JI
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m
ffi
ffi
ffi
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'iit GeneraH of fhe Churck
ComxaciXs
1;:;,
i#
],8
ri (Acts 15:2)
Jerusalena
ffi
jH,
. When and where
$-lf - 49.
.
fjj Crisis or controversY
ti4
ngi
isl
Gentilecoirve.fis mlst foliorv l\4osaicLarv;"Unlels yop are circumcisedat cordingto tI;e
:.8
iff Mc,saicpractice,)/oucannot[resaved."Acts ] 5:1
rv A*tendees
i,€
'!{: "Apostlesand presfryters"Acts l5:5. alr,lthe foiiovringnotatrles:
PaulandBarnabas.
fi
,s Peter,James(Acts 15:6-22)
ifi flecrcesand resolutions
&
;B "lt is the rjecisionof the Holy Spirit and of us not to plac'eon yoll any burc'enbeyoncl
# thesenecessities." Acts i5:28
rg
,s
?;
$
ii NicenI
r1!
t:::
;i
''r When and whcne
$ 325. firJo'wlznilc,"furkey, ?0 miies fiorn Cnnstantinopleon the Asiatic shcreof the
li Bosporus)
jr
Crisis or controvensy
Christwasapurecreatllr e ; u ra c je o u t o f n q : rtiia g ;t o f a ll;t h e S c n o f ( o d h y
b le
h in
adoption,not by nattue:Arianism.
Aft*ndces
319 i1i-sLrops. ncttahlcs:
ancithe frrllor,ving
Llonvened : Constantine I, Ernperor;
Eusebir-rs of Caesarea, historian;
St. Atlianasi'os, thcolr:gian;
Ratified:SilvesterI, Pope.
tr)ecl'ccsiendresc)lutions
'I'l-reNicene Creed: ,
The Cons-utrstaniality of the Worri: homoit,sion n'ii.hthe Father;
Sclvedhow the dater:f Eastershoi-rid be caiculated.
I
Constantirnople '|
When and where
381.(Now Istanbul,TtrrkeY)
Crisis or eontrovcrsy
Tlre needto insist an lzomousiori:.
. l)ernonstrateto the warld that Christiansof the Eastare not Arians;
Apoliinarisra'astsachingtliai Chr-istrvasnot tnte man.
Attendees
186bishcps,anclthe following notables:
Convened:TheodosiusI, EmPeror;
St. tsasilthe Great;
St, Cregoryof Nyssa;
St, Gregoryof Naz.,theologiaris:
Ratitled:Damasus,Pope
Decreesanri res$trutions
Renewedthe work of Nicaea;
Condemnedthe heresl'of the Macedonian"e (the l{olv Spirit was nct reaily 3od};
Cgnrjemnedthe heresyof Apollinaris (that Christ was not realiy a rnan).
Ephesus
When and lvhee'e
4 31 ,
Cnisisor controversy
Nestoriusrvasteaehingthat Mary was not the motherof God;
Proponentsof Nestoriusbegaiiclairr-ring that Chr:i-"twas actually twc separatetrersons,
humanand divine.
Attendees
250 irishops,and the follo',vingnotables:
Convened:TheodosiuslI, firnpercr;
St. C3'ri1of Aierandria:
St. .Iohr:Chrysostom;
Ratified:CeleslinusI, Pope.
Ilccrtresnnt! l'esoluiierrs
Clondcrnned N*storius;
Decreedthat Mary u,asalso T'heotokos, motlrerof Cc,l;
l)ecl;ilerltharChrist is tr:ueGod and truc nrnn,that he hastwo natures{hr"iman anddivinei
joineciin cne person.
Chalcedon
'f'
When and lyhere
451. (Ancientseaporlof Bithyniaon the seaof |rfarmara)
Crisis or eontroversy
I\4onophysites were teachingthat Christhacta singledivine natureandno hr.:riailnature.
Aftesldees
6f)0bishops,and the fbllorvingnotables:
( Iti rIvtlri r-rcl
: i\,1arqi nrru:i, I Irrr1:r":rrl
r;
Ratified:Leo I, Pope.
f)ecreesand resalutions
Condemned Monophysitism;
Declaredthat Christ had irvo distinct naturesand rvasboth true God and tne nan;
Promulgatedcanonsof churchdisciplir:c.
CenstantinopleIL
When and rvhere
55 3.
Crisis or controversy
EmperorJustinianI wantedtl,tre
Church to cr.insiderthe orthodoxll of threeC;eek
, theologians:
Theodore of Mopsuestia,Theodoretof Cyshus, and Ehasof Ecl:ssa.
Attenclees
150bishops,and the follorvingnr:tables:
Convened:"Iustinian{. Emperor;
flecreesamc!resotrutions
Condemnedthe lvritingsr-rftheolngiansas havingbeeninfesredv','ithNestor.ianisn:.
ConstantinopleIII
lYhenand rvhere
680.
Crisisor eontroversy
Nlonothelismwasteaching
thatChristclidrrcipossess
a humanwill.
Atfendees
174 bishops,and the follo'.vingnotabies:
Convened:ConstantineIV, Eniperor;
Ratifled:i."eoII. Fope.
Dccrersnncl resolufions
Ccrndenined Molrothelismt
Declaredthat Christhast.*o wills, humanand divine.
\Iir.ao* T!
isa;*i:*irrl*;;, , .r;-.ali:-:j*:'?;tif,i{Jn;s*'i;i*!#j:.!.ltiai:i$;*;+fl*k*a, ;***Si*SUi{* s} ,1iiilstgrsi4ttrs*di4/ss' #q
Wtren and where
787.
Crisis or controversY
Iconoclaststaught that using sacredimageswas idolatry'
Attendees
390 bishops,and the following notables:
Convened:Irene.F,rnPress;
iLatified:Adrian l, I)oPe.
Decreesand resolutions
CondemnedIconoclasts;
Deciaredthat sacredinragesrnay be honoredwithout idolatry.
Prornulgated canonsof churchdiscipline.
IV
Constantinople
lVhen and where
870.
Crisis or controvers_v
NeedecJ to ciecidethe rigirt of PatriarchPhotiusor the restorationof ign rtfus.
Attendees
102bishops,and the following notables:
Convened:Basil, Emperor:
Ratifled:Adrian II, Pope.
Decrcesand resolutions
Phatiuswas condcnrned iir 27 canons.
Lateran I
\Vtrrcnand wherc
I 123.(Basilicain Rome,Itaiy)
Crisisor controversy
hJeed*dto fircethesr:rcial
andreligiouspiobiernsof the day;
Firstecumenical councilin the West. .
Atfendees
300 bishops,and the following notables:
Convened:CailistusII, Fope;
Ratified:Callistus
Decreesand resolutions i
Promulgatedcanonsof mixed matters.
Lateran fI
'when antN wliere
I l t9,
Crisisor controversy
A doublepapalelectionandensningschismwhentwo rivalsclaimingto bepopedivided
thechurch.
AttenrJees
i000 bishops.andthefollowin.gnotables:
Convened: InnocentII" Ilope:
St.Bernardof Clairvaux
Ratified:InnocentII.
Ilecreesand resoh.ltions
Tookmeasures againstschismof antipcpeAnacletisIi;
Promulgated canonsof churchdiscipline
LateranIII
lVhen and where
1 1?()
Crisis or controversy
Reorganizatiannaa to be faced;therc rvasthe ever-neecleri pressureto reI lrm; restraintnf
abuses.
Atfendees
lv{oretl'ran300 bishops,and the follorvir:gnotabies:
Convened:Alexanderiil, Pope:
Ratified: AiexanderIII, PoPe'
Decreesand resolutions
l)ccreeclthal"papalelcc:tionsrequirr:d{',vo-thircls iit tireconclal'c;
majorityof carclinal:;
Promulgatednumerousdisciplinalvc3nons.
LateranIV
Whcn and rvhere
I 215.
Crisis or controversy
Albigensianheresy:two supremebeings,Evil and Good;Christdid not di:; all material
thingsmust.
Attendees
412 bishops;388 priests,and the follorvingnotatrles:
Convened:InnocentIII. Pope;
Ratified:InnocentIII, Pope.
Decreesand resolutions
Declarationof CanonLalr': tire law of tire Church;
DecreesagainstAlbegensiansand 1L/akIensians.
LyonsI
When *ncl where
12a5.(City in E. France)
Crisis or controversy
The t'lifficultand lrcrcticalliehaviorof llnrllcrorlrredcrickII;
T'hc:persecutionof religion,
Attendees
140bishops;mor€ thu.t300 in toto. anclttrdt"otiorving notables:
Cernvened: InnocentIV, Pope;
Ratified:InnocentIV. Pope.
Decreesand resolutions ,
. Excommunication and depcsition cf Fre'cl,:rick
II.
, LyonsII
When anr! where
1 't1,l
C'risiso r cernf rovcrsy
A nrarheddeclincoi'the detachnentai'the popesiiom the thingsof tlie u,c' td:
Cirronic restivenessof the Greekstor,r'ardRcrmanprimacy.
Attendees
50ft hishops;570 priests,anqitl" iollo,,vingnotables:
(lonr.'ened: {iregcry X. Pcpe;
St. 'l'hornas Aquinas,
St. Bonaventrre;
Ratified: Cregory X, Pr:pe.
Decreesand nesolutions
Generalreformationcf tlre mo:'alsof ciergy and bishops;
Dogmaticconstitutionof.frliaque;
Prcfession
of faithof GreekEmoeror VIIL
fulichael
Vienne .i
,k*..* .;r:ll;n{@e+'l*ftgF::igitf!ry:
When *nd lvhere
i312. (City in F' Francencarl-,yons)
Crisis or controvensY
Froblemswith the religiousorder of KnigtrtsTernplars.
Attendees
tr22bisl'rops;300 abbots.and the follcrvingnotables:
Convenecl: ClemensV" PoPe;
Ratified:ClemensV. llope.
Ilecreesand resolutinms
Templarslt'cre sitpilrcssed;
Cannn Law enacted;
Threedefiniticnof dognlasl
Disciplinarydecreesr.vritten.
Coilstanee
!trrhen and where
1414 - 1418. (Cit"v iEiGermany tin Swiss L"'order)
Crisis eir confroversy
Tire Great Vy'esternSchism: t'tvo sets of popes.
Attendees
:2 Cardinals;183 bishops;1iiOahbots;350 priests,andthe following notabes:
Convened: Segismun<i, ii*rperor;
I{"atified:h{artin V, I}cpe.
Decreesand nesolutions
Reltirnration of thc Ohurch;
organizatioirof religiorr.
Iv'faterial
F lorence
When and l'r'hcrc
1438.(Cityof N. ItalSri
Crisisor c{}rrtroversy
EastiWest reunion:
Ceinstantinople
rvasbeing threatenedby Moha-mrnedans.
Af tendees
moretharr1-<0bishops.and the f, .lolvingnotables:
. Convened: EugencIV, Pope; ,
Ratified:EugeneIV, Pope.
Qecreesand resolutions
Reunionof oriental churches.
LatgranV
When and lvhilre
t512 - 1517,
Crisis or confroversy
Neededreforrn in church adrninistrafion;
Riseof atheisticphiiosophl';
Frictionbctween[rishopsand orclersof h.iars.
Aftendees
I l5 bishcps,zindthe fullo,,vingnotabies:
Convened:JuliusII, Ilope;
Cajetan;
Ratified: Leo X, Fope.
Decreesantl resolutions
condemnedthe Averroesphirosoi:h3,: the scul of man is not immortal:
Pr:omr,rlgatedrefbrin decrees:
Established principlesof-i:ook censorship;
Rights of bishopsdefinerj.
Trexst
When and lvhere
1545- 1563.(in f{apsburrg'sGermanYinow N. italS')
Crisis or controversy
lVfartinLuther; r
Revoltagainstthe Pope;
Widesprear! hcrcsl'"
Attendees
7A - 252 bishops.anclthe ftrilowingn+:.rtabies:
Convened: PaulIi{. Pope;
i{atified:Pius IV, Pope"
l)eereeganclrcsolutions
Doctrinaldecrees: rcstaieinentof bei!efiri cppositianto th* new theologies;
I'heCatholicRefilrn:ation:the reformalir:lrof {latholiclift.
VaticmmI
When and where
1870.(St.Feter'sBascilica)
Crisis or controversy
A returnto life of the CaihoiicChurch:neecled a revivai of religiouslife
Generalrestorationand restatementof the t)iith r.vasneedecl;
Christianmarriagesand educatir:nneededsafeguarding"
Aftendees
7,17hish*ps,nnd the f'ollo,,r'ingr:*tlbles:
Convcnetl:Pius[X, I)opc;
Ratified:Pius IX. Pope.
Becrcesancl resolutions
Fronri.rlgated decreeson the CathclicFaithand oir the Chlrrch;
Condemned the Rationalistsand$emiiatinr;alistsl
lle i-inedtlreeharisrrr
cf inft!libilitv.
Vatican II
When nnd where
r 962 - 1965.
Cnisisor controversy i
' Constantireedfbr refonn and revi','al:
Neededtranslationof faith into modernera: communicatic,nmedia:
, Christiansand Jervs;religiousfreeclon:, etc.
Attenclees
2908bishops,and the following notables:
. Convened:JahnXXITI, Pope;
Ratillccl:PaulVI, Pope.
Decreesand resolutions
Issr"recl
15 documcnts:
On I)ivine Revslation;
I'he P a.stora| Consti tutitttz'.
()n The Clturah in the jr{nclern lliorld:
On T'lteChurclt
g
a
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3
g
