1) All spans loaded with full factored live load

FEM 206.0 -206.0 206.0 -206.0 206.0 -206.0

Dist -79.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 79.7

CO 0.0 -40.5 0.0 0.0 40.5 0.0
Dist 0.0 12.4 12.4 -12.4 -12.4 0.0
CO 6.3 0.0 -6.3 6.3 0.0 -6.3
Dist -2.4 1.9 1.9 -1.9 -1.9 2.4
CO 1.0 -1.2 -1.0 1.0 1.2 -1.0
Dist -0.4 0.7 0.7 -0.7 -0.7 0.4
CO 0.3 -0.2 -0.3 0.3 0.2 -0.3
Dist -0.1 0.2 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.1
CO 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1
Dist 0.0 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.0
M 131.1 -232.8 213.5 -213.5 232.8 -131.1
Midspan
123.0 91.5 123.0
M

11
 Loading (2) First and third spans loaded with 3/4 factored live load
FEM 176.1 -176.1 86.5 -86.5 176.1 -176.1
Dist -68.1 27.4 27.4 -27.4 -27.4 68.1
CO 13.9 -34.6 -13.9 13.9 34.6 -13.9
Dist -5.4 14.8 14.8 -14.8 -14.8 5.4
CO -2.9 3.1 3.1 -3.1 -3.1 2.9
Dist 1.6 -1.5 -1.6 1.6 1.5 -1.6
CO -0.6 0.9 0.9 -0.9 -0.9 0.6
Dist 0.5 -0.3 -0.5 0.5 0.3 -0.5
CO -0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.2 -0.2 0.2
Dist 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1
CO -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1
Dist 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M 122.6 -168.8 109.4 -109.4 168.8 -122.6
Midspan
115.0 18.6 115.0
M

Loading (3) Center span loaded with 3/4 factored live load
FEM 86.5 -86.5 176.1 -176.1 86.5 -86.5
Dist -33.4 -27.4 -27.4 27.4 27.4 33.4
CO -13.9 -17.0 13.9 -13.9 17.0 13.9
Dist 5.4 0.9 0.9 -0.9 -0.9 -5.4
CO 0.5 2.7 -0.5 0.5 -2.7 -0.5
Dist -0.2 -0.7 -0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2
CO -0.4 -0.1 0.4 -0.4 0.1 0.4
Dist 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.1 -0.1
CO 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0
Dist 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M 44.6 -128.0 162.7 -162.7 128.0 -44.6
Midspan
41.7 98.0 41.7
M

Loading (4) First span loaded with 3/4 factored live load and beam-slab assumed fixed at support two spans away
FEM 176.1 -176.1 86.5 -86.5
Dist -68.1 27.4 27.4 0.0
CO 13.9 -34.6 0.0 13.9
Dist -5.4 10.6 10.6 0.0
CO 5.4 -2.7 0.0 5.4
Dist -2.1 0.8 0.8 0.0
CO 0.4 -1.1 0.0 0.4
Dist -0.2 0.3 0.3 0.0
CO 0.2 -0.1 0.0 0.2
Dist -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
M 120.2 -175.5 125.6 -66.6
Midspan
112.8 31.9
M

12
 Loading (5) First and second spans loaded with 3/4 factored live load
FEM 176.1 -176.1 176.1 -176.1 86.5 -86.5
Dist -68.1 0.0 0.0 27.4 27.4 33.4
CO 0.0 -34.6 13.9 0.0 17.0 13.9
Dist 0.0 6.3 6.3 -5.2 -5.2 -5.4
CO 3.2 0.0 -2.6 3.2 -2.7 -2.6
Dist -1.2 0.8 0.8 -0.2 -0.2 1.0
CO 0.4 -0.6 -0.1 0.4 0.5 -0.1
Dist -0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.3 -0.3 0.0
CO 0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1 0.0 -0.1
Dist 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1
CO 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dist 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M 77.6 -146.0 139.1 -105.7 84.1 -29.5
Midspan
74.3 63.7 28.3
M

Max M- 131.1 -232.8 213.5 -213.5 232.8 -131.1

Max M+ 123.0 98.0 123.0

2.4. Design moments

Positive and negative factored moments for the slab system in the direction of analysis are plotted in Figure
9. The negative moments used for design are taken at the faces of supports (rectangle section or equivalent
rectangle for circular or polygon sections) but not at distances greater than 0.175 1 from the centers of

supports. CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.5.1)

450 mm < 0.175  5,500 = 926.5 mm (use face of support location)

13
Figure 9 – Positive and Negative Design Moments for Slab-Beam (All Spans Loaded with Full Factored Live Load
except as Noted)

2.5. Distribution of design moments

Check Applicability of Direct Design Method:

1. There shall be a minimum of three continuous spans in each direction (3 spans) CSA A23.3-14 (13.9.1.2)
2. Successive span lengths centre-to-centre of supports in each direction shall not differ by more than one-
third of the longer span (span lengths are equal) CSA A23.3-14 (13.9.1.3)
3. All loads shall be due to gravity only and uniformly distributed over an entire panel (Loads are uniformly
distributed over the entire panel) CSA A23.3-14 (13.9.1.4)
4. The factored live load shall not exceed twice the factored dead load (Factored live-to-dead load ratio of
1.38 < 2.0) CSA A23.3-14 (13.9.1.4)
5. For slabs with beams between supports, the relative effective stiffness of beams in the two directions
(1l22 /  2l12 ) is not less than 0.2 or greater than 5.0. CSA A23.3-14 (13.9.1.1)

1  3.68 , l2  5.5 m  5,500 mm

2  11.41, l1  5.5m  5,500 mm

1l22 3.12  6,5002

  0.45  0.2  0.45  5.0 O.K.
 2l12 9.65  5,5002

Since all the criteria are met, Direct Design Method can be utilized.

14
 b. Distribute factored moments to column and middle strips:

The negative and positive factored moments at critical sections may be distributed to the column strip and
the two half-middle strips of the slab-beam according to the Direct Design Method (DDM) in 13.9, provided
that limitations in 13.9.1.1 is satisfied. CSA A.23.3-14 (13.2)

Beams shall be reinforced to resist the following fraction of the positive or interior negative factored moments
determined by analysis or determined as specified in Clause 13.9.3. CSA A.23.3-14 (13.12.2.1)

Portion of design moment resisted by beam:

1  l2  3.12  6.5 
1    1    0.553
0.3  1  3l1  0.3  3.12  3  5.5 

Factored moments at critical sections are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 - Lateral distribution of factored moments
Column Strip Moments in
Factored Two
Moments Beam Strip Half-Middle
Beam Strip Column Strip Column Strip
(kN.m) Moment Strips*
Percent Percent Moment (kN.m)
(kN.m) (kN.m)
Exterior
87.39 100 87.39 0.00 0.00 0.00
Negative
End
Positive 123.05 55.3 68.03 17.4 21.47 33.55
Span
Interior
180.80 55.3 99.96 17.4 31.55 49.29
Negative

Interior Negative 165.61 55.3 91.56 17.4 28.90 45.15

Span Positive 97.98 55.3 54.17 17.4 17.10 26.71
*That portion of the factored moment not resisted by the column strip is assigned to the two half-middle strips

2.6. Flexural reinforcement requirements

a. Determine flexural reinforcement required for strip moments

The flexural reinforcement calculation for the column strip of end span – interior negative location is
provided below:
M f  31.55 kN.m

Column strip width, b = (5,500 /2) - 350 = 2,400 mm

Use davg = 127 mm
In this example, jd is assumed equal to 0.98d. The assumption will be verified once the area of steel in
finalized.
Assume jd  0.98  d  447.3 mm
Column strip width, b = (5,500 /2) - 350 = 2,400 mm
Middle strip width, b  6,500  2, 400  350  3,750 mm

15
 Mf 31.55 106
As    207.5 mm2
s f y jd 0.85  400  447.3
1  0.85  0.0015 fc'  0.81  0.67 CSA A23.3-14 (10.1.7)

s As f y 0.85  207.5  400

Recalculate ' a ' for the actual As  207.5 mm 2  a    15.26 mm
c1 f 'c b 0.65  0.81 35  2, 400
a 15.26
c   16.8 mm
1 0.91
The tension reinforcement in flexural members shall not be assumed to reach yield unless:
c 700
 CSA A23.3-14 (10.5.2)
d 700  f y
16.8
 0.13  0.64
127
jd  d  a  0.98d
2
As ,min  0.002  2400 155  744 mm2 > 207.5 mm2 CSA A23.3-14 (7.8.1)
 As  774 mm2
Maximum spacing: CSA A23.3-14 (13.10.4)
- Negative reinforcement in the band defined by bb: 1.5hs  232.5 mm  250 mm
- Remaining negative moment reinforcement: 3hs  465 mm  500 mm
Provide 6 – 15M bars with As = 200 mm2 and s = 2,400/6 = 400 mm ≤ smax
The flexural reinforcement calculation for the beam strip of end span – interior negative location is provided
below:
M f  99.96 kN.m
Beam strip width, b = 350 mm
Use d = 468 mm
jd is assumed equal to 0.948d. The assumption will be verified once the area of steel in finalized.
Assume jd  0.948  d  443.6 mm
Mf 99.96 106
As    662.6 mm2
s f y jd 0.85  400  443.6
1  0.85  0.0015 fc'  0.81  0.67 CSA A23.3-14 (10.1.7)

1  0.97  0.0025 fc'  0.91  0.67 CSA A23.3-14 (10.1.7)

s As f y 0.85  662.6  400

Recalculate ' a ' for the actual As  662.6 mm 2  a    48.75 mm
c1 f 'c b 0.65  0.81 35  350

a 48.75
c   53.7 mm
1 0.91

The tension reinforcement in flexural members shall not be assumed to reach yield unless:
c 700
 CSA A23.3-14 (10.5.2)
d 700  f y
48.75
 0.115  0.64
472

16
 jd  d  a  0.948d
2

0.2  fc' 0.2 25

As,min   bt  h   350  500  437.5 mm2 CSA A23.3-14 (10.5.1.2)
fy 400
 As  662.6 mm2
Provide 2 – 25M bars with As = 500 mm2

All the values on Table 3 are calculated based on the procedure outlined above.
Table 3 - Required Slab Reinforcement for Flexure [Elastic Frame Method (EFM)]
As Prov.
As Req’d
Mf b* d ** Min As† Reinforcement for
Span Location for flexure
(kN.m) (mm) (mm) (mm2) Provided flexure
(mm2)
(mm2)
End Span
Exterior
87.39 350 468 575.1 437.5 2 – 25M 1,000
Negative
Beam
Positive 68.03 350 458 443.5 437.5 2 – 25M 1,000
Strip
Interior
99.96 350 468 662.6 437.5 2 – 25M 1,000
Negative
Exterior
0.00 2,400 127 0.0 744 6 – 15M 1,200
Negative
Column
Positive 21.47 2,400 127 135.3 744 6 – 15M 1,200
Strip
Interior
31.55 2,400 127 200.0 744 6 – 15M 1,200
Negative
Exterior
0.00 3,750 127 0.0 1,162.5 9 – 15M 1,800
Negative
Middle
Positive 33.55 3,750 127 212.9 1,162.5 9 – 15M 1,800
Strip
Interior
49.29 3,750 127 316.0 1,162.5 9 – 15M 1,800
Negative
Interior Span
Beam
Positive 54.17 350 457 437.5 437.5 2 – 25M 1,000
Strip
Column
Positive 17.10 2,400 127 107.5 744 6 – 15M 1,200
Strip
Middle
Positive 26.71 3,750 127 168.8 1,162.5 9 – 15M 1,800
Strip
* Column strip width, b = (5,500/2) - 350 = 2,400 mm

* Middle strip width, b = 6,500-2,400-350 = 3,750 mm

* Beam strip width, b = 350 mm
** Use average d = 155 – 20 – 7 = 127 mm for Column and Middle strips
** Use average d = 500 - 30 -13 = 457 mm for Beam strip Positive moment regions
** Use average d = 500 - 20 - 12 = 468 mm for Beam strip Negative moment regions
† Min. As = 0.002 × b × h = 0.31 × b for Column and Middle strips CSA A23.3-14 (7.8.1)
† Min. As = (0.2(fc')^0.5/fy*b*d for Beam strip CSA A23.3-14 (10.5.1.2)

b. Calculate additional slab reinforcement at columns for moment transfer between slab and column by
flexure

17
Portion of the unbalanced moment transferred by flexure is γf × Mf
Where:
1
f  CSA A23.3-14 (13.10.2)
1  (2 / 3)  b1 / b2

b1  Width width of the critical section for shear measured in the direction of the span for which moments
are determined according to CSA A23.3-14, clause 13 (see Figure 10).
b2  Width of the critical section for shear measured in the direction perpendicular to b1 according to CSA
A23.3-14, clause 13 (see Figure 10).
bb = Effective slab width = c2  3  hs CSA A23.3-14 (3.2)

For Exterior Column:

d 127
b1  c1   450   513.5 mm , b2  c2  d  450  127  577 mm , bb  c2  3 h  450  3 (155)  915 mm
2 2
1
f   0.614
1  (2 / 3)  513.5 / 577

Figure 10 – Critical Shear Perimeters for Columns

 f M f ,net  0.614 131.1  80.48 kN.m

c  0.81 f c'  bb  2   f M f , net 

As , req ' d  d  d2  
s  f y  c  0.81 f c'  bb 
 

0.65  0.81 25  915  2  80.48 106 

As , req ' d  117  1172    3,507 mm2
0.85  400  0.65  0.81 25  915 


As ,min  0.002  2400 155  744 mm2 < 3,507 mm2 CSA A23.3-14 (7.8.1)

 As , req ' d  3,507 mm2

18
 As , provided  ( As , provided )(beam)  ( As, provided )(b
b  bbeam )

915  350
As , provided  2  500  6  200   1283 mm2 < As ,req ' d  3,507 mm2
2, 400
 Additional slab reinforcement at the exterior column is required.
Areq ' d , add  3507  1283  2224.5 mm2

Use 12 - 15M  Aprovided , add  12  200  2, 400 in.2 > Areq ' d , add  2, 224.5 mm2

Table 4 - Additional Slab Reinforcement at columns for moment transfer between slab and column [Elastic Frame Method (EFM)]

Effective As req’d As prov. for

d Mu* γf Mu Add’l
Span Location slab width, γf within bb flexure within
(mm) (kN.m) (kN.m) Reinf.
bb (mm) (mm2) bb (mm2)

End Span
Exterior
915 117 0.614 131.1 80.48 3,507 1,283 12-15M
Column Negative
Strip Interior
915 117 0.600 59.4 35.64 1,022 1,283 -
Negative
*Mf is taken at the centerline of the support in Elastic Frame Method solution.

b. Determine transverse reinforcement required for beam strip shear

The transverse reinforcement calculation for the beam strip of end span – exterior location is provided
below.

Figure 11 – Shear at critical sections for the end span (at distance d v from the face of the column)

dv  Max (0.9d ,0.72h)  Max (0.9  457,0.72  500)  411.7 mm CSA A23.3-14 (3.2)
The required shear at a distance d from the face of the supporting column Vu_d= 152 kN (Figure 11).
Vr ,max  0.25  0.65  25  350  411.7 /1000  585.5 kN  section is adequate CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.3)

Vc  c  fc' bw dv CSA A23.3-14 (Eq. 11.5)

19
Vc  0.65 1 0.18  25  350  411.7 /1,000  84.21 kN<152 kN ∴ Stirrups are required.

Distance from the column face beyond which minimum reinforcement is required:
Vs  V f _ d  Vc ACI 318-14 (22.5.10.1)

Vs  152  84.21  67.8 kN

 Av  V f  Vc 67.8 1000
 s     f  d  cot    0.338 mm2 / mm CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.5.1)
 req yt v 0.85  400  411.7  cot 35

Where   35 CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.6.2)

 Av  0.06  fc'  bw
 s   CSA A23.3-14 (11.2.8.2)
 min f yt

 Av  0.06  25  350
 s    0.263 mm2 /mm
 min 400

Av 2 100
sreq    590.9 mm
 Av  0.263
 s 
 req

Check whether the required spacing based on the shear demand meets the spacing limits for shear
reinforcement per CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.8).
0.125c fc'bw dv  292.73  V f CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.8.3)

Therefore, maximum stirrup spacing shall be the smallest of 0.7dv and 600 mm. CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.8.1)
0.7dv  0.7  411.7   288 mm 
smax  lesser of    lesser of 600 mm   lesser of 600 mm  288 mm
600 mm     
Since sreq ' d  smax  use smax

Select sprovided = 280 mm – 10M stirrups with first stirrup located at distance 140 mm from the column
face.
The distance where the shear is zero is calculated as follows:
l 5.5
x  Vu , L   203.3  2.52 m  2,520 mm
Vf ,L  Vf ,R 203.3  240.3

The distance at which no shear reinforcement is required is calculated as follows:

x 2.52
x1  x   Vc  2.52   84.21  1.48 m  1,480 mm
Vf 203.3

c1 s provided 450 280

x1   1, 480  
# of stirrups  2 2 1  2 2  1  6  use 6 stirrups
s provided 280

20
 All the values on Table 5 are calculated based on the procedure outlined above.
Table 5 - Required Beam Reinforcement for Shear
Av,min/s Av,req'd/s sreq'd smax Reinforcement
Span Location
mm2/mm mm2/mm mm mm Provided
End Span
Exterior 0.263 0.338 590 288 6 – 10M @ 280 mm
Interior 0.263 0.535 373 288 6 – 10M @ 280 mm
Interior Span
Interior 0.263 0.431 464 288 8 – 10M @ 280 mm

21
2.7. Column design moments

The unbalanced moment from the slab-beams at the supports of the frame are distributed to the actual
columns above and below the slab-beam in proportion to the relative stiffness of the actual columns.
Referring to Fig. 9, the unbalanced moment at joints 1 and 2 are:

Joint 1 = +131.1 kN.m

Joint 2 = -204.0 + 194.6 = -9.45 kN.m

The stiffness and carry-over factors of the actual columns and the distribution of the unbalanced moments
to the exterior and interior columns are shown in Fig 12.

Figure 12 - Column Moments (Unbalanced Moments from Slab-Beam)

22
 In summary:
Design moment in exterior column = 59.57 kN.m
Design moment in interior column = 5.40 kN.m

The moments determined above are combined with the factored axial loads (for each story) and factored
moments in the transverse direction for design of column sections. A detailed analysis to obtain the moment
values at the face of interior, exterior, and corner columns from the unbalanced moment values can be found
in the “Two-Way Flat Plate Concrete Floor Slab Design” example.
3. Design of Interior, Edge, and Corner Columns

The design of interior, edge, and corner columns is explained in the “Two-Way Flat Plate Concrete Floor Slab
Design” example.
4. Two-Way Slab Shear Strength

Shear strength of the slab in the vicinity of columns/supports includes an evaluation of one-way shear (beam
action) and two-way shear (punching) in accordance with CSA A23.3-14 clause 13.

4.1. One-Way (Beam action) Shear Strength

One-way shear is critical at a distance dv from the face of the column. Figure 13 shows the Vf at the critical
sections around each column. Since there is no shear reinforcement, the design shear capacity of the section
equals to the design shear capacity of the concrete:

Vr  Vc  Vs  Vp  Vc , (Vs  Vp  0) CSA A23.3-14 (Eq. 11.4)

Where:

Vc  c  fc' bw dv CSA A23.3-14 (Eq. 11.5)

  1 for normal weight concrete

  0.21 for slabs with overall thickness not greater than 350 mm CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.6.2)

dv  Max (0.9davg ,0.72h)  Max (0.9 127,0.72 155)  114 mm CSA A23.3-14 (3.2)

fc'  5 MPa  8 MPa CSA A23.3-14 (11.3.4)

114
Vc  0.65 1 0.21 25  5,500   427.92 kN > V f
1000
Because Vr  V f at all the critical sections, the slab has adequate one-way shear strength.

23
 Figure 13 – One-way shear at critical sections (at distance d v from the face of the supporting column)

4.2. Two-Way (Punching) Shear Strength

Two-way shear is critical on a rectangular section located at dslab/2 away from the face of the column. The
factored shear force Vf in the critical section is calculated as the reaction at the centroid of the critical section
minus the self-weight and any superimposed surface dead and live load acting within the critical section.
The factored unbalanced moment used for shear transfer, Munb, is calculated as the sum of the joint moments to
the left and right. Moment of the vertical reaction with respect to the centroid of the critical section is also taken
into account.

For the exterior column:

 514  578 
Vf  203.2  12.41   199.5 kN
 10 
6

 20.5  9.09  18 / 2 
Munb  93.1  43.56    84.37 ft-kip
 12 

For the exterior column in Figure 14, the location of the

centroidal axis z-z is:
moment of area of the sides about AB
cAB 
area of the sides

Figure 14 – Critical section of exterior

support of interior frame
2(350  672  (514  350 / 2)  ((514  350)  127  (514  350) / 2)
cAB   230.4 mm
2  (350  672  (514  350)  127)  350  472  (577  514)  127

24
Ac  2  (350  672  127  (514  350))  127  (577  350)  350  472  7.05 105 mm2

The polar moment Jc of the shear perimeter is:

 bbeam , Ext dbeam

3
dbeam , Ext bbeam , Ext 3  bbeam , Ext  
2

Jc  2    bbeam , Ext d beam , Ext     b1  bbeam , Ext   c AB  

, Ext

 12 12  2  

 2

2   b1  bbeam , Ext  d slab

3
, Ext

d slab  b1  bbeam , Ext 
3

  b1  bbeam , Ext  d slab  c AB 
b1  bbeam , Ext  
  

12 12  2  



 bbeam , Int dbeam.Int  b2  bbeam , Int d slab
 c AB

2

 350  6723 672  3503  350  

2

Jc  2    350  672    514  350   230.4  

 12 12  2  

  514  350  1273 127   514  350 3  514  350  

2

 2    514  350  127  230.4   

 12 12  2  

 350  457   577  350  127   230.4 2

Jc  3.94 1010 mm4

γv  1  γf  1  0.614  0.386 CSA A23.3-14 (Eq. 13.8)

The length of the critical perimeter for the exterior column:

bo  2  (450  127 / 2)  (450  127)  1604 mm

Vf γ M e
vf = + v unb CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.13.9)
bo ×d J

199.5 1000 0.386  43.7 1000  230.4

vf    0.538 MPa
7.05 105 3.94 1010
The factored resisting shear stress, Vr shall be the smallest of: CSA A23.3-14 (13.3.4.1)

 2   2
a) v r = vc  1   0.19c f 'c  1   0.19  0.65  25  1.85 MPa
  c   1

 d   3 127 
b) vr = vc   s  0.19  c f 'c    0.19  1 0.65  25  1.39 MPa
 o
b   1604 

c) vr = vc  0.38c f 'c  0.38 1 0.65  25  1.24 MPa

In this example, since the davg = 440.1 mm around the joint for two-way shear, exceeds 300 mm, therefore the
value of vc obtained above shall be multiplied by 1300/(1000+d). CSA A23.3-14 (13.3.4.3)

25
 1300 1300
vc  1.24  1.24=1.115 MPa
(1000  d ) (1000  440.1)

Since vr  vf at the critical section, the slab has adequate two-way shear strength at this joint.

For the interior column:

 577  577 
Vf  240.3  221.8  12.41   458 kN
 10 
6

Munb  232.8  213.8  458(0)  19.0 kN.m

For the interior column in Figure 15, the location of the centroidal
axis z-z is:
b1, Int 577
cAB    288.5 mm
2 2
Ac  4  (350  472  (577  350) 127)  7.76  105 mm2

Figure 15 – Critical section of interior

support of interior frame
The polar moment Jc of the shear perimeter is:

b 3
dbeam , Int bbeam , Int 3  bbeam , Int  b1  bbeam , Int  
2

beam , Int d beam , Int
Jc  2    bbeam , Int d beam , Int      c AB  
 12 12  2  2   
 

 b  b  3  b1  bbeam , Int 
3

  1 beam, Int  d slab d slab   
   b1  bbeam , Int  
2
 2 
, Int
 2  b1  bbeam , Int  
 2    d slab   c AB   
12 12  2    2 2  

 


 2 bbeam , Int dbeam.Int  b2  bbeam , Int d slab
 c AB

2

 350  4723 472  3503  350  577  350   

2

Jc  2    350  472     288.5  

 12 12  2  2   

  577  350   577  350 

3

   127 3
127    2

 2 
2    2    577  350   127   288.5  577  350  
     2  2  
12 12  2   
 
 

 350  472   577  350  127   288.52

26
 Jc  4.5 1010 mm4

γv  1  γf  1  0.600  0.400 ACI 318-14 (Eq. 8.4.4.2.2)

The length of the critical perimeter for the exterior column:
bo  4  (450  127)  2,308 mm

Vf γ M e
vf = + v unb CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.13.9)
bo ×d J

458 1,000 0.4 19.0 1,000  288.5

vf    0.639 MPa
7.76 105 4.5 1010
The factored resisting shear stress, Vr shall be the smallest of: CSA A23.3-14 (13.3.4.1)

 2   2
a) vr = vc  1   0.19c f 'c  1   0.19  0.65  25  1.85 MPa
 c   1

 d   4 127 
b) vr = vc   s  0.19  c f 'c    0.19  1 0.65  25  1.33 MPa
 bo   2,308 

c) vr = vc  0.38c f 'c  0.38 1 0.65  25  1.24 MPa

In this example, since the davg = 336.3 mm around the joint for two-way shear, exceeds 300 mm, therefore the
value of vc obtained above shall be multiplied by 1300/(1000+d). CSA A23.3-14 (13.3.4.3)
1300 1300
vc  1.24  1.24=1.201 MPa
(1000  d ) (1000  336.3)

Since vr  vf at the critical section, the slab has adequate two-way shear strength at this joint.

5. Two-Way Slab Deflection Control (Serviceability Requirements)

Since the slab thickness was selected based on the minimum slab thickness equations in CSA A23.3-14, the
deflection calculations are not required. However, the calculations of immediate and time-dependent deflections
are covered in this section for illustration and comparison with spSlab model results.
5.1. Immediate (Instantaneous) Deflections
The calculation of deflections for two-way slabs is challenging even if linear elastic behavior can be assumed.
Elastic analysis for three service load levels (D, D + Lsustained, D+LFull) is used to obtain immediate deflections
of the two-way slab in this example. However, other procedures may be used if they result in predictions of
deflection in reasonable agreement with the results of comprehensive tests. ACI 318-14 (24.2.3)

The effective moment of inertia (Ie) is used to account for the cracking effect on the flexural stiffness of the
slab. Ie for uncracked section (Mcr > Ma) is equal to Ig. When the section is cracked (Mcr < Ma), then the
following equation should be used:

27
 3
M 
I e  I cr   I g  I cr   cr   I g CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.9.1)
 Ma 
Where:

Ma = Maximum moment in member due to service loads at stage deflection is calculated.

The values of the maximum moments for the three service load levels are calculated from structural analysis as
shown previously in this document. These moments are shown in Figure 16.

Figure 16 – Maximum Moments for the Three Service Load Levels

For positive moment (midspan) section of the exterior span:

M cr  Cracking moment.

M cr 
fr I g

 3.00 / 2   (9.95 109 ) 106  37.73 kN.m CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.9.2)
Yt 395.74

28
fr should be taken as half of Eq.8.3 CSA A23.3-14 (9.8.2.3)
fr = Modulus of rapture of concrete.

f r  0.6 fc'  0.6 1.0  25  3.00 MPa CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.8.3)

Ig = Moment of inertia of the gross uncracked concrete section

I g  9.95 109 mm4 for T-section (see Figure 21)

yt = Distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to tension face, in.
y  395.74 mm (see Figure 17)
t

Figure 17 – Ig calculations for slab section near support

Icr = Moment of inertia of the cracked section transformed to concrete.

CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (5.2.3)
As calculated previously, the positive reinforcement for the end span frame strip is 15 – 15M bars located at 20
mm along the slab section from the bottom of the slab and 2 – 25M bars located at 30 mm along the beam
section from the bottom of the beam. Three of the slab section bars are not continuous and will be excluded
from the calculation of Icr. Figure 18 shows all the parameters needed to calculate the moment of inertia of the
cracked section transformed to concrete at midspan.

Figure 18 – Cracked Transformed Section (positive moment section)

Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab concrete.

  
1.5 1.5
 2, 447 
Ecs  (3,300 f c'  6,900)  c   (3,300 25  6,900)   25, 684 MPa CSA A23.3-14(8.6.2.2)
 2,300   2,300 
Es 200, 000
n   7.79 CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (Table 6.2a)
Ecs 25, 684

29
 b 6,500
a   3, 250 mm
2 2

b  n As ,beam  n As , slab  7.79   2  500  7.79  12  200  26, 476.1 mm2

c  1  n As ,beam ds ,beam  n As , slab ds ,slab   1  7.79   2  500   457  7.79  12  200  127   5.93 10 6 mm3

b  b2  4ac 26, 476.1  26, 476.12  4  3, 250  5.93  106

kd    38.84 mm
2a 2  3, 250

b(kd )3
I cr   nAs , slab (d slab  kd )2  nAs ,beam (dbeam  kd )2
3

6,500  (38.84)3
I cr   7.79  12  200127  38.84  7.79   2  500 457  38.84   1.63 109 mm4
2 2

For negative moment section (near the interior support of the end span):
The negative reinforcement for the end span frame strip near the interior support is 27 #4 bars located at 1.0 in.
along the section from the top of the slab.

M cr 
fr I g

 3.00 / 2   (3.65 109 ) 106  21.88 kN.m CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.9.2)
Yt 250

f r  0.6 fc'  0.6 1.0  25  3.00 MPa CSA A23.3-14 (Eq.8.3)

I g  3.65 109 mm4

yt  250 mm

Figure 19 – Ig calculations for slab section near support

  
1.5 1.5
 2, 447 
Ecs  (3,300 f c'  6,900)  c   (3,300 25  6,900)   25, 684 MPa CSA A23.3-14(8.6.2.2)
 2,300   2,300 

30
 Es 200, 000
n   7.79 CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (Table 6.2a)
Ecs 25, 684

bbeam 350
B   0.011 mm1
n As ,total 7.79  15  200  2  500

CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (Table 6.2a)

2dB  1  1 2  468  0.011  1  1

kd    213 mm
B 468

CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (Table 6.2a)

bbeam (kd )3
I cr   nAs ,total (d  kd )2 CAC Concrete Design Handbook 4th Edition (Table 6.2a)
3

350  (213)3
I cr   7.79  15  200  2  500   468  213  3.15 109 mm4
2

Figure 20 – Cracked Transformed Section (interior negative moment section for end span)

The effective moment of inertia procedure described in the Code is considered sufficiently accurate to estimate
deflections. The effective moment of inertia, Ie, was developed to provide a transition between the upper and
lower bounds of Ig and Icr as a function of the ratio Mcr/Ma. For conventionally reinforced (nonprestressed)
members, the effective moment of inertia, Ie, shall be calculated by by Eq. (9.1) in CSA A23.3-14 unless
obtained by a more comprehensive analysis.
For continuous prismatic members, the effective moment of inertia may be taken as the weighted average of
the values obtained from Eq. (9.1) in CSA A23.3-14 for the critical positive and negative moment sections.
CSA A23.3-14(9.8.2.4)
For the exterior span (span with one end continuous) with service load level (D+LLfull):

3
M 
I e  I cr  I g  I cr   cr  , M cr  21.88 kN.m < M a =179.92 kN.m
 Ma 
ACI 318-14 (24.2.3.5a)

Where Ie- is the effective moment of inertia for the critical negative moment section (near the support).

3
 21.88 
I e  3.15 109   3.65 109  3.15 109     3.15 10 mm
9 4

 179.92 

31
For positive moment section (midspan):
3
 M cr 
I e  I cr  I
g  I cr    , M cr  37.73 kN.m < M a = 39.07 kN.m
 Ma 
Where Ie+ is the effective moment of inertia for the critical positive moment section (midpan).

3
 37.73 
I e  1.63 109   9.95 109  1.63 109     2.39 10 mm
9 4

 84.08 

Where Ie+ is the effective moment of inertia for the critical positive moment section (midspan).

Since midspan stiffness (including the effect of cracking) has a dominant effect on deflections, midspan section
is heavily represented in calculation of Ie and this is considered satisfactory in approximate deflection
calculations. The averaged effective moment of inertia (Ie,avg) is given by:

I e,avg  0.85 I   0.15 I  for end span CSA A23.3-14 (9.8.2.4)

e e

I e, avg  0.85  2.39 109   0.15 3.15 109   2.50 109 mm4

Where:

I  = The effective moment of inertia for the critical negative moment section near the support.
e

I  = The effective moment of inertia for the critical positive moment section (midspan).
e

For the interior span (span with both ends continuous) with service load level (D+LLfull):

3
M 
I  I cr   I g  I cr   cr  , M cr  21.88 kN.m < M a =163.49 kN.m

e
 Ma 
ACI 318-14 (24.2.3.5a)

3
 21.88 
I e  3.15 109   3.65 109  3.15 109     3.15 10 mm
9 4

 163.49 

For positive moment section (midspan):

3
 
 I g  Icr   MMcr  , M cr  37.73 kN.m < M a = 56.88 kN.m
I e  I cr 
 a
Where Ie+ is the effective moment of inertia for the critical positive moment section (midpan).

3
 37.73 
I e  1.63 109   9.95 109  1.63 109     4.06 10 mm
9 4

 56.88 

The averaged effective moment of inertia (Ie,avg) is given by:

e 
I e,avg  0.70 I   0.15 I   I 
e, l e, r  for interior span CSA A23.3-14 (9.8.2.4)

I e, avg  0.70  4.06 109   0.15 3.15 109  3.15 109   3.79 109 mm4

32
 Where:

I  = The effective moment of inertia for the critical negative moment section near the left support.
e, l

I  = The effective moment of inertia for the critical negative moment section near the right support.
e, R

Table 6 provides a summary of the required parameters and calculated values needed for deflections for exterior
and interior equivalent frame. It also provides a summary of the same values for column strip and middle strip
to facilitate calculation of panel deflection.

Table 6 – Averaged Effective Moment of Inertia Calculations

For Frame Strip

Ig, Icr, Ma, kN.m

Mcr,
Ie, mm4 (×109) Ie,avg, mm4 (×109)
Span zone mm4 mm4 D+ D+ kN.m D+ D+ D+ D+
(×109) (×109) D D D
LLSus Lfull LLSus Lfull LLSus Lfull
Left 3.65 3.15 -44.85 -44.85 -96.52 21.88 3.21 3.21 3.16
Ext Midspan 9.95 1.63 39.07 39.07 84.08 37.73 9.13 9.13 2.39 8.23 8.23 2.50
Right 3.65 3.15 -83.60 -83.60 -179.92 21.88 3.16 3.16 3.15
Left 3.65 3.15 -75.96 -75.96 -163.49 21.88 3.16 3.16 3.15
Int Mid 9.95 1.63 26.43 26.43 63.56 37.73 9.95 9.95 4.06 7.92 7.92 3.79
Right 3.65 3.15 -75.96 -75.96 -163.49 21.88 3.16 3.16 3.15

Deflections in two-way slab systems shall be calculated taking into account size and shape of the panel,
conditions of support, and nature of restraints at the panel edges. For immediate deflections two-way slab
systems the midpanel deflection is computed as the sum of deflection at midspan of the column strip or column
line in one direction (Δcx or Δcy) and deflection at midspan of the middle strip in the orthogonal direction (Δmx
or Δmy). Figure 21 shows the deflection computation for a rectangular panel. The average Δ for panels that have
different properties in the two direction is calculated as follows:

(cx   my )  ( cy   mx )
 PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 8)
2

33
 Figure 21 – Deflection Computation for a rectangular Panel

To calculate each term of the previous equation, the following procedure should be used. Figure 22 shows the
procedure of calculating the term Δcx. same procedure can be used to find the other terms.

Figure 22 –Δcx calculation procedure

For exterior span - service dead load case:

wl 4
 frame, fixed  PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 10)
384 Ec I frame, averaged

Where:

34
 frame, fixed = Deflection of column strip assuing fixed end condition.

 24 155 24  (500  155)  350 

w  slab weight + beam weight =    (6.5)  27.08 kN/m
 1000 6.5 1000 

  
1.5 1.5
 2, 447 
Ecs  (3,300 f c'  6,900)  c   (3,300 25  6,900)    25, 684 MPa
 2,300   2,300 
CSA A23.3-14(8.6.2.2)
Iframe,averaged = The averaged effective moment of inertia (Ie,avg) for the frame strip for service dead load case
from Table 6 = 8.23 x 109 mm4

 27.08 5500  450   0.217 mm

4

 frame, fixed 
384  25, 684  8.23 109 

 I frame 
c , fixed  LDFc   frame , fixed    PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 11)
 Ic g
Where LDFc is the load distribution factor for the column strip. The load distribution factor for the column
strip can be found from the following equation:

LDFl   LDFR
LDF  
LDFc  2
2

And the load distribution factor for the middle strip can be found from the following equation:

LDFm  1  LDFc

For the end span, LDF for exterior negative region (LDFL¯), interior negative region (LDFR¯), and positive
＋
region (LDFL ) are 1.00, 0.727, and 0.727, respectively (From Table 2 of this document). Thus, the load
distribution factor for the column strip for the end span is given by:

1.00  0.727
0.727 
LDFc  2  0.795
2

Ic,g = The gross moment of inertia (Ig) for the column strip (for T section) = 7.93 x 109 mm4
Iframe,g = The gross moment of inertia (Ig) for the frame strip (for T section) = 9.95 x 109 mm4
9.95 109
c , fixed  0.795  0.217   0.217 mm
7.93 109

M net , L 
c , L  frame
PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 12)
K ec

Where:

35
c, L = Rotation of the span left support.

(M net , L ) frame  4.49 107 N.mm = Net frame strip negative moment of the left support.

Kec = effective column stiffness for exterior column.

= 3.05 x 1011 N.mm/rad (calculated previously).

4.49 107
c , L   0.00015 rad
3.05 1011

I 
l
 c , L  c , L    
g
PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 14)
 8   Ie 
  frame

Where:

c, L = Midspan deflection due to rotation of left support.

 Ig 
  = Gross-to-effective moment of inertia ratio for frame strip.
 I e  frame

5500  450 9.95 109

c , L  0.00015    0.112 mm
8 8.23 109

( M net , R ) frame (8.36  7.60) 107

c , R    0.00003 rad
Kec 2.45 1011

Where

c, R = Rotation of the end span right support.

(M net , R ) frame  Net frame strip negative moment of the right support.

Kec = effective column stiffness for interior column.

= 2.45 x 1011 N.mm/rad (calculated previously).

 l  Ig  5500  450 9.95 109

c , R  c , R      0.00003    0.024 mm
 8   I e  frame 8 8.23 109

Where:

36
c, R = Midspan delfection due to rotation of right support.

cx  cx, fixed  cx, R  cx, L PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.3.4 Eq. 9)

cx  0.217  0.112  0.024  0.353 mm

Following the same procedure, Δmx can be calculated for the middle strip. This procedure is repeated for the
equivalent frame in the orthogonal direction to obtain Δcy, and Δmy for the end and middle spans for the other
load levels (D+LLsus and D+LLfull).
Assuming square panel, Δcx = Δcy= 0.009 in. and Δmx = Δmy= 0.021 in.
The average Δ for the corner panel is calculated as follows:


 cx   my    cy   mx 
   cx   my     cy   mx   0.009  0.021  0.030 in.
2

37
 Table 7 - Instantaneous Deflections

Column Strip Middle Strip

D D
Span LDF Δframe-fixed, Δc-fixed, θc1, θc2, Δθc1, Δθc2, Δcx, LDF Δframe-fixed, Δm-fixed, θm1, θm2, Δθm1, Δθm2, Δmx,
mm mm rad rad mm mm mm mm mm rad rad mm mm mm
Ext 0.795 0.217 0.217 0.00015 0.00003 0.112 0.024 0.353 0.205 0.217 0.381 0.00015 0.00003 0.112 0.024 0.517
Int 0.727 0.225 0.206 0.00003 0.00003 0.025 0.025 0.156 0.273 0.225 0.528 0.00003 0.00003 0.025 0.025 0.479

D+LLsus D+LLsus
Span LDF Δframe-fixed, Δc-fixed, θc1, θc2, Δθc1, Δθc2, Δcx, LDF Δframe-fixed, Δm-fixed, θm1, θm2, Δθm1, Δθm2, Δmx,
mm mm rad rad mm mm mm mm mm rad rad mm mm mm
Ext 0.795 0.217 0.217 0.00015 0.00003 0.112 0.024 0.353 0.205 0.217 0.381 0.00015 0.00003 0.112 0.024 0.517
Int 0.727 0.225 0.206 0.00003 0.00003 0.025 0.025 0.156 0.273 0.225 0.528 0.00003 0.00003 0.025 0.025 0.479

D+LLfull D+LLfull
Span LDF Δframe-fixed, Δc-fixed, θc1, θc2, Δθc1, Δθc2, Δcx, LDF Δframe-fixed, Δm-fixed, θm1, θm2, Δθm1, Δθm2, Δmx,
mm mm rad rad mm mm mm mm mm rad rad mm mm mm
Ext 0.795 1.537 1.534 0.00032 0.00007 0.795 0.168 2.497 0.205 1.537 2.700 0.00032 0.00007 0.795 0.168 3.663
Int 0.727 1.014 0.925 0.00007 0.00007 0.111 0.111 0.703 0.273 1.014 2.375 0.00007 0.00007 0.111 0.111 2.153

LL LL
Span LDF Δcx, LDF Δmx,
mm mm
Ext 0.795 2.144 0.205 3.146
Int 0.727 0.547 0.273 1.674

38
5.2. Time-Dependent (Long-Term) Deflections (Δlt)
The additional time-dependent (long-term) deflection resulting from creep and shrinkage (Δcs) may be estimated
as follows:

cs    (sust )Inst PCA Notes on ACI 318-11 (9.5.2.5 Eq. 4)

The total time-dependent (long-term) deflection is calculated as:

(total )lt  (sust )Inst  (1   )  [(total )Inst  (sust )Inst ] CSA A23.3-04 (N9.8.2.5)

Where:

(sust )Inst  Immediate (instantaneous) deflection due to sustained load, in.


  ACI 318-14 (24.2.4.1.1)
1  50  '

(total )lt  Time-dependent (long-term) total delfection, in.

(total )Inst  Total immediate (instantaneous) deflection, in.

For the exterior span

 = 2, consider the sustained load duration to be 60 months or more. ACI 318-14 (Table 24.2.4.1.3)

 ' = 0, conservatively.
2
  2
1  50  0

cs  2  0.353  0.706 mm

 total lt  0.353  1  2   2.497  0.353  3.203 mm

Table 8 shows long-term deflections for the exterior and interior spans for the analysis in the x-direction, for
column and middle strips.

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 Table 8 - Long-Term Deflections
Column Strip
Span (Δsust)Inst, mm λΔ Δcs, mm (Δtotal)Inst, mm (Δtotal)lt, mm
Exterior 0.353 2.000 0.706 2.497 3.203
Interior 0.156 2.000 0.312 0.703 1.015
Middle Strip
Exterior 0.517 2.000 1.034 3.663 4.697
Interior 0.479 2.000 0.958 2.153 3.111

6. spSlab Software Program Model Solution

spSlab program utilizes the Elastic Frame Method described and illustrated in details here for modeling, analysis
and design of two-way concrete floor slab systems. spSlab uses the exact geometry and boundary conditions
provided as input to perform an elastic stiffness (matrix) analysis of the equivalent frame taking into account the
torsional stiffness of the slabs framing into the column. It also takes into account the complications introduced by
a large number of parameters such as vertical and torsional stiffness of transverse beams, the stiffening effect of
drop panels, column capitals, and effective contribution of columns above and below the floor slab using the of
equivalent column concept (CSA A23.3-14 (13.8.2.6)).

spSlab Program models the elastic frame as a design strip. The design strip is, then, separated by spSlab into
column and middle strips. The program calculates the internal forces (Shear Force & Bending Moment), moment
and shear capacity vs. demand diagrams for column and middle strips, instantaneous and long-term deflection
results, and required flexural reinforcement for column and middle strips. The graphical and text results will be
provided from the spSlab model in a future revision to this document.

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7. Summary and Comparison of Design Results

Table 9 - Comparison of Moments obtained from Hand (EFM) and spSlab Solution (kN.m)
Hand (EFM) spSlab
Exterior Span
Exterior Negative* 87.39 90.42
Beam Strip Positive 68.03 64.33
*
Interior Negative 99.96 108.59
*
Exterior Negative 0.00 0.00
Column Strip Positive 21.47 20.30
*
Interior Negative 31.55 34.27
*
Exterior Negative 0.00 0.00
Middle Strip Positive 33.55 31.72
*
Interior Negative 49.29 53.55
Interior Span
Interior Negative* 91.56 98.62
Beam Strip
Positive 54.17 49.05
*
Interior Negative 28.90 31.13
Column Strip
Positive 17.10 15.48
*
Interior Negative 45.15 48.64
Middle Strip
Positive 26.71 24.19
*
negative moments are taken at the faces of supports

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 Table 10 - Comparison of Reinforcement Results
Additional Reinforcement Total
Reinforcement Provided
Provided for Unbalanced Reinforcement
Span Location for Flexure
Moment Transfer* Provided
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior Span
Exterior
2 – 15M 2 – 25M n/a n/a 2 – 15M 2 – 25M
Negative

Beam Strip Positive 2 – 15M 2 – 25M n/a n/a 2 – 15M 2 – 25M

Interior
2 – 15M 2 – 25M --- --- 2 – 15M 2 – 25M
Negative
Exterior
6 – 15M 6 – 15M 12 – 15M 12 – 15M 18 – 15M 18 – 15M
Negative
Column
Positive 6 – 15M 6 – 15M n/a n/a 6 – 15M 6 – 15M
Strip
Interior
6 – 15M 6 – 15M --- --- 6 – 15M 6 – 15M
Negative
Exterior
9 – 15M 9 – 15M n/a n/a 9 – 15M 9 – 15M
Negative
Middle
Positive 9 – 15M 9 – 15M n/a n/a 9 – 15M 9 – 15M
Strip
Interior
9 – 15M 9 – 15M n/a n/a 9 – 15M 9 – 15M
Negative
Interior Span

Beam Strip Positive 2 – 15M 2 – 25M n/a n/a 2 – 15M 2 – 25M

Column
Positive 6 – 15M 6 – 15M n/a n/a 6 – 15M 6 – 15M
Strip
Middle
Positive 9 – 15M 9 – 15M n/a n/a 9 – 15M 9 – 15M
Strip

Table 11 - Comparison of Beam Shear Reinforcement Results

Reinforcement Provided
Span Location
Hand spSlab
End Span
Exterior 6 – 10M @ 280 mm 6 – 10M @ 281 mm
Interior 6 – 10M @ 280 mm 6 – 10M @ 281 mm
Interior Span
Interior 8 – 10M @ 280 mm 8 – 10M @ 281 mm

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 Table 12 - Comparison of Two-Way (Punching) Shear Check Results (around Columns Faces)
b1, mm b2, mm bo, mm Vf, kN cAB, mm
Support
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior 514 514 577 577 1604 1604 199.5 215.3 230.4 230.4
Interior 577 577 577 577 2308 2308 458.0 460.4 288.5 288.5

Jc, mm4 γv Munb, kN.m vu, MPa vc, MPa

Support
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
10 10
Exterior 3.94×10 3.94×10 0.386 0.311 113.19 119.09 0.538 0.519 1.115 1.115
10 10
Interior 4.50×10 4.50×10 0.400 0.400 19.00 22.74 0.639 0.652 2.201 1.201

Table 13 - Comparison of Immediate Deflection Results (mm)

Column Strip
D D+LLsus D+LLfull LL
Span
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior 0.35 0.36 0.35 0.36 2.50 1.91 2.14 1.54
Interior 0.16 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.70 0.88 0.55 0.71
Middle Strip
D D+LLsus D+LLfull LL
Span
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior 0.52 0.53 0.52 0.53 3.66 3.07 3.15 2.54
Interior 0.48 0.50 0.48 0.50 2.15 2.35 1.67 1.85

Table 14 - Comparison of Time-Dependent Deflection Results

Column Strip
λΔ Δcs, in. Δtotal, in.
Span
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior 2.0 2.0 0.706 0.73 3.203 2.64
Interior 2.0 2.0 0.312 0.34 1.015 1.22
Middle Strip
λΔ Δcs, in. Δtotal, in.
Span
Hand spSlab Hand spSlab Hand spSlab
Exterior 2.0 2.0 1.03 1.06 4.70 4.13
Interior 2.0 2.0 0.96 1.01 3.11 3.36

In all of the hand calculations illustrated above, the results are in close or exact agreement with the automated
analysis and design results obtained from the spSlab model. Excerpts of spSlab graphical and text output are given
below for illustration.

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8. Conclusions & Observations

A slab system can be analyzed and designed by any procedure satisfying equilibrium and geometric compatibility.
Three established methods are widely used. The requirements for two of them are described in detail in CSA
A.23.3-14 Clause 13.

Direct Design Method (DDM) is an approximate method and is applicable to two-way slab concrete floor systems
that meet the stringent requirements of CSA A.23.3-14 (13.9.1). In many projects, however, these requirements
limit the usability of the Direct Design Method significantly.

The Elastic Frame Method (EFM) does not have the limitations of Direct Design Method. It requires more
accurate analysis methods that, depending on the size and geometry can prove to be long, tedious, and time-
consuming.

StucturePoint’s spSlab software program solution utilizes the Elastic Frame Method to automate the process
providing considerable time-savings in the analysis and design of two-way slab systems as compared to hand
solutions using DDM or EFM.

Finite Element Method (FEM) is another method for analyzing reinforced concrete slabs, particularly useful for
irregular slab systems with variable thicknesses, openings, and other features not permissible in DDM or EFM.
Many reputable commercial FEM analysis software packages are available on the market today such as spMats.
Using FEM requires critical understanding of the relationship between the actual behavior of the structure and
the numerical simulation since this method is an approximate numerical method. The method is based on several
assumptions and the operator has a great deal of decisions to make while setting up the model and applying loads
and boundary conditions. The results obtained from FEM models should be verified to confirm their suitability
for design and detailing of concrete structures.

The following table shows a general comparison between the DDM, EFM and FEM. This table covers general
limitations, drawbacks, advantages, and cost-time efficiency of each method where it helps the engineer in
deciding which method to use based on the project complexity, schedule, and budget.

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Applicable
Concrete Slab Analysis Method
CSA
Limitations/Applicability
A23.3-14 DDM EFM FEM
Provision (Hand) (Hand//spSlab) (spMats)
Panels shall be rectangular, with ratio of
13.8.1.1
13.9.1.1
longer to shorter panel dimensions, measured  
center-to-center supports, not exceed 2.
For a panel with beams between supports on
13.8.1.1 all sides, slab-to-beam stiffness ratio shall be
13.9.1.1 satisfied for beams in the two perpendicular  
directions.
Column offset shall not exceed 20% of the
13.8.1.1
13.9.1.1
span in direction of offset from either axis  
between centerlines of successive columns
13.8.1.1 The reinforcement is placed in an orthogonal
13.9.1.1 grid.  
Minimum of three continuous spans in each
13.9.1.2
direction 
Successive span lengths measured center-to-
13.9.1.3 center of supports in each direction shall not 
differ by more than one-third the longer span
13.9.1.4 All loads shall be due to gravity only 
All loads shall be uniformly distributed over
13.9.1.4
an entire panel (qf) 
Factored live load shall not exceed two times
13.9.1.4
the factored dead load 

13.10.6 Structural integrity steel detailing   

13.10.10 Openings in slab systems   

8.2 Concentrated loads Not permitted  
Engineering judgment required
13.8.4.1 Live load arrangement (Load Patterning) Not required Required
based on modeling technique
Reinforcement for unbalanced slab moment Moments @ Moments @ Engineering judgment required
13.10.2*
transfer to column (Msc) support face support centerline based on modeling technique
Irregularities (i.e. variable thickness, non- Not permitted Engineering Engineering judgment required
13.8.2 prismatic, partial bands, mixed systems, judgment required
support arrangement, etc.)
Complexity Low Average Complex to very complex

Design time/costs Fast Limited Unpredictable/Costly

Conservative Somewhat Unknown - highly dependent on
(see detailed conservative modeling assumptions:
comparison with 1. Linear vs. non-linear
Design Economy spSlab output) 2. Isotropic vs non-isotropic
3. Plate element choice
4. Mesh size and aspect ratio
5. Design & detailing features
Very limited Limited geometry Limited guidance non-standard
applications application (user dependent).
General (Drawbacks)
Required significant engineering
judgment
Very limited Detailed analysis is Unlimited applicability to handle
analysis is required required or via complex situations permissible by
General (Advantages)
software the features of the software used
(e.g. spSlab) (e.g. spMats)
*
The unbalanced slab moment transferred to the column Msc (Munb) is the difference in slab moment on either side of a column at a specific joint.
In DDM only moments at the face of the support are calculated and are also used to obtain M sc (Munb). In EFM where a frame analysis is used,
moments at the column center line are used to obtain Msc (Munb).

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