CHAPTER 19 PARTIAL FRACTIONS
EXERCISE 81 Page 181
12
1. Resolve into partial fractions
x 9
2
12 12 A B A(x 3) B(x 3)
x 9 (x 3)(x 3) (x 3) (x 3)
2
(x 3)(x 3)
Hence, 12 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 3)
If x = - 3, 12 = - 6A from which, A = 12/-6 = - 2
If x = 3, 12 = 6B from which, B = 12/6 = 2
12 2 2 2 2
Hence,
x 9 (x 3) (x 3) x 3 x 3
2
4(x 4)
2. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 2x 3
4(x 4) 4x 16 A B A(x 3) B(x 1)
Let
x 2x 3 (x 1)(x 3) (x 1) (x 3)
2
(x 1)(x 3)
Hence, 4x – 16 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 1)
If x = -1, -20 = -4A from which, A = 5
If x = 3, 12 – 16 = 4B from which, B = -1
4(x 4) 5 1
Hence,
x 2x 3 (x 1) (x 3)
2
x 2 3x 6
3. Resolve into partial fractions
x(x 2)(x 1)
x 2 3x 6 A B C A(x 2)(x 1) Bx(x 1) Cx(x 2)
Let
x(x 2)(x 1) x (x 2) (x 1) x(x 2)(x 1)
Hence, x 2 3x 6 = A(x - 2)(x – 1) + Bx(x – 1) + Cx(x - 2)
If x = 0, 6 = A(-2)(-1) from which, 6 = 2A and A = 3
302
If x = 2, 4 - 6 + 6 = B(2)(1) from which, 4 = 2B and B = 2
If x = 1, 1 - 3 + 6 = C(1)(-1) from which, 4 = -C and C = -4
x2 3x 6 3 2 4
Hence,
x(x 2)(x 1) x (x 2) (x 1)
3(2x 2 8x 1)
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1)
Let
3(2x 2 8x 1) A B C A(x 1)(2x 1) B(x 4)(2x 1) C(x 4)(x 1)
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1) (x 4) (x 1) (2x 1) (x 4)(x 1)(2x 1)
Hence, 6x 2 24x 3 = A(x + 1)(2x – 1) + B(x + 4)(2x – 1) + C(x + 4)(x + 1)
If x = -4, 96 + 96 -3 = A(-3)(-9) from which, 189 = 27A and A = 7
If x = -1, 6 + 24 -3 = B(3)(-3) from which, 27 = -9B and B = -3
If x = 0.5, 1.5 - 12 -3 = C(4.5)(1.5) from which, -13.5 = 6.75C and C = -2
3(2x2 8x 1) 7 3 2
Hence,
(x 4)(x 1)(2x 1) (x 4) (x 1) (2x 1)
x 2 9x 8
5. Resolve into partial fractions
x2 x 6
Since the numerator is of the same degree as the denominator, division is firstly required.
1
x 2 x 6 x 2 9x 8
x2 x 6
8x + 14
x 2 9x 8 8x 14
Hence, 1 2
x x 6
2
x x 6
8x 14 8x 14 A B A(x 2) B(x 3)
Let
x x 6 (x 3)(x 2) (x 3) (x 2)
2
(x 3)(x 2)
Hence, 8x + 14 = A(x – 2) + B(x + 3)
If x = -3, -24 + 14 = -5A from which, -10 = -5A and A = 2
303
If x = 2, 16 + 14 = 5B from which, 30 = 5B and B = 6
x2 9x 8 2 6
Hence, 1
x x6
2
(x 3) (x 2)
x 2 x 14
6. Resolve 2 into partial fractions
x 2x 3
Since the numerator is of the same degree as the denominator, division is firstly required.
1
x 2x 3 x 2 x 14
2
x2 2 x 3
x - 11
x 2 x 14 x 11
Hence, 1 2
x 2x 3
2
x 2x 3
x 11 x 11 A B A(x 3) B(x 1)
Let
x 2x 3 (x 1)(x 3) (x 1) (x 3)
2
(x 1)(x 3)
Hence, x - 11 = A(x – 3) + B(x + 1)
If x = - 1, - 1 - 11 = - 4A from which, - 12 = - 4A and A = 3
If x = 3, 3 - 11 = 4B from which, - 8 = 4B and B = - 2
x2 x 14 3 2
Hence, 1
x 2x 3
2
(x 1) (x 3)
3x 3 2x 2 16x 20
7. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2)(x 2)
3x - 2
x 2 4 3x3 2x 2 16x 20
3x 3 12x
2x 2 4x 20
2x 2 8
- 4x + 12
3x 3 2x 2 16x 20 12 4x
Hence, 3x 2 2
(x 2)(x 2) x 4
304
12 4x 12 4x A B A(x 2) B(x 2)
Let
x 4 (x 2)(x 2) (x 2) (x 2)
2
(x 2)(x 2)
Hence, 12 – 4x = A(x + 2) + B(x - 2)
If x = 2, 4 = 4A from which, A = 1
If x = -2 20 = - 4B from which, B = - 5
3x3 2x2 16x 20 1 5
Hence, 3x 2
(x 2)(x 2) (x 2) (x 2)
305
EXERCISE 82 Page 182
4x 3
1. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 1)2
4x 3 A B A(x 1) B
Let
(x 1) 2
(x 1) (x 1) 2
(x 1) 2
Hence, 4x – 3 = A(x + 1) + B
If x = - 1 -7=B
Equating x coefficients gives: 4 = A
4x 3 4 7
Hence,
x 1
2
x 1 x 1 2
x 2 7x 3
2. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 (x 3)
x 2 7x 3 A B C A(x)(x 3) B(x 3) Cx 2
Let 2 2
x (x 3) x x (x 3) x 2 (x 3)
Hence, x 2 + 7x + 3 = A(x)(x + 3) + B (x + 3) + C x 2
If x = 0 3 = 3B from which, B=1
If x = -3 9 – 21 + 3 = 9C i.e. -9 = 9C f rom which, C = -1
Equating x 2 coefficients: 1 = A + C from which, A=2
x2 7x 3 2 1 1
Hence, 2
x (x 3)
2
x x (x 3)
5x 2 30x 44
3. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2)3
5x 2 30x 44 A B C A(x 2) 2 B(x 2) C
Let
(x 2)3 (x 2) (x 2)2 (x 2)3 (x 2)3
Hence, 5x 2 30x 44 A(x 2)2 B(x 2) C
If x = 2 20 – 60 + 44 = C from which, C=4
306
Equating x 2 coefficients: 5=A
Equating constants: 44 = 4A – 2B + C from which, 44 = 20 – 2B + 4
and 2B = 20 + 4 – 44 = -20 from which, B = -10
5x2 30x 44 5 10 4
Hence,
(x 2) 3
(x 2) (x 2) (x 2)3
2
18 21x x 2
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 5)(x 2)2
18 21x x 2 A B C A(x 2) 2 B(x 5)(x 2) C(x 5)
Let
(x 5)(x 2)2 (x 5) (x 2) (x 2) 2 (x 5)(x 2) 2
Hence, 18 21x x 2 A(x 2)2 B(x 5)(x 2) C(x 5)
If x = 5 18 + 105 – 25 = 49A i.e. 98 = 49A from which, A=2
If x = -2 18 – 42 – 4 = -7C i.e. -28 = -7C from which, C=4
Equating x 2 coefficients: -1 = A + B from which, B = -3
18 21x x2 2 3 4
Hence,
(x 5)(x 2) 2
(x 5) (x 2) (x 2)2
307
EXERCISE 83 Page 183
x 2 x 13
1. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 2 7)(x 2)
x 2 x 13 Ax B C (Ax B)(x 2) C x 2 7
Let
x 2 7 x 2 x 2 7 (x 2) x 2 7 (x 2)
Hence, x 2 x 13 (Ax B)(x 2) C x 2 7
If x = 2, 4 – 2 –13 = 11C i.e. - 11 = 11C from which, C=-1
Equating x 2 coefficients: 1=A+C from which, A=2
Equating constant terms: - 13 = - 2B + 7C = - 2B – 7 i.e. 2B = 13 – 7 = 6 from which, B = 3
x 2 x 13 2x 3 1
Hence, 2
x 7 x 2 x 7 (x 2)
2
6x 5
2. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 4)(x 2 3)
6x 5 Bx C A(x 3) (Bx C) x 4
2
A
Let
x 4 x 2 3 x 4 (x 2 3) x 4 x 2 3
Hence, 6x 5 A(x 2 3) (Bx C) x 4
If x = 4, 24 – 5 = 19A i.e. 19 = 19A from which, A=1
Equating x 2 coefficients: 0=A+B from which, B=-1
Equating constant terms: - 5 = 3A - 4C = 3 – 4C i.e. 4C = 3 + 5 = 8 from which, C = 2
6x 5 1 x 2 1 2x
Hence, 2 2
x 4 x 3 x 4 x 3 x 4 x 3
2
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3
3. Resolve into partial fractions
x 2 (x 2 5)
308
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 A B Cx D Ax x 5 B x 5 Cx D x
2 2 2
Let 2 2
x 2 x 2 5 x x x 5 x 2 x 2 5
Hence, 15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 Ax x 2 5 B x 2 5 Cx D x 2
If x = 0, 15 = 5B from which, B=3
Equating x 3 coefficients: -4 = A + C (1)
Equating x 2 coefficients: 5=B+D i.e. 5=3+D from which, D = 2
Equating x coefficients: 5 = 5A from which, A = 1
From equation (1), -4 = 1 + C from which, C = -5
15 5x 5x 2 4x 3 1 3 2 5x
Hence, 2 2
x x 5
2 2
x x x 5
x 3 4x 2 20x 7
4. Resolve into partial fractions
(x 1)2 (x 2 8)
Let
Cx D A(x 1) x 8 B x 8 (Cx D)(x 1)
2 2 2
x 3 4x 2 20x 7 A B
(x 1) 2 x 2 8 (x 1) (x 1) 2 x 2 8 (x 1) 2 x 2 8
Hence, x 3 4x 2 20x 7 A(x 1) x 2 8 B x 2 8 (Cx D)(x 1) 2
A(x 1) x 2 8 B x 2 8 (Cx D)(x 2 2x 1)
If x = 1, 1 + 4 + 20 – 7 = 9B i.e. 18 = 9B from which, B = 2
Equating x 3 coefficients: 1=A+C (1)
Equating x 2 coefficients: 4 = -A + B – 2C + D (2)
Equating x coefficients: 20 = 8A + C – 2D (3)
Hence A+C=1 (1)
-A – 2C + D = 2 (2) since B = 2
and 8A + C – 2D = 20 (3)
2 × (2) gives: -2A – 4C + 2D = 4 (4)
309
(3) + (4) gives: 6A – 3C = 24 (5)
3 × (1) gives: 3A + 3C = 3 (6)
(5) + (6) gives: 9A = 27 from which, A=3
From (1): 3+C=1 from which, C=-2
From (2): -3 + 4 + D = 2 from which, D=1
x3 4x 2 20x 7 3 2 1 2x
Hence, 2
(x 1) x 8 (x 1) (x 1) x 8
2 2 2
d 2 d
5. When solving the differential equation 2
6 10 20 e2t by Laplace transforms, for
dt dt
given boundary conditions, the following expression for ℒ{} results:
39 2
4s3 s 42s 40
ℒ{} = 2
s(s 2)(s 2 6s 10)
Show that the expression can be resolved into partial fractions to give:
2 1 5s 3
ℒ{} = 2
s 2(s 2) 2(s 6s 10)
39 2
4s3 s 42s 40
2 A B Cs D
s s 2 s 2 6s 10 s (s 2) s 2 6s 10
Let
A(s 2) s 2 6s 10 B(s) s 2 6s 10 (Cs D)(s)(s 2)
s(s 2) s 2 6s 10
s 42s 40 A(s 2) s 2 6s 10 B(s) s 2 6s 10 (Cs D)(s)(s 2)
39 2
Hence, 4s3
2
A s3 8s 2 22s 20 B s3 6s 2 10s (Cs D)(s 2 2s)
If s = 0, -40 = A(-20) from which, A=2
1
If s = 2, 32 – 78 + 84 – 40 = B (8 – 24 + 20) i.e. - 2 = 4B from which, B =
2
1 5
Equating s 3 coefficients: 4=A+B+C i.e. 4=2- +C from which, C=
2 2
39 39
Equating s 2 coefficients: = - 8A – 6B – 2C + D i.e. = - 16 + 3 – 5 + D
2 2
310
3
from which, D=
2
39 2 1 5 3
4s3 s 42s 40 s
2 2 2 2 2
Hence, s s 2 s 6s 10 s (s 2) s 2 6s 10
2
2 1 5s 3
i.e.
s 2 s 2 2 s 6s 10
2
311
