Case Doctrines:

● A married woman has an option, but not an obligation, to use her husband’s surname upon
marriage. She is not prohibited from continuously using her maiden name because when a woman
marries, she does not change her name but only her civil status.

● Once a married woman opted to adopt her husband’s surname in her passport, she may not revert
to the use of her maiden name, except in cases of: (1) death of husband, (2) divorce, (3) annulment,
or (4) nullity of marriage.

● The acquisition of a Philippine passport is a privilege. The law recognizes the passport applicant’s
constitutional right to travel. However, the State is also mandated to protect and maintain the
integrity and credibility of the passport and travel documents proceeding from it as a
Philippine passport remains at all times the property of the Government. The holder is merely a
possessor of the passport as long as it is valid.

Facts: Maria Virginia V. Remo (Remo) is a Filipino citizen, married to Francisco R.

Rallonza. Her Philippine passport, which was to expire on 27 October 2000, showed “Rallonza” as
her surname, “Maria Virginia” as her given name, and “Remo” as her middle name. While her
marriage was still subsisting, she applied for the renewal of her passport with the Department of
Foreign Affairs office in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., with a request to revert to her maiden name and
surname in the replacement passport. When her request was denied, she made a similar request to
the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. The Secretary of Foreign Affairs denied the request, holding that
while it is not obligatory for a married woman to use her husband’s name, use of maiden name is
allowed in passport application only if the married name has not been used in previous
application. The Secretary explained that under the implementing rules of Republic Act No. 8239 or
the Philippine Passport Act of 1996, a woman applicant may revert to her maiden name only in cases
of annulment of marriage, divorce, and death of the husband.

Remo brought the case to the Office of the President which affirmed the Secretary’s ruling. The CA
also affirmed the ruling. Remo filed a petition for review before the Supreme Court. Remo argued
that RA 8239 (Philippine Passport Act of 1996) conflicted with and was an implied repeal of Article
370 of the Civil Code which allows the wife to continue using her maiden name upon marriage, as
settled in the case of Yasin vs. Honorable Judge Shari’a District Court [311 Phil. 696, 707 (1995)]

Issues:
Whether or not Remo, who originally used her husband’s surname in her expired passport, can revert
to the use of her maiden name in the replacement passport, despite the subsistence of her marriage.

Held:
No. Remo cannot use her maiden name in the replacement passport while her marriage subsists.

Indeed, under Article 370 of the Civil Code and as settled in the case of Yasin vs. Honorable Judge

Shari’a District Court (supra), a married woman has an option, but not an obligation, to use her
husband’s surname upon marriage. She is not prohibited from continuously using her maiden name
because when a woman marries, she does not change her name but only her civil status. RA 8239

does not conflict with this principle.

RA 8239, including its implementing rules and regulations, does not prohibit a married woman from

using her maiden name in her passport. In fact, in recognition of this right, the Department of

Foreign Affairs (DFA) allows a married woman who applies for a passport for the first time to use

her maiden name. Such an applicant is not required to adopt her husband’s surname.

In the case of renewal of passport, a married woman may either adopt her husband’s surname or

continuously use her maiden name. If she chooses to adopt her husband’s surname in her

new passport, the DFA additionally requires the submission of an authenticated copy of the

marriage certificate. Otherwise, if she prefers to continue using her maiden name, she may still do

so. The DFA will not prohibit her from continuously using her maiden name.

However, once a married woman opted to adopt her husband’s surname in her passport, she may

not revert to the use of her maiden name, except in the following cases enumerated in Section 5(d)

of RA 8239: (1) death of husband, (2) divorce, (3) annulment, or (4) nullity of marriage.

Since Remo’s marriage to her husband subsists, she may not resume her maiden name in the

replacement passport. Otherwise stated, a married woman’s reversion to the use of her maiden

name must be based only on the severance of the marriage.

Yasin case not in point

Yasin is not squarely in point with this case. Unlike in Yasin, which involved a Muslim divorcee whose

former husband is already married to another woman, Remo’s marriage remains subsisting. Also,

Yasin did not involve a request to resume one’s maiden name in a replacement passport, but a

petition to resume one’s maiden name in view of the dissolution of one’s marriage.

Special law prevails over general law

Even assuming RA 8239 conflicts with the Civil Code, the provisions of RA 8239 which is a special

law specifically dealing with passport issuance must prevail over the provisions of Title XIII of the

Civil Code which is the general law on the use of surnames. A basic tenet in statutory construction

is that a special law prevails over a general law.

Implied repeals are disfavored

Remo’s theory of implied repeal must fail. Well-entrenched is the rule that an implied repeal is
disfavored. The apparently conflicting provisions of a law or two laws should be harmonized as much

as possible, so that each shall be effective. For a law to operate to repeal another law, the two laws

must actually be inconsistent. The former must be so repugnant as to be irreconcilable with the latter

act. This, Remo failed to establish.

State is mandated to protect integrity of passport

Remo consciously chose to use her husband’s surname in her previous passport application. If her

present request would be allowed, nothing prevents her in the future from requesting to revert to

the use of her husband’s surname. Such unjustified changes in one's name and identity in a passport,

which is considered superior to all other official documents, cannot be countenanced. Otherwise,

undue confusion and inconsistency in the records of passport holders will arise.

The acquisition of a Philippine passport is a privilege. The law recognizes the passport applicant’s

constitutional right to travel. However, the State is also mandated to protect and maintain the

integrity and credibility of the passport and travel documents proceeding from it as a

Philippine passport remains at all times the property of the Government. The holder is merely a

possessor of the passport as long as it is valid. (Remo vs Secretary of Foreign Affairs, G.R. No.

169202, March 5, 2010).

SECOND DIVISION

MARIA VIRGINIA V. REMO, G.R. No. 169202

Petitioner,
Present:

CARPIO, J., Chairperson,

-versus- BRION,
DEL CASTILLO,
ABAD, and
PEREZ, JJ.
THE HONORABLE SECRETARY
OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, Promulgated:
Respondent. March 5, 2010
x-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------x
 DECISION

CARPIO, J.:

The Case

Before the Court is a petition for review[1] of the 27 May 2005 Decision[2] and 2
August 2005 Resolution[3] of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 87710. The
Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the Office of the President, which in
turn affirmed the decision of the Secretary of Foreign Affairs denying petitioners
request to revert to the use of her maiden name in her replacement passport.

The Facts

Petitioner Maria Virginia V. Remo is a married Filipino citizen whose Philippine

passport was then expiring on 27 October 2000. Petitioner being married to
Francisco R. Rallonza, the following entries appear in her passport: Rallonza as
her surname, Maria Virginia as her given name, and Remo as her middle name.
Prior to the expiry of the validity of her passport, petitioner, whose marriage still
subsists, applied for the renewal of her passport with the Department of Foreign
Affairs (DFA) office in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A., with a request to revert to her
maiden name and surname in the replacement passport.

Petitioners request having been denied, Atty. Manuel Joseph R. Bretana III,
representing petitioner, wrote then Secretary of Foreign Affairs Domingo
Siason expressing a similar request.

On 28 August 2000, the DFA, through Assistant Secretary Belen F. Anota,

denied the request, stating thus:

This has reference to your letter dated 17 August 2000 regarding one
Ms. Maria Virginia V. Remo who is applying for renewal of her
passport using her maiden name.
This Office is cognizant of the provision in the law that it is not obligatory for a married
woman to use her husbands name. Use of maiden name is allowed in passport application
only if the married name has not been used in previous application. The Implementing
Rules and Regulations for Philippine Passport Act of 1996 clearly defines the conditions
when a woman applicant may revert to her maiden name, that is, only in cases of annulment
of marriage, divorce and death of the husband. Ms. Remos case does not meet any of these
conditions.[4] (Emphasis supplied)

Petitioners motion for reconsideration of the above-letter resolution was denied

in a letter dated 13 October 2000.[5]
On 15 November 2000, petitioner filed an appeal with the Office of the
President.

On 27 July 2004, the Office of the President dismissed the appeal[6] and ruled
that Section 5(d) of Republic Act No. 8239 (RA 8239) or the Philippine
Passport Act of 1996 offers no leeway for any other interpretation than that only
in case of divorce, annulment, or declaration [of nullity] of marriage may a
married woman revert to her maiden name for passport purposes. The Office of
the President further held that in case of conflict between a general and special
law, the latter will control the former regardless of the respective dates of
passage. Since the Civil Code is a general law, it should yield to RA 8239.

On 28 October 2004, the Office of the President denied the motion for
reconsideration.[7]

Petitioner filed with the Court of Appeals a petition for review under Rule 43 of
the Rules of Civil Procedure.

In its Decision of 27 May 2005, the Court of Appeals denied the petition and
affirmed the ruling of the Office of the President. The dispositive portion of the
Court of Appeals decision reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is DENIED, and

the resolution dated July 27, 2004, and the order dated October 28,
2004 of the Office of the President in O.P. Case No. 001-A-9344 are
hereby AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.[8]

Petitioner moved for reconsideration which the Court of Appeals denied in its
Resolution dated 2 August 2005.
Hence, this petition.

The Court of Appeals Ruling

The Court of Appeals found no conflict between Article 370 of the Civil
Code[9] and Section 5(d) of RA 8239.[10] The Court of Appeals held that for
passport application and issuance purposes, RA 8239 limits the instances when a
married woman applicant may exercise the option to revert to the use of her
maiden name such as in a case of a divorce decree, annulment or declaration of
nullity of marriage. Since there was no showing that petitioner's marriage to
Francisco Rallonza has been annulled, declared void or a divorce decree has been
granted to them, petitioner cannot simply revert to her maiden name in the
replacement passport after she had adopted her husbands surname in her old
passport. Hence, according to the Court of Appeals, respondent was justified in
refusing the request of petitioner to revert to her maiden name in the replacement
passport.

The Issue

The sole issue in this case is whether petitioner, who originally used her husbands
surname in her expired passport, can revert to the use of her maiden name in the
replacement passport, despite the subsistence of her marriage.

The Ruling of the Court

The petition lacks merit.

Title XIII of the Civil Code governs the use of surnames. In the case of a
married woman, Article 370 of the Civil Code provides:
ART. 370. A married woman may use:

(1) HER MAIDEN FIRST NAME AND SURNAME AND ADD HER
HUSBANDS SURNAME, OR
(2) HER MAIDEN FIRST NAME AND HER HUSBAND'S SURNAME, OR
(3) HER HUSBANDS FULL NAME, BUT PREFIXING A WORD
INDICATING THAT SHE IS HIS WIFE, SUCH AS MRS.
We agree with petitioner that the use of the word may in the above provision
indicates that the use of the husbands surname by the wife is permissive rather
than obligatory. This has been settled in the case of Yasin v. Honorable Judge
Sharia District Court.[11]

In Yasin,[12] petitioner therein filed with the Sharia District Court a Petition to
resume the use of maiden name in view of the dissolution of her marriage by
divorce under the Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines, and after
marriage of her former husband to another woman. In ruling in favor of petitioner
therein, the Court explained that:

When a woman marries a man, she need not apply and/or seek judicial
authority to use her husbands name by prefixing the word Mrs. before her
husbands full name or by adding her husbands surname to her maiden first
name. The law grants her such right (Art. 370, Civil Code). Similarly, when
the marriage ties or vinculum no longer exists as in the case of death of the
husband or divorce as authorized by the Muslim Code, the widow or
divorcee need not seek judicial confirmation of the change in her civil status
in order to revert to her maiden name as use of her former husbands is
optional and not obligatory for her (Tolentino, Civil Code, p. 725, 1983 ed.;
Art. 373, Civil Code). When petitioner married her husband, she did not
change her but only her civil status. Neither was she required to secure
judicial authority to use the surname of her husband after the marriage as
no law requires it. (Emphasis supplied)

Clearly, a married woman has an option, but not a duty, to use the surname of the
husband in any of the ways provided by Article 370 of the Civil Code. [13] She is
therefore allowed to use not only any of the three names provided in Article 370,
but also her maiden name upon marriage. She is not prohibited from continuously
using her maiden name once she is married because when a woman marries, she
does not change her name but only her civil status. Further, this interpretation is
in consonance with the principle that surnames indicate descent.[14]

In the present case, petitioner, whose marriage is still subsisting and who opted
to use her husbands surname in her old passport, requested to resume her
maiden name in the replacement passport arguing that no law prohibits her from
using her maiden name. Petitioner cites Yasin as the applicable
precedent. However, Yasin is not squarely in point with this case. Unlike
in Yasin, which involved a Muslim divorcee whose former husband is already
married to another woman, petitioners marriage remains subsisting. Another
point, Yasin did not involve a request to resume ones maiden name in a
replacement passport, but a petition to resume ones maiden name in view of the
dissolution of ones marriage.

The law governing passport issuance is RA 8239 and the applicable provision in
this case is Section 5(d), which states:
Sec. 5. Requirements for the Issuance of Passport. No passport shall be issued
to an applicant unless the Secretary or his duly authorized representative is
satisfied that the applicant is a Filipino citizen who has complied with the
following requirements: x x x

(D) IN CASE OF A WOMAN WHO IS MARRIED, SEPARATED,

DIVORCED OR WIDOWED OR WHOSE MARRIAGE HAS
BEEN ANNULLED OR DECLARED BY COURT AS VOID, A
COPY OF THE CERTIFICATE OF MARRIAGE, COURT
DECREE OF SEPARATION, DIVORCE OR ANNULMENT OR
CERTIFICATE OF DEATH OF THE DECEASED SPOUSE
DULY ISSUED AND AUTHENTICATED BY THE OFFICE OF
THE CIVIL REGISTRAR GENERAL: PROVIDED, THAT IN
CASE OF A DIVORCE DECREE, ANNULMENT OR
DECLARATION OF MARRIAGE AS VOID, THE WOMAN
APPLICANT MAY REVERT TO THE USE OF HER MAIDEN
NAME: PROVIDED, FURTHER, THAT SUCH DIVORCE IS
RECOGNIZED UNDER EXISTING LAWS OF THE
PHILIPPINES; X X X (EMPHASIS SUPPLIED)

The Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), on behalf of the Secretary of Foreign
Affairs, argues that the highlighted proviso in Section 5(d) of RA 8239 limits the
instances when a married woman may be allowed to revert to the use of her
maiden name in her passport. These instances are death of husband, divorce
decree, annulment or nullity of marriage. Significantly, Section 1, Article 12 of
the Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 8239 provides:

The passport can be amended only in the following cases:

A) AMENDMENT OF WOMANS NAME DUE TO MARRIAGE;

B) AMENDMENT OF WOMANS NAME DUE TO DEATH OF SPOUSE, ANNULMENT
OF MARRIAGE OR DIVORCE INITIATED BY A FOREIGN SPOUSE; OR
C) CHANGE OF SURNAME OF A CHILD WHO IS LEGITIMATED BY
VIRTUE OF A SUBSEQUENT MARRIAGE OF HIS PARENTS.
Since petitioners marriage to her husband subsists, placing her case outside of
the purview of Section 5(d) of RA 8239 (as to the instances when a married
woman may revert to the use of her maiden name), she may not resume her
maiden name in the replacement passport.[15] This prohibition, according to
petitioner, conflicts with and, thus, operates as an implied repeal of Article 370
of the Civil Code.

PETITIONER IS MISTAKEN. THE CONFLICT BETWEEN ARTICLE 370

OF THE CIVIL CODE AND SECTION 5(D) OF RA 8239 IS MORE
IMAGINED THAN REAL. RA 8239, INCLUDING ITS IMPLEMENTING
RULES AND REGULATIONS, DOES NOT PROHIBIT A MARRIED
WOMAN FROM USING HER MAIDEN NAME IN HER PASSPORT. IN
FACT, IN RECOGNITION OF THIS RIGHT, THE DFA ALLOWS A
MARRIED WOMAN WHO APPLIES FOR A PASSPORT FOR THE FIRST
TIME TO USE HER MAIDEN NAME. SUCH AN APPLICANT IS NOT
REQUIRED TO ADOPT HER HUSBAND'S SURNAME.[16]

In the case of renewal of passport, a married woman may either adopt her
husbands surname or continuously use her maiden name. If she chooses to
adopt her husbands surname in her new passport, the DFA additionally requires
the submission of an authenticated copy of the marriage certificate. Otherwise,
if she prefers to continue using her maiden name, she may still do so. The DFA
will not prohibit her from continuously using her maiden name.[17]

HOWEVER, ONCE A MARRIED WOMAN OPTED TO ADOPT HER

HUSBANDS SURNAME IN HER PASSPORT, SHE MAY NOT REVERT TO
THE USE OF HER MAIDEN NAME, EXCEPT IN THE CASES
ENUMERATED IN SECTION 5(D) OF RA 8239. THESE INSTANCES ARE:
(1) DEATH OF HUSBAND, (2) DIVORCE, (3) ANNULMENT, OR (4)
NULLITY OF MARRIAGE. SINCE PETITIONERS MARRIAGE TO HER
HUSBAND SUBSISTS, SHE MAY NOT RESUME HER MAIDEN NAME IN
THE REPLACEMENT PASSPORT. OTHERWISE STATED, A MARRIED
WOMAN'S REVERSION TO THE USE OF HER MAIDEN NAME MUST BE
BASED ONLY ON THE SEVERANCE OF THE MARRIAGE.

EVEN ASSUMING RA 8239 CONFLICTS WITH THE CIVIL CODE, THE

PROVISIONS OF RA 8239 WHICH IS A SPECIAL LAW SPECIFICALLY
DEALING WITH PASSPORT ISSUANCE MUST PREVAIL OVER THE
PROVISIONS OF TITLE XIII OF THE CIVIL CODE WHICH IS THE
GENERAL LAW ON THE USE OF SURNAMES. A BASIC TENET
INSTATUTORY CONSTRUCTION IS THAT A SPECIAL LAW PREVAILS
OVER A GENERAL LAW,[18] THUS:

[I]t is a familiar rule of statutory construction that to the extent of

any necessary repugnancy between a general and a special law or provision,
the latter will control the former without regard to the respective dates of
passage.[19]

Moreover, petitioners theory of implied repeal must fail. Well-entrenched is the

rule that an implied repeal is disfavored. T he apparently conflicting provisions
of a law or two laws should be harmonized as much as possible, so that each shall
be effective.[20] For a law to operate to repeal another law, the two laws must
actually be inconsistent. The former must be so repugnant as to be irreconcilable
with the latter act.[21] This petitioner failed to establish.

The Court notes that petitioner would not have encountered any problems in the
replacement passport had she opted to continuously and consistently use her
maiden name from the moment she was married and from the time she first
applied for a Philippine passport. However, petitioner consciously chose to use
her husbands surname before, in her previous passport application, and now
desires to resume her maiden name. If we allow petitioners present request,
definitely nothing prevents her in the future from requesting to revert to the use
of her husbands surname. Such unjustified changes in one's name and identity in
a passport, which is considered superior to all other official documents,[22] cannot
be countenanced. Otherwise, undue confusion and inconsistency in the records of
passport holders will arise. Thus, for passport issuance purposes, a married
woman, such as petitioner, whose marriage subsists, may not change her family
name at will.

THE ACQUISITION OF A PHILIPPINE PASSPORT IS A PRIVILEGE. THE

LAW RECOGNIZES THE PASSPORT APPLICANTS CONSTITUTIONAL
RIGHT TO TRAVEL. HOWEVER, THE STATE IS ALSO MANDATED TO
PROTECT AND MAINTAIN THE INTEGRITY AND CREDIBILITY OF
THE PASSPORT AND TRAVEL DOCUMENTS PROCEEDING FROM
IT[23] AS A PHILIPPINE PASSPORT REMAINS AT ALL TIMES THE
PROPERTY OF THE GOVERNMENT. THE HOLDER IS MERELY A
POSSESSOR OF THE PASSPORT AS LONG AS IT IS VALID AND THE
SAME MAY NOT BE SURRENDERED TO ANY PERSON OR ENTITY
OTHER THAN THE GOVERNMENT OR ITS REPRESENTATIVE.[24]
As the OSG correctly pointed out:

[T]he issuance of passports is impressed with public interest. A passport is an

official document of identity and nationality issued to a person intending to
travel or sojourn in foreign countries. It is issued by the Philippine government
to its citizens requesting other governments to allow its holder to pass safely
and freely, and in case of need, to give him/her aid and protection. x x x

Viewed in the light of the foregoing, it is within respondents competence to regulate any
amendments intended to be made therein, including the denial of unreasonable and whimsical
requests for amendments such as in the instant case.[25]

WHEREFORE, we DENY the petition. We AFFIRM the 27 May 2005

Decision and 2 August 2005 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP
No. 87710.

SO ORDERED.

ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Associate Justice

WE CONCUR:

ARTURO D. BRION
Associate Justice

MARIANO C. DEL CASTILLO ROBERTO A. ABAD

Associate Justice Associate Justice
JOSE PORTUGAL PEREZ
Associate Justice

ATTESTATION
I attest that the conclusions in the above Decision had been reached in
consultation before the case was assigned to the writer of the opinion of the Courts
Division.

ANTONIO T. CARPIO
Associate Justice
CHAIRPERSON

CERTIFICATION
PURSUANT TO SECTION 13, ARTICLE VIII OF THE CONSTITUTION,
AND THE DIVISION CHAIRPERSONS ATTESTATION, I CERTIFY
THAT THE CONCLUSIONS IN THE ABOVE DECISION HAD BEEN
REACHED IN CONSULTATION BEFORE THE CASE WAS ASSIGNED
TO THE WRITER OF THE OPINION OF THE COURTS DIVISION.

REYNATO S. PUNO
Chief Justice
[1]
Under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
[2]
Rollo, pp. 37-44. Penned by Associate Justice Remedios A. Salazar-Fernando with Associate Justices Rosmari
D. Carandang and Monina Arevalo Zenarosa concurring.
[3]
Id. at 35.
[4]
Id. at 49.
[5]
Id. at 50.
[6]
Id. at 45-47.
[7]
Id. at 48.
[8]
Id. at 44.
[9]
Art. 370. A married woman may use:
(1) Her maiden first name and surname and add her husbands surname, or
(2) Her maiden first name and her husband's surname or
(3) Her husband's full name, but prefixing a word indicating that she is his wife, such as Mrs.
[10]
Section 5(d) for RA 8239 provides: In case of a woman who is married, separated, divorced or widowed or
whose marriage has been annulled or declared by court as void, a copy of the certificate of marriage,
court decree of separation, divorce or annulment or certificate of death of the deceased spouse duly issued
and authenticated by the Office of the Civil Registrar General: Provided, That in case of a divorce decree,
annulment or declaration of marriage as void, the woman applicant may revert to the use of her maiden
name: Provided, further, That such divorce is recognized under existing laws of the Philippines;
[11]
311 Phil. 696, 707 (1995). See also Bar Matter No. 1625, In re: Petition to Use Maiden Name in Petition to
Take the 2006 Bar Examinations, Josephine P. Uy-Timosa (En Banc Resolution dated 18 July 2006).
[12]
Supra.
[13]
TOLENTINO, COMMENTARIES AND JURISPRUDENCE ON THE CIVIL CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES, Vol. 1 (1990 edition), p. 675.
[14]
Id.
[15]
Rollo, pp. 264-265.
[16]
See http://dfa.gov.ph/main/index.php/consular-services/passport.
[17]
See http://dfa.gov.ph/main/index.php/renewal-of-passport.
[18]
Sitchon v. Aquino, 98 Phil. 458, 465 (1956); Laxamana v. Baltazar, 92 Phil. 32, 35 (1952); De Joya v. Lantin,
126 Phil. 286, 290 (1967); Nepomuceno v. RFC, 110 Phil. 42, 47 (1960).
[19]
Lagman v. City of Manila, 123 Phil. 1439, 1447 (1966) citing Cassion v. Banco Nacional Filipino, 89 Phil.
560, 561 (1951).
[20]
Valera v. Tuason, Jr., 80 Phil. 823, 827 (1948); Republic v. Asuncion, G.R. No. 108208, 11 March 1994, 231
SCRA 211, 231, citing Gordon v. Veridiano II, No. L-55230, 8 November 1988, 167 SCRA 51, 58-
59; People v. Antillon, 200 Phil. 144, 149 (1982).
[21]
U.S. v. Palacio, 33 Phil. 208 (1916).
[22]
Section 19, RA 8239.
[23]
See http://philippine-embassy.org.sg/index.cfm?GPID=9.
[24]
Section 11, RA 8239.
[25]
Rollo, p. 272.