Computer Hardware Engineering

SINHALA PDF BOOK

 DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK

HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

MOTHERBOARD
&
COMPUTER PORTS

Created By : S.Wajira Madusanka

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mß.Klfhys b;sydih
mß.Klh hkq wo jk úg iEu lafIA;h % la ;=,u w;HjYHhu
fuj,ulaù we;snj fkdlsjukdh' ñksid wE; w;S;fha isgu tla tla
hq. miq lrkúg f;dr;=re j, wjYH;djh jeäúh' úúO foa ie,iqï
lsÍug" ixikaokh lsÍug" wkdjels m%ldY lsÍug wdoS fkdfhla foa
i|yd f;dr;=rej, wjYH;djh u;=úh' ñksiqkaf.A fulS wjYH;d
ksid wE; w;S;fha isgu Bg .e,fmk WÑ; hka; iQ;% ks¾udKh
lsÍug fm,ôks¡ fuf,i f;dr;=re ks¾udKh lsÍug" .nvd lsÍug"
tajd yeisrùug" l<uKdlrKh hkdoS ld¾hhka bgq lsÍu i|yd ìysjQ
m%n,;u fuj,ula jYfhka mß.Klh ye|skaúh yel'
mß.Klh yd ne÷kq f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh wo jk úg
ñksidf.A iEu lafIa;h% lu iEu lghq;A;la i|ydu l=uk fyda
wdldrfhka noaOù we;' fi!LH lafIA;%hg" wOHdmk lafIA;h % g"
uQ,Hh lafIA;%hg fukau fulS fkdlS iEu lafIA;h
% lgu f;dr;=re
;dlaIKh noaOù we;'
wojk úg ksjfia fïihl ke;fyd;a Wl=, u; ;ndf.k
b;dmyiqfjka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Klh fï ;;Ajhg f.k taug
w;S;fha fkdfhla úoHd{hska úiska .;A W;Aydihl m%;sM,hls¡ úúO
fidhd.ekSï yd w;AjeroSï oyia .Kka ;=,ska .;A W;Aidyhka ;=,ska
fï ;rug l=vdjg ieye,A¨jg mß.Klh ks¾udKh lsÍug fnfyúka
bjy,Aúh' tfukau fï ;;Ajh olajd f.ktaug oYl myl muK
ld,hla .;jqnjo isysm;A l, hq;= fjhs¡
b;d wE; w;S;fha isgu ñksid ;u ld¾hhka myiq lr.ekSu i|yd
fuj,ï Ndú;hg yqreúh' fï wkqj .Kka lsÍug tkï .Ks;uh
lghq;= myiqlr.ekSu i|yd wenlih kï WmlrKh Ndú;d
lrk,oS' wo wm Wl=f,a ;ndf.k mßyrKh lrk fuu mß.Klhg
uQ,sl wä;d,u jYfhka wenlih ye|skaúh yel' .Ks; l¾u i|yd
uq,skau Ndú;d lrk,o WmlrK w;rg wenlih .efkk w;r fuh
úúO cd;Ska úiska Ndú;d lrk,o w;r wdishd;sl rgj, fukau
W;=re weußldkq rgj,oSo fuh Ndú;d lrk ,oS' fuh .Kka lsÍfïoS
myiqjla we;slr.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk,o WmlrKhla jYfhka
ye|skaúh yel'
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,S rduqjlg iúlrk ,o ,S l+re ;=, tyd fuyd l, yels jk mßos

;eá j,ska fuu WmlrKh iukaú; úh' fuh ;ksj ;SrK .ksñka
.Kkh l, yels WmlrKhla fkdjk nj isys ;nd.; hq;h = ' fuh
b;d ir, WmlrKhla jk w;r udkjhd úiska .Kkh lsÍfïoS
iyhg Ndú;d lrk,oS' tkï .Kkh lf,a l=ulao hkak u;lfhys
;nd.ekSug Ndú;d lrk,oS' j¾;udkfha we;s Ök wenlih Ökh
we;=¿ ta wdY%s; rg j,oS Ndú;d lrk ,oS' fuh Bg fmr Ndú;d
lrk,o Counting Board tflys uQ,drïNhla jYfhka ie,lsh yel'
ñkamiq 1617 oS muK iafldÜ,ka; cd;sl fcdaka fkamsh¾ (Jhon
Napier) úiska ixLHd .=KlsÍfï l%shdj,sfhaoS ,>q.Kl Ndú;d l,
yelsnj fidhd.kakd ,oS' fuu uQ,O¾uh Ndú;d lrñka miql,loS
tkï 1632 oS muK i¾mK rE, kï WmlrKh ks¾udKh lrk,oS¡
bkamiq j¾I 1642 oS muK m%xY cd;sl úoHd{hl=jQ íf,Aia meial,A
(Blaise Pascal) úiska .Ks; lghq;= ;j;a myiq lr.ekSfï wruqKska
Adding Machine hka;%h ks¾udKh l, w;r th Pascaline f,i
yªkajkq ,eîh'
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fuh m,uq Calculator tl fyj;A tl;= l,yels WmlrKhla jYfhka

ye|skaúh yel' bkamiqj j¾I 1822 oS muK bx.%Sis cd;sl úoHd{hl=jQ
pd,Aia nefíca (Charles Babbage) úiska m,uq hdka;s%l mß.Klh
ks¾udKh lsÍug wä;d,u ouk,oS' fuh Difference Engine f,i
yªkajkq ,eîh'

fuh iajhxl%Shj .Kkh l, yels hka;h % la ùu úfYAIhla úh' miqj

Tyq úiska wek,sála kï hka;%h ks¾udKh lsÍug W;Aidy.;A w;r
fuys úfYaI ,laIKhjQfha bkamqÜ lsÍug o;A; ;ekam;A lsÍug yd
f;dr;=re m%;os dkh lsÍula WmlrKh ;=, wka;¾.; ùuh'
miqld,Skj mß.Klh i|yd fuu uQ,O¾uh Wmfhda.s lr.;A neúka
pd,Aia nefíca mß.Klfha mshd f,i úreodj,sh ,eîh' 1937 oS muK
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fydaj¾â thslka (Howard Aiken) úiska pd,Aia nefícaf.A ixl,Amh

jeäoshqKq lsÍfï m%;sM,hla f,iska 1944 oS muK Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator kï WmlrKh ks¾udKh lrkq ,eîh'
fuh MARK I f,io ye|skaùh¡

fuu electromechanical WmlrKh fojk f,dal hqO iufhys Ndú;d

lrk ,oaola úh' fuu hka;h % weiqrelr.ksñka b;du;a myiqfjka
uQ,sl .Ks;l¾ujk tl;= lsÍï" wvq lsÍï" .=K lsÍï yd fnoSï
isÿlr.; yelsúh' fuh nßka fgdka tlla muKjQ w;r jir
myf,djlg jvd jeä ld,hla Ndú;d lrk,oS¡
f,dj m%:u úoHq;A mß.Klh f,iska i,lkq ,nkafka ENIAC fyj;A
Electronic Numerical Intergrator and Computer) hk hka;%h fjhs¡
fuh ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd ßla;l k, 18000 la muK fhdod.kakd
,oS' fï ksid fuh b;d úYd, hka;h % lajQ w;r ls%hdldÍ;ajfhaoS wêl
WIaK;Ajhla yg.kakd,oS' fï i|yd 1947 j¾IfhaoS fmagkaÜ
n,m;%hla ,nd.kakd ,oS¡ fuh m,uq mrïmrdjg wh;A mß.Klhla
jYfhka ie,lsh yel'
tjlg Pennsylvania úYAj úoHd,fhys J. Presper Eckert iy John
Mauchly úiska fuh ks¾udKh lrk,oS¡ fuh 1943 oS ksIAmdokh
lsÍug ie,iqï lrk,o w;r 1946 oS jev wjika lrk ,oS' ñka jir
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.Kkdjlg miqj 1950 oS muK frñka.Agka /kaâ úiska UNIVAC

kue;s mß.Klh ksIAmdokh lrk,oS' tfukau 1957 oS IBM iud.u
úiska IBM 704 kï mß.Klh ksIAmdokh lrk,oS¡

UNIVAC hkq Universal Automatic Computer hkak flá lrk ,oaola

úh' miqj ksIAmdokh lrk,o UNIVAC II iy UNIVAC III ys
úúOdldr 418, 490, 491, 1100, 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104, 1105, 1106,
1107 f,i ksIAmdok lrk,oS' mß.Klfha úYd,;Ajh wvqùu yd tys
fõ.j;Anj jeäùu wdrïNjkqfha kj;u fidhd.ekSulajQ g%dkaisiagrh
y÷kajdoSu;A iu`. fjhs¡ fuh ú,shï fIdalaf,a (William Shockley)"
fcdaka nd¾ãka (John Bardeen) iy fjda,Ag¾ n%dfÜka (Walter Brarttain)
hk úoHd{hka ;sfokd úiska y¥kajdfokq ,eîh' fuu úYsIAg ks¾udKh
fkdfn,A ;Hd.fhka mjd msÿï ,eîh¡
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fuu g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;d lrñka ksmojk ,o mß.Kl fojk

mrïmrdjg wh;Aúh' fï ksid b;d úYd, .Ks; l¾u isÿlsÍfï
yelshdj we;súh' tfukau fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl l%shd;AulùfïoS
wvq ;dmhla yg.kakd ,oS' IBM 7000, NCR 304, IBM 650, IBM
1401,ATLAS, MARK III hk mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl
jYfhka ye|skaúh yel'
wkql,s; mßm: fyj;A IC y÷kAjdoSu;a iu`. ;=kajk mrïmrdfõ
mß.Kl ìysúh¡ fuh ;ks tallhla jk w;r úYd, g%dkaisiag¾
m%udKhlska iqieosúh' h;=remqjrej yd fudksg¾ jeks Wmdx.
ks¾udKhjqfhao fuu mrïmrdfõoSh¡ tfukau fufyhqï moaO;s j,ska
hq;A w;=reuqyqK;la fuu mß.Klj, Ndú;dúh' tfukau fojk
mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl j,g jvd b;d l=vdjQ w;r jvd;A ,dNodhl úh'
tfukau b;d fõ.j;A úh' tfukau m%Odk o;A; ;ekam;= fyj;A
iafgdaf¾Ê äjhsia f,i Magnatic core yd Solid State jeks udOHhka
Ndú;d úh' PDP-8, PDP-11, ICL 2900, IBM 360, IBM 370 hk
mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdjg wh;A mß.Kl jYfhka ye|skaúh yel'
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ñka miqj mß.Klj, Micro Chips y÷kajdÿka w;r 1971 ka miqj

ksmojk mß.Kl y;rjk mrïmrdjg wh;A tajd úh' wkql,s;
mßm: oyia.KklskA iukAú; ;ks is,slka Ñmhla ;=, fuu
microprocessor ks¾udKhù we;' 1981 oS muK IBM iud.u úiska

idudkH mqoa.,hka i|yd mßyrKhg iqÿiq mß.Klhla ks¾udKh l,

w;r 1984 oS muK Apple iud.uo fujeks mß.Klhla y÷kajdfok
,oS' fuu mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl wksl=;A mrïmrdj,mß.Klj,g jvd
fõ.fhka yd ksrjoH;djfhka b;d by, úh' IBM 4341, DE10,
STAR1000 Apple II hk mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdfõ uq,A ld,fhaoS
y÷kajdfok ,o mß.Kl úh'
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fuf,i mß.Kl mrïmrd ìysfjoaoS tu mß.Kl j,ska fkdfhla

wdldrfha m%fhdack ,nd.ekSu i|yd fufyhqï moaO;s fukau Bg
iu.dój fuu ld,h ;=, úúO uDÿldx. ìys úh' mß.Klhla iu`.
lghq;= lsÍug kï tkï mß.Klfhka fkdfhl=;A wdldrfha
m%fhdack ,nd.ekSug kï wfkl=;A uDÿldx. iu`. lghq;= lsÍug
mßirh ilidfok fufyhqï moaO;shla msysgqjd ;sîu wksjd¾h fjhs¤
fufyhqï moaO;shla lshQ ieKska wmg tljru isysjkqfha Windows
hk kduh fjhs' ukao wo f,dalfha fndfyda fofkl= Ndú;d lrkafka
iy Ndú;d lsÍug yqreù we;Af;A úkafvdaia udos,sfha fufyhqï moaO;s
fjhs¡
uhsfl%dfid*AÜ iud.fuys wdrïNl idudcsl fom,jk ì,A f.AÜia iy
fmda,A we,ka úiska m%:u jrg mß.Kl i|yd Ndú;d lsÍug iqÿiq Ms
Dos kñka fufyhqï moaO;shla 1980 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdÿka w;r fuh
rEml w;=re uqyqKlska tkï Graphical User Interface tllska
f;drúh' tkï wod, ld¾hh isÿlr.ekSu i|yd h;=remqjrej Ndú;d
lrñka úúO úOdk ,ndoSug isÿjq w;r ujqih Ndú;d lsÍula
isÿfkdùh'
fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh yÿkajdoSfuka wjqreÿ lsysmhlg miq 1985
j¾IfhA fkdjeïn¾ ui Windows 1.0 kñkA m<uqj rEml w;=reuqyqKla
iys; fufyhqï moaO;sh uhsfl%dfid*AÜ iud.u úiska yÿkajdfok
,oS'
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fuysoS ujqia fmdhskag¾ tl Ndú;d lrñka ;srfha úúO úOdk

,ndoSfï yelshdj fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=,ska osiaúh' my,g
.,dyef,k fv%dma vjqka fukq" iafl%d,a nd¾ia" whslka iy vhf,d.A
fndlaia j,ska fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh ikakoaO úh' fuu y÷kajdÿka
Windows 1.0 fufyhqï moaO;sh ;j;a úúO j¾.fha ld¾hhkA isÿ
lr.; yels l=vd uDÿldx. lsysmhla y÷kajdfok ,oS' Paint, Windows
Writer, Notepad, Calculator, Calendar fï w;r m%Odk ;ekla .kakd
,oS'
1987 j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui ;j;a ixialrKhla f,i Windows 2.0
y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuh bkafg,a iud.fï Intel 286 fm%dfiirhg
wkql+,j ksmojk ,o fufyhqï moaO;shla jYfhka ye|skaúh yel'
fï fya;=j ksidu uhsfl%dfid*AÜ iud.u 1988 j¾Ih muKjk úg
f,dj úYd,;u mqoa., mß.Kl uDÿldx. ksIAmdokh lrk iud.u
njg m;Aúh' 1990 j¾Ifha uehs ui muK jk úg Windows 3.0 f,i
;=kajk ixialrKh t,s oelaùug uhsfl%dfid*AÜ iud.ug yelsúh'
óg ál l,lg miq Windows 3.1 kñka ;j;a ixialrKhla 1992
j¾IfhaoS t,s olajk ,oS' fudjqka fuu uDÿldx.fha msgm;A ñ,shk 10 la
muK m<uq wjqreoao ;=,oS úl=Kd oeóug iu;aúh' msgm;A ñ,shk 7 l
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wf,ú jd¾:d ;eîug iu;ajQ Windows 95 fufyhqï moaO;sh 1995

j¾IfhaoS uhsfl%dfid*AÜ iud.u f,djg yÿkajdfok ,oS'

f,dj fndfyda fofkl= Ndú;d l, Windows 98 fufyhqï moaO;sh óg

miqj 1998 j¾Ifha cQks ui fj<|m,g yÿkajdfok ,oS¡ fuys ãùã
lshùfï myiqlu iys;j iy USB Wmdx. i|yd iyh olajk f,i
ksIAmdokh lrk ,oaolaúh' tfukau m%:u jrg Quick Launch hk
myiqluo fuh ;=, olakg ,eìKs¡ óg miqj Windows 2000 iy
Windows Me f,i ixialrK follAu t<soelaùug lghq;= lrk,oS¡
2001 j¾IfhaoS Tlaf;daïn¾ ui Windows XP kñka w¿;Au;d,fha
fufyhqï moaO;shla yÿkajdfok ,oS' fuh NdId 25 lg muK iyh
olajk f,i ksmojk ,oaolaúh' fuh y÷kajdoS wog wjqreÿ 14 la
muK .;jqjo ;ju;a fuu fufyhqï moaO;sh fndfyda fofkl=
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' 2006 j¾IfhaoS b;du;a wdl¾IKSh .%e*sla
w;=reuqyqKjrlska hq;= Windows Vista kñka fufyhqï moaO;shla
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ ñkamiq Windows 7 kñka ;j;a ixialrKhla
ksl=;l< w;r fndfyda fofkl= ;u ,emafgdma mß.Klj, fuh
Ndú;d lsÍug fm,ö we;' fï jk úg iyuq,skau fjkiau
w;=reuqyqKlska hq;= Windows 8.0 yd Windows 8.1 f,i ixialrK
follao y÷kajdoS wjidkh' wo jk úg Windows 10 ixialrKhlao
meñK yudrh'
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mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh
mß.Kl .ek l;dlsÍfïoS wmg tajd fkdfhl=;A wdldrfhka
j¾.SlrKh lsÍug yelshdj we;' m%Odk jYfhka mß.Kl mrïmrd
wkqjo mß.Kl j¾.SlrKh lsÍfï yelshdj we;' ta ks¾udKh
lrk,o wjê iy ta i|yd fhdod.;A ;dlaIKh wkqj fjhs¡

m<uq mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl

1940 j¾Ifha isg 1956 j¾Ih olajd ld,h ;=, ksIAmdokh lrk,o
mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdjg wh;Afjhs¡ fuu hq.fha mß.Kl i|yd
Vacuum Tube yd u;lh i|yd Magnetic Drums Ndú;d lrk,oS'
fïjd úYd, ldur mqrd me;sreK úYd, tajd úh' tfukau yeisrùu
i|yd úYd, uqo,la oeÍug isÿúh' UNIVAC yd ENIAC hk mß.Kl
fuu mrïmrdjg wh;A tajd úh'
fojk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl

1956 j¾Ifha isg 1963 j¾Ih olajd ìysjqKq mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdjg
wh;Aúh' Vacuum Tube fjkqjg Transistor fhdod .kakd,oafoa fuu
mrïmrdfõoSh' g%dkaisiag¾ Ndú;d lsÍu;A iu`.u mß.Kl jvd;A
l=vdjQ w;r tfukau fõ.j;aj yd ,dNodhSj ksIamdokh lsÍug
yelsúh' fuysoS bkamqÜ äjhsia f,i Punch card o wjqÜmqÜ äjhsia
jYfhka uqøK hka;j % , uqøs; msgm;a Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

;=kajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl

1964 j¾Ifha isg 1971 j¾Ih olajd ld,h ;=, ksmojk ,o mß.Kl
fuu mrïmrdjg wh;A fjhs¡ IC fyj;A Integrated Circuits ;dlaIKsl
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Wmdx. Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fï fya;=j ksid mß.Kl jvd;A ld¾hlaIu yd

fõ.j;A úh' bkamqÜ äjhsia f,i h;=remqjrej yd ujqih o wjqÜmqÜ
äjhsia f,i fudksg¾ia fukau mß.Kl yeisrùu i|yd fufyhqï
moaO;s Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡

y;rjk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl

1971 j¾Ifha isg j¾:udkh olajd ks¾udKh l, yd ks¾udKh lrkq

,nk mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdjg wh;A fjhs¡ fuysoS uhsfl%dfm%dfii¾
;dlaIKh Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fï ksid mß.Klh wf;A f.khdyels
;rug l=vd úh' 1981 oS IBM iud.u;a 1984 oS wem,A iud.u;A ksfjia
mßyrKhg iqÿiq mqoa., mß.Kl y÷kajdfok ,oafoao fuu ld,h ;=,
fjhs¡

miajk mrïmrdfõ mß.Kl

lD;su nqoaêhlska hq;A mß.Kl fuu mrïmrdjg wh;A fjhs¡ fujeks

mß.Kl ìyslsÍug úoHd{hska ;ju;a W;aidy orñka isáhs¡ fuys
uQ,sl wä;d,ula jYfhka Voice Recognition fyj;A lgy`v
y÷kd.ekSfï ;dlaIKfhka hq;= jevigyka oekgu;A ksmojd ;sfnkq
olakg ,efnhs'
wo Tn Ndú;d lrkq ,nk mß.Klh m%Odk Wmdx. lsysmhlska
ks¾udKh jQjla nj isys;nd .; hq;h = ' mß.Klfhys uQ,sl
l%shdj,shka isÿlr.ekSu i|yd fuu Wmdx. w;HjYH ùu isÿfjhs¡
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by; i|yka lrk,o Wmdx. w;ßka mß.Klh i;= jeo.;Au Wmdx.h

jkqfha System Unit tl fjhs¡ tkï mß.Klhla l%shd;AulùfïoS ta
i|yd wjYHjk jeo.;Au Wmdx. wka;¾.; ù ;sfnkqfha System Unit
tl ;=, fjhs¡ tkï Mother Board, Power Supply Unit, Hard Disk,
Processor, Memory Cards hk jeo.;A fndfyduhla Wmdx. wka;¾.;
jkqfha System Unit tl ;=, fjhs¡

Motherboard
mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd, backplane board, base board,
main circuit board, planar board, system board hk ish¿ kï j,ska
y÷kajk ,nk fndfyda fokd fmdÿfõ y÷kajk Motherboard tl
mß.Klfhys System Unit tl ;=, olakg ,efnk jeo.;Au Wmdx.h
fjhs¡ Apple mß.Kl j,oS fuh logic board jYfhkao jHjydr lrkq
,nhs¡ fuh mß.Klh ;=, olakg ,efnk úYd,;u Printed circuit
board tl fjhs¡
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fndfyduhla Primary Components Motherboard tlgu iïnkaOù

we;s w;r wfkl=;A ish¿u wNHka;r Wmdx. Motherboard tlg
iïnkaO ù we;' CPU, Memory iy wfkl=;A ish¿u Wmdx. w;r
ikaksfõokh isÿlrkq ,nkafka Motherboard tl yryd fjhs¡ isiagï
hqksÜ tl fyj;A mß.Klfhys yoj; jYfhka i,lkq ,nkafka uõ
mqjrej fyj;A uo¾ fnda¾â tl fjhs¡ fuh ksIAmdokh lsÍug Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk f,day j, .=Kd;Aul Ndjh wkqj Green iy Brown hk
j¾K j,ska hq;=j olakg ,efnhs' uo¾fnda¾â m%Odk jYfhka
Integrated yd Nonintegrated jYfhka m%Odk wdldr folla olakg
,efnhs' Nonintegrated uo¾fnda¾â f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka uo¾fnda¾â
tflys uQ,sl l%shdj,shu muKla iSud lrñka isÿlrkq ,nk
uo¾fnda¾â jk w;r ta i|yd l%shd;Aulùug wjYH .%e*sla l%shdj,sh
isÿlrkq ,nk Video Cards, mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍug wjYH Network
Interface cards wdosh uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, we;s Expansion slots j,g
iïnkaO lsÍug isÿúh' Integrated uo¾fnda¾â .;Aúg expansion slots
wvq m%udKhla olakg ,efnhs' fuysoS .%e*sla l%shdj,shg" cd,.; lsÍug
wod, Ñmhka uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=,u ksIAmdokh lr we;' wojk úg
fj<|m, ;=, nyq,ju olakg ,efnkafka fujeks Integrated
wdldrfha uo¾fnda¾â fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

mß.Klj, mßKduh ie,l+ úg úúO ld,j,oS wo olajdu jk f;la

m%Odk jYfhka uo¾fnda¾â wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs¡ fïjd AT,
NLX, LPX, ATX yd BTX jYfhka j¾. lrkq ,nhs' fuf,i j¾.
lrkq ,nkafka expansion slots, memory slot yd fm%dfiirh
iïnkaOjk processor socket tl uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, msysgd we;s
wdldrh wkqj fjhs¡ ;jo ATX wdldrfha uo¾fnd¾â .;Aúg tajdfha
m%udKh wkqjo Full ATX, mini ATX, micro ATX wdoS f,ig j¾.
lrkq ,nhs'

AT Motherboard
fuu wdldrfha uo¾fnda¾â olakg ,enqfka uq,au ld,fha ìysjQ
mß.Klj, fjhs¡ Pentium 286 isg Pentium 486 olajdjQ mß.Klj,
Ndú;dúh' fuys expansion slots j,g iudka;rj fuuß iaf,dÜ msysgd
we;s w;r fuu iaf,dÜ j,g my,ska uOHj fm%dfii¾ fidlÜ tl
msysgd we;' fuh IBM iud.u úiska 1984 j¾Ifha wf.dia;= ui
y÷kajdfok ,oS' wo jk úg fujeks Motherboard b;du úr,
wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys Full AT wdldrfhys Motherboard
w`.,A 12 X 13.8 lska hqla; úh' tfukau fï wdldrfha Motherboard
iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd full size AT tower case Ndú;d lrk ,oS'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

NLX Motherboard
fuu j¾.fha uo¾fnda¾â Pentium 486 mß.Klj, isg Pentium III
olajd mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fuh myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelafla
uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, expansion slots olakg fkd,eîuhs¡ fuu
expansion slots fjku ld¾â tlla jYfhka uo¾fnda¾â tlg
iïnkaOùu isÿúh'
NLX hkq New Low Profile Extended hk jpkh flá lr oelaùuls¡
fuys uq,A whs;slrejkqfha Intel iud.u fjhs¡ fuh 1997 j¾Ifhys ud¾;=
ui y÷kajdfok ,oS' l,ska i|yka l,dla fuka fuu Motherboard
tflys úfYaI;Ajh jkqfha Mother Board tl ;=, Expansion Slots
olakg fkd,eîuh' tu Expansion Slots iys; Raiser Card tlla fuu
Board tlg iúlsÍu i|yd myiqlï olakg ,eìKs' tkï
Motherboard tflys tlamilska r;Arka meyefhka hq;A Back panel
tlla Raiser Card tl iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd olakg ,eìKs' fï fya;=j
ksid fuu NLX Motherboard b;du;a myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsúh'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Raiser Card tl PCI Slot ;=klska iukaú; jQ
w;r tys AGP Slot olakg fkd,eìKs¡

LPX Motherboard

fuu uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=,o expansion slots fjku ld¾â tlla yryd

iïnkaOjk rhsi¾ ld¾â tl uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, uOHia:j
iïnkaOùu isÿúh' fuu uo¾fnda¾â foj¾.hu fvilafgdma udos,sfha
mß.Klj, Ndú;dùu isÿúh' fuu Motherboard tflys uq,A
ksIAmdolhd jQfha Western Digital iud.u fjhs¡ fuh 1980 ys isg 1990
olajd ld,h ;=, Ndú;d lrk,oS' fuu Motherboard tflys ueo ÿUqre
meye;s Slot tlla Raiser Card tl iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd olakg ,eìKs'
fuu LPX wdldrfha Motherboard tlla w`.,A 9 X 13 l m%udKhlska
hqla;úh' Bg wu;rj video, parallel, serial, and PS/2 hk ports
Motherboard tl ;=,u olakg ,eìKs'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

ATX Motherboard
ATX j¾.fha uo¾fnda¾â Pentium III mß.Klj, isg fï olajdu
Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Core i3, Core i5 mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'
fuu iEu ATX uo¾fnda¾â tllau ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nkafka fmdÿ
wdlD;shlg wkqj fjhs¡ tkï expansion slot j,g ,ïNlj Bg by,ska
fuuß iaf,dÜ msysgd we;' I\O Panel tl iy fuuß iaf,dÜ w;r
fm%dfii¾ fidlÜ tl msysgd we;' fuh Advanced Technology
extended hk jpkfhys flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuh m,uq jrg 1995
j¾IfhaoS Intel iud.u úiska ksIAmdokh lr y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuys
m,uq Version tl tkï version 2.01 hkak 1997 j¾Ifha oS o Version
2.03 hkak 2000 j¾IfhaoS o Version 2.1 hkak 2002 j¾IfhaoSo Version
2.2 hkak 2004 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuu ATX Motherboard tl
tkï Standard ATX fyj;A Full-ATX wdldrfhka y÷kajk fuu
Motherboard wdldrh w`.,A 12 X 9.6 l m%udKhlska hqla;úh' COM
port, LPT port, PS/2, iy USB hk Port fl,skau Motherboard tl
iu`. iïnkaOùu isÿúh' fuu ATX wdldrfha Motherboard óg fmr
y÷kajdfok ,o Motherboard wdlD;s j,g jvd úYd, myiqlï
m%udKhla olakg ,eìKs¡ fuys we;s BIOS jevigyk u.ska
ksrka;rfhka CPU tflys WIAK;Ajh iy Voltage tl mÍlaId lrkq
,nhs¡ hï fyhlska Overheat jk wjia:djloS mß.Klh iajhxl%Shju
Shutdown lrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau System Unit tflys Power Button tl
Disapamok Online IT Academy

;;Amr lsysmhla Tndf.k isákúg mß.Klh Turn off lsÍug yelsúh'

tfukau RAM Card iy CPU tl Install lsÍu jvd myiq jQ w;r jvd
fyd| Ventilation tlla olakg ,eìKs¡

BTX Motherboard

fuh Balanced Technology Extended hkak flálr oelaùuls¡ fï

wdldrfha Motherboard m,uq jrg Intel iud.u úiska 2003 j¾IfhaoS
ATX wdldrfha Motherboard fjkqjg y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh jvd;A
ld¾hlaIu Ventilation tflka by, Motherboard wdlD;shla úh'
kuq;A 2006 j¾IfhaoS Intel iud.u úiska fuu BTX wdldrfha
Motherboard ;jÿrg;A ksIAmdokh fkdlrk nj ksfõokh lrk ,oS¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs j¾:udkfha Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ATX wdldrfha Motherboard

;=, my; lïfmdakkaÜia olakg ,efnhs¡
 Expansion slots
 Memory slots
 CPU and Processor Socket
 Power Connector
 On Board Disk Drive Connectors
 Peripheral Ports and Connectors
 BIOS Chip
 CMOS Chip
 CMOS Battery
 Firm wares
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Peripheral Ports and Connectors

fyd|hs wms m<uqfjkau uo¾fnda¾â tflys olakg ,efnk fmßmr,A
fmda¾Üia ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq' fuu fmda¾Ü Ndú;d lrñka
mß.Klh ;=,g yd bka msg;g o;A; yqjudre lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nhs'
iuyrla Port j,ska Data Input lrk w;r iuyr port j,ska Data
Output lsÍu isÿlrk w;r iuyr port j,ska fuu folu isÿlrkq
,nhs¡ fuu fmda¾Ü ish,A, msysgd we;Af;A oekg Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
ATX wdldrfha uo¾fnda¾â ;=, uo¾fnda¾â tl flaiska tlg iújQ miq
ßh¾ mek,A tflys jï me;A;g jkakg isria wdldrhg fjhs¡
kuq;A BTX wdldrfha uo¾fnda¾â .;Aúg tl flaiska tlg iújQ miq
ßh¾ mek,A tflys jï me;A;g jkakg isria j my,g jkakg msysgkq
,nhs'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuys m%Odk jYfhka Serial Port, Parreral Port, PS 2 Port, USB Ports,
VGA Port yd Network Port olakg ,efnhs¡ fyd|hs wms oeka fuu tla
tla fmda¾Ü fudkjdo lshd y÷kd.ksuq¡

PS/2 Keyboard Port

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuh 1997 j¾IfhaoS IBM iud.u úiska uq,A jrg y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuys
iïu; j¾Kh jQfha oïmdg úh' kuq;A y÷kAjdÿka uq,A wjêfhaoS l¿ mdg
j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh lrk ,oS¡ fndfyda úg fuu Port tl
wdikakfhys Keyboard tll i,l=Kla i|yka lr ;sîfuka o y÷kd.;
yels fjhs¡ fuhg Keyboard tlg wu;rj j¾:udkfhaoS Barcord
Reader, Card Readers, wdosho iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu Port tl
fjkqjg miq ld,Skj USB Port tl meñKSu ksid j¾:udkfha
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu port tl
olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fuu port tl mini DIN wdldrfha port tlla jk
w;r pin 6 lska hqla; port tlla fjhs¡

PS/2 Mouse Port

fuho fndfyda ÿrg Keyboard Port tlg iudk jk w;r Mouse tl

iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu port tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh o uq,A wjê
j,oS l¿ mdáka ksIAmdokh l, w;r Bg miqj fld, meyefhka
ksIAmdokh lrk ,oS¡ j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk
fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu port tl olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fuu
port tlg iïnkaO l, yelafla Mouse tlu muKs¡

AT Keyboard Port
Disapamok Online IT Academy

PS/2 Keyboard port tl Ndú;d lsÍug fmr Keyboard tl iïnkaO

lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa fuu port tl úh' IBM iud.u úiska
1986 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdÿka US standard keyboard tl ;=, fuu port tl
olakg ,eìKs' fuu Original Keyboard tflys Keys 84 la olakg ,enqk
w;r miqj th Keys 101 lska hq;A Keyboard tlla olajd udreùu isÿúh'
fuu port tl fjkqjg PS/2 Keyobard port tl wdfoaY ùu;A iu`.u
wo ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk lsisÿ Motherboard tlla ;=, fuu port
tl olakg fkd,efnhs¡

Serial Port
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Serial device iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrk,o port tl Serial Port
tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Com Port, Communication Port, RS232,
DB9 hk kï j,skao y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu port tlu fjhs¡ merKs
Motherboard ;=, fujeks port folla olakg ,enqk w;r IBM
compatible computers j,oS fïjd COM ports jYfhka y÷kajkq ,eîh'
WodyrKhla f,i fuu port j,ska tlla mouse tl iïnkaO lsÍugo
wfkl Modem tl iúlsÍu i|yd Ndú;d l, yels úh' fuu Port
tflys by,ska pin 5 la iy my, fma,sfhys pin 4 la jYfhka olakg
,eìKs' uq,A wjê j,oS pin 25 lska hq;A Serial Port tlla o olakg
,eìKs'

fuh DB 25 f,i y÷kajk ,oS¡ uq,A ld,joS Ndú;d lrk,o Serial

Mouse, External Modem, Printers wdosh iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu port
tl Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡ Bg wu;rj j¾:udkfhaoS Medical Devices, CDMA
Phone, Card Readers, LED Display Board, Densy Meaters, Note
Counter jeks Wmdx. ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh
lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu port tl l,d;=rlska
olakg ,efnhs¡ fujeks Motherboard tllg Serial Port tlg iyh
olajk Wmdx.hla iïnkaO lsÍug isÿjQúg PCI Slot tlg iyh olajk
Serial Port tl iys; Expansion Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍug isÿúh'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Tn Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Laptop j¾.fha mß.Kl ;=, fujeks Port

tlla olakg fkd,efnk wjia:d j,oS ta i|yd box tlla jYfhka
meñfKk Serial Converters fj<|m, ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ fndfyduhla
fujeks box tlla jYfhka meñfKk Serial Converters ;=< Laptop
mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd USB Link tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

Sealevel Systems PCIe converte iud.u úiska PCI Slot tlg iyh
olajk mßos ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk Serial PCI Converter Card tflys 78
pin connector tlla olakg ,efnk w;r Bg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk
Cabel tl Serial Port 8 la olajd myiqlï ,nd.; yels úh'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

j¾:udkfha iuyrla Motherboard ;=, fuu Port tlla jYfhka

olakg fkd,efnk w;r th pin jYfhka Motherboard tl ;=, print
lr oelsh yels úh' fuhg Serial Port tl iys; Cabel tlla iïnkaO
lrk,oS¡

Parallel Port
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuh LPT Port tl iy Printer Port tl jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ IBM

compatible computers ;=, fuh frdai meye;s pin jYfhka iúùug
isÿre 25 lska hq;A port tlla f,i olakg ,eìKs' DB 25 f,i y÷kajkq
,nkafka o fuu port tl fjhs¡ uQ,sl jYfhka fuhg Printer tl
iïnkaO lrk ksid Printer Prot tl jYfhka y÷kajk ,oS' tfukau
fndfyduhla Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska fuu port tl
wdikakfhys printer tll i,l=Kla i,l=Kq lr ;sfnkq olakg
,efnhs¡ Apple mß.Kl ;=, fuu Parallel Port tl fldfy;Au olakg
fkd,enqk w;r ta fjkqjg SCSI port tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh o
Parallel jQ w;r IBM compatible computers j, Ndú;d lrk,o
Parallel Port tl fuka flexible fkdùh' óg wu;rj fuu port tl
parallel port scanner iïnkaO lsÍu i|ydo Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu
parallel port scanner mß.Klhg install lsÍug myiqjQ neúka fïjd
SCSI Scanners j,g jvd ckm%sh úh' Iomega Zip Drive jeks External
Drivers iïnkaO lsÍu i|ydo fuu port tl Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ wo jk úg
fuu parallel port tl fjkqjg USB Port tl replace ù we;s nj u;l
;nd.; hq;h = ' fuh D wl=rl yevfhka hq;A os.u port tl neúka
myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

Game Port
Disapamok Online IT Academy

i;H jYfhkau fuu port tflys ku jkqfha Analog-to-Digital port (A-

to-D port) f,igh' óg wu;rj fuh game port, joystick port iy
game control adapter jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh 1980 oS muK
IBM mß.Kl j, uq,a jrg olakg ,eìKs¡ fuh pin 15 la iúùug
yels isÿre 25 lska hqla; port tlla fjhs¡ fuu port tl md,kh lrkq
,nkafka Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk super input/output
fyj;A Super I/O chip tl u.ska fjhs¡ fuu port tlg joysticks iy
game pads jeks Wmdx. iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Computer
Games i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk steering wheels jeks Wmdx. iïnkaO
lrkq ,nkafkao fuu port tlg fjhs¡ iuyrla Motherboard ;=, fuu
port tl pin wdldrhg ks¾udKh lr we;s neúka Joystic Port tl iys;
wu;r Expansion card iïnkaO lsÍula wkjYH úh' j¾:udkfha fuu
port tlg iyh olajk fndfyduhla Wmdx. USB port tlg iyh olajk
mßos ksIAmdokh lr ;sîu ksid fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=< fuu
port tl olakg fkd,efnhs¡
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

MOTHERBOARD I\O PORTS

(PART II)

Created By: Wajira Madusanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

.shjr wjia:dfõoS wm PS/2 Mouse Port, PS/2 Keyboard Port, AT Keyboard Port,
Serial Port, Parallel Port iy Game Port tl ms,sn|j ieflúka idlÉPd lrk ,oS¡
mqoa., mß.Kl ìysjQ wjêfha isg fï olajd Ndú;djk mß.Kl Motherboard ;=,
ports j¾. 26 la muK Ndú;d fjñka mj;sk nj isys;nd .; hq;=h' fyd|hs wm
oeka Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk b;sß Ports ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq¡

Analog Audio Ports

uo¾fnda¾â m%Odk jYfhka Integrated yd Nonintegrated jYfhka m%Odk wdldr
folla olakg ,efnk nj l,ska wjia:dfõoS meyeos,s l,d Tng u;l we;s¡
Nonintegrated uo¾fnda¾â f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka uo¾fnda¾â tflys uQ, sl
l%shdj,shu muKla iSud lrñka isÿlrkq ,nk uo¾fnda¾â jk w;r ta i|yd
l%shd;Aulùug wjYH .%e*sla l%shdj,sh isÿlrkq ,nk Video Cards, mß.Kl
cd,.; lsÍug wjYH Network Interface cards wdosh fukau úfYaIfhkau
mß.Kfhys Yíohg wod, l%shdj,sh isÿlrk Audio Cards Motherboard tflys
PCI jeks Expansion Slot j,g iïnkaO lrñka tu myiqlï ,nd.ekSug isÿúh'

tu ksid fujeks Motherboard ;=, jeä jYfhka PCI iy ISA jeks Expansion
Slots olakg ,eìKs' kuq;A j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk iEu
Motherboard tllu mdfya fuu Sound chip tlla olakg ,efnk neúka fuu
Yíohg wod, l%shdj,sh Motherboard tl ;=,u isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuu sound chip
tl u.ska mß.Klh ;=, äðg,A wdldrfhka ilia lrkq ,nk Yío ieliqï wmg
Y%jKhg lsÍug yels whqßka wekf,d.A wdldrfha Yío njg;A tfukau
uhsl%f*dakhla wdOdrfhka mß.Klh fj; wm úiska ,ndfok wekf,d.A Yío
äðg,A Yío njg mß.Klhg mßj¾;kh lroSu uQ,sl jYfhka isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

mß.Klh u.ska ilia lrkq ,nk äðg,A Yío iamSl¾ia fyda fyâf*daka u.sk a
wmg Y%jKhg l, yels whqßka wekf,d.A Yío njg mßj¾;kh lrkq ,nhs'
uhsl%f*dakhla wdOdrfhka wm ksl=;A lrk wekf,d.A wdldrfha y`vj,A kej;;A
mß.Klhg jegfyk mßÈ äðg,A Yío njg mßj¾;kh lroSu isÿlrkq ,nhs'

fuu l%shdj,sh isÿlrkq ,nk Sound chip tl fndfyda úg I/O Prots msysgd we;s
m%foaYfhys fl,jrg jkakg olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu sound chip ksIAmdokh lrkq
,nk úfYAI iud.ï olakg ,efnk w;r fndfyda úg tu iud.fuys ku chip
tl ;=, uqøKh lr ;sfnk w;r tho sound chip tl y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
Wmfhda.S lr.; yel' Creative, YAMAHA, SONY Nintendo, Realtek tjeks sound
chip ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk m%lg iud.ï fjhs¡ fndfyda úg Realtek iud.fuys
tu ku fjkqjg Tjqka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk my; ,dxPkh chip tl u; uqøKh lr
;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

kuq;A Realtek iud.u úiska Network chip o ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk neúka
y÷kd.ekSfïoS m%fõYï úh hq;=h' fuu mß.Klh úiska ksmojk Sound System
w;S;fha isg fï olajd wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs¡ uq,Au wjêfha mej;sfha
Mono hk Sound System tl fjhs¡ fuysoS olakg ,efnkafka Single Channel
Disapamok Online IT Academy

tlla fjhs¡ yßhg tl lKla ìysß mqoa.,hl= lsishï Yíohla Y%jKh lrkakdla
fuks¡ fuysoS tla Speaker tlla jqjo m%udKj;A fjhs¡ Speakers lsysmhla
fhdodf.k sound tl kej; Reproduce l,o tu iEu Speaker tllu ksmojkq
,nkafka tlu signal tflys msgm;la fjhs¡ kuq;A Bg miqj y÷kajdfokq ,enQ
Stereo sound system tflys ksmojkq ,nk y`v Y%jKh lsÍug wju jYfhka
Speakers folla j;A wjYH fjhs¡ Stereo ys kshu ku stereophonic sound jk
w;r bka woyi jkqfha ;%sudK Yío hk wre; fjhs¡ fuu Speakers 2 la Ndú;d
lrk neúka Tnf.A ldurh ;=, 3D virtual soundstage tlla ks¾udKh l, yels
fjhs¡ úfYAIfhkau Sound Buckets jeks .=Kd;Aufhka by, Speakers Ndú;d
lsÍfuks¡

Stereo ys Channel folla olakg ,efnk neúka Speakers foflys úúO Yío fnoS
hk whqßka Y%jKh l, yels fjhs¡ tkï ;%sudK Yío mßirhla ks¾udKh l,
yels fjhs¡ ñka miqj Surround Sound System tl ksmojk w;r fuu.ska Yíoh
úúO osYdj,ska tk f,ig Y%jKh lrkakdg w;AoelSula ,nd.; yels fjhs¡ fuu
w;AoelSu ,eîug kï wju jYfhka 5.1 channel speaker system tlla wjYHh
fjhs¡ ke;Akï AV preamp/processor paired with multi-channel amplifier and
speakers, home theater-in-a-box system,fyda sound bar jqjo Ndú;d l, yel' fï
jk úg Dolby Sound system iy dts f,io sound system o meñK yudrh' Dolby
Digital Sound system tl uq,A jrg Develop lrk ,oafoa Dolby Stereo Digital
iud.u úiska jk w;r fuh high quality sound system tlla jk w;r fuys
channel 6 lska hqla; jk w;r left, right, iy center screen channels, separate
left iy right sounds, iy tla subwoofer channel tllska hqla; fjhs¡ fuh
iskudfõoS Ndú;d lrkq ,nk sound system tlla fjhs¡ DTS sound system tl
Disapamok Online IT Academy

channel 7 lska hqla; jk w;r Digital Sound system tlg jvd channel sound at
24.5 megabits tllska jeä ksid sound quality tl by, fjhs¡

fyd|hs fuf,i sound chip tllska hq;A mß.Kl Motherboard tll m%Odk
jYfhka my; port 3 olakg ,efnhs¡

fuys frdai" fld, iy ks,a meyefhka hq;A ports 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys frdai
meyefhka hq;= port tl mic port tl jk w;r fuhg Microphone tl iïnkaO
lrkq ,nhs¡ fuys fld, meye;s port tl line out port tl jYfhka y÷kajk w;r
fuhg Speakers iy Headphones wdosh iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ fuys ks,a meye;s
port tl Line in port tl jYfhka y÷kajk w;r fuhg tape recorder, record
player, iy CD player jeks Wmdx. iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ iuyrla Sound Card j,
iy Motherboard ;=, óg wu;rj ;j;a ports ;=kla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys ly
meye;s port tl i|yd Tn i;=j mj;sk Subwoofer tll Center fyj;A
Subwoofer fldgi iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ w¿ meye;s port tl i|yd Subwoofer
tflys Side Left, Side Right Speakers iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡ l¿ meye;s port tl
i|yd Rear Left, Rear Right Speakers iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Digital Audio Port

Optical Audio Port, Toslink Port iy S/PDIF port f,io y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu
port tlu fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu.ska wod, device fj; Digital Signal tlla ,ndoSu isÿlrhs¡ fuhg iïnkaO
lrkq ,nk Optical audio cable tl my; mßos fjhs¡

fuu Toslink port tl fndfyda úg kùk mß.Kl Motherboard ;=, iy HDTVs,

media receivers jeks Wmdx. ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu port tlg 7.1 channels
tllskahq;A high-resolution audio tlla f.khdfï yelshdj mj;S' fuu Digital
signal tl light tlla wdOdrfhka ,ndfok neúka ndysr n,mEï j,g ,laùu wju
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fjhs¡ wo jk úg fuu Toslink port tl fjkqjg HDMI port tl bvf.k we;'

fuu Toslink port tflys iy HDMI port tflys f;Areï.; yels f,ig Audio
Quality tflys fjkila olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fuu Toslink port tl S/PDIF f,io
y÷kajk nj lSjd Tng u;l we;s¡ fuh Sony and Phillips Digital Interconnect
Format hkak flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuu port tl yryd fiber Optic cable tlla fyda
Coaxial cable tlla u.ska audio signal tl transmit lrkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda úg fuu
port tl jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka DVD Player tlla fyda CD Player
tlla home theater system tlla iu`. Dolby Digital fyda DTS surround sound
system tll myiqlï ,nd.ekSu i|yd fjhs¡ iuyrúg Tn uE;loS ñ,oS .;A
Motherboard tl ;=, fuu port tl olakg fkd,efí kï th fndfyda úg
Motherboard tflys Connector tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu port tl yryd 48 kHz sample rate tllska iy 44.1 kHz sample rate
tllska audio signal tl transmit l, yels fjhs¡

Coaxial Audio Port

fuh Coaxial S/PDF Port tl jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh o Device w;r
Digital Audio signal tlla transmit lsÍug Ndú;d lrkq ,nk port tlla fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu port tl device tl me;Af;ys my; wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu port tl Motherboard tflys jeä jYfhka ;eô,s j¾Kfhka olakg

,efnk w;r l¿ j¾Kfhkao olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu port tlg iïnkaO lrkq
,nk Coaxial cable tl my; mßos olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu port tl yryd Stereo isg DTS iy Dolby Digital 5.1/7.1 surround sound
signals i|yd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡ kuq;A fuh DVD-A, SACD iy high-definition
audio tkï DTS-HD Master Audio iy Dolby TrueHD i|yd iyh olajkq
fkd,nhs¡

Casine tflys bosßmiska olakg ,efnk Audio Ports úfYaIfhkau Mic port tl
iy Line out port tl Motherboard tl iu`. iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Front Audio
kñka Pin set tlla Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

merKs Motherboard ;=, fuu pin set tl i|yd Casine tflka ;ks jh¾
jYfhka meñKs w;r miqj oeka meñfKk Connector tl ;ks connector tlla
f,i Front Audio kñka olakg ,efnhs¡

Old Front Audio connector

New Front Audio connector

Disapamok Online IT Academy

oeka meñfKk fuu Audio Connector tl AC 97 iy HD Audio f,i wdldr

folla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuhska uq,skau olakg ,efnkqfha fuu AC 97 connector
tl jk w;r fuh uq,A jrg 1997 j¾IfhaoS Intel Architecture Labs iud.u úiska
y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuu Standard tl motherboards, modems, iy sound cards
;=, Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡ fuh Wmßu channel 6 lska hq;A analog audio output tlla
jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' kuq;A miqj y÷kajdÿka HD Audio connector tl Wmßu
jYfhka channel 8 lg iyh olajk analog audio output tlla jYfhka
ye|skaúh yel'

USB Port

Port w;r rÊcqrefjda f,i USB port tl ye|skaúh yel' ukao wo jk úg m%Odk
;ekla ,eî we;Af;A fuu port tlg ksidfjks¡ fuh Universal Serial Bus hkak
flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuh yoo-es-bee f,i WÉpdrKh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu Plug and
play interface tlla jYfhka y÷kajdosh yel' tkï wod, device tl iajhxl%Shju
detect lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu plug and play myiqlu uq,Ajrg IBM compatible
computers ;=, olakg ,enqk w;r th Microsoft Windows 95 fufyhqï moaO;sh
iy Apple Macintosh fufyhqï moaO;sh iu`. ksl=;Aúh¡

uu uq,skau i|yka l,d fuu port tl Port w;r rÊcqrefjda lsh,d' thg fya;=j
úYd, devices m%udKhla fuh ms,s.ekSuhs¡ tkï úYd, devices m%udKhla fuu
port tlg iyh olajk mßos ksIAmdokh lr ;sîuhs' digital cameras, printers,
scanners, flash drives, cell phones, iPods iy wfkl=;A MP3 players Wmdx. j,
isg wo jk úg Mouse iy Keyboard o iïnkaO lrkq ,nkafka fuu port tlg
fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

wo jk úg devices 127 lg jvd fuu port tlg iyh olajk mßos ksIAmdokh lr
we;' fuu port tl y÷kajdoSu;A iu`. wo jk úg Serial, Parallel, Game iy PS/2
hk port Ndú;fhka bj;Afjñka mj;S' fï fya;=j ksid j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh
lrkq ,nk Motherboard ;=, fuu USB ports jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu port tl ;=,ska data transfer fõ.h wkqj l,ska l,g USB Versions lsysmhla
oekg y÷kajdoS we;' 1995 j¾IfhaoS uq,A jrg USB port tflys USB 1.0 kñkA
ixialrKh ksl=;Al, w;r fuys data transfer speed tl 12 Mbps úh' tkï
;;Amrhg Megabit 12 l o;A; transfer ùu isÿúh¡ 480Mbps fõ.hlska data
Disapamok Online IT Academy

transfer l, yels USB 2.0 porttl 2000 j¾IfhaoS uq,Ajrg y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fï
USB 2.0 ixialrKh meñKSu;A iu`. 2000 j¾IfhaoS USB flash drive kñka
rewritable plug-and-play storage device tlla IBM iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok
,oS¡ tys Megabyte 8 l Odß;djlska hqla; úh¡ fuu USB 2.0 ixialrKh l,ska
ixialrKh g jvd 20 .=Khlska data transfer ùu isÿúh'

fndfyda Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska fuu port tl l¿ j¾Kfhka

ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ oekg latest version tl jk USB 3.0 ixialrKh 2008
j¾IfhaoS ksl=;A lrk ,oS' fuh super speed port tl jYfhka y÷kajk ,oS'
fuys data transfer speed tl 4.8 Gbps fjhs¡ fuh backward compatibility
fyj;A USB 2.0 port iy Wmdx. j,g iyh olajk ,oS¡ USB 3.0 Cable tlla fyda
Devices tlla USB 2.0 port tllg iïnkaO l,úg super speed rate ,nd.;
fkdyels fjhs¡ USB 3.1 hkq uE;loSu y÷kajdÿka ixialrKh fjhs' USB 3.1 Gen
2 (10Gbps) f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu ixialrKhu fjhs¡ fuys data transfer
speed tl 10Gbps fjhs¡ fuu USB 2.0, USB 3.0 iy USB 3.1 port j,g úúO USB
ixialrK j,ska hq;A Wmdx. iïnkaO l,úg ,nd.; yels fõ.hka my; oS we;s
rEmfhka Tng wjfndaO lr .; yels fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu USB 3.0 port ixialrKh iys; USB port tl fndfyda úg ks,A meyefhka
ksIAmdokh lrk w;r USB 3.1 port ixialrKh iys; USB port tl fndfyda úg
fld, meyefhka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

fuu USB port tl yryd 25 GB HD Movie file tlla Copy lsÍfïoS th úúO
ixialrK j,ska .; jk ld,h my; rEmfhka Tng wjfndaO lr.; yels fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu USB Port tflys úfYaI;Ajh jkqfha fuhg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Device
fj; +5V l wu;r Voltage tlla ,ndoSug yels ùuh' fï fya;=j ksid
fndfyduhla tu Wmdx. fj; wu;r úÿ,shla ,ndoSu wkjYH fjhs¡

fuu tla tla USB ixialrK j,ska ksl=;A lrkq ,nk Voltage m%udKhka iy mA
m%udKhka Tng my; j.=fjka wjfndaO lr.; yels fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

tfukau úúO Device fj; ,ndosh yels fjdÜ .Kk fldmuKoehs Tng my;
j.=fjka wjfndaO lr .; yels fjhs¡

fuu USB port j,g wu;r Motherboard tflys pin set tlla wdldrfhka o fuu
USB myiqlu oelsh yels fjhs¡

fndfyda úg fuu pin headers F_USB f,i uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu
tla pin header tlla USB port folla i|yd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i
by; rEm igyfkys fmkajd we;s Motherboard tflys F_USB1, F_USB2, F_USB3
f,i pin headers ;=kla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuysoS USB Port 6 la ks¾udKh l, yels
fjhs¡ j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, I/O
panel tflys USB Ports 6 la olakg ,efnhs'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

l,ska rEmigyfkys olajd ;snQ pin headers USB 2.0 ixialrKh i|yd iyh
olajk tajd fjhs¡ kuq;A USB 3.0 ixialrKhg i|yd iyh olajk pin headers
óg jvd ;rula fjkia fjhs¡ th my; rEmigyfkys olajd we;'

USB 3.1 ixialrKhg i|yd iyh olajk pin headers USB 3.0 ixialrKhg jvd
;rula fjkia fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

merKs Motherboard ;=, fuu F_USB tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk flan,h ;ks
connector tlla jYfhka fkdj connectors 10 la fjk fjku jh¾ wdldrhg
olakg ,eìKs¡

kuq;A j¾:udkfha Casine Manufacture lrk ksIAmdolhska úiska fuh ;ks

connector tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

USB 2.0 Connector

USB 3.0 Connector

USB 3.1 Connector

Disapamok Online IT Academy

wms l,ska i|yka lrk,o F_USB pin set tlg USB port folla iyh olajk nj
lSjd Tng u;l we;s¡ fuu Casine tflys isg meñfKk flan,h jh¾ folla
jYfhka lfklag¾ tl olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu tl jh¾ tlla ;=, flan,A 4 la olakg
,efnhs¡

fuu Motherboard tflys olakg ,efnk USB port tlg úúO Device iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd úúO wdldrfhys Cable Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

USB-A Cable USB-B Cable

Disapamok Online IT Academy

USB Mini Cable USB Micro Cable

USB C Cable USB 3 Cable

fyd|hs by;ska olajd ;snqfka mß.Klfhys USB port tlg lsishï Device tlla
iïnkaO lsÍfïoS fhdod.kakd flan,fhys Device tl me;Af;ys Ndú;d lrkq
,nk USB port wdldrh fjhs¡ fyd|hs fuu i|yka lrk ,o flan,A wdldrh
iïnkaO l, yels Device fudkjdo hkak y÷kd.ksuq¡

USB-A

fuh fndfyda úg mß.Kl j, iy power outlets wdosfhys Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Devices charge lsÍug Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

USB-B

fuh jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa mß.Klh iu`. Printers wdosh iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd fjhs¡ óg wu;rj External Hard Drives wdosh iïnkaO lsÍu i|ydo
fuu port wdldrh Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

USB Mini
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuh Ndú;d lrk ,oafoa Mobile Devices, MP3 Players iy Cameras wdosh
iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fjhs¡

USB Micro

oekg ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Mobile Devices uq¿ukskau mdfya fuu port tlg
iyh olajk mßos ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

USB-C

uE;loSu ksIAmdokh lrkq ,en we;s port tlla fjhs¡

USB 3.0

fuh backwards compatible fyj;A óg l,ska Ndú;d lrk,o port j,go iyh
olajk wdldrhla fjhs¡

VGA Port

RGB Port, DE 15 Port, Analog Video Port iy D Shell Port f,ig y÷kajkq
,nkafka o fuu Port tl u fjhs¡ VGA hkq Video Graphics Array hkak flá lr
oelaùuls¡ w;sYh u ckm%sh fuu port tl Develop lr y÷kajdfokq ,enqfõ IBM
iud.u úisks¡ tkï 1987 j¾IfhaoS h'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuh fndfyda Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska ks,A meye;s j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh

lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh mska 15 lska hq;A lfklag¾ tlla iïnkaO úh yels Female port
tlla fjhs¡ fuh y÷kajdÿka wjêfhaoS 640 x 480 resolution tllg iyh olajk
,o w;r Display Refresh rate tl 60 Hz tllg iy 16 Colors j,g iyh olajk
,oS¡ fuu port tl jeä jYfhka olakg ,efnkafka Computer Monitor, Projector
iy TV jeks Display Devices j, fjhs¡ kuq;A wo jk úg fuu port tl television
j, kï olakg fkd,efnhs¡ uka o fuh fjkqjg DVI iy HDMI jeks ports tu
;ek w;am;a lrf.k we;s ksidfjks¡ fuu port tl y÷kd.ekSu myiqlsÍu msKsi
fuu port tl wdikakfhys my; mßos i,l=Kla uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg
,efnhs¡

idudkHfhka fuu port tl 18 inches LCD Monitors j, o oelsh yels nj

isys;nd.; hq;=h'

fuu port tflys pin j, out tl my; mßos fjhs¡

Disapamok Online IT Academy

idudkHfhka j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Graphics Card tl ;=, fuu

port tl fjkqjg olakg ,efnkafka DVI Port tl fjhs¡ Tn i;=j mj;skafka
VGA Port tl iys; Monitor tlla kï Tng DVI to VGA Convertor tlla Ndú;d
l,hq;= fjhs¡

DVI Port

fuh Digital Visual Interface hkak flá lr oelaùuls' fuu.ska Digital Video
Signal tlla Device fj; ,ndoSu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuh VGA Port tlg jvd Picture
quality tl by,ska fmkaúh yels port tlla nj isys;nd.; hq;=h' fuu VGA port
tl iy DVI port tl iei|SfïoS DVI port tflys sharper display tllska hqla;
fjhs¡ kuq;A DVI port tlg Digital iy Analog signal o f.k hd yels fjhs¡

fuu DVI Port tflka transmit l, yelafla Video Signal tlla muKs¡ kuq;A Tn
okakd HDMI port tflka Video iy Audio hk signal j¾. folu transmit l,
yelsfjhs¡ TV, Projector iy Home Theater System jeks Devices VGA fyda DVI
Port tllska iïnkaO lsÍfïoS Yíoh Y%jKh lsÍu i|yd fjku Audio cable tlla
Ndú;d l,hq;= fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs wms oeka fuu VGA iy DVI port w;r mj;sk m%Odk fjkialï fudkjdo
hkak lshd ii|uq¡

DVI Port VGA Port

b;d msßisÿ fõ.j;A jvd;A b;d ksjeros mß.Klfhka ,ndfok Digital Signal
Video signal tlla ,ndosh yels fjhs¡ tl analog njg m;A lsÍfïoS Picture
quality tl ;;Ajfhka my;g jeàula
isÿfjhs¡ tfukau fuu analog signal
tl b;d blaukska Noise fyj;A
wkfmalaIs; f;dr;=re njg m;Aùfï
yelshdjla mj;S' oekg fuh Wmßu
jYfhka 2053 x 1536 Resolution
tllg ysñlï lshkq ,nhs¡
Hot pluggable i|yd iyh olajk hot pluggable i|yd iyh fkdolajk
Digital Video signal tlla ksl=;A lrk RGB analog signal tlla ksl=;A lrk
pin 29 lska hq;A port tlla fjhs¡ pin 15 l connector tlla iïnkaO úh
yels port tlla fjhs¡
fuhg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Cables fuhska ksl=;A lrkq ,nkafka Analog
wdldr 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡ DVI-A: signal tlla muKs¡
Analog tkï Analog signal tlla muKs¡
DVI-D: Digital tkï Digital signal tlla
muKs¡ DVI-I: tkï Digital iy Analog
Video signal tlla ksl=;A lrhs¡
fjk;A Standard j,g tkï HDMI iy VGA to DVI iy VGA to HDMI f,ig
VGA j,g Convert l, yels fjhs¡ convert l, yels fjhs¡
Separate Audio Cable tlla wjYHùu Separate Audio Cable tlla wjYHùu
isÿfjhs¡ isÿfjhs¡

oekg Ndú;fha DVI Port j¾. 5 la olakg ,efnhs¡ th Tng my; rEm igyfkka
wjfndaO lr .; yels fjhs¡ fuu DVI iy AVG hk port folu ie,l+ úg fuhg
iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Cable tflys os. m%udKh wkqj Signal quality tflys
.=Kd;Auh fjkiaùu isÿfjhs¡ VGA Cable ie,l+úg úÿ,sfhka isÿjk n,mEug
,laùfï jeä m%jK;djhla DVI Cable j,g jvd olakg ,efnhs¡ DVI Cable tlla
ie,l+úg th wä 15 olajd os. m%udKhloS 1,920 × 1,200 l Resolution tllg
Disapamok Online IT Academy

iyh olajkq ,nhs¡ wä 50 olajd os. m%udKhloS 1,280 × 1,024 lg iyh olajkq
,nhs¡

fuu DVI Port wdldr ;=kla olakg ,efnk nj lSjd Tng u;l we;s¡

DVI-D

fuh Digital format tflys connector tlla fjhs¡ fuys single-link iy Dual-link
f,i wdldr folla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu foflys fjki ie,l+úg single-link
tlg jvd dual-link connector tflys jeä power tlla iy fo.=Khl data
transmission rate tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuhska jeämqr ckm%shu wdldrh jkqfha
DVI-D wdldrh fjhs¡ DVI cards j, isg LCD monitors j,g iïnkaO lsÍfïoS jeä
jYfhka olakg ,efnkafka fuu DVI-D port wdldrh fjhs¡ úYd, LCD Monitors
Ndú;d lrk úgoS dual link Ndú;d lsÍu jvd;A jdisodhl fjhs¡

DVI-A

fuh Analog signal tlla out lrk port tlla fjhs¡ fuh fndfyda úg Ndú;d
lrkqfha DVI card j, isg CRT monitor j,g (Analog Display Devices) iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd fjhs¡

DVI-I

fuu port tl Digital iy Analog hk Device j,u l%shd;Aul jk port tlla fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

HDMI Port

fuh 2002 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok ,o w;r HDMI hkq High Definition Multimedia
Interface hkak flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuu Port tflys úfYAI;Ajh jkqfha Devices
w;r high-quality iy high-bandwidth streams tllska hq;A Audio iy Video
signal transmit l, yels ùuhs¡ fuu port tl jeä jYfhka HDTV, Projector, DVD
Players iy Blu-ray players j, olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu Standard tl Hitachi, Philips, Sony iy Toshiba jeks iud.ï lsysmhla

úiska y÷kajdfok ,oaola úh' fuu HDMI port tl l,ska mej;s composite
audio/video cables fjkqjg y÷kajdfok ,oaola úh'

RCA Cable tl jYfhka y÷kajkafka o fuu cable tlu fjhs¡ fyd|hs wms oeka
n,uq l,ska y÷kajdÿka DVI iy HDMI port w;r fjkialï fudkjdo lshd¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

DVI Port HDMI Port

Digital Visual Interface tlla fjhs' High Definition Multimedia Interface

tlla fjhs¡
pin 29 lska hq;A Connector tlla fjhs¡ pin 19 iy pin 29 f,i wdldr folla
olakg ,efnhs¡
DVI-A: Analog only DVI-D: Digital Digital Signal tlla muKla ksl=;A lrkq
only DVI-I: Digital and Analog. f,i ,nhs¡
wdldr 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡
Separate Audio Cable tlla wkjYHh LPCM, Dolby Digital, DTS, DVD-Audio,
fjhs¡ Super Audio CD, Dolby Digital Plus,
Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High
Resolution Audio, DTS-HD Master
Audio, MPCM, DSD, DST hk sound
system j,g iyh olajkq ,nhs¡
HDMI iy VGA j,g convert l, yels DVI iy VGA j,g convert l, yels
fjhs¡ fjhs¡

Audio signal tlla iu`. Video signal tlla o transmit lrk neúka fuh w;sYh
ckm%sh fjñka mj;S'

wo jk úg analog (VGA) isg digital connection format (HDMI, DVI, DisplayPort)

j,g udrefjñka mj;S' Tn i;=j mj;skafka VGA port tlla iys; mß.Klhla
kï th HDMI port tl iys; kùk;u Projector tllg fyda TV tllg iïnkaO
lsÍfïoS VGA to HDMI converter tlla Ndú;d l,hq;= fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

by; VGA to HDMI connector tflys wu;r USB Cable tllao olakg ,efnhs¡
fuu.ska Device tlg power tlg ,nd.ekSug wu;rj Audio signal tlla o
,nd.ekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ iuyr converters ;=, Audio cable tlla o wvx.= fjhs¡

HDMI to VGA

fuu converter tl jvd;A ,dNodhS converter tlla fjhs' HDMI signal tlla
merKs VGA port tlg iyh olajk úgoS fuu converter tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

fuysoS VGA port tl ms,s.kq ,nkafka Video signal tl muKs¡

Display Port

fuh 2008 j¾IfhaoS Video Electronics Standard Association fyj;A VESA iud.u
úiska uq,Ajrg fuu port tl y÷kajdfok ,oS'

fuys ;j;a Mini Display f,i port tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Display port tlg
iïnkaO lrkq ,nk flan,h fndfyda ÿrg HDMI flan,hg iudklula olajkq
,nhs¡ l,ska port j,g jvd fuys úfYAI;Ajh jkqfha Audio, Video signal j,g
wu;rj Data transfer lsÍfï yelshdj o mj;S' fï jk úg fuu port tl ckm%sh
fjñka mj;S' fyd|hs wm l,ska bf.k.;A HDMI iy fuu Display port w;r
fjki l=ulao lshd n,uq¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Display Port HDMI Port

external connections j, pin 20 la o pin 29 iy pin 19 f,i olakg ,efnhs¡

Internal connection j, pin 20 la 30 la
olakg ,efnhs¡
Digital audio/video connector tlls¡ Digital audio/video/data connector
tlls¡
2008 j¾Ifha ksIAmdokh l, w;r fï 2003 j¾Ifha ksIAmdokh l, w;r fï
olajd olakg ,efnhs¡ olajd olakg ,efnhs¡
Optional; 1–8 channels, 16 or 24-bit LPCM, Dolby Digital, DTS, DVD-Audio,
linear PCM; 32 to 192 KHz sampling Super Audio CD, Dolby Digital Plus,
rate; maximum bitrate 49,152 kbit/s Dolby TrueHD, DTS-HD High
(6MB/s) sound system j,g iyh Resolution Audio, DTS-HD Master
olajkq ,nhs¡ Audio, MPCM, DSD, DST sound system
j,g iyh olajkq ,nhs¡

Composit Video Port

fuu port tl fndfyda úg ly mdg j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk w;r analog
signal tlla Device fj; ,ndoSu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuh fndfyda ÿrg Motherboard
;=, olakg fkd,efnk w;r Video Adapter card ;=, olakg ,efnk port tlla
fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu port tl o fndfyda ÿrg Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;' úfYAIfhka u Television

iy Projector j,g Analog Video signal tlla ,ndoSu i|yd Ndú;d lrk ,oS'

fyd|hs wms oeka l,ska bf.k .;A Display port tl iy Composit Video port tl
ixikaokh lr n,uq¡

Composit Video Port Display Port

Analog Video Connector tlls¡ Digital audio/video connector tlls¡

fuh fndfyda úg Analog Television digital display interface tlls¡
format j,g iyh olajkq ,nk port
tlla fjhs¡
NTSC, PAL, or SECAM video hk Video Maximum Resolution tl Bandwith
Signal tlla ,ndfokq ,nhs¡ tl wkqj fjkiaùu isÿfjhs¡
Connector tflys pin fjkqjg 1 Plus desktops, notebooks, graphics cards,
Shield tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ monitors jeks Device j, pin 20 la
f,i olakg ,efnhs¡

RCA port tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu port tlu fjhs¡ Television j,oS
fuu Port tl iu`. ne÷kq ;j;A Port 2 la f,i Port 3 la jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡
fuys iqÿ mdg iy r;= mdg ports j,ska Analog Audio signal tlla out lrkq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

VCR, DVD player, gaming system jeks Devices fl,skau Television tlg
iïnkaO lsÍug o fuu RCA Ports Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡

fuu Composit Video port tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Cable tl wä 3 ys isg 100
olajd olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Cable tflys os. jeäjk úg Signal tflys Quality tl
wvqùu isÿfjhs¡

S Video Port

fuh Super Video Port tl jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

fuysoS o Devices fj; ,ndfokqfha Analog Video Signal tlla fjhs¡ fuu port tl
u.ska iïnkaO lrkq ,nk flan,fhys Video signal tflys luminance (Y) fyj;A
oSma;;djh iy chrominance (C) hk signal fjka fjka jYfhka Transmit lrkq
,nhs¡ Composit Video port tl iu`. iei`oSfïoS jvd fyd| picture quality tlla
olakg ,efnhs¡

wm l,ska bf.k .;A Composit Video port tl iy S Video Port tl ii|d n,uq¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Composit Video Port S Video Port

Analog Video Connector tlla fjhs¡ Analog Video Connector tlla fjhs¡
NTSC, PAL, or SECAM video hk Video NTSC, PAL, or SECAM video hk Video
formats i|yd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡ formats i|yd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡
Pin f,i fkdj 1 Plus Shield tlla Connector tflys pin 4, pin 7 iy pin 9
jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ la jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡
1/8 inch Jack tlla jYfhka olakg Mini-DIN connector tlla jYfhka
,efnhs¡ olakg ,efnhs¡

Firewire Port

IEEE1394 f,i y÷kajkafka o fuu port tlu fjhs¡ 1995 j¾IfhaoS uq,Ajrg Apple
iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ Video Camers j,ska má.; lr we;s o;A;
mß.Klh fj; Download lr.ekSug fuu port tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡

fuh ckm%sh jQfha tjlg mej;s USB 1.0 port tlg jvd bandwith jvd;A by, ùu
ksidfjks¡ tkï tjlg mej;s USB 1.0 ys data transfer speed tl 12Mbps jQ
w;r Firewire port tflys data transfer speed tl 400 – 800 Mbps w;r w.hla
úh' fuh Apple Computer j, ;snQ SCSI port tflys ;ek fjkqjg meñKs port
tlla jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' tjlg Design l, USB 1.0 port tl iy Firewire
port tl tlsfklg fjkia wruqKq 2 la Tiafia ksIAmdokh lrk ,oaola úh¡ USB
Disapamok Online IT Academy

port tl m%Odk jYfhka ie,iqï lrk ,oafoa Flash Drive, Mouse, Keyboard jeks
Simple hardware devices w;r data transmit lsÍu i|yd fjhs¡ kuq;A Firewire
port tl ksmojkq ,enqfha Audio iy Video data devices w;r transmit lsÍu
i|yd fjhs¡ ;j;a úfYAIhla jkqfha USB Port tlla u.ska 5V ksl=;A lrk w;r
Firewire port tl u.ska 30V la ksl=;A lrk ,nhs¡ FireWire copper cable tl
u.ska 4.5 Meter m%udKhla olajd data transmit l, yels w;r USB 2.0 cable
tll 5.0 Meter m%udKhla olajd data transmit l, yels fjhs¡ firewire ports
lsysm wdldrhla olakg ,efnk w;r th my;ska olajd we;'

my; rEmigyfkys Firewire Port tl Ndú;djk Devices lsysmhla fmkajd we;'

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fï jk úg Camera, Printer,Scanner, Portable Hard Disk jeks Wmdx. fuhg

iyh olajk mßos ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ Tnf.A Motherboard tflys Firewire
port tl olakg fkd,efí kï th pin header tlla jYfhka meñfKAoehs fidhd
n,kak¡

LAN Port

Ethernet Port, RJ45 Port, Network Port f,i y÷kajkafka o fuu port tlu fjhs¡
1987 j¾IfhaoS fuu port tl y÷kajdfok w;r wo jk úg iEu Motherboard
tllu mdfya fuu port tl olakg ,efnhs¡ mß.Kl folla fyda Bg jvd jeä
ixLHdjla we;s mß.Kl cd, w;r o;A; yqjudre lr.ekSu i|yd fuu fmda¾Ü
tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' fuu fmda¾Ü tl wdY%s;j n,Aí folla olakg ,efnhs'
bka tllska o;A; iïfm%AIKh jk wdldrh ksrEmKh jk w;r wfkl yryd
iïnkaO;djh ;sfnkjdo keoao hkak ksrEmKh lrkq ,nhs' óg wu;rj
Printer, Scanner, Router wdoS Wmdx. o wo jk úg fuu port tlg iyh olajk
mßos ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuys pin 8 la oelsh yels w;r data transmit ùu
isÿjkafka pin1, pin2, pin3 iy pin6 j, muKs¡
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fuu port tflys data transfer speed tl 10Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
iy 40Gbps f,i wdldr lsysmhlska olakg ,efnhs¡

Fiber Optic Network Port

fï jk úg Fiber Optic Cable mß.Kl cd, i|yd jeä jYfhka Ndú;d fjñka
mj;S'

fuu Port tl fndfyda úg Motherboard tl ;=, olakg fkd,efnk w;r

fjku Card tlla jYfhka iïnkaO lr.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuu fiber optic cable
Ndú;d lsÍfuka Wmßu ye;emau 60 la olajd data Transmit l, yels fjhs¡ high
quality data transmit lsÍu i|yd id¾:lu l%ufõoh fuh fjhs¡ optical
transmitter Ndú;d lsÍfuka television, voice iy data signals high-quality
optical signals njg m;A lrñka light signal tlla f,ig o;A; transmit lrkq
,nhs¡ idudkHfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nk copper wires j,g idfmalaIj úYd,
w.hlska data transmit l, yels fjhs¡ ukao úYd, bandwith tlla fuu Cable
i;=j mej;Suhs¡ fuu Fiber Optic Cable Ndú;d lsÍfuka High quality sound tlla
ì|jeàulska f;drj ,ndosh yels fjhs¡ TV iy Stereo System j, isg DVD player
j,g fukau TV j, isg Sound System fj; tkï stereo receiver fyda sound bar
fj; Audio signal heùug fuu Fiber Optic Cable Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡
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E – SATA Port

2008 j¾IfhaoS Motherboard tl ;=, mej;s Internal SATA Port tl External

tlla njg m;Alrñka E-SATA Port tl ks¾udKh l, w;r fuhg Card Readers,
Portable Hard Disk jeks Wmdx. iïnkaO l, yels úh¡ USB port iy Firewire port
fuka bottleneck ùu fyj;A o;A; wjysr ùula isÿ fkdfjhs¡ fuys we;s wjdish
jkqfha USB Port tl fuka Voltage tlla Out fkdlrk ksid Device tl
l%shd;Aulùu i|yd External Power Source tlla wjYHùu isÿfjhs¡ fuhg
iïnkaO lrk flan,h Wmßu Meter 2 la olajd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡

Internal Hard Disk tll o;A; fjk;A Computer tlla fj; ,nd.kakd
wjia:djloS my; Cable tl Ndú;d lrñka data copy lr .; yels fjhs¡ fuysoS
tu Hard Disk tlg External Power Source tlla ilid .; hq;= fjhs¡
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Power E-SATA Port

USB Port tl iy E-SATA Port folu tl;= lrñka fuu Port tl ks¾udKh lr
we;' fuhg E-SATA Devices j,g wu;rj USB Devices o iïnkaO l, yels fjhs¡

my; Cable tl Ndú;d lrñka Internal Hard Disk tll o;A; fjk;A Computer
tlla fj; ,nd.kakd wjia:djloS System Unit tl Open fkdlrñka Data copy
lr.; yels fjhs¡
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BlueTooth Port

iuyrla Latest Desktop Motherboard ;=, fuu Bluetooth myiqlu Inbuilt

jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ tu ksid Bluetooth devices w;r data transfer lsÍu
isÿlr.; yels fjhs¡ Mobile Phones, Printers, Audio Setup, Laptop fuhg
iïnkaO lr.ksñka data transfer lr .; yels fjhs¡

my; rEmfhka Bluetooth device lsysmhla olajd we;'

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Wireless Port

fï jk úg Wireless Technology tl ckm%sh ù we;s neúka iuyrla Latest

Motherboard ;=, fuu Wifi myiqlu Port tlla jYfhka Inbuilt wdldrfhka
olakg ,efnhs¡ Wireless antenna tl iúlsÍu i|yd Terminal 1 la fyda 2 la
olakg ,efnhs¡

Thunder Bolt Port

2011 j¾IfhaoS Mini Display port tl ixj¾Okh lrñka Audio signal, Video
signal iy data transfer lsÍug yels jk mßos ks¾udKh lrk ,oaola úh' fuys
40Gbps fõ.hlska o;A; transfer l, yels fjhs¡ oekg jeäu fõ.hlska data
transfer lrkq ,nkafka fuu port tflka fjhs¡

Light Peak f,io y÷kajkq ,nkafka o fuu port tlu fjhs¡ fuh Apple iy Intel
iud.u úiska Develop lrk ,oaols¡ kuq;A fuys whs;sh Intel iud.u i;= úh¡
kuq;A Apple iud.u úiska ish MacBook Pro models tl yryd fuu port tlg
fj<| jákdlu tl;= lrk ,oS¡ my;ska Thunderbolt port tl Ndú;djk Device
lsysmhla olajd we;'
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Modem Port

RJ11 f,ig y÷kajkafka o fuu Port tlu fjhs¡ oekg fuu port tl Ndú;fhka
bj;Aù we;s w;r Internet tl ,nd.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d l, Modem Card j, fuu
port tl olakg ,eìKs'

modem port, phone connector, phone jack f,ig o fuh y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ pin 6
la fyda pin 4 lska hq;A Connector tlla fjhs¡

SCSI Port

Small Computer System Interface hkak flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuh Scuzzy f,i
WÉPdrKh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu port tl Hard Disk jeks Disk Drives ;=, olakg
,eìKs' Advanced Motherboard ;=, fuu SCSI Port tl olakg ,eìKs' fuys
l,ska l,g SCSI 1, SCSI2, SCSI3 f,ig ixialrK 3 la y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh
Parallel Interface tlla nj u;l ;nd.; hq;=h¡
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fuh Parallel Port tlg idfmalaIj data transfer l, yels fjhs¡

fuys my; mßos wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs'
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iuia:hla jYfhka my; mßos by; ports j, data transfer speed tl oelaúh
yel'
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK

MOTHERBOARD

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wms Motherboard tflys mj;sk I/O Ports ms,sn|j
idlÉPd l,d Tng u;l we;s¡ fyd|hs wms oeka Motherboard tflys mj;sk
wfkl=;A Components ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq¡ óg m%:ufhka wm wo Ndú;d lrkq
,nk ATX Layout Motherboard tflys mj;sk m%Odk Components fudkjdo
lshd y÷kdf.k isáuq¡

oeka wms fuu tla tla Components ms,sn|j ieflúka idlÉPd lruq'

Expansion Slots

uo¾fnda¾â m%Odk jYfhka Integrated yd Nonintegrated jYfhka m%Odk wdldr

folla olakg ,efnhs' Nonintegrated uo¾fnda¾â f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka
uo¾fnda¾â tflys uQ,sl l%shdj,shu muKla iSud lrñka isÿlrkq ,nk
uo¾fnda¾â jk w;r ta i|yd l%shd;Aulùug wjYH .%e*sla l%shdj,sh isÿlrkq
,nk Video Cards, mß.Kl cd,.; lsÍug wjYH Network Interface cards wdosh
uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, we;s Expansion slots j,g iïnkaO lsÍug isÿúh' kuq;A wo
jk úg Integrated Motherboard ;=, by; i|yka lrk ,o Expansion Cards
j,g wod, Chip Motherboard tl ;=, msysgd ;snqK o mß.Klfhys Performance
jeä lr.ekSu i|yd fndfyda wh by, YLH;djhlska hq;A Expansion Cards
úfYaIfhkau Graphic Card wdosh fuu Expansion Slots j,g iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡
tfia kï mß.Klhg wu;r myiqlï ,nd.ekSug Ndú;d lrk Expansion Cards
iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Slots fmdÿfõ Expansion Slots jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
iuyr mqoa.,hska fuh Bus Slot jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Expansion Ports f,io

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |2

Disapamok Online IT Academy

y÷jkafka o fuu Expansion Slots u fjhs¡ IBM compatible computers ;=, l,sk a
l,g y÷kajdÿka Expansion Slots wdldr lsysmhlau olakg ,eìKs' iuyr Slots wo
jk úg Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;' w¿;A Expansion Slots y÷kajdÿkak o iuyrla
Slots wo jk úg iuyrla Motherboards ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

AGP, AMR, CNR, EISA, ISA, PCI, PCI Express, VESA f,i Expansion Slots m%Odk
wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs'

LPX iy NLX Motherboard Ndú;d lrk wjê j,oS úfYaIfhkau Desktop

mß.Kl Ndú;d lrk wjê j,oS fuu wu;r Expansion Slots fjku additional
expansion cards tlla jYfhka Motherboard tlg iïnkaO l, w;r fuh
riser board tlla jYfhka y÷kajk ,oS¡ wo jk úg fuu riser board Desktop
mß.Kl ;=, b;du;a l,d;=rlska olakg ,efnhs¡ wo jk úg Ndú;fhys mj;sk
ish¿u ATX wdldrfhys Motherboard ;=, Expansion Slots Motherboard tl
;=,u olakg ,efnhs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |3

Disapamok Online IT Academy

by; i|yka lrk,o Expansion Slots j,ska wo mj;sk Motherboard ;=, jeä
jYfhka olakg ,efnkafka AGP, PCI iy PCI Express Slots fjhs¡ fndfyduhla
Motherboard ;=, tu Slot tl wdikakfhys Slot tflys ku Print lr we;s neúka
Slot tl myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

kuq;A Tn úfYaIfhka u;l ;nd.; hq;af;a Laptop mß.Klj, Motherboard ;=,

by; i|yka lrk,o Expansion Slots olakg fkd,efnhs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |4

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs wms by;ska i|yka lrk,o Expansion Slots fjk fjku ir,j
y÷kd.ksuq¡

ISA Slot

Industry Standard Architecture hkak flá lr ISA Slot f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh
uq,A jrg IBM iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh uq,A jrg 8 bit bus slot tlla
jYfhka y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ 1984 j¾IfhaoS fuys 16 bit bus slot tlla y÷kajdfok
,oS¡ 1993 j¾IfhaoS Intel iy Microsoft iud.u tl;=fjka Plug and Play bus
y÷kajdoSu;A iu`.u Jumpers iy dip switches Ndú;d lsÍulska f;drj Modem
iy Sound Cards iïnkaO lsÍug yels úh¡

wo jk úg Latest Motherboard ;=, fuu Slot tl Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;' fï

fjkqjg PCI iy AGP slot tu ia:dkh w;Am;A lr.kakd ,oS¡

PCI Slot

fndfyda ksIamdolhska fuu Slot tl iqÿ mdg j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh lrk ksid
myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ Peripheral Component Interconnect hkak flá
lrñka PCI f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ 1992 j¾IfhaoS Intel iud.u úiska uq,Ajrg fuu
Slot tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuu PCI bus tl 32-bit (133MBps) iy 64-bit f,i

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |5

Disapamok Online IT Academy

ixialrK folla y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ flfia fj;;A fuu Slot tl 1990 j¾Ifhys
isg 2000 olajd ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard ;=, nyq,j olakg ,eìKs'

kuq;A j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Motherboard ;=, fuu Slot tflys ;sn Q
;ek PCI Express Slot tl úiska w;Am;A lrf.k we;'

1993 j¾Ifha Version 2.0 iy 1995 j¾Ifha 2.1 f,i ixialrK folla
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ ISA Slot tl fuka Plug and Play bus tlla jQ ksid Jumpers iy
Dip switches Ndú;h wkjYHh úh¡ fuu Slot tl i|yd Modem Card, Network
Card, Sound Card iy Video Cards m%Odk jYfhka iïnkaO lrk ,oS¡ fuu olakg
,efnk PCI Slots ixLHdj Manufacturer iy Motherboard model tl wkqj
fjkiaùu isÿfjhs¡ fndfyda Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska PCI Slot 1 ;A 3 ;A
w;r m%udKhla ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

AGP Slot

Accelerated Graphics Port hkak flá lrñka AGP f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuys
isxy, woyi jkqfha fõ.h jeä lrk,o .%e*sla Slot tl hkakhs¡ fuu jeäoshqK q
lrk ,o Slot tl 1997 j¾IfhaoS Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuhska
dedicated point-to-point channel l%ufõoh y÷kajdoSu;A iu`. fuhska System
Memeory tl fyj;A RAM tlg Direct Access lsÍfï yelshdj ,eìKs' fuys AGP
2.0 hk ixialrKh 1998 j¾IfhaoS o AGP 3.0 hk ixialrKh 2000 j¾IfhaoS
y÷kAjdfok ,oS' fuu Slot tflys Bandwidth tl PCI Slot tflys Bandwidth tl
fuka fo.=Khla úh¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |6

Disapamok Online IT Academy

wo jk úg AGP Slot tlg ;snQ ia:dkh PCI Express Slot tl úiska w;Am;A lrf.k
we;'

PCI Express Slot

fuh kshudldrfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka 3rd Generation I/O (3GIO) f,ig fjhs¡
PCIe f,ig y÷kajkafka PCI Express Slot tlu fjhs¡ fuh tjlg Ndú;d lrk,o
PCI iy AGP fjkqjg meñKs high-speed replacement slot tlla f,ig
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡fuu PCI Express Slot yryd data transmit jkqfha full duplex
mode l%uhg fjhs¡ tkï tlu fõ,djla ;=, foosYdjgu data transfer l, yels
ùuh¡ fuu PCI Express Slot tflys Bandwidth tl 4000 MB/s olajd iyh olajk
,oS¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |7

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CNR Slot

Communication and Network Riser hkak flá lrñka CNR f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
fuu Slot tl i|yd Audio Card, Modem Card, LAN Card i|yd iyh olajk Slot
tlla fjhs¡ fuu CNR Slot tl Intel iud.u úiska 2000 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok
,oaola úh¡ wo jk úg o fuu Slot tl fndfyda ÿrg Motherboard tl ;=,
olakg fkd,efnhs¡

AMR Slot

Audio/Modem Riser hkak flá lr AMR f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh 1998
j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok ,oaola úh' fuh Audio iy Modem Cards i|yd iyh
olajkq ,nk Slot tlla úh' tfukau Audio iy Modem hk folu iys; Card
j,go iyh olajkq ,nk Slot tlla fjhs¡

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Processor Socket or Slot

tod fuod ;=r Motherboard tlg Processor tl iïnkaO lr we;s wdldrh wkqj
Slot iy Socket f,i m%Odk wdldr follg fjka l, yels fjhs¡ Socket o
kej;;A PGA iy LGA f,i wdldr folla olakg ,efnhs¡ uq,Au ld,fha Ndú;d
lrk,o Motherboard ;=, olakg ,enqfka Slot wdldrfha Processor fjhs¡ fï jk
úg Slot type tflys Processor iïmQ¾Kfhkau Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;'

1997 j¾IfhaoS Intel iud.u úiska m,uq jrg Slot 1 f,i Processor Slot tlla
y÷kajdfokq ,eîh' bkamiq AMD iud.u úiskao 1999 j¾IfhaoS Slot A kñka
Processor Slot tlla y÷kAjdfokq ,eîh¡ fuu Slot folu fmkqfuka iudk jqj o
tllg tlla iyh fkdolajk ,oS¡

bkamiq Intel iud.u úiska Slot 2 f,i ;j;a Processor Slot tlla y÷kajdfok ,oS
Slot Processor j,ska miqj Processor tl Motherboard tl iu`. iïnkaO lsÍu
i|yd Slot tl fjkqjg Socket tlla y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ kuq;A fuu Technology tlg
msúfik wjêj, ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard ;=, Slot tlla fukau
Socket tlla o olakg ,eìKs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P ag e |9

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Socket w;ßka uq,skau olakg ,enqfka Pin Grid Array fyj;A PGA wdldrfha
Socket wdldrh fjhs¡ tkï Processor tflys mj;sk pin iïnkaOùu i|yd Bg
wkql+,j Socket tflys isÿre olakg ,eìKs¡

Intel iud.u iy AMD iud.u úiska tod fuod ;=r y÷kajdÿka PGA wdldrfhys
Socket lsysmhla y÷kd.ksuq¡

Socket Name Number of Pins Compatible Processors

Intel Socket 1 169-pin holes Intel 486SX, 486DX,
486DX2, 486DX2, iy
486DX4
Intel Socket 2 238-pin holes 486SX, 486DX, 486DX2,
486DX4
Intel Socket 3 237-pin holes 486SX, 486DX, 486DX2,
486DX4
Intel Socket 4 273-pin holes Intel Pentium
60/66MHz, Pentium
60/66 OverDrive
processors
Intel Socket 5 320-pin holes Intel Pentium 75-133,
Pentium OverDrive, iy
Pentium MMX
processors
Intel Socket 6 235-pin holes
Intel Socket 7 321-pin holes Intel Pentium 75 MHz -
233 MHz, AMD K5 - K6,
Cyrix6x86, iy
Cyrix6x86MX P120-P233.

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Intel Socket 8 387-pins

Socket 370 / PGA 370 370 pin holes Celeron and the Pentium
III Coppermine.
Socket 423 423 pin holes Intel Pentium 4
Socket 462 / Socket A 462 pin holes Athlon Thunderbird,
(AMD) Athlon XP, Athlon MP,
Duron, iy Sempron
processors
Socket 478 478 pin holes Pentium 4 and Celeron
processors

j¾:udkfha wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka LGA fyj;A Land grid Array Processor
Socket fjhs¡

Socket Name Number of Pins Compatible Processors

LGA 775 Core 2 Duo/Quad
processors, Intel
Pentium 4 Prescott
processor iy the
Pentium D iy Pentium
Extreme Edition
processors.
LGA 1156 Intel Core ix-series
processors
LGA 1366 high-end Intel Core i7-
series processors

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LGA 1155 Core ix-series processors

LGA 2011 Core ix-series processors

my;ska fuu Socket iy tu socket j,g support lrk Processors j, iïmQ¾K

úia;rhla olajd we;'

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Memory Slot
uo¾fnda¾â tflys fuuß fyj;A /ï ld¾â iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd we;s iaf,dÜ
fï wdldrhg y÷kajkq ,nhs' uo¾fnda¾â ksIAmdokh l, uq,A wjê j,oS
uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=,u fuuß Ñmhka jYfhka ksIamdokh lr ;snQ w;r tajdfha
fodaIhka we;sjQ úgoS th úi|Su wiSrE neúka ta i|yd úi÷ula jYfhka fuuß
Ñma we;=,;A ld¾â jYfhka ksIAmdokh l, w;r tajd iïnkaO lsÍug fuu
fuuß iaf,dÜ Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ oekg Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ATX wdldrfha
uo¾fnda¾â ;=, fm%dfii¾ fidlÜ tlg wdikakfhys ,ïNl wdldrfhka
olakg ,efnhs' fndfyduhla uo¾fnda¾â ;=, fuh iaf,dÜ fol ne.ska hq.,A
folla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

memory socket iy RAM slot f,io k÷kajkafka o Memory Slot u fjhs¡

fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, SD RAM iy DDR wdldrfha RAM Slot olakg
,efnk w;r SODIMM wdldrfha RAM Slot Laptop mß.Kl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

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uE;l isg olakg ,efnk Motherboard ;=, SD RAM, DDR I, DDR II, DDR III iy
DDR IV f,i Ram Slot wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡

SD RAM Slot

Synchronous DRAM flá lr SDRAM f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuu Slot wdldrh
myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels jkafka Slot tl ;=, Notch folla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu SDR Slot tl y÷kd.; yels wfkla myiqu l%uh jkqfha ueo we;s Notch
tl ;=, 3.3 V f,i i|yka lr ;sîfuks¡ fuh ueo we;s Notch tl ;=, b;d l=vdjg
print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

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DDR I Ram Slot

fuu Slot wdldrh Motherboard tl ;=, uq,Ajrg olakg ,enqfka 2000 j¾IfhaoS
muKh¡ fu;eka mgka olakg ,enqKq DDR 2, DDR 3, DDR 4 hk iEu slot tllu
olakg ,enqfka tla Notch tlla muKs¡ tu ksid tla jru neÆ muKskau Slot tl
y÷kd.; fkdyels fjhs¡ Notch tl ueo 2.5 V f,i uqøKh lr ;sîfuka y÷kd.;
yels fjhs¡

DDR II Ram Slot

fuu Slot wdldrh uq,Ajrg 2003 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuys Notch tl ueo
1.8V f,i uqøKh lr ;sîfuka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ double data rate
two hkak flálr DDR II f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ DDR I Slot tlg idfmalaIj úYd,
speed tlla operate lsÍfï yelshdj fuu slot tlg yelshdj mj;S' fuys f,dl=

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bandwidth tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ tfukau wvq power tllska l%shd;Aulùu

isÿfjhs¡ fuu DDR 1 Slot tl DDR 2 Slot tlg wkql+,;djhla fkdjk njo
isys;nd.; hq;=h'

DDR III Slot

double data rate three hkak flá lr DDR III f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ 2007
j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfokq ,eìKs' DDR II Slot tlg jvd 30% l wvq power tlla ;=,
l%shd;Aul úh¡ fuu Slot tl backward compatible fkdùh¡ tkï DDR II j,g
iyh fkdoelaúh¡ fuu Slot tflys Notch tl u; 1.5 V f,i uqøKh lr
;sîfuka DDR III Slot tlla nj ;yjre lr.; yels fjhs¡

DDR IV

double data rate four hkak flá lr DDR 4 f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ 2014 j¾Ifha
iema;eïn¾ ui y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh jvd;A ld¾hlaIu Slot tlla jk w;r
1.2V jeks Voltage tlla wjYHh fjhs¡ fuho backward compatible fkdùh¡ tkï
DDR III j,g iyh fkdoelaúh¡

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Chipset

Motherboard tl iïmQ¾Kfhkau Control lsÍu uQ,sl jYfhkau chipset tl

u.ska isÿúh¡ CPU tl fyj;A Processor tl" VGA tl iy Memory tl w;r
ikaksfõokh lsÍu fyj;A Control lsÍug Processor tl wdikakfhys
Northbridge tl f,i Chip tll=;A Hard drive Controller, I/O Controller iy
Integrated Hardware w;r ikaksfõokh isÿlsÍug Expansion Slot j,g msgqmiska
msysá chip tl Southbridge tl jYfhka ye|skajQ w;r fuu Chip folu fmdÿfõ
Chipset tl jYfhka ye|skaúks¡

Northbridge

by; rEmigyfkka fmkajd we;Af;A Northbridge chip tl fjhs¡ fuh fndfyda úg

Processor tl wdikakfhys olakg ,efnk úYd,u chip tl neúka myiqfjka
y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ Heat tl wju lsÍu i|yd fndfyda úg fuu chip tlg
by,ska Heat sink tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

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Southbridge

Expansion Slot wdikakfhys msgqmi msysá ;rula úYd, neúka myiqfjka y÷kd.;
yelsfjhs¡ fuh u;o fndfyda úg Heat sink tlla olakg ,efnk neúka
myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ fuh Tng my; diagram tl u.ska wjfndaO
lr.; yels fjhs¡

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fuu Northbridge iy Southbridge chip Ndú;djk ld,fhaoSu fuu Northbridge

iy Southbridge chip fol fjkqjg ;ks chip tlla iys; Motherboard o oelsh
yels jQ w;r tu Chip tflka by; Chip foflysu ld¾hhka isÿl, neúka
Performance wvq uÜgul mej;sks¡

ALi, AMD, Intel, NVidia, SiS, iy VIA f,i Chipset Manufacture iud.ï
lsysmhlau olakg ,eìKs' kuq;A Intel iud.u úiska ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk
Processor i|yd jvd;A iqÿiq jkafka Intel chipset neúka oeka fndfyda
Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska Intel chipset tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
úfYaIfhkau Intel Chipset i|yd Model Number oelsh yels jk w;r tu Model
Number y÷kd.ekSu u.ska Motherboard tflys mj;sk myiqlï y÷kd.; yels
fjhs¡

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Power Connector

Motherboard tlg úÿ,sh ,ndfok Power Connector tl AT iy ATX f,i

m%Odk wdldr folla olakg ,eìKs' AT Motherboard Ndú;djk wjêfhys
Motherboard tlg úÿ,sh ,nd.ekSug Ndú;d lrk,oafoa P8 connector iy P9
connector fyj;A AT Connector wdldrh fjhs¡ fuu Connector tl AT, Baby AT
iy LPX Motherboard ;=, olakg ,eìKs' ATX Motherboard y÷kajdoSu;A iu`.u
fuu AT Power Connector tl Ndú;fhka bj;Aúh¡

fuh Connectors folla wdldrfhka iïnkaO lrk neúka fuys l¿ mdg jh¾
fol tlg msysgk mßos iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡

j¾:udkfha olakg ,efnkafka ATX wdldrfha Power Connector fjhs¡ fuh

merKs P8 P9 Connector tl fjkqjg m%;sia:dmkhjQ Connector tlla nj isys;nd
.; hq;=h' fuh Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk úYd,;u Connector j,ska
tlla fjhs¡ fuu ATX uq,skau y÷kajdÿka Connector tl ;=, pin 20 la olakg
,enqk w;r ATX -2 Connector wdldrh ;=, pin 24 la olakg ,eìKs' fuu

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Connector tlg iïnkaO lrk flan,fhys by,ska ma,diaála fldgfiys l=vd

Clip tlla olakg ,efnk w;r flan,h ksjerosj iïnkaO lrkúgoS fuu
fldgi ;olr f.k flan,h lfklag¾ tl ;=,g iïnkaO lr.; hq;= fjhs¡

fuu iïnkaO lrkq ,nk flan,h Keyed flan,hls¡ tkï ATX Connector tlg
iïnkaO l,yels jkafka tla osYdjlg muKs¡ fuu iïnkaO lrkq ,nk 24-pin
connector Cable tl 20 pin Connector tlg o iïnkaO l, yels jk f,ig
pin 4 fldgi .,jd bj;Al, yels wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu Motherboard tflys mj;sk m%Odk System Power Connector tlg wu;rj
Processor Socket tlg wdikakfhys P4 Connector tl kñka ;j;a 12v
Connector tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh olakg ,enqfka Intel Pentium 4 iy Bg
miqj meñKs Processor j,g iyh olajk Motherboard ;=, fjhs¡ wo jk úg fuu
Connector tl Standard Connector tlla njg m;Aù yudrh' tkï Intel iy
AMD j,g iyh olajk Motherboard folu ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ Multiple

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Processors fyj;A Processor tllg jvd jeä .Kkla Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
Motherboard ;=, úfYaIfhkau Workstation Computers j, 8 pin EPS +12V
Connector tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

I/O Connectors

Hard Disk, CD/DVD Drives, Floppy Drive iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
Connectors fmdÿfõ I/O Connectors jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ merKs
Motherboard ;=, CD/DVD Drives iy Hard Disk iïnkaO lsÍug olakg ,enqk
Connectors fmdÿfõ Integrated Drive Electronics fyj;A IDE Connectos jYfhka
y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ kuq;A fndfyda fofkl= Parallel ATA (PATA) f,io y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
fuh IBM compatible mß.Kl ;=, Hard Drives iy CD/DVD Drives iïnkaO
lrkq ,nk Standard Interface tl jYfhka Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ merKs
Motherboard ;=, fujeks IDE Connector folla olakg ,eìKs¡

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fndfyda úg ks,A meyefhka hq;A lfklag¾ tl Primary IDE lfklag¾ tl

jYfhkao wfkl Secondary IDE lfklag¾ tl jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,eîh'
fuf,i Primary IDE lfklag¾ tlla iy Secondary IDE lfklag¾ tlla
f,i lfklag¾ folla olakg ,efnkúg fïjdg wod, Wmdx. iïnkaO
lrkúgloS Primary IDE lfklag¾ tl i|yd iEu úgloSu ydâ äiala tl
iïnkaO l, hq;= fjhs¡ ukao mß.Klh l%shd;Auljk úgoS fufyhqï moaO;sh
olakg ,efnkafka ydâ äiala tl ;=, ksidfjks¡ Secondary IDE lfklag¾
i|yd fndfyda úg iSã v%hsõ ãùã v%hsõ iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs' kuq;A miqj meñKs
Motherboard ;=, olakg ,enqfka tla IDE Connector tlla muKs¡ fuu
Connectors j, pin 40 la olakg ,eìKs¡ fuf,i ;ks Connector tlla mj;sk
wjia:d j,oS fuu SATA Cable tl Device follg Support lrk mßos ,nd.;
yels úh¡ tkï Master iy Slave wdldrhg fjhs¡

óg wu;rj Floppy Drive Motherboard tl iu`. iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Floppy

Drive Connector tlla o olakg ,eìKs¡ fuh pin 34 l Connector tlla úh¡

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kuq;A j¾:udkfha Motherboard ;=, Hard Drive, CD/DVD Drive iïnkaO lsÍu
i|yd olakg ,efnkafka SATA Connectors fjhs¡ SerialATA flálr SATA f,i
y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh 2001 j¾IfhaoS uq,Ajrg y÷kajdfokq ,eîh¡ j¾:udkfha
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Motherboard ;=, fuu Connectors 4 isg Bg jvd jeä
m%udKhla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu SATA Connector tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Devices Replace lsÍfïoS System
tl Restart lsÍu wkjYHjQ w;r kuq;A IDE Connector tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk
Devices Replace lsÍfïoS System tl Shutdown lr Replace lsÍug isÿúh'

BIOS Chip

mß.Klfhys msysgqjd we;s fufyhqï moaO;sh l%shd;aul ùug m%:ufhka

mß.Klh ksis f,i l%shd;Aulùug wjYHh Wmdx. ksis f,i we;Aoehs fidhd
n,kq ,nk jevigyk BIOS jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs' fuh Basic Input/Output
System hkak flá lr oelaùuls¡ fuu BIOS jevigyk wvx.= Ñmh BIOS Ñmh
jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nk w;r fuh iEu uo¾fnda¾â tlla ;=,u wksjd¾fhkau
olakg ,efnk Ñmhla fjhs¡ tu ksid fuu BIOS jevigyk iys; Ñmh tla;rd
wdldrfha fm%dfiirhla f,i ye|skajqjo jrola ke;' fuh Eprom fyda EEProm
;dlaIKfhka hq;= Ñmhla fjhs¡ fuu BIOS jevigyk ;=, Wmfoia wka;¾.; jk
w;r tys POST (Power On Self Test) l%shdj,sh u.ska mß.Klh ksis f,i
l%shd;Aul ùug wjYH yd¾âfjhd Wmdx. ksisf,i we;Aoehs i,ldn,kq w;r
fuysoS POST (Power On Self Test) l%shdj,sh wiu;AjQ úg îma y~la ksl=;A lrkq
,nhs'

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fuf,i POST l%shdj,sh iu;AjQ úg Hard Disk tflys we;s Operating System tl
Memory j,g Load lrkq ,nhs¡ bka wk;=rej Operating System tl u.ska
Computer tl md,kh lrkq ,nhs¡ tu ksid Operating System tl iy
Hardware fldgia w;r iïnkaëlrKh isÿlrkq ,nkafka BIOS u.ska fjhs¡

uo¾fnda¾â tl ;=, olakg ,efnk BIOS Ñmfhys wvx.= BIOS jevigyk .;Aúg
tys m%Odk l%shdj,s 4 la olakg ,efnhs¡ tkï"

 POST
 Bootstrap Loader
 BIOS drivers
 BIOS or CMOS Setup
POST u.ska fufyhqï moaO;sh l%shd;Aulùug m%:ufhka wod, yd¾âfjhd
Wmdx. ksisf,i we;Aoehs fidhd n,kq ,nhs'

Bootstrap Loader l%shdj,sh u.ska fufyhqï moaO;sh l%shd;Aulùug úOdk

imhkq ,nhs' BIOS drivers u.ska mß.Klfhys uQ,sl l%shdj,s i|yd wjYH
oDvdx.j, uQ,sl v%hsj¾ia ,ndfokq ,nhs' BIOS or CMOS Setup u.ska BIOS ys
isÿlrkq ,nk Date, Time, Password wdoS ieliqï wdosh ilialr ;nd.kS' AMI
yd Phoenix hkq fuu BIOS Ñmhka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk m%Odk;u iud.ï
folla fjhs¡

Apple Mac mß.Kl j, BIOS fjkqjg EFI f,i jeäoshqKq lrk,o Chip tlla
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu EFI hkq Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok ,o úYd, osh qKq
lsÍï iys; jevigykla iys; chip tlla úh¡ j¾:udkfha Motherboard ;=,
fuu idïm%odhsl BIOS Upgrade lrñka UEFI f,i jevigykla iys; Chip tlla
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh jvd fyd| Security tlla iy jvd fyd|ska Hardware fldgia
i|yd Support lrkq ,nhs¡

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j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Motherboard ;=, Dual BIOS ;dlaIKh

Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuys Main BIOS iy Backup f,i chip folla olakg ,efnhs¡
fuh Virus fyda data corruption ùuloS BIOS jevigyk wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs¡

idudkHfhka ;ks BIOS Chip tlla iys; Motherboard tlla ;=, BIOS
jevigyk damaged ùula fyda updated failure tlloS kej;;A mß.Klh boot
l, fkdyels fjhs¡ ukao BIOS parameters iy Settings lost jk fyhsks¡ fï fya;=j
ksid BIOS iy Motherboard Manufacturers úiska Dual BIOS Technology tl
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuysoS BIOS chip tl tkï Main BIOS chip tl ydksjQ úgoS
Backup BIOS chip tl iajhxl%Shju l%shd;Aulùu isÿfjhs¡ tu.ska Main BIOS chip
tl recovery lrkq ,nhs¡ GIGABYTE iud.u úiska 1999 j¾IfhaoS GIGABYTE Dual
BIOS technology y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuysoS BIOS (master) iy BIOS (slave) f,i
chip folla olakg ,eìKs¡ fuys idudkHfhka l%shd;Auljkq ,nkafka BIOS
master chip tl fjhs¡ fuu chip tflys BIOS program tl failed jqjfyd;A
Primary BIOS is not ready, Press F1 to recovery... f,i Message tlla Screen
tflys fmkajkq ,nhs¡ fuúg Backup BIOS chip tflka mß.Klh mK .kajkq

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,nhs¡ backup BIOS tl u.ska Master BIOS tl repair lrkq ,nhs¡ tu ksid
Gigabyte Dual BIOS technology tl úYajdil, yels wdrlaIs; l%ufõohla fjhs¡

MSI corporation iud.u úiska Safe BIOS technology ;dlaIKh óg iu.dój

y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuysoS i;H f,iu Motherboard tl ;=, BIOS chip folla
olakg fkd,eìKs' ta fjkqjg ;ks chip tlla olakg ,eìKs¡ kuq;A fuu chip
tflys partition folla olakg ,eìKs' primary BIOS partition tl damaged
jqjfyd;A System tl wfkla partition tflka boot lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu.ska
iajhxl%Shju primary BIOS partition tl repair lrkq ,nhs¡ kuq;A fuu iïmQ¾K
chip tl damage jqjfyd;A recovery l, fkdyels fjhs¡ kuq;A j¾:udkfhaoS Safe
BIOS technology tl Ndú;d lrkq fkd,nhs¡

ChainTech corporation iud.u úiska óg iu.dój Twin BIOS technology tl

y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh intelligent dual BIOS technology tlla fjhs¡ fuysoS o
Gigabyte Dual BIOS technology tflys fuka BIOS chip folla Motherboard tl
;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ fuysoS Master-Slave f,i chip fol olakg fkd,efnk w;r
tu chip fol w;r relationship tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ iïmQ¾Kfhkau Peer to
Peer wdldrfhka l%shdlrkq ,nhs¡ BIOS j,g ydks jqjfyd;A tlsfkld w;r repair
lr.kq ,nhs¡ Gigabyte Dual BIOS ;dlaIKfhaoS BIOS chip folu Motherboard
tlg soldered lr we;s w;r kuq;A Twin BIOS chips socket tllg Tínjd
olakg ,efnhs¡

flfia fj;;A fuu BIOS chip tflys wvx.= BIOS jevigyk fj; msúiSu i|yd
mß.Klh Boot l, ieKska F1, F2, Delete fyda F10 Key j,ska tlla Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ úfYAIfhkau Windows Operating System tlla Install lsÍfïoS First Boot
Device Settings ilia lsÍug BIOS jevigyk fj; msúish hq;= fjhs¡

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Motherboard ksIAmdokh lrk,o uq,a wjêfha isg fï olajd BIOS Chip wdldr
lsysmhlg ksIAmdokh lrk,oS¡ tu chip wdldr oek ;sîfuka BIOS chip tl
Motherboard tflys wfkl=;A chip w;ßka myiqfjka fjkalr y÷kd.; yels
fjhs¡

PLCC-32 package

jeä jYfhkau merKs Motherboard ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,enqfõ fuu wdldrfha
BIOS chip wdldrh fjhs¡ mska 32 lska hqla; úh¡ chip tflys fl,jr we,jQ
iaNdjhlska olakg ,eìKs'

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DIP-8 package

j¾:udkfha fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu chip wdldrh Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
mska 8 lska hqla; fjhs¡

SOIC-8 package (200mil)

fuh o iq,N f,i Motherboard iy Notebook Motherboard ;=, olakg

,efnhs¡ mska 8 la olakg ,efnk w;r fuh Motherboard tlg soldered lr
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys m,uq pin 1 u; mark tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

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SOIC-8 package (150mil)

fuh SOIC-8 (200mil) chip tlg jvd l=vd chip tlla fjhs¡ fuysoSo m,uq pin 1 u;
mark tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ j¾:udkfha Notebook Motherboard ;=, Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡

SOIC-16 package

Lenovo iy HP devices j, jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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TSOP package

fuu BIOS chip wdldrh merKs Notebook wdldrfha mß.Kl ;=, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡
fuys TSOP-32 mit 2x16pin, TSOP-40 mit 2x20pin oder TSOP-48 mit 2x24pin
f,i wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs'

DIP-24 bis 48

Pins: 2x12 Wmßu f,i pin 2x24 f,i olakg ,efnhs¡

TPM Connector

TPM hkq Trusted Platform Module hkak flálr oelaùuls¡ j¾:udkfha

ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk ASUS iy GIGABYTE Motherboard ;=, fuh fjku
pin set tlla f,i tkï Connector tlla wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡
idukdHfhka pin set tlla wdldrfhka olakg ,efnk úg fuhg iïnkaO l,
yels wdldrfhka wdrlaIs; cryptographic integrated circuit (IC) tlla f,i

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olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu IC tl u.ska hardware-based jvd wdrlaIs; higher level

Security tlla Software-based security tllg jvd ,nd.; yels fjhs¡
idukHfhka Software tlla Ndú;d lrñka isÿlrk data protection tllg jvd
High level security tlla fuu IC tl Ndú;d lrñka isÿlr.; yels fjhs¡ fuu
l%ufõoh jeämqr Ndú;d lrkq ,nkqfha network policy enforcement points,
Checkpoint firewalls we;=,;Aj , Cisco switchers iy routers, iy wfkl=; A
802.1x-wkql+, devices j, fjhs¡

TPM Connector

TPM Integrated Circuit

fuu TPM Technology tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nk wjia:djlg fyd|u WodyrKh

jkqfha Windows 10 iu`. meñfKk BitLocker uDÿldx.hhs¡ fuu BitLocker hkq
TPM Technology tl Ndú;d lrñka mß.Klfhys Hard Disk tflys mj;sk
o;A; Encryption lrkq ,nk id¾:lu l%ufõohla fjhs¡ idudkHfhka BitLocker
uDÿldx.h Ndú;dlrñka o;A; Encryption lsÍu i|yd TPM IC tl Ndú;d lsÍu
isÿfjhs¡ Tnf.A mß.Klh fidrd.ekSulg ,lajQúgloS fyda offline attack tlloS
o;A; wdrlaId lsÍu BitLocker uDÿldx.fhka isÿl, yels fjhs¡ fuf,i BitLocker

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P a g e | 32

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uDÿldx.h u.ska o;A; Encryption lsÍfïoS tu recovery key ;nd.kq ,nkafka

TPM chip tl ;=, fjhs¡

System Battery

CMOS Battery tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafkao fuhu fjhs¡ Complementary

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor hkak flálrñka CMOS f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Real-
Time Clock (RTC), Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM) iy CMOS RAM f,io fuh
y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ mß.Klh shutdown l,úg system date time iy system
hardware settings ke;sùhk fyhska tu settings .nvdlr ;nd.kq ,nk
semiconductor chip tl fj; wLKAv úÿ,s Odrdjla imhkq ,nhs¡

IBM mß.Klj, fuu semiconductor chip tl jYfhka uq,skau Ndú;d

lrk,oafoa Motorola 146818 chip tl fjhs¡ fuys 64 bytes l m%udKhl o;A;
Store lr ;nd.ekSug yelsúh' idudkHfhka fuu negßfhys wdhqld,h wjqreÿ
3 ;A 5 ;A w;r m%udKhla fjhs¡ flfia fj;;A wjqreÿ 3 lska miq negßh Replace
lsÍu jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡ j¾:udkfha olakg ,efnk Motherboard ;=, fuu
Settings southbridge tlg fyda Motherboard tl ;=,u mj;sk Super I/O chip
tlg Intergrated ù we;' fuu CMOS battery tl fail ù we;s nj wkqudk l,
yelafla mß.Klh turn off l, miq system date tl iy time tl ksishdldrfhka
mj;Ajd.ekSug fkdyels ùuhs¡ fuu battery tl fail jQ úg mß.Klh boot
lrkúg ;srfhys CMOS Read Error, CMOS Checksum Error,fydA CMOS Battery
Failure f,i olakg ,efnhs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P a g e | 33

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How to replace the CMOS battery

wm i;=j mj;sk ia:s;s úoHq;h ksid fuu System Unit tl ;=, mj;sk
Motherboard tflys mj;sk Wmdx.j,g ydksúh yels neúka m,uqj th
Discharge lr.; hq;= fjhs¡ fï i|yd l, yels myiqu Wml%uh jkqfha carpet
tll ;u fomd fyd|ska w;=,A,d f,day fldgila u| fõ,djla iam¾I lrf.k
isàuh' ke;fyd;A antistatic strap tlla jqjo Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

úfYAIfhkau Laptop mß.Klhl CMOS battery tl udre lrk wjia:djloS

antistatic mat Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡

oeka System Unit tflys Cover tl újD;lr Battery tl iïnkaOù we;s ia:dkh
fidhd.; hq;=fjhss¡ wo jk úg fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, olakg ,efnkafka
CR2032 wdldrfha coin cell negßhla fjhs¡ fuu CMOS battery tl r|jd;sfnk
socket tflys tlamfil l=vd la,sma tlla olakg ,efnk w;r fuh ;ol,úg

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P a g e | 34

Disapamok Online IT Academy

negßh ,sys,aùu isÿfjhs¡ oeka fuh m%fõYfuka .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡ oeka w¿;A
negßh + w.%h ksjerosj ;sfnk wdldrhg Socket tlg ;nd w;ska u`ola ;o lrkak¡
oeka mß.Klh boot lr CMOS settings default ;;Ajhg m;Alr.; hq;= fjhs¡ fï
i|yd mß.Klh boot lrkjd;A iu`.u F1, F2 fyda Delete key j,ska tlla
Ndú;dlr BIOS jevigyk fj; msúfikak¡ fndfyduhla BIOS jevigyka j,
fï i|yd Function Key tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh fndfyda úg F5, F6, F9, F11,
fyda F12 key tlla fjhs¡

wfkl=;A BIOS jevigyka j,oS Arrow keys Ndú;d lrñka tu mj;sk list tl
mÍlaIdlr ne,shhq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS tu Default ;;Ajhg m;Alr.ekSug Enter lS tl
Tnd kej; Y wl=r Tnd kej; Enter key tl Tnkak¡ oeka Date time wdoS settings
ilialr fuu ilialr.;A settings save lr.ekSu i|yd F10 jeks Function key
tlla Ndú;dlr BIOS jevigyfkka bj;Ajkak¡

Jumpers

Motherboard tl ;=, úúO ieliqï Configure lsÍu i|yd Jumpers Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ Jumper tlla hkq pin j,ska iukaú; l=vd plastic box tllska wdjrKh ù
we;s jHqyhla fjhs¡ Motherboard tlg wu;rj Jumpers Hard drives, Sound
cards iy modems ;=,o Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P a g e | 35

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ATA (IDE) Hard Drive Ndú;d lrk wjêj,oS fuu jumpers Ndú;d lsÍu nyq,j
isÿúh' Tfí mß.Klhg w¿;ska ;j;a IDE Hard Drive tlla iïnkaO lrkúgoS
master, slave fyda cable select wdldrhg Hard drive ilia lsÍug Jumpers Ndú;d
lrk,oS¡

l=uk Device tll jqjo Jumper settings ilia lsÍfïoS tu Device tl lr ;sîu
wksjd¾h fjhs¡ uq,A ld,fha Motherboard ;=, Processor Voltage iy
Motherboard Speed wdosh Configure lsÍug Jumpers Ndú;d lrk,oS' wo jk úg
fndfyda úg wmg wjYH jkafka CMOS clear Jumper settings tl muKs¡

CMOS clear Jumper

BIOS jevigyfkys fodaI u;=jQ úgoS úfYaIfhkAu ksishdldrfhka Boot fkdùu"

Devices ksishdldrfhka Detect fkdlr.ekSu" Password fhdod th
wu;ljqjfyd;A tajd clear lr.ekSug BIOS jevigyk Reset lr.ekSug isÿfjhs¡
fuf,i Reset l,úg BIOS jevigyk default factory settings j,g iliaùu
isÿfjhs¡ fuf,i CMOS Clear lr.ekSu i|yd m,uqj mß.Klh Turn Off lr
úÿ,sfhka úikaê l,hq;= fjhs¡ oeka Motherboard tflys CMOS clear lrk pin
j,g iïnkaO lr we;s Jumper tl fidhd.; hq;=h' fuu pin j,g iïnkaO lr
we;s Jumper tl wi, Motherboard tflys fndfyda úg RTC RET, BIOS Config,
CLEAR PASSWORD, CLEAR f,i print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ oeka Jumper tl
.,jd bj;Alr Clear lsÍug wod, pin folg iïnkaO lr ;;Amr 10 la muK ;nd
kej; Jumper tl l,ska ;snqk pin j,g iïnkaO lr mß.Klh mK.ekaúh
hq;=fjhs¡ Jumper tl Clear Position tfla ;sìhoS mß.Klh mK.ekaùug
W;Aidyl,o fndfyda úg mß.Klh mK.ekaùu isÿfkdfjhs¡

Created By : Wajira Madusanka CHC086 P a g e | 36

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK

MOTHERBOARD
(PART IV)

Created By : Wajira Madusanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wms Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Expansion

Slot, Processor Socket or Slot, Memory Slot, Chipset, Power Connector, I/O
Connectors, BIOS Chip, TPM Connector, System Battery, Jumpers .ek idlÉPd
l,d Tng u;l we;s¡ fyd|hs wms wo Motherboard tflys olakg ,efnk
wfkl=;A Components ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq'

Front Control Panel

Motherboard tflys olakg ,efnk Front Control Panel tl i|yd m%Odk

jYfhka my; Connectors iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡

 Power Switch
 Reset Switch
 Power LED
 Hard Disk LED
 System Speaker
 Front USB
 Front Audio
 Front Firewire

Casine tflys bosßmi we;s Front USB, Front Audio, Front Firewire, Reset iy
Power Switch, Power LED, Hard Disk LED wdoS Connectors iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd
Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk pin set tl fmdÿfõ Front Control Panel
tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

fuu pin set tl fpanel, front panel connector, system panel connector iy
system panel header jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuu pin set tlg iïnkaO lsÍu
i|yd Casine tflys isg meñfKk flan,h jh¾ follska iukaú; fjhs¡ fuys

P age |2
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l¿ fyda iqÿ meye;s jh¾ tl ground (GND) jh¾ jk w;r wfkl=;A

j¾Khkaf.ka olakg ,efnk jh¾ ;=, lsishï Voltage tlla .uka lrkq ,nhs¡

HDD LED (IDE LED)

fuu LED n,Anh u.ska Hard disk tflys data read lsÍula fyda write lsÍula
isÿlrkjdo hkak ksrEmkh lrkq ,nhs¡

Power LED (PLED)

fuu LED n,Anh u.ska mß.Klh on, off fyda Standby ;;Ajfha ;sfnkjdo hkak
ksrEmkh lrkq ,nhs¡

Power SW (PWRSW)

mß.Klh turn off iy turn on lsÍug Casine tflys bosßmi olakg ,efnk
Power Button tl Control lrkq ,nkafka fuu connector tl u.ska fjhs¡

P age |3
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Reset SW

mß.Klh Stuck jqk wjia:djloS th u`.yrjd .ekSug mß.Klh Restart lsÍug

wod, Casine tflys bosßmiska olakg ,efnk Reset button tl control lrkq
,nkafka fuu connector tflka fjhs¡

Speaker

mß.Klh boot jk wjia:dfõoS boot signal tl ,ndfok beep y`v cks;lrjk

Internal speaker tl iïnkaO lrkq ,nk connector tl fjhs¡

fyd|hs fuf,i Casine tflys isg meñfKk Fornt cable iïnkaO l, yels Front
Panel tl Motherboard tflys ;sfnk ia:dkh fidhd.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuu
connector tl fndfyda ÿrg Motherboard tflys Expansion slot wdikakfhys
Motherboard tflys fl,jfrys olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu connector tl
wdikakfhys F Panel f,i print lr ;sîfuka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

iEu Motherboard ksImdolfhl=u fuu Front Panel tlg Casine tflys isg
meñfKk connectors flfia iïnkaO l,hq;= hkak igykla Front Panel tl
wdikakfhysu Motherboard tflys uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ kuq;A
Front Panel tl wdikakfhys tu igyk uqøKh lsÍug bv m%udKj;A fkdjk

P age |4
Disapamok Online IT Academy

wjia:dj,oS iuyr Motherboard Manufacturer úiska th Motherboard tflys

bv ;sfnk ia:dkhl uqøKh lrkq ,nhs¡

by; rEmigyfkys we;s Motherboard tflys SW1 f,i F panel tl

Motherboard tflys fl,jfrys olakg ,efnkuq;A tu ia:dkfhys bv m%udKj;A
fkdjk ksid tu igyk Southbridge tl wdikakfhys uqøKh lr we;'

by; rEmigyfkka fmkajkq ,nk Motherboard tflys F Panel tl fjk;A

ia:dkhl olakg ,efnk w;r connectors flfia iïnkaO l,hq;= hkak

P age |5
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fmkajk igyk Motherboard tflys fjk;A ia:dkhl uqøKh lr ;sfnkq

olakg ,efnhs¡

fndfyduhla Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska by; rEmigyfkys mßos F Panel

tl wdikakfhysu tu igyk uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

flfia fj;;A fuu HD LED iy Power LED connectors iïnkaO lsÍfïoS fuu +
w.% iy - w.% .,md iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuu Casine tflka meñfKk
flan,fhys w. connector tl wfkla w;g yerjQmiq tys + w.%h y÷kd.ekSu
i|yd l=vd ;%sfldaK i,l=Kla uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

fndfyduhla Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska fuu cable tl iïnkaO l,hq;=

igyfkys + w.%h l=ulao hkak uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ WodyrKhla
f,ig 1-3 HDD - LED f,ig ;snqkfyd;A bka woyiajkqfha m,uq iy ;=kajk pin

P age |6
Disapamok Online IT Academy

tlg HDD – LED connector tl iïnkaOúh hq;=h¡ ta;A iu`.u iïnkaO l,hq;= +
w.% iy - w.% tu igyk ;=,u olajd we;' tfukau m,uq pin tl wi, fndfyda
úg 1 fyda 2 pin tl wi, 2 f,i uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

fuysoS LED Cable yer wfkl=;A Cable iïnkaO lsÍug ksYAÑ; osYdjla fyj;A
Direction tlla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ Tn LED Cables osYdj fjkialr iïnkaO
l,úg n,Anhka oe,Aùu isÿfkdfjhs¡ fuysoS flan,fhys w. connector tl wfkla
w;g yerjQmiq tys + w.%h y÷kd.ekSu i|yd l=vd ;%sfldaK i,l=Kla uqøKh lr
fkdue;skï fndfydaúg colored jh¾ tl tkï power f.k hk jh¾ tl +
w.%hg o white fyda black jh¾ tl - w.%hg iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡

fuysoS Motherboard tflys F Panel tl wi, uqøKh lr ;sfnk igyk

wmeyeos,skï Tng Motherboard tflys Manual tl mÍlaIdl,úg tu igyk
by; rEmfha mßos meyeos,sj olakg ,efnhs¡ j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk

P age |7
Disapamok Online IT Academy

ASUS Motherboard tl ;=, F Panel tlg iïnkaO lsÍug Q Connector kñka

úfYAI connector tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh Adapter tlla wdldrfhka olakg
,efnhs¡ fuu Q Connector tflys Motherboard tflys i|yka lr ;sfnkjdg
jvd ;rula úYd, wl=re j,ska flan,A iïnkaO lrk ia:dkhka i|yka lr
we;'

j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk GIGABYTE Mother board tflys F Panel

tflys HD LED, Power Switch, Reset Switch, Speaker j,g wu;rj MSG f,ig
i|yka lr we;'

P age |8
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu MSG f,i i|yka lr we;s pin folg iïnkaO lrkqfha Power LED tlg
wod, flan,h fjhs¡ wojk úg Front USB, Front Audio iy Front Firewire i|yd
pin set tlg iïnkaO lsÍug meñfkkafka ;ks Connector tlla f,ig fjhs¡

merKs Motherboard ;=, fuu pin set tl i|yd Casine tflka ;ks jh¾
jYfhka meñKs w;r miqj oeka meñfKk Connector tl ;ks connector tlla
f,i Front Audio kñka olakg ,efnhs¡

Old Front Audio connector

New Front Audio connector

oeka meñfKk fuu Audio Connector tl AC 97 iy HD Audio f,i wdldr

folla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuhska uq,skau olakg ,efnkqfha fuu AC 97 connector
tl jk w;r fuh uq,A jrg 1997 j¾IfhaoS Intel Architecture Labs iud.u úiska
y÷kajdfok ,oS' fuu Standard tl motherboards, modems, iy sound cards
;=, Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡ fuh Wmßu channel 6 lska hq;A analog audio output tlla

P age |9
Disapamok Online IT Academy

jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' kuq;A miqj y÷kajdÿka HD Audio connector tl Wmßu

jYfhka channel 8 lg iyh olajk analog audio output tlla jYfhka
ye|skaúh yel'

iuyrla Motherboard Manufacturer úiska fuu Internal Speaker tl fyj;A

buzzer tl Inbuilt Motherboard tl ;=,u tjkq ,nhs¡

tfia fkdue;s úgoS buzzer tlla fjku F Panel tflys Speaker pin j,g iïnkaO
l,hq;= fjhs¡

BIOS jevigyfkys POST l%shdj,sh iu;AjQ úgoS mß.Klh u.ska ,ndfok beep
y`v Y%jKh lsÍu i|yd buzzer tl wjYHùu isÿfjhs¡

fndfyda úg fuu USB pin headers F_USB f,i uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg
,efnhs¡ fuu tla pin header tlla USB port folla i|yd iyh olajkq ,nhs¡

P a g e | 10
Disapamok Online IT Academy

WodyrKhla f,i Motherboard tflys F_USB1, F_USB2, F_USB3 f,i pin

headers ;=kla olakg ,efnhs¡

l,ska rEmigyfkys olajd ;snQ pin headers USB 2.0 ixialrKh i|yd iyh
olajk tajd fjhs¡ kuq;A USB 3.0 ixialrKhg i|yd iyh olajk pin headers
óg jvd ;rula fjkia fjhs¡ th my; rEmigyfkys olajd we;'

USB 3.1 ixialrKhg i|yd iyh olajk pin headers USB 3.0 ixialrKhg jvd
;rula fjkia fjhs¡

P a g e | 11
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merKs Motherboard ;=, fuu F_USB tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk flan,h ;ks
connector tlla jYfhka fkdj connectors 10 la fjk fjku jh¾ wdldrhg
olakg ,eìKs¡

kuq;A j¾:udkfha Casine Manufacture lrk ksIAmdolhska úiska fuh ;ks

connector tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

Capacitors

Capacitor fyj;A Odß;%lhla hkq ikakdhl ;yvq follska fyda ;yvq iuQyhlsk a
wka;¾.;jQ tu ;yvq fol w;r mßjdrlhla iys; ceramic fyda plastic
nyd¨ulska wdjrKh lrk,o jHqyhla fjhs¡ fuu Capacitors u.ska DC fyj;A
Direct Current tlla tkï taldldÍ Odrdjla ,nd.ekSu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuysoS fuu
Capacitor tl ;=, we;s tla ;yvqjla fyda ;yvq iuQyhla + f,i wdfrdamKh
lr.kakd w;r wfkla ;yvqj fyda ;yvq iuQyh - f,i wdfrdamKh lr.ekSu
isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuys mj;sk wdfrdamKh microfarads j,ska .Kkh lrkq ,nhs¡
mß.Klh ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Capacitors my; wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

P a g e | 12
Disapamok Online IT Academy

;j;a iq,¡ f,i Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Capacitor j¾.hla jkqfha electrolytic
capacitor fjhs¡ fuh wêl Odß;dn,hla iys; l=vd meflachla f,i olakg
,efnhs¡ fuys wdldrh my; rEmigyfkys fmkajd we;'

Motherboard tflys wfkl=;A fndfyduhla Wmdx. fuka Capacitors fail fyj;A

wl¾uKHùu isÿúh yel' tu.ska Motherboard tl fyda tys Wmdx. fail ùug neß
ke;' fuf,i Capacitors wl¾uKHùu ksid Display fkdue;sùu" mß.Klh
stuck ùu" Blue screen meñKSu kej; windows install lsÍug fkdyelsùu isÿúh
yel'

fuf,i Motherboard tlla fndfyda ld,hla Ndú;d lrk úgoS fuu

Capacitors fail ùu isÿfjhs¡ my; rEmigyfkys ABIT VP6 Motherboard tll
blown capacitors wl¾uKH ù we;s rEm igykla olajd we;' fuu blown

P a g e | 13
Disapamok Online IT Academy

wdldrfha capacitors kej; replace lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' kuq;A ta fjkqjg

fndfyda wh isÿlrkq ,nkafka Motherboard tl replace lsÍu fjhs¡

fuu ydksù we;s Capacitors y÷kd.; yels myiqu l%uh jkqfha Capacitor tl
u; burn mark oelSug yelsùu iy fõ¿k ;r,hla oelSug yelsùuh¡

I/O Chip (Super I/O Chip)

super input/output fyda Super I/O, SIO hk kï j,ska y÷kajkq ,nkafkao fuu
chip tlu fjhs¡ fuh Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Integrated chip
tlla fjhs¡ fuu chip tl u.ska Keyboard, Mouse jeks Input iy Output
devices, Serial Port, Parallel Port, Floppy disk connector, Motherboard
Temperature, Fan speed wdosh Control lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu chip tl uq,Ajrg olakg
,enqfka 1980 ka miq ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard ;=, jQ w;r fuh fndfyda
úg expansion slot w;r olakg ,efnk chip tlla úh¡

P a g e | 14
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uq,Ald,fhaoS fuu chip tl ISA bus tl yryd Control lsÍu isÿl, w;r wo jk
úg PCI bus tl yryd Control lrkq ,nhs¡ kuq;A wojk úg Southbridge tl yryd
ikaksfõokh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu chip tl y÷kd.; yels myiqu l%uh jkqfha chip
tl u; tys ksIAmdolhdf.A ku uqøKh lr ;sîuh¡ Fintek, ITE, National
Semiconductor, Nuvoton, SMSC, VIA, and Winbond hkq Super I/O chip tl
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk m%lg iud.ï lsysmhla fjhs¡

Network Chip

fuu chip tla;rd wdldrhl microprocessor tlla f,ig ie,lsh yels w;r
telecommunications network tlla yryd tla;rd kHdhla miqìï lr.ksñka
data sending fyda receiving lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ Drivers Install lsÍuloS tu chip
tl ksIAmdokh lrk,o Manufacturer iy Model Number tl y÷kd.ekSug
fuu chip tl y÷kdf.k ;sîu jvd;A m%fhdack j;A fjhs¡ fuu chip tl short jQ
wjia:djloS Motherboard tflys Display fkdue;s ùug bv we;s neúka tjeks
wjia:djl chip tl bj;Alr Display ,nd.ekSu i|yd Network chip tl
y÷kdf.k ;sîu m%fhdackj;A fjhs¡ chip tl bj;Al, miq Display ,nd.;fyd;A
Network Card tlla Ndú;d lrñka Network myiqlu ,nd.; yels fjhs¡

P a g e | 15
Disapamok Online IT Academy

ASIX, Atheros, Broadcom, Intel, LSI Corporation, Marvell Technology Group,

Proxim, Qualcomm, Ralink, Realtek, VIA Technologies. Windbond hk iud.ï
Network chip ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk f,dj m%lg;u wdh;k fjhs¡

Winbond

Winbond Electronics Corporation hkq ;dhsjdkh m%uqLj 1987 j¾IfhaoS wdrïN

lrk,o f,dj m%lg Network chip ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk iud.ula fjhs¡
Windbond hkq oekg ;dhsjdkfha úYd,;u Integrated Circuits ksIAmdokh lrkq
,nk iud.ula fjhs¡

VIA Technologies

fuho ;dhsjdkh uQ,sl lr.ksñka werô Integrated Circuits ksIAmdokh lrkq

,nk iud.ula fjhs¡ tl, fuu iud.u jvd;A m%p,s;jQfha Chipset ksIAmdofhl=
f,ih¡ Network Controllers j,g wu;rj Audio Controllers o fuu iud.u úiska
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

óg wu;rj low power CPUs, CD/DVD Writers chipset o ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

Realtek
fuu iud.u o ;dhsjdkh uQ,sl lr.ksñka 1987 j¾IfhaoS wdrïN lrk,o
iud.ula fjhs¡ fuu iud.u oekg úúO j¾.fha microchips ksIAmdokh lrkq
,nhs¡ m%Odk jYfhka communications network ICs, computer peripheral ICs iy
multimedia ICs m%Odk jYfhka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ idïm%odhsl 10/100M
Ethernet controllers iy advanced gigabit Ethernet controllers o fuu iud.u
úiska ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Physical Layer tflys mj;sk devices jk
network switch controllers, gateway controllers, wireless LAN ICs fukau ADSL
router controllers o ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

Ralink

Ralink Technology, Corp hkq Wi-Fi chipset manufacturer lrk iud.ula fjhs¡
m%Odk jYfhka IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN) chipsets ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu
Ralink chipset Gigabyte, Linksys, D-Link iy Asus jeks iud.ï úiska Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡

Atheros

Qualcomm Atheros hkq wireless chipset ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk ;j;a m%lg
iud.ula fjhs¡ IEEE 802.11 standard tl i|yd chipset ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡
fuu iud.u úiska 2008 j¾IfhaoS Tjqka ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk 802.11n
devices i|yd Open Source Linux j,g iyh olajk Drivers y÷kajdfok ,oS¡

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Sound Chip

Manufacturer iy Model Number tl y÷kdf.k ;sîu Drivers Install lsÍu

jvd;A myiq lrjhs¡ idudkHfhka fuu chip tl olakg ,efnkafka
Motherboard tflys I/O Port ;sfnk me;Af;ys fl,jrg jkakg fjhs¡

fuu chip tl o short ù we;s wjia:djloS o mß.Klfhys Display ke;sù hdyels

neúka tjeks wjia:djl chip tl bj;Alr Display ,nd.ekSu i|yd sound chip
tl y÷kdf.k ;sîu m%fhdackj;A fjhs¡ chip tl bj;Al, miq Display
,nd.;fyd;A Sound Card tlla Ndú;d lrñka Sound myiqlu ,nd.; yels fjhs¡
wo jk úg fuu sound chip tl arcade game system boards, video game
consoles, home computers iy PC sound cards ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Realtek, Yamaha, VIA Technologies, CREATIVE sound chip ksIAmdokfhys,d

m%uqL;u iud.ula fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

;u mß.Klfha olakg ,efnkafka l=uk Manufacturer f.A Sound chip tlla

oehs oek.ekSu i|yd Windows fufyhqï moaO;sfhys Windows Key tl iu`. R
h;=r ;olr Run dialog box tl ,ndf.k tys msinfo32 f,i i|ykalr Enter lS
tl Tnkak'

fuúg olakg ,efnk Window tflys Components hgf;ys Multimedia hgf;ys

olakg ,efnk Sound Device hk wdldrh f;ArEúgoS sound chip tflys
Manufacturer ljqo hkak fidhd.; yels fjhs¡

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Fan Connectors

Processor tlg by,ska iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Cooling system tflys we;s Fan
tlg wjYH úÿ,sn,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd CPU FAN kñkA pin 2, pin 3 l fyda pin 4 l
connector tlla Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu CPU cooling system tflys we;s Fan tflys fõ.h ñks;A;=jlg lrlefjk
jg .Kk fyj;A RPM u.ska ukskq ,nhs¡ System tl ;=, wfkl=;A Fan Connect
lsÍu i|yd SYS Fan kñka fyda CHASI FAN kñka connector 1 la fyda 2 la
Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ fuysoS 4 pin connector tlla olakg ,efí
kï Processor tflys Heat tlg wkqj RPM tl fjkiaùu isÿfjhs¡ fuysoS 3 pin
connector tlla olakg ,efnkafka fndfyda úg wvq n,hla wjYHjk smaller
chassis fans i|yd fjhs¡ 4 pin connector olakg ,efnkafka higher power tlla
wjYHjk CPU Fan i|yd fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

flfia fj;;A fuu Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Fan Connectors

backwards compatible iys; tajd fjhs¡ tkï Motherboard tl ;=, pin 4 l
connector tllg Fan tflys isg meñfKk pin 3 l connector tllska hq;A cable
tlla iïnkaO l, yels fiau Motherboard tl ;=, pin 3 l connector tllg
Fan tflys isg meñfKk pin 4 l connector tllska hq;A cable tlla o iïnkaO
l, yels fjhs¡ th iïnkaO lrk wdldrh my; rEmigyfkys bosßm;A lr we;'

fuu 3-pin power connector tlla Motherboard tflys 4-pin fan header
iïnkaO l,úgoS RPM tl wvq jeä lrñka Fan tl Control l, fkdyels fjhs¡

CD In / AUX In/ SPDIF In Connector

optical drive audio connector f,ig y÷kajkq ,nkafkao fuu connector tlu
fjhs¡ fuh Motherboard tl ;=, pin 4 l connector tlla jYfhka olakg
,efnhs¡ CD Rom Drive tflys isg meñfKk pin 4 lg connect l, yels jhrh
fuu connector tlg iïnkaO lsÍfuka Audio CD tll we;s Audio Files Y%jKh
lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' óg wu;rj Sound cards, Capture Cards wdoS úúO Cards j,
Audio Signals Motherboard tlg Input lr.ekSu i|yd fuu connector tl
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Analog Audio Input lr.kakd connector tlla fjhs¡

pin 1 - Left signal output

pin 2 - Ground

pin 3 - Ground

pin 4 - Right signal output

Motherboard Mounting Holes

Motherboard tlla Computer casine tlg iïnkaO lsÍfïoS weK fhoSug we;s
ia:dk Mounting Holes f,ig y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda úg fuu holes jgd Bhï
;Ügqjla oelsh yels fjhs¡

fuf,i Mounting Hole tllg weKhla oud Motherboard tl fl,skau casine

tlg iúfkdjk w;r th iújkafka Casine tlg iïnkaOù we;s standoff fyj;A
spacer, standouts j,g fjhs¡ fuh plastic fyda metal j,ska ksIAmdokh lr we;'

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuf,i Mounting Hole tlla yryd weKhla Motherboard tlg iïnkaO ùfïoS
fuu weKhg iy Standoff tlg w;rueosj Motherboard tl msysgkq ,nhs¡

Motherboard tlla .;Aúg th wdrlaId;sj casine tlg iïnkaOùu i|yd

fujeks Mounting Holes lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡ kuq;A iuyr Mounting Holes
jgd Bhï ;Ügqjla oelsh fkdyels jk w;r tjeks ia:dkj,g weK fhoSula
isÿfkdlrk w;r PCB Supports fhdod Motherboard tl Casine tlg iam¾Iùu
j,lajkq ,nhs¡

Motherboard Speed

uq,Ald,fhaoS Northbridge tl iy Processor tl w;r mj;sk ud¾.h Fornt Side

Bus tl jYfhka y÷kajk ,oS¡ Processor Bus, system Bus tl jYfhka y÷kajkq
,nkafkao fuhu fjhs¡ fuys fõ.h 66 MHz, 133 MHz, 100 MHz, 266 MHz, 400
MHz j,ska i|yka lrk,oS¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

Motherboard tlla w¿f;ka ñ,oS .ekSuloS fuu FSB .ek ie,ls,su;Aùu b;d
jeo.;A fjhs¡ uq,Ald,fhaoS Motherboard j, fuu FSB tl .,md.ekSu i|yd BIOS
iy Jumpers Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ óg wu;rj fuu FSB j,g .e,fmk f,ig
Processor tl upgrade lsÍuloS th .,md.ekSu i|yd dip switch Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

fuu FSB tl ;sfnk ld,fhys Processor tflys i|yka FSB tlg Motherboard
tflys FSB tlg .e,mSula isÿúh¡

Motherboard tlg oekg iïnkaO lr ;sfnk Processor tl fjkqjg w¿;A

Processor tlla upgrade lrkúgloS fuu Motherboard tflys Support lrk
FSB m%udKhka Motherboard Manual tflys i|yka lr we;'

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

tfukau tu Motherboard tlg Support lrkq ,nk Processors fudkjdo hkak

Motherboard Manual tflys CPU hgf;ys i|yka lr we;'

fuf,i Motherboard tflys FSB tlg fkd.e,fmk Processor tlla iïnkaO

l,úgoS mß.Klfhys Display ke;sùu isÿúh¡ fuh wjfndaO lr.ekSu i|yd
my;ska wm Motherboard Manual lsysmhla bosßm;A lr we;'

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

kuq;A miqj ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard j,oS Processor tl úiskau

mß.Klfhys Memory Control lrk ,oS¡ fuysoS FSB fjkqjg QPI hk ;dlaIKh
Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fuh Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdÿka w;r QuickPath
Interconnect flálr QPI jYfhka y÷kajk ,oS¡ fuh AMD iud.u úiska
y÷kajdoS ;snQ HyperTransport ;dlaIKh fjkqjg Intel iud.u úiska FSB

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

;dlaIKhg miqj y÷kajdfok ,o ;dlaIKhla úh¡ fuu QPI j, 25.6 GB/s l

bandwidth tlla olakg ,eìKs¡

fuysoS Motherboard Manual tflys FSB fjkqjg QPI f,i i|yka lr we;'

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu QPI w.h Gb/s j,ska i|yka lrk,o w;r fuu QPI speed tl blaujd
fkdhk ´kEu speed tll Processor tlla iïnkaO l, yels úh¡ kuq;A
j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Motherboard ;dlaIKfhys Northbridge
chip tlla fkdue;s w;r Memory iy VGA Processor tlu úiska Control lrk
neúka FSB iy QPI ;dlaIKh fjkqjg DMI ;dlaIKh olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu Motherboard tflys olakg ,efnk PCH tl iy Processor tl w;r

mj;sk path tl DMI path tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuu DMI bus Technology
tl Ndú;d lrkqfha Core i3, Core i5, Core i7 Processor i|yd Design lrk,o
Motherboard ;=, fjhs¡ fuu ;dlaIKfhys úfYAI;Ajh jkqfha fl,skau
Processor tl iy RAM tl Communicate lsÍu i|yd fjku channel tlla iy
PCI e card i|yd Processor tl iu`. communicate lsÍug fjku channel
tlla olakg ,eîuh' fuys PCH tl iy Processor tl mj;sk path tl DMI f,i
y÷kajk ,oS¡ fuh Tng my; rEm igyfkka wjfndaO lr.; yels fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

tu ksid fuu path tflys speed tl Computer tflys Performance j,g oeä
n,mEula isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fujeks ;dlaIKhla Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Motherboard
tlg wod, Manual tl ;=, FSB, QPI fjkqjg DMI f,i olakg ,efnhs¡

Motherboard Manufacturers

j¾:udkfha f,dj ;=, Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úYd, m%udKhla olakg

,efnhs¡ kuq;A ,xldj ;=, jeä jYfhka ckm%sh ù we;Af;A bka 10 la 12 la
muKs¡ Gigabyte, MSI, BIO star, Aopen, Asrock, Azus, Foxconn bka lsysmhla fjhs¡
kuq;A › ,dxlSh mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakka w;r jvd;Au ckm%sh ù we;Af;A
GIGABYTE, MSI, FOXCONN iy BIO STAR hk Motherboard Manufacturer
kduhka fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

GIGABYTE Technology

Motherboard ksIAmdokfhys m%uqL;u iud.ula jk fuh 1986 j¾IfhaoS wdrïN

lrk,oS¡ Intel iy AMD hk fm%dfii¾ platform fol i|ydu .e,fmk
Motherboars GIGABYTE úiska ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ óg wu;rj Graphic cards
iy Notebook mß.Kl o ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ GeForce GTX 980 and the
Radeon R9 290X hk NVIDIA iy AMD hk GPU’s we;=,;Aj Graphic Cards
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu ksIAmdokhkag wu;rj desktop computers, tablet
computers, ultrabooks, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, server
motherboards, server racks, networking equipment, optical drives, computer
monitors, mice, keyboards, cooling components, power supplies, and
computer cases ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

MSI
MSI (Micro-Star International Co., Ltd hkq ;j;a m%Odk;u Motherboard
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk m%uqL;u iud.ula fjhs¡ óg wu;rj Laptops. gaming
laptops, graphics cards, all-in-one PCs, mobile workstations , barebone
computers, servers, IPCs, multimedia peripherals jdyk i|yd infotainment
solutions, smart cleaning robots, panoramic Wi-Fi cameras wdosho ksIAmdokh
lrkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

Foxconn

Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd fyj;A Foxconn Technology Group hkq
Motherboard ksIAmdokfhys,d ;j;a m%lg;u iud.ula fjhs¡ Foxconn hkq
m%Odk jYfhka contract manufacturer flfkl=jk w;r BlackBerry, iPad,
iPhone, iPod, Kindle, Nintendo 3DS, Nokia, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4,
Nintendo Switch, and Xbox One hk ksIAmdok i|yd m%Odk;u jYfhka contract
manufacturer flfkl= jYfhka lghq;= lrkq ,nhs¡

BIOSTAR

Biostar Microtech International Corp fyj;A BIOSTAR hkq Motherboard

ksIAmdokfhys,d ;j;a m%uqL;u iud.ula fjhs¡ Motherboard j,g wu;rj video
cards, expansion cards, thermal grease, headphones, home theater PCs,
remote controls, desktops, barebone computers, system-on-chip solutions
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ 2008 j¾IfhaoS Taiwan’s Top 20 Global Brand f,i
iïudkhg o md;%ùug o fuu iud.ug yelsúh'

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

ASrock

ASrock hkq ;dhsjdkh uQ,sl lr.ksñka werô Motherboard ksIAmdokfhys,d

m%lgu iud.ula fjhs¡ Motherboard j,g wu;rj desktop minicomputers
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡ Digitimes 2011 jd¾Isl jd¾:dj wkqj miq.sh jir lsysmh
;=, fuu iud.u úYd, j¾Okhla w;Alr.;A iud.ula njg m;Aúh' ;dhsjdkfhys
Motherboard ksIAmdokfhys ;=kajk ;ekgo m;Aùug yelsúh¡

ASUS

AsusTek Computer Inc hkq Computer iy Phone hardware ksIAmdokfhys,d

;j;a ;dhsjdkfhys m%uqL;u iud.ula fjhs¡ Motherboard ksIAmdokhg wu;rj
desktops, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones, networking equipment, monitors,
WIFI routers, projectors, motherboards, graphics cards, optical storage,
multimedia products, peripherals, wearables, servers, workstations, and tablet
PCs wdosh ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

Motherboard Model Number

Drivers Download lr.ekSu i|yd;A Motherboard Manual tl fkdue;s

wjia:djl fukau BIOS update lr.ekSu i|yd;A Motherboard Model Number
tl oek.ekSu b;du;a m%fhdackj;A fjhs¡ fuh fndfydaúg Motherboard tl ;=,
print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

fndfyda Motherboard Manufacturer iud.ï úiska wdfõKsl Model Number

tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ ;u mß.Klfhys Motherboard tflys Manufacturer
iy Model Number tl n,d.ekSu i|yd Windows Key tl iu`. R h;=r ;olr
Run Window tl ,ndf.k tys msinfo32 f,i type lr Enter lS tl Tnkak¡

fuúg olakg ,efnk System Information Application tflys System Summary

hgf;ys Motherboard Manufacturer iy tys Model Number tl n,d.; yels
fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Motherboard tflys Model Number tl fidhd.ekSug wmyiqkï B,`.

iqÿiqu mshjr jkqfha chipset tflys Model Number tl fidhd .ekSuh'

fuu chipset tl wkqj support lrkq ,nk Computer Memeory m%udKh" USB
Port m%udKh" PCI express Slot, Support lrk Grpahics wdosh ;SrKh jk nj
u;l ;nd.; hq;=h¡

Motherboard Form Factor

Motherboard Form Factor tl hkq Motherboard tflys Size tl iy shape tl

fjhs¡ ta wkqj Assemble Motherboard i|yd m%Odk Form Factors m%Odk wdldr
lsysmhla olakg ,eìKs'

Full ATX, Micro ATX, Mini ITX, Nano ITX, Pico ITX

fuysoS ATX, Micro ATX, Mini ITX úfYaIfhkau Assemble PC i|yd Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡

Standard ATX

Standard ATX fyj;A Full-ATX Motherboard tflys m%udKh 12" wide x 9.6"
deep (305 x 244 mm) muK fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

Micro ATX

mATX f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafkao fuu form factor tlu fjhs¡ fuys m%udKh 9.6"
wide x 9.6" deep muK fjhs¡ 1997 j¾IfhaoS m%:u jrg Intel iud.u úiska
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ l=vd m%udKfha mß.Kl i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Nano iy Pico ITX Motherboard m%:u jrg VIA Technologies iud.u úiska
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuu Motherboard low cost l=vd wjYH;djhka jk Display
Boards, cars, network devices, set-top boxes iy l=vd m%udKfha mß.Kl ;=,
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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 DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK

MOTHERBOARD
&
EXPANSION CARDS
(PART III)

Created By : Wajira Madusanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wms wjidk jYfhka Motherboard tflys Form Factor
ms,sn|j idlÉPd l,d Tng u;l we;s¡ wms wo ;jÿrg;A Chipset .ek jeäÿr
bf.k.ksuq¡ Bg wu;rj Expansion Cards ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq'

Intel Chipset and Features

Intel wdh;kh úiska wo jk úg Processors j,g wu;rj Motherboard i|yd

Chipset o ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs¡ Desktop, Mobile iy Servers fjk fjku
chipset ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs¡ Chipset tlla hkq Microchips iuQyhl tl;=j la
jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' fuu chipset .ek l:dlsÍfïoS Motherboard i|yd m,uq
chipset tl 1986 j¾IfhaoS Chips and Technologies iud.u úiska 82C206 kñka
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuu 82C206 chipset tl ;=, 82284 Clock Generator functions,
82288 Bus Controller, 8254 System Timer, dual 8259 Interrupt Controllers, dual
8237 DMA controllers iy the MC146818 Clock wka;¾.; úh¡ ALi, AMD, Intel,
NVidia, SiS, and VIA f,i iud.ï lsysmhla chipset ks¾udKh l,o wo jk úg
uq¿ukskau mdfya Motherboard ;=, olakg ,efnkafka Intel iud.u úiska
y÷kajdoS we;s chipset fjhs¡

Northbridge iy Southbridge f,i chip folla uQ,sl lr.ksñka Motherboard

tflys PCI, ISA, or USB wdoS hardware fldgia Control lrkq ,nhs¡ wo jk úg
uq¿ukskau mdfya Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska Intel chipset Ndú;d lrk
neúka Intel iud.u úiska Processors fukau Chipset o promote lrkq ,nhs¡ úúO
ld¾hhka i|yd Chipset y÷kajdoSu u.ska mdßfNda.slhd Wkkaÿlrùu Intel
iud.fuys wruqK ù we;' fndfyda Motherboard ksIAmdolhska úiska Tjqkaf.A
Motherboard Model Number tl ;=, fuu chipset model number tl we;=,;A
lr we;'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

WodyrKhla f,i GIGABYTE iud.u úiska GA-G41M- Combo f,i

Motherboard Model tlla y÷kajdÿka w;r fuys G41 hkq Intel iud.fuys
chipset model number tl fjhs¡ fuu G41 hkq Intel iud.u úiska 04 Series
ldKAvh hgf;A y÷kajdfok ,o Chipset tlla fjhs¡ fuf,i chipset tl
y÷kd.ekSfuka Motherboard tl ;=, mj;sk Processor Socket tl mjd ;SrKh
lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' WodyrKhla f,i G41 chipset tl iys; Motherboard ;=,
olakg ,enqfka LGA775 Processor Socket tl fjhs¡

WodyrKhla f,i by;ska i|yka lrk,o GIGABYTE GA-G41M- Combo

Motherboard Model tlg wod, rEmigykla my;ska bosßm;Alr we;' fuysoS
mj;skafka LGA 775 Socket tl nj Tng meyeos,s fjhs'

fuu Intel chipset ie,l+úg tu chipset tlg wod, wdfõKsl ,laIK oelsh yels
jk w;r WodyrKhla f,i Support lrkq ,nk Processor tl iy tys
Generation tl Motherboard tflys mj;sk Expansion Slots, FSB iy DMI
Disapamok Online IT Academy

speed, Support lrkq ,nk Memory m%udKhka muKla fkdj mj;sk USB port
m%udKhka iy úúO Technologies jeks ,laIK mjd ;SrKh ùu isÿjkafka fuu
Chipset Model tl wkqj fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i by;ska i|yka lrk,o
GIGABYTE GA-G41M- Combo Model tlg wod, Motherboard layout tl
my;ska olajd we;'

fuu chipset iys; by; Motherboard tflys Motherboard block diagram tl

my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu chipset tl iys; Motherboard tl my; oelafjk FSB iys; Processor

j,g iyh olajkq ,nhs¡

fyd|hs Tng oeka jegfykak we;s Chipset tl wkqj Motherboard tflys

fndfyduhla Features ;SrKh jk nj'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs wms oeka GIGABYTE MSH61DI Motherboard Model tl y÷kd.ksuq¡ fuu

Model Name tflys H61 f,i olakg ,efnk w;r th tu Motherboard tflys
mj;sk chipset tflys Model Name tl fjhs¡ ta wkqj fuu chipset tl Intel
iud.u úiska 6 Series hgf;ys y÷kajdÿka chipset tlla jk w;r fuu chipset
tl iys; Motherboard ;=, olakg ,enqfka LGA 1155 Processor Socket tl
fjhs¡

MSH61DI Motherboard Model tlg wod, rEmigyk my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

fuysoS mj;skafka LGA 1155 Socket tl nj Tng meyeos,s fjhs' fuu

Motherboard tlg wo, Motherboard Layout tl my;ska olajd we;'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu chipset iys; by; Motherboard tflys Motherboard block diagram tl

my;ska bosßm;A lr we;' fuu chipset tl my; oelafjk Processors i|yd iyh
olajkq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs wms oeka GIGABYTE GA-Q87M-D2H Motherboard Model tl y÷kd.ksu q¡

fuu Model Name tflys Q87 hkq Chipset Model name tl fjhs¡ fuu
Motherboard tflys rEmigykla my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

fuu Motherboard tflys Layout tl my;ska olajd we;'

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Motherboard tflys Block Diagram tl my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs wms oeka GIGABYTE GA-B85M-D3H Motherboard Model tl y÷kd.ksuq¡

fuys B85M hkq Intel Chipset tflys Model Name tl fjhs¡ fuu Motherboard
tflys rEmhla my;ska olajd we;'
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fuu Motherboard Model tflys Layout tl my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

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fuu Motherboard tflys Block Diagram tl my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

Disapamok Online IT Academy

fyd|hs Tng oeka jegfykakg we;s GIGABYTE iud.fuys fndfyduhla

Motherboard Model tl ;=, Intel chipset tflys Model Name tlo wka;¾.;
lr we;s nj'

fyd|hs Tn i;=j mj;sk GIGABYTE Motherboard tllg wod, Drivers fyda

Manual tlla Download lr.ekSuloS fuu Model Name tl oekisàu b;d
jeo.;A fjhs¡ fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Tn i;=j mj;sk GIGABYTE Motherboard
Model tlg wod, Manual tl fyda Drivers Download lr.kafka flfiao lshd¡
fuysoS m,uqj Motherboard tflys Model Number tl fidhd.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuh
GIGABYTE Motherboard tl ;=, fndfyda úg Processor Socket tl wdikakfhys
uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡
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fuf,i Motherboard Model Number tl fidhd.ekSug wmyiq kï Windows

Key tl iu`. R h;=r ;olr Run Window tl ,nd.kak¡ fuys msinfo32 f,i
ghsma lr Enter lS tl Tnkak' fuúg olakg ,efnk System Information
Application tflys System Summary hgf;ys Motherboard Manufacturer iy
Model Number tl n,d.; yels fjhs¡

oeka fuu Model Number tl fidhd .ekSfuka wk;=rej wka;¾cd,

iïnkaO;djh f.dvk.d.kak¡ oeka Firefox fyda Tn Ndú;d lrkq ,nk fjk;A
Web Browser tlla újD;lr Address bar tl ;=,
https://www.gigabyte.com/Search f,i ghsma lr Enter h;=r ;olrkak¡ fuúg
GIGABYTE fjí wvúhg wod, Search page tl olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys ol=Kqmi
by, fl,jfrys olakg ,efnk ldphl icon tl u; la,sla l,úg Search box
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tlla olakg ,efnk w;r fuys H61M-D2P-B3 hk Model Number tl i|yka

lr Enter h;=r ;o lrkak¡

fuúg tu Motherboard tlg wod, úia;r we;=,;A msgqj olakg ,efnhs¡ fuúg
jïmiska tu Motherboard model tflys rEmigyklao olakg ,efnhs¡ Drivers
Download lr.ekSu i|yd ol=Kqmi by, olakg ,efnk Support link tl u;
la,sla l,hq;= fjhs¡

fuúg Bg my,ska Downloads hgf;ka Drivers Install l,hq;= Operating system

tl f;dardosh hq;= fjhs¡ fuúg tu Motherboard tlg ,nd.; yels Drivers
ish,a, fmkajkq ,nhs¡
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oeka fuys Download hgf;ys we;s Asia link tl u; la,sla l,úg Firefox web
browser tl ;=, kï my; oelafjk mßos tu File tl Download lr.ekSug
window tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys Save File nÜka tl la,sla l,úg tu Driver
tl Download ùu wdrïNùu isÿfjhs¡

Motherboard Manual tl Download lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= fjkjdkï fuu

msgqfjys we;s Manual link tl u; la,sla l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuúg fmr mßosu
Language tl English jYfhka mj;sk Download hgf;ys we;s Asia link tl u;
la,sla lrkak¡

fuúg wod, Manual tl PDF File tlla jYfhka mß.Klh fj; Download ùu
isÿfjhs¡

MSI Motherboard Manufacturer iud.u úiska o ish Motherboard Model tl

i|yka lrkúgo Intel chipset model name tl o Bg wka;¾.; lrkq ,nhs¡
WodyrKhla f,ig H61M-P32/W8 Motherboard Model tl ie,l+úg fuys
H61 hkq Intel Chipset tflys ku fjhs¡ oeka Tng jegfykjd we;s fndfyduhla
Motherboard Manufacturer úiska Motherboard Model name tlg chipset
tflys ku o we;=,;A lrk nj' fyd|hs fuu Motherboard tlg wod, Layout
tl my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'
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tfia kï Motherboard Manufacturer MSI, GIGABYTE jqjo H61 Chipset tl

Ndú;d l, we;s úgoS olakg ,efnkafka tlu LGA1155 socket fjhs¡ tfukau
wfkl=;A fndfyduhla Features o iudklula olajhs¡ tfukau support lrkq
,nk Processors o tlu fjhs¡
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Asrock Motherboard Manufacturer iud.uo ish Motherboard model number

i|yd Intel chipset tflys kuo wka;¾.; lrkq ,nhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i Tjqkaf.A
H61DE/S3 hk Motherboard tl ie,l+úg fuys H61 hkq Intel Chipset tflys
ku fjhs¡

tu Asrock Motherboard tflys rEmigykla my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

fuu Motherboard tlg wod, Layout tl my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

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H61 Chipset tl fuu Motherboard tl ;=, o olakg ,efnk w;r tu ksid

fuysoSo Processor Socket tl f,i olakg ,efnkqfha 1155 Socket tl fjhs¡ fuu
Motherboard tlg iyh olajkq ,nk Processor i|yka lr we;'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

by; i|yka lrk,o H61 chipset tl iys; fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=,

(High end/ Gaming Motherboard yer& Processor Socket iy iyhk olajkq ,nk
Processors iudk jk w;r wfkl=;A fndfyduhla Features iudklula olajkq
,nhs¡ fuu GIGABYTE, Asrock, MSI jeks fndfyduhla Motherboard
ksIAmdolhska úiska fuu chipset WodyrKhla f,i H61 chipset tl Ndú;d
lrñka Motherboard model lsysmhla y÷kajdoS we;s w;r tajdfha fndfyda ÿrg
Processor Socket tl tlu jk w;r (High end/ Gaming Motherboard yer&
wfkl=;A Features j, iq¿ fjkialï olakg ,efnhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i USB port
m%udKh" úúO wdldrfha VGA port, Motherboard tflys mj;sk SATA ports
m%udKh wdosh fjkiaúh yel'

GA-H61M-S1 Motherboard Model

GA-H61M-D2H-USB3 Motherboard Model

fï jk úg Intel iud.u úiska uqodyßk,o Latest Chipset jkqfha 100 Series iy

200 Series chipset tl fjhs¡ fuu chipset 6th iy 7th Generations j,g wh;Ajk
w;r Processor Socket tl LGA 1151 fjhs¡ fuu uE;loS meñKs Chipset ms,sn|j
úia;r oek.ekSu i|yd web browser tflys http://www.intel.com f,i i|yka
lr Enter h;=r ;o lr Intel iud.fuys fjí wvúhg msúfikak¡ fuu fjí
wvúfhys jïmi by,ska olakg ,efnk Products link tl u; la,sla l,úg
Disapamok Online IT Academy

my,g fukq tlla os.yefrk w;r fuys Chipset hkak f;ArEúg ;j;A fukq tlla
os.yefrk w;r fuys Desktop hkak f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡

fuúg Intel iud.u úiska uE;loS y÷kajdfok,o Chipset j, úia;r olakg

,efnhs¡ tfukau tu Chipset tflka ,nd.; yels Features o fuys i|yka lr
we;'

fyd|hs wm my;ska Intel iud.u úiska ksl=;A lrk,o Chipset j, úia;r bosßm;A
lr we;'
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Core 2 chipsets[edit]
All Core 2 Duo chipsets support the Pentium Dual-Core and Celeron processors based on the Core
architecture. Support for all NetBurst based processors was officially dropped starting with the P35
chipset family.[27] However, some motherboards still support the older processors.[28]

Hardware
Chips Releas Processo Virtualizati Memory Max.
FSB Graphics
et e Date rs on (Intel types memory
[29]
VT-d)

Pentium 4,
Pentium D,
 1 PCI Express
2007.01
Celeron D, 16×
[31]
945GC (or No 533/800 MHz DDR2 533/667 2 GB
[30]
Core 2 Duo,  IntegratedGMA
Q1'05?)
Pentium Dual-
950graphics
Core, Atom

 some

Pentium 4, motherboards
Pentium D, 2 GB (or
have PCIe ×16
Celeron D, 4 GB shrunk
945GZ 2005.06 No 533/800 MHz DDR2 400/533 @×4 from
Core 2 Duo, to
[33]
Pentium Dual- 3.27 GB)
[32] ICH7

Core  Integrated

GMA 950

Pentium 4,
Pentium D,
Celeron D,
946PL 2006.07 No 533/800 MHz DDR2 533/667 4 GB PCI Express 16×
Core 2 Duo,
Pentium Dual-
Core

Pentium 4,
Pentium D,
 PCI Express

Celeron D, 16×
946GZ 2006.07 No 533/800 MHz DDR2 533/667 4 GB
Core 2 Duo,  IntegratedGMA
Pentium Dual-
3000
Core

Pentium D,  1 PCI Express

Core 2 Quad, 1
533/667/800/106 DDR2 16 ×
975X 2005.11 Core 2 Duo, No 3
8 GB
6 MHz 533/667/800  1 PCI Express
Pentium Dual-
Core 8×

P965 2006.06 Pentium Dual- No 533/800/1066 M DDR2 8 GB  PCI Express

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Core/Core 2 Hz 533/667/800 16×

Quad/Core 2
 PCI Express 4×
Duo

 PCI Express
Pentium Dual-
533/800/1066 M DDR2 16×
G965 2006.06 Core/Core 2 No 8 GB
Hz 533/667/800  IntegratedGMA
Duo
X3000graphics

 PCI Express

16×
Pentium Dual-
533/800/1066 M DDR2  IntegratedGMA
Q965 2006.06 Core/Core 2 No 8 GB
Hz 533/667/800 3000graphics
Duo
 Supports ADD2

Card

Pentium Dual-
Core/Core 2  1 PCI Express
P31 2007.08 No 800/1066 MHz DDR2 667/800 4 GB
Quad/Core 2 16× 1.1
Duo

Pentium Dual-
 1 PCI Express

Core/Core 2 800/1066/1333 M DDR2 or DDR3 16× 1.1

P35 2007.06 No 8 GB
Quad/Core 2 Hz 667/800/1066  1 PCI Express
Duo
4× 1.1

Core 2
 1 PCI Express

Quad/Core 2 800/1066/1333 M 16× 1.1

G31 2007.08 No DDR2 667/800 4 GB
Duo/Pentium Hz  IntegratedGMA
Dual-Core
3100graphics

 1 PCI Express

16× 1.1

Pentium Dual- Integrated GMA

Core/Core 2 800/1066/1333 M DDR2 667/800 8 GB
G33 2007.06 No 3100 with:
Quad/Core 2 Hz DDR3 800/1066 4 GB
Duo
 Intel Clear

Video

Technology

Pentium Dual-  1 PCI Express

Core/Core 2 800/1066/1333 M DDR2
G35 2007.08 No [36][37]
8 GB 16× 1.1
Quad/Core 2 Hz 667/800
Duo Integrated GMA
Disapamok Online IT Academy

X3500 with:

 DX10

 Intel Clear

Video

Technology

Pentium Dual-
Core/Core 2 800/1066/1333 M  1 PCI Express
Q33 2007.06 No DDR2 667/800 8 GB
Quad/Core 2 Hz 16× 1.1
Duo

Pentium Dual-
Core/Core 2 4
800/1066/1333 M  1 PCI Express
Q35 2007.06 Yes DDR2 667/800 8 GB
Quad/Core 2 Hz 16× 1.1
Duo

Core 2 DDR3

[38]
Quad/Core 2 4
800/1066/1333 M 800/1066/1333 8 GB  2 PCI Express
X38 2007.09 Yes [39]
Duo/Core 2 Hz DDR2 16 GB 16× 2.0
Extreme 667/800/1066

DDR3
Core 2
1066/1333/1600
Quad/Core 2 4
800/1066/1333/1 8 GB  2 PCI Express
X48 2008.03 Yes DDR2
Duo/Core 2 600 MHz 16 GB 16× 2.0
533/667/800/106
Extreme
6

Core 2
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 8 GB  1 PCI Express
P43 2008.06 Quad/Core 2 No
Hz DDR2 667/800 16 GB 16× 2.0
Duo

DDR3
 1 PCI Express
Core 2
800/1066/1333 M 800/1066/1333 8 GB 16× 2.0
P45 2008.06 Quad/Core 2 No
Hz DDR2 16 GB  2 PCI Express
Duo
667/800/1066
8× 2.0

 1 PCI Express
Core 2
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 4 GB 16× 1.1
G41 2008.09 Quad/Core 2 No
Hz DDR2 667/800 8 GB  IntegratedGMA
Duo
X4500graphics

 1 PCI Express
Core 2
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 8 GB 16× 2.0
G43 2008.06 Quad/Core 2 No
Hz DDR2 667/800 16 GB  IntegratedGMA
Duo
X4500graphics

G45 2008.06 Core 2 No 800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 8 GB  1 PCI Express

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[40]
Quad/Core 2 Hz DDR2 667/800 16 GB 16× 2.0
Duo
 IntegratedGMA

X4500HD

graphics

 1 PCI Express
Core 2
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 16× 2.0
B43 2008.12 Quad/Core 2 No 16 GB
Hz DDR2 667/800  IntegratedGMA
Duo
X4500graphics

 1 PCI Express
Core 2
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 8 GB 16× 2.0
Q43 2008.08 Quad/Core 2 No [41]
Hz DDR2 667/800 16 GB  IntegratedGMA
Duo
X4500graphics

 1 PCI Express

Core 2 16× 2.0

4
800/1066/1333 M DDR3 800/1066 8 GB
Q45 2008.08 Quad/Core 2 Yes [42]  IntegratedGMA
Hz DDR2 667/800 16 GB
Duo [42]
X4500 graphi

cs

5/6/7/8 Series chipsets[edit]

LGA 1156[edit]
Chipsets supporting LGA 1156 CPUs (Nehalem).

Release Bus Bus FDI

Chipset PCI Express lanes PCI SATA USB TDP
Date Interface Speed support

8 PCIe 2.0 at 2.5 3 Gbit/s, 6 Rev 2.0, 4.7

P55 Sep 2009 DMI 2 GB/s Yes No
GT/s Ports 14 Ports W

6 PCIe 2.0 at 2.5 3 Gbit/s, 6 Rev 2.0, 5.2

H55 Jan 2010 DMI 2 GB/s Yes Yes
GT/s Ports 12 Ports W

8 PCIe 2.0 at 2.5 3 Gbit/s, 6 Rev 2.0, 5.2

H57 Jan 2010 DMI 2 GB/s Yes Yes
GT/s Ports 14 Ports W

8 PCIe 2.0 at 2.5 3 Gbit/s, 6 Rev 2.0, 5.1

Q57 Jan 2010 DMI 2 GB/s Yes Yes
GT/s Ports 14 Ports W
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LGA 1155[edit]
Chipsets supporting LGA 1155 CPUs (Sandy Bridge and Ivy Bridge). The PCIe 2.0 lanes from the
PCH ran at 5 GT/s in this series,[46] unlike in the previous LGA 1156 chips.

Release Bus Bus PCI FDI

Chipset PCI SATA USB TDP
Date Interface Speed Expresslanes support

3 February [47] 3 Gbit/s, 4 Rev 2.0, 10 6.1

H61 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 6 PCIe 2.0 No Yes
20, 2011 Ports Ports W

6 Gbit/s, 2
3 January 9, [48] Rev 2.0, 14 6.1
P67 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 No
2011 Ports W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 2
3 January 9, Rev 2.0, 14 6.1
H67 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 Yes
2011 Ports W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 2
3 May 11, Rev 2.0, 14 6.1
Z68 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 Yes
2011 Ports W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 2
February Rev 2.0, 14 6.1
Q673 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0[49] Yes Ports & 3 Yes
20, 2011 Ports W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 1
3 Rev 2.0, 14 6.1
Q65 Q2 2011 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 Yes Port & 3 Yes
Ports W
Gbit/s, 5 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 1
3 February Rev 2.0, 12 6.1
B65 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 Yes Port & 3 Yes
20, 2011 Ports W
Gbit/s, 5 Ports

6 Gbit/s, 2 Rev 3.0, 4

5 April 8, 6.7
Z77 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 3.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports 2.0, 10 ports
Disapamok Online IT Academy

6 Gbit/s, 2 Rev 3.0, 4

5 April 8, 6.7
Z75 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 3.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports 2.0, 10 ports

6 Gbit/s, 2 Rev 3.0, 4

5 April 8, 6.7
H77 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 3.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports 2.0, 10 ports

6 Gbit/s, 2 Rev 3.0, 4

May 13, 6.7
Q775 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 3.0 Yes Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports 2.0, 10 ports

6 Gbit/s, 1 Rev 3.0, 4

May 13, 6.7
Q755 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 3.0 Yes Port & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 5 Ports 2.0, 10 ports

6 Gbit/s, 1 Rev 3.0, 4

5 May 13, 6.7
B75 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 Yes Port & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2012 W
Gbit/s, 5 Ports 2.0, 8 ports

LGA 1150[edit]
Chipsets supporting LGA 1150 CPUs (Haswell).

Release Bus Bus PCI FDI

Chipset PCI SATA USB TDP
Date Interface Speed Expresslanes support

Rev 3.0, 6
June 6 Gbit/s, 6 4.1
Z87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & Rev Yes
2013 Ports W
2.0, 8 ports

Rev 3.0, 6
June 6 Gbit/s, 6 4.1
H87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & Rev Yes
2013 Ports W
2.0, 8 ports

6 Gbit/s, 2 Rev 3.0, 2

June 4.1
H81 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 6 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2013 W
Gbit/s, 4 Ports 2.0, 8 ports
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Rev 3.0, 6
June 6 Gbit/s, 6 4.1
Q87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & Rev Yes
2013 Ports W
2.0, 8 ports

6 Gbit/s, 4 Rev 3.0, 6

June 4.1
Q85 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2013 W
Gbit/s, 2 Ports 2.0, 8 ports

6 Gbit/s, 4 Rev 3.0, 4

June 4.1
B85 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Ports & 3 Ports & Rev Yes
2013 W
Gbit/s, 2 Ports 2.0, 8 ports

LGA 1366 & LGA 2011[edit]

Chipsets supporting LGA 1366 and LGA 2011 CPUs.

Bus FDI
Chipset Release Date Bus Speed PCI Express lanes PCI SATA USB TDP
Interface support

36 PCIe 2.0 at 5
X58 Up to Rev 2.0, 28.6
Nov 2008 QPI GT/s (IOH); Yes 3 Gbit/s, 6 Ports No
1 2
(Northbridge) 12.8 GB/s 12 Ports W
6 PCIe 1.1 (ICH)

November 14, 6 Gbit/s, 2 Ports & 3 Rev 2.0,

4
X79 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No No 7.8 W
[53]
2011 Gbit/s, 4 Ports 14 Ports

Part Release Bus Bus PCI FDI PCIe M.2

Chipset PCI SATA USB TDP
numbers Date Interface Speed Expresslanes support Support

6 Rev
Gbit/s, 3.0, 2
DH82H81 June 2 Ports Ports
H81 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 6 PCIe 2.0 No Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 & 3 & Rev
Gbit/s, 2.0, 8
2 Ports ports

6 Rev
DH82Q85 June Gbit/s, 3.0, 6
Q85 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 4 Ports Ports
& 3 & Rev
Gbit/s, 2.0, 8
Disapamok Online IT Academy

2 Ports ports

6 Rev
Gbit/s, 3.0, 4
DH82B85 June 4 Ports Ports
B85 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 & 3 & Rev
Gbit/s, 2.0, 8
2 Ports ports

Rev
3.0, 6
6
DH82Q87 June Ports
Q87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Gbit/s, Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 & Rev
6 Ports
2.0, 8
ports

Rev
3.0, 6
6
DH82H87 June Ports
H87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Gbit/s, Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 & Rev
6 Ports
2.0, 8
ports

Rev
3.0, 6
6
DH82Z87 June Ports
Z87 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Gbit/s, Yes 4.1 W No
(PCH) 2013 & Rev
6 Ports
2.0, 8
ports

Rev
3.0, 6
6
DH82Z97 May Ports
Z97 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Gbit/s, Yes 4.1 W Yes
(PCH) 2014 & Rev
6 Ports
2.0, 8
ports

Rev
3.0, 6
6
DH82H97 May Ports
H97 DMI 2.0 4 GB/s 8 PCIe 2.0 No Gbit/s, Yes 4.1 W Yes
(PCH) 2014 & Rev
6 Ports
2.0, 8
ports

100/200 Series chipsets[edit]

LGA 1151[edit]
Disapamok Online IT Academy

SATA USB
Intel
Code Part Bus Link PCI Intel
Chip sSpec Releas VT- SAT PCIe TD
Nam numbe Interfa Spee Express l Optane sup
set Number e Date [c] d supp Ae M.2 P
e rs ce d anes port
ort 6 Gbi
v3.0 Total
t/s

GL82H Septem Up to Up to
SR2CA DMI 2. 5.0 4
H110 110 ber 27, 6 PCIe 2.0 None 4 port 10 po
SR286 0 GB/s ports
(PCH) 2015 s rts

GL82B Septem Up to Up to
SR2C7
B150 150 ber 1, 8 PCIe 3.0 None 6 port 12 po
SR283
(PCH) 2015 s rts

Up to
1

GL82Q
SR2C6 H2 10 PCIe
Q150 150
SR282 2015 3.0
(PCH)
Sunri Up to
se No 8 port
Point s
GL82H Septem
SR2C8 16 PCIe Up to Up to
H170 170 ber 1,
SR284 3.0 2 2
(PCH) 2015
Up to
14 po
rts
GL82Q
SR2C5 October
Q170 170
SR281 2015
(PCH)
Up to
20 PCIe Up to Up to
10 po
3.0 3 3 6
Yes rts
W
SR2C9( GL82Z1
August
Z170 D1) 70
2015 DMI 3. 7.9 6
SR285 (PCH)
0 GB/s ports

Up to Up to
GL82B 12 PCIe
B250 SR2WC 6 port 12 po
250 3.0
s rts
Up to Up to
1 1

GL82Q 14 PCIe
Q250 SR2WD
250 3.0
Up to
8 port
Unio s
January
n GL82H 20 PCIe Yes Up to Up to
H270 SR2WA 3, 2017
Point 270 3.0 2 2
Up to
14 po
rts
GL82Q
Q270 SR2WE
270
Up to
24 PCIe Up to Up to
10 po
3.0 3 3
rts
GL82Z2
Z270 SR2WB
70

LGA 2066[edit]
Chipsets supporting LGA 2066 socket for Skylake-X processors & Kaby Lake-X processors.
Disapamok Online IT Academy

SAT
USB
A
sSpe Intel
Part Relea Bus Link PCI
Chip Code c VT- PCIsup SAT PCIe TD
numbe se Interf Spee Expressl
set Name Num [c] dsupp port Ae M.2 P
rs Date ace d anes
ber ort
6 Gbi v3. v2.
t/s 0 0

Up Up
May Up to to to
Lewisb SR2Z GL82X DMI 7.9 24 PCIe 6
X299 30, Yes No 8 ? ? 10 14
urg 2 299 3.0 GB/s 3.0 W
2017 ports por por
ts ts

wm my;ska fláfhka fuu Chipset tflys ku iy thg Support lrkq ,nk

Processors iy olakg ,efnk Processor Socket tl y÷kajdÿka j¾Ih iu`.
bosßm;A lr we;'

Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .ekSfïoS ie,lsh hq;= lreKq

 Motherboard tl ñ,oS .kq ,nk wdh;kh

Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .ekSfïoS m,uqj ie,ls,su;A úhhq;Af;A Motherboard

tl ñ,oS .; yels wdh;k ms,sn|j fjhs¡ ukao fndfyduhla mß.Kl wdh;k
Disapamok Online IT Academy

;=,ska Motherboard tlla ñ,oSf.k Warranty Period tl ;=, tys lsishï Fail
tlloS Warranty claim lsÍuloS tu wdh;kh ta jk úg jid ;sîu fndfyduhla
mdßfNda.slhkag w;Aú|skakg jk isÿùuls¡ tfukau wod, wdh;kh ld,hla
mj;Ajdf.k hkuq;A fndfyduhla wdh;k mdßfNda.slhd ;Dma;su;a jk mßos
ñ,oS .ekSfuka miq fiajdjla mj;Ajdf.k fkdhdu uqyqK fok wfkla .eg¿j
fjhs¡ fï fya;=j ksid Motherboard tlla ñ,oS.ekSfïoS wju jYfhka tu
lafI%A;h ;=, wjqreÿ 5 l muKj;A fiajdjla imhkafkao hkak ie,ls,su;A
úhhq;=h' tfukau tu wdh;kh ms,sn|j .Kqfokq lrkq ,nk
mdßfNda.slhkaf.ka tu wdh;kh úiska fokq ,nk fiajdfjys ;;Ajh ms,sn|j
úuid ne,Su b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

,xldj ;=,o Motherboard fukau wfkl=;A mß.Kl Wmdx. ñ,oS .; yels

mdßfNda.sl m%idoh oskQ wdh;k lsysmhlau olakg ,efnhs¡

Barclays Computers (Pvt) Ltd

http://www.barclays.lk hk fjí wvúhg msúiSfuka Tn fidhk Motherboard

tl Tjqkaf.A ñ, .Kka flfiaoehs hkak mjd fidhd ne,Sfï yelshdj mj;S' fuu
fjí wvúfhys jïmi msysá Categories ,ehsia;=fjka Motherboard hkak
f;dard.;A úgoS tu Motherboard tl Tjqkaf.A ñ, .Kka jqjo n,d.ekSfï
yelshdj mj;S'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

TECHZONE

http://www.techzone.lk hk fjí wvúhg msúiSfuka fuu wdh;kh úiska Sale

lrk Motherboard j, ñ,.Kka iei|Su mjd isÿl, yel'

EPSI Technology (Pvt) Ltd

http://www.epsi.lk hk fjí wvúhg msúiSfuka Motherboard j, ñ, .Kka jqjo

ii|d ne,Sfï yelshdj mj;S'

 Motherboard tlla i|yd ,efnk Warranty Period tl

Motherboard tlla ñ,oS.ekSuloS thg ,ndfok Warranty Period tl

ms,sn|j o b;du;a ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡

 Motherboard tflys ñ,
Disapamok Online IT Academy

;ud i;=j mj;sk uqo,g ;ud wjYH lrk Motherboard Model tl

,nd.ekSug yelsoehs by; i|yka lrk,o wdh;k j,ska úuid ne,sh yel'
ke;fyd;A Tjqkaf.A fjí wvú j,g f.dia ñ, .Kka ii|d ne,sh yel'

 Customer f.A wjYH;djh wkqj Latest Processor j,g iyh olajk

Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .ekSug wjOdkh fhduql, hq;= fjhs¡

mß.Klh assemble lr th Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka l=uk ld¾hhla i|ydo

hkak ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;=h¡ WodyrKhla f,i mß.Klh assemble
lr.kq ,nkafka idudkHfhka tosfkod ld¾hd,Sh lghq;= lsÍug" Ñ;%mg
keröug iy .S; Y%jKh lsÍug kï Celeron Processor tllg iyh olajk
Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .ekSu jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡ ukao Core i7, Core i5
Processor iu`. ixikaoh lsÍfïoS Celeron Processors ñf,ka wju fjhs¡
tfukau j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Celeron Processors Cores 2 lska
hq;A Processors ldKAvhla fjhs¡ AMD Sempron 145 Single Core Processors
j,g idfmalaIj Multitasking lghq;= handle lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' fuu
Processor tlg iyh olajk Motherboards Model lsysmhla my;ska bosßm;A
lr we;'

 Biostar H61MLV2 and Intel Celeron G530

 ASUS H61M-A/USB3 and Intel Celeron G540
 ASRock B75M-ITX and Intel Celeron G550
 Biostar TZ75B and Intel Celeron G1610
 MSI Z77A-GD65 and Intel Celeron G1620

Motherboard tl ñ,oS.kq ,nkafka j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lr we;s Games

play lsÍug" Video Editing jeks lghq;= i|yd kï Core i7 Processor tllg
iyh olajk Motherboard tlla f;dard.ekSu jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡ Powerfull
Game Play lsÍu i|yd iyh olajkq ,nk Motherboards lsysmhla my;sk a
bosßm;A lr we;'

 Asus MAXIMUS VIII HERO

 ASRock Fatal1ty Z170 Professional Gaming i7
 MSI B150M Mortar
 Asus M5A78L-M/USB3
Disapamok Online IT Academy

 mdßfNda.slhdf.A wjYH;djh wkqj wjYH Ports iy Connectors ms,sn|j

ie,ls,su;A ùu¡

USB 3.0 Port iy USB 2.0 Ports jeä m%udKhlska hq;A Motherboard tlla
ñ,oS.ekSug fm,öu jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡ tfukau Video Editing ld¾hhla i|yd
Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .kakd wjia:djloS Displya Port, DVI Port, HDMI Port,
Firewire Port ;sfíoehs ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡

 Motherboard Brand tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡

Motherboard tlla ñ,oS .ekSuloS Motherboard Brand tl l=ulao hkak fidhd

ne,Suo b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡ ukao iuyrla Motherboard Brand ,xldj ;=, tla
ld,hloS nyq,j olakg ,efnk uq;A iuyr ld,j,oS olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fï
fya;=j ksid Motherboard tll Fault tlloS Warranty claim lsÍuloS .eg¿
u;=úh yel' iuyrúg tu Fault ksrdlrKh lr Motherboard tl kej; Tn
w;g m;Aùug úYd, ld,hla .;ùug mq¿jk' fï fya;=j ksid Tn .kakd
Motherboard Brand tl i|yd j¾:udkh jk úg ,xldj ;=, Authorized Dealer
flfkl= isákjdo hkak fidhdne,Su jeo.;A fjhs¡

fï jk úg mdßfNda.slhkaf.A jeäu b,A¨ula mj;skq ,nkafka Laptop mß.Kl

j,g neúka fndfyduhla mdßfNda.slhka Motherboard tlla ñ,oS f.k
mß.Klhla Assemble lr.kakd m%jK;djh wvqù we;' fï fya;=j ksid
fndfyduhla Motherboard ksIAmdolhska Laptop mß.Kl ksIAmdokhg fm,ö
we;s w;r Games i|yd Support lrkq ,nk High End Motherboard
ksIAmdokhg jeä jYfhka fm,ö we;' fï jk úg BIOSTAR Motherboard iy
ASUS Motherboard i|yd › ,xldj ;=, Authorized Dealer flfkl= olakg
,efnhs¡

BIOSTAR Motherboard i|yd › ,xldfjys Authorized Dealer jkqfha Kaira

Distribution (Pvt) Ltd wdh;kh fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

tfukau ASUS Motherboard i|yd › ,xldfjys Authorized Dealer jkqfha EPSI

Technology (Pvt) Ltd wdh;kh fjhs¡

Motherboard tl Fail jQ mß.Klhlg w¿;A Motherboard tlla Replace

lrkúgloS tu mß.Klfhys Processor tl" Memory, Power Supply Unit tl"
Motherboard tflys Form Factor tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡

Intel NUC (Next Unit of Computing)

Intel iud.u úiska fï jk úg Desktop Motherboard ksIAmdokh lsÍu

iïmQ¾Kfhkau k;r lr oud we;' fï nj Tjqka úiska Tjqkaf.A fjí wvúh ;=,u
i|yka lr we;' Tn Tjqkaf.A fjí wvúfhys Desktop Boards f,i fiùula
isÿl,úg Tjqkaf.Au Chipset fhdod.ksñka ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard
Models olAkg ,efnk w;r tu Motherboard Model link tlla u; la,sla l,
úgoS tu Motherboard ksIAmdokh lsÍu kj;doud we;s nj ksfõokh lr we;'
Disapamok Online IT Academy

ta fjkqjg kùk;u Generations j, Processors iïnkaO lr.ksñka kj;u

;dlaIKhlska hq;A NUC fyj;A Next Unit of Computing f,i System tlla
y÷kAjdoS we;' fuh Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok ,o l=vd;u form factor PC
tlla f,i ye|skaúh yel' fuh fl;rï l=vd;u PC tllao lshf;d;A fuys
uQ,do¾Yh w`.,A 4 X 4 l m%udKhlska hqla; úh¡ fuu NUC tl uq,skau n,.kajk
,oafoa Sandy Bridge architecture tl iys; Celeron fm%dfiirhlsks¡ fuu
Processor tflys Cache Memory Odß;djh wvq neúka fuu NUC tl jvd;A iqÿiq
jQfha Word Processing, Internet ießieÍu Email heùu jeks ld¾hhka i|yd úh¡
bkamiqj fuh Ivy Bridge Core i3 iy Core i5 Processor j,ska n,.kajk ,oS¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuh fj,|m,g ksl=;A lrkq ,nkafka basic barebones mß.Klhla f,ig Kit
tlla wdldrfhka fjhs¡ fuu Kit tl ;=, PCB fyj;A Printed Circuits Board tlg
soldered lrk,o Processor tllska n,.ekafjhs¡ tfukau Memory fyj;A RAM
install lsÍug Slot olakg ,efnhs¡ regular SATA fyda SSD 2.5’’ m%udKfhys Hard
Disk iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd myiqlï olakg ,efnhs¡ Intel iud.u fuu NUC tl
Manufacture lr fj,|m,g y÷kajdfok úg RAM iy Hard Disk install lsÍula
isÿfkdlrk w;r th Customer f.A wjYH;djhg wkqj Install lsÍug bv i,id
we;' tfukau úÿ,sn,h ,nd.ekSug 12V Power Adapter tllska o hqla; fjhs¡
tfukau Monitor tllg iïnkaO lr ;nd.; yels VESA mounting plate tllao
fuu Kit tl iu`. wvx.= lr we;'

Infrared, USB 3.0, RJ45 LAN Network port olakg ,enqk w;r miqj meñKs Model
;=, Mini Displayport tlla iy Mini HDMI interfaces tllska hqla; úh¡ úfYAIu
lreK jkqfha Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdÿka WiDi (Wireless Display)
;dlaIKhg iyh oelaùuh' idudkHfhka Desktop Core i5 Processor tllska
Disapamok Online IT Academy

n,.ekafjk Processor tllg jehfjk Average watt .Kk 75-90 l m%udKhla

jqjo NUC tflys i3-3217U Processor tflka n,.ekafjk úg tu Processor
tllg jehfjk Average watt .Kk 11 la muK fjhs¡

Expansion Cards

l=vd mßm:hla jYfhka meñfKk fuh mß.Klhg iïnkaO lsÍfuka tu

l%shdj,sh isÿlr.; yels jHqyhla wevemag¾ ld¾â fyj;A Expansion Card tlla
jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs' mß.Klfhys lsishï ls%hdj,shlg wod, myiqlula
olakg fkd,efnkúg th isÿlr.ekSu i|yd tu l%sjdh,sh isÿlr.;yels
fujeks ldâ m;la uõmqjrefjys PCI, AGP, PCI e jeks iaf,dÜ j,g iïnkaO
lrkq ,nhs' wm úiska Expansion Card u.ska isÿjk ld¾hhka tu Card y÷kajk
kï tu Card iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Expansion Slots fukau tu Cards oekg Ndú;d
jkjdo keoao hkak ms,sn|j oek isàu jeo.;A fjhs¡ expansion board, adapter
card ,accessory card f,io Expansion Card y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i
Tfí mß.Klfhys Video Performance jeälr.ekSu i|yd wu;r Grpahic Card
tlla iïnkaO l,yels fjhs¡ Laptops, netbooks, iy wfkl=;A mobile computers
;=, by; i|yka l, Expansion Card iïnkaO lsÍula isÿl, fkdyels fjhs¡ uq,A
ld,fha Ndú;d lrk,o Desktop mß.Kl ;=, daughterboard f,i Cards
Ndú;d lrk,o w;r fuh Expansion f,i y÷kajk Slots j,g iïnkaO fkdjQ
Disapamok Online IT Academy

w;r fl,skau Motherboard tlg iïnkaO lrk ,oS¡ WodyrKhla f,i fï

wdldrfha Modem Cards olakg ,eìKs¡ ISA iy PCI Cards meñKSu;A iu`. wo jk
úg Desktop mß.Kl ;=, daughterboard Ndú;h bj;Aù we;'

kuq;A Laptop mß.Kl ;=, ;ju;a daughterboard Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ Laptop USB
3.0 myiqlu ,nd.; yels daughterboard tll rEmhla my;ska olajd we;'

fyd|hs wms oeka fuu tla tla Adapter Cards y÷kd.ksuq¡

Disapamok Online IT Academy

Graphic Card

display adapter, video adapter, video board iy video controller hk kïj,skao

y÷kajkq ,nkafkao Graphic Card tlu fjhs¡ Display Devices i|yd Video Signals
,ndoSu fuu card tl u.ska isÿlrk w;r wm úiska bf.k.;A Video Signals
,ndfok Port tlla fyda lsysmhla fuu Cards j, oelsh yels fjhs¡ Tnf.A
mß.Klfhys Video Card tlla msysgqjd fkd;snqfkakï ^Motherboard tl ;=,
óg wod, myiqlu olakg fkd,efnk úg& mß.Kl ;srfhys Tn úiska lrk
lsisÿ ld¾hhla oel.; fkdyels fjhs¡ fndfyda úg fuu wu;rj iïnkaO lrkq
,nk fuu Graphic Cards j, VGA/SVGA , S Video, HDMI jeks Video ports msysgd
;sîfuka jvd;A myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

j¾:udkfha olakg ,efnk fndfyduhla Graphic Card ;=, VGA/SVGA Port

fjkqjg fndfyda úg DVI Port folla olakg ,efnk w;r wu;r jYfhka fndfyda
úg S- Video Port tllao olakg ,efnhs¡ fuf,i DVI Port folla fndfyda úg
olakg ,efnkqfha Display Devices folla i|yd tljr Signals ,ndoSug fukau
Screen tl Extended lsÍu i|ydo Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡ Extended lsÍu u.sk a
Monitor folla fhdodf.k jev lrk Desktop tflys Space tl jeä lr.ekSfï
yelshdj mj;S' fuu Graphic Card tflys olakg ,efnk Main chip tl GPU tl
Disapamok Online IT Academy

f,i ye|skafjk w;r fuhg by,ska fndfydaúg Heat sink tlla olakg ,efnk
w;r th jgd Memory chip oelsh yels jk w;r fndfyda úg BIOS chip tlla o
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh Graphic Card tl ;=, mj;sk BIOS jevigykla ksid VBIOS
jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Graphic Card tl l%shd;Aul jk wjia:dfõoS basic
operating code iemhSu fuu.ska isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda úg Nvidia jeks Graphic
Cards j, mß.Klh boot jk wjia:dfõoS vendor, model, BIOS version iy
graphics tflys Odß;djh fmkaùug VBIOS jeo.;A fjhs¡ l,ska Ndú;d lrk,o
mß.Kl j, MDA iy CGA Graphic cards Ndú;d lrk wjê j,oS tu cards j,
isÿjk function tl System BIOS tl ;=, wvx.+jQ neúka tu cards ;=, VBIOS
olakg fkd,eìKs' kuq;A 1984 j¾IfhaoS muK EGA wdldrfha Graphic Cards
meñKSu;A iu`.u fuu VBIOS y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuu cards mß.Klh iu`.
compatible fyj;A .,md.ekSug iy Odjkhg System BIOS j,g fkdyels úh¡
tu ksid tod isg meñKs EGA/VGA iy ish¨u enhanced VGA compatible cards
;=, Video BIOS olakg ,eìKs¡

Grpahic Card tl ;=, olakg ,efnk GPU tl u.ska ,efnk o;A; process lr
Frames wdldrhg Memory j, ;ekam;A lr tajd laIKslj Display Devices fj;
,ndfoñka Graphics ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs¡ Graphics m%udKh jeä jk úg ta i|yd
jeä Frames m%udKhla wjYHjk w;r ta i|yd by, YLH;djhl GPU tlla wjYH
fjhs¡ tu ksid GPU tl u.ska jeo.;A ld¾hhla isÿjk neúka Advanced Graphic
handles lsÍu i|yd úfYAIfhkau j¾:udkfha Computer Games j, we;s
Graphics Generate lsÍu i|yd Advanced GPU tlla ;sîu jeo.;A fjhs¡ fuu
Graphic Cards i|yd GPUs ks¾udKh lrkq ,nk m%Odk iud.ï fol jkqf ha
Nvidia iy AMD fjhs¡ Nvidia iud.u jeä jYfhka Computer Games mdol
lr.ksñka Geforce kñka GPUs y÷kajdfok w;r AMD fyj;A ATI iud.u úisk a
Radeon fj<| kduh hgf;A GPUs y÷kajdfokq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu GPUs j¾. fol Ndú;d lrñka úúO iud.u úiska Graphic Cards ksIAmdokh
lrkq ,nhs¡

VGA Card tlla f;dard .ekSfïoS Customer f.A Requirments ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A
úh hq;= fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i Games play lrk flfkl= kï tu Games
j,g Support lrk Graphic Card tlla f;dard.; hq;= fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i
Crysis 3 Game tl i|yd my; Nvidia GPU Models iys; Cards support lrkq
,nhs¡

GeForce GT 1030
GeForce GTX 1050
GeForce GTX 1050 Colorful iGame U-2G 2GB
GeForce GTX 1050 EVGA FTW Gaming ACX 3.0 2GB
GeForce GTX 1050 EVGA Gaming 2GB

^lsysmhla muKla i|yka lr we;'&

AMD iud.fuys my; Radeon GPU Models iys; Cards support lrkq ,nhs¡

Radeon 9000 Series 64MB

Radeon 9100
Radeon 9200 Series
Radeon 9250
Radeon 9500
Radeon 9500 Pro
^lsysmhla muKla i|yka lr we;'&
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Nvidia GPUs .;Aúg Geforce GTX j¾.fha tajd Advanced Games i|yd;A GTS iy
GT j¾.fha tajd HD Video, HD Photos, 3D Movies iy Basic Games i|yd;A
Geforce j¾.fha tajd Basic ld¾hhka i|yd;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

On Board VGA l%shdj,h ie,l+úg uq,Ald,fha Motherboard ;=, Northbridge

chip tl u.ska Control l, w;r wjYH Memory tl m%Odk u;lh fyj;A Ram
tl u.ska imhd .kakd ,oS¡ j¾:udkfha Motherboard ;=, fuu l%shdj,sh
Processor tl u.skau isÿ lrkq ,nhs¡ mß.Klfha Graphic l%shdj,sh Wiia
wkaoñka isÿlr.ekSu i|yd wu;r Graphic Card tlla mß.Klhg iïnkaO
l,úg On Board VGA l%shdj,sh disabled ùu isÿfjhs¡ j¾:udkfha Games i|yd
Support lrkq ,nk by, uÜgfï Nvidia iy Radeon Graphic Card i|yd Power
Supply tflka wu;r power tlla ,ndosh hq;=fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuf,i wu;r VGA Card tlla mß.Klhg iïnkaO l,miq tu Card tlg wod,
l%shdj,sh Operating System tlg y÷kajdfok Drivers install lsÍu i|yd VGA
Card tflys Manufacturer iy Model name tl jeo.;A fjhs¡

PCI Slot Support VGA Card

AGP Slot Support VGA Card

PCI Express Slot Support VGA Card

Disapamok Online IT Academy

Sound Card

audio output device, sound board fyda audio card jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nkafka
o sound card tlu fjhs¡ Speakers fyda Headphones j,ska weish yels jk mßos
Yíoh produce lr ,ndfokqfha sound card tl u.ska fjhs¡ j¾:udkfha
ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk iEu Motherboard tlla ;=,u fuu ld¾hh i|yd fjku
chip tlla olakg ,efnk neúka wu;r sound card tlla wkjYHh fjhs¡ kuq;A
On board sound chip tl Fail jqk wjia:djloS fyda mß.Klhg iïnkaO lrkq
,nk Sound System tl Onboard Sound i|yd iyh fkdolajk úg wu;r
SoundCard tlla iïnkaO lsÍug isÿfjhs¡ úfYAIfhkau Sound Editing jeks
ld¾hhka j,oS wu;r Sound Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍu jeo.;A fjhs¡

i;HjYfhkau Sound Card tl u.ska isÿlrkq ,nkafka sound l%shdj,shg wod,

digital data wmf.A lKg Y%jKh lsÍug yels jk mßos analog waves njg m;A
lsÍuh¡ Tnf.A mß.Klfhys fyda CD tll we;s Music file tlla .nvdù we;Af;A
Digital wdldrhg fjhs¡ tu file tl Odjkh lrkúg tys we;s Digital o;A; wmg
wefik f,ig Analog wave njg ilidfokq ,nkafka Sound Card tl u.ska
fjhs¡ óg wu;rj Microphone tlla iïnkaO lrñka wmf.A lgyçka ksl=;Ajk
Analog Waves mß.Klfhys Digital wdldrhg ;ekam;A lr ;nd.; yels fjhs¡

jd;h yryd wmg Y%jKh jk Yío wvx.= jkafka Analog Waves wdldrhg nj
u;l ;nd.; hq;=h¡ tu ksid sound card tflys primary function tl jkqfha
digital information analog njg;A analog information digital njg;A m;A lsÍu
fjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Sound Card tflys m%Odk Components 4 la olakg ,efnhs¡

 digital-to-analog converter (DAC) tkï digital data, analog sound njg

m;Alrkq ,nhs¡
 analog-to-digital converter (ADC) tkï input lrkq ,nk analog sounds,
digital wdldrhg recording lr ;nd.; yels fjhs¡
 Motherboard tflys idudkHfhka Peripheral Component Interconnect
(PCI) slot tlg iïnkaO l, yels Interface tllska hqla; fjhs¡
 headphones, speakers fyda microphone iïnkaO l, yels Input iy
Output Ports j,ska hqla; fjhs¡ higher quality external devices iïnkaO
lsÍu i|yd fuu wu;r Ports jeo.;A fjhs¡

iuyr sounds card ;=, digital signal processor (DSP) f,i built-in processing
unit tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ digital iy analog convert lsÍfïoS CPU tl hï;dla
ÿrlg Ndú;d lsÍula o fuysoS isÿjk w;r Sound card tl ;=, Memory chip we;s
úgoS tu Memory Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Sound Card tlg Devices iïnkaO lsÍfïoS wm úiska bf.k.;A Analog iy
Digital Audio
ports sound card
tl ;=, ;sìh yel'

Network Card

fï jk úg j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk iEu Motherboard tlla ;=,u

LAN Port 1 la fyda 2 la oelsh jk w;r uq,A ld,fha Network Card ;=, LAN port
tlg wu;rj BNC Connector tlla o DB 15 Connector tlla o oelsh yels úh'

On board Network Port tl fail jQ wjia:djloS wu;r Network Card tlla

iïnkaO lsÍug isÿfjhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy

LAN (Local Area Network) card tlla hkq mß.Klh Network tlla i|yd
újrjk fodrla jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' Internet, network printer fyda mß.Kl
tlsfkl connect lsÍu i|yd LAN port tlla w;HjYH fjhs¡ wo jk úg HD TV
j, Internet
apps
l%shd;Aulù
u i|yd
Network
Cardtlla
olakg
,efnhs¡

idudkHfhka Network Card tlla PCI Slot tlg iïnkaO l, yels wdldrfhka
olakg ,efnk w;r USB Port tlg iïnkaO l, yels wdldrfhkao olakg
,efnhs¡
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Modem Card

wka;¾cd, .fõIKh i|yd fldákau lsjfyd;A Internet Facility tl ,nd.ekSu

i|yd Modem Card uQ,sl jYfhka Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ Bg wu;rj Fax heùu i|yd;A
Modem Cards Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡ modem hkq modulator demodulator hkak flá
lr oelaùuls¡ fuu Modem Card tflys RJ 11 Port folla olakg ,efnhs¡ modem
card tl u.ska mß.Klfhys we;s Digital data, phone line tlla ;=,ska f.k hd
yels analog signal tlla njg m;A lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh modulator part tl jYfhka
y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ tfukau phone line tlla ;=,ska meñfKk analog signals
mß.Klhg jegfyk mßos digital lsÍuo isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ fuh demodulator part
tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

fï jk úg ADSL Router meñKSu;A iu`. Modem Cards Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;'

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TV Cards

mß.Klh Ndú;d lrñka rEmjdyskS kd,sld keröu i|yd TV Tuner Cards

Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡ fuu TV Tuner Card ;=, video, communications iy audio
transmit lsÍug Ndú;d lrk Coaxial Cable fyj;A Antena tflys isg meñfKk
rEmjdyskS flan,h iïnkaO l, yels jk mßos olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu TV Tuner Card
Ndú;d lrñka rEmjdyskS kd,sld keróöug wu;rj miq wjia:djloS keröu
i|yd tu rEmjdyskS jevigyka Record lr ;nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' tkï
Digital Video Recorder (DVR) device tlla wdldrfhka l%shdl, yels fjhs¡ fuu
TV Tuner Cards Ndú;d lrk wjêfha jvd;A ckm%shu Brand tl jQfha Hauppauge
Brand tlh¡

Tjqka úiska y÷kajdfok ,o WinTV tuner cards Model Windows XP, Vista, iy
Windows 7 jeks fndfyduhla Operating System iu`. ls%hd;Aul jk ,oS¡ fuu
TV Tuner Cards fndfyda úg PCI iy PCI Express Slots j,g iyh olajk mßos
ksIAmdokh lrk ,oS¡

iuyr TV Tuner Cards iu`. remote control tllao imhkq ,nhs¡ Combo TV Unit
y÷kajdoSu;A iu`. wo jk úg TV Tuner Cards Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;'

Capture Card

Video Editing ld¾hhka isÿlrk wh nyq,j fuu Capture Cards Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ úfYAIfhkau Television Cameras j, Analog wdldrfhka ;ekam;Aj we;s
signals iys; data ixialrK ld¾hhka iy Visual Effects jeks lghq;= mß.Kl
Disapamok Online IT Academy

wdY%s;j isÿlr.ekSu i|yd digital Video udOHhg Quality loss ùulska f;drj
Convert lr.ekSu i|yd fuu Capture Cards Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda ÿrg
fuu Cards ;=, Firewire Ports, Composite Ports, S Video Ports wdosh oel.;
yels fjhs¡ fuu convert lrk ,o digital data, digital video stream tlla
wdldrhg mß.Klh ;=, File tlla f,i ;ekam;A lr.; yels fjhs¡

fuu Capture Card tl ;=, Capture lrk úg m%Odk Processing Steps lsysmhla
olakg ,efnhs¡ m,uqj analog-to-digital converter chip tl Ndú;d lrñka
Capture Card tlg iïnkaO lrk ,o Television Camera tll kï má.; lrk
,o Analog signal ms,sfh, fkdlrk,o Digital Signal tlla njg m;Alrkq ,nhs¡
bkamiqj thska luminance ^oSma;;djh& tl iy chrominance fjka lr .kq ,nhs¡
bkamiqj fuu chrominance tl úúO Colors j,g mßj¾;kh lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu
wjia:dfõoS brightness, contrast, saturation iy hue hk .=Kdx. jeäoshqKq lrkq
,nhs¡ wjidkfhaoS color space converter chip tl u.ska RGB fyda YCbCr Color
Standard tllg mßj¾;kh lrkq ,nhs¡
Disapamok Online IT Academy
DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK

EXPANSION CARDS
(PART VI)

CREATED BY : S.Wajira Madusanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

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fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wms Intel Chipset iy Expansion Cards lsysmhla

idlÉPd l,d Tng u;l we;s¡ wms oeka b;sß Expansion Cards iy Expansion
Slots y÷kd.ksuq¡

I/O Card

fuh Input Output Card jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ uq,A ldd,fha meñKs
Motherboards j, Ports iy Connectors ks¾udKh lr.ekSu i|yd fuu Cards
Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fuu Expansion Card j, Parallel Port, Serial Port, IDE
Connector, Floppy Disk Connectors hk ish¨u Port iy Connectors tlla fyda
folla oelsh yels fjhs¡ miq ld,Skj Motherboard tflys ish¿u w;HjYH
ports Print ù oelsh yels jQ w;r tu ksid I/O Cards j, wjYH;djh wvq úh¡

kuq;A Tn oekg Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Motherboard tflys lsishï Port tlla
jevfkdlrk wjia:dj, I/O Card tflys Jumpers u.ska wjYH Port tlla
muKla Connect lr Ndú;d lrk ,oS¡

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fïjk úg Parallel Port, Serial Port, IDE Connectors wdosh fjk fjku Cards
jYfhka oelsh yels jk w;r tu Cards wod, Port tl fyda Connector tflys
kñkau y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ j¾:udkfha Motherboard ;=, Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;s
Serial Prot, Parallel Port Print ù oelsh fkdyels jqjo tajd fndfyda úg
Motherboard tl ;=, pin set tlla wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

Parallel Card

fuu Expansion Card tflys Parallel Port tl muKla oelsh yels fjhs¡ printers,
scanners, CD-R/RW drives, memory card readers, bar code scanners wdoS
Device tlla Connect lsÍu i|yd Tnf.A Motherboard tflys fuu Parallel port
tl olakg fkd,efnk úg fujeks cards Ndú;d lsÍfuka tu devices connect
l, yels fjhs¡

Parallel Port CD-R/RW drives

tfukau Tnf.A mß.Klfhys fuu Parallel Port tl Fail jQ wjia:djloS fujeks

Parallel card tlla Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡ fuf,i Motherboard tflys Parallel

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Port tlg Printer tlla iïnkaO lr Printout tlla ,ndÿkaúg Printer tl m%;spdr
fkdolajhs kï tfia fkdue;skï úúO Character print lsÍu fyj;A garbage
print ùula isÿjkafka kï fï i|yd fya;= lsysmhla n,mdkq ,nhs¡

 BIOS ;=,ska Parallel Port Mode tl Change lr ne,sh hq;= fjhs¡

fuu Parallel communication j,oS EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced

Capability Port) f,i Standard tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu EPP Standard tl
Printers fkdjk Devices i|yd jk w;r ECP Standard tl Printers iy Scanners
i|yd fjhs¡

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 Printer cable tl mÍlaId lr ne,shhq;= fjhs¡

 Drivers check lr ne,shhq;= fjhs¡
 Printer tl fjk;A Computer tllg connect l, ne,shhq;= fjhs¡
 Parallel port tlg fjk;A printer tlla connect l, ne,shhq;= fjhs¡

Serial Card

fuu Expansion Card tflys Serial Prot tlla fyda folla oelsh yels fjhs¡ Serial
Port tl fail jQ wjia:djl fyda mj;sk Serial Ports m%udKh jeälr.ekSu i|yd
fuu Card tl Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

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IDE Cards

merKs Hard Disk Tnf.A Motherboard tlg connect lsÍu i|yd IDE Connector
lfklag¾ tlla olakg fkd,efnk wjia:djloS fuu Expansion Card tl Ndú;d
l, yels fjhs¡

tfukau Motherboard tflys IDE Connector tl fial jQ úgl fyda IDE Connectors
m%udKh jeälr.ekSu i|yd fukau merKs Motherboards j,g Latest Capacity
tlla iys; Hard Disk connect lsÍu i|yd fuu cards jeo.;A fjhs¡

Fire wire Card

Tfí Motherboard tlg Fire wire device tlla connect lsÍug isÿjQúg fuu
Expansion Card tl jeo.;A fjhs¡ Firewire hkq USB iy Ethernet fyda wireless
j,g idfmalaIj fõ.j;A data transfer method tlla fjhs¡ 1995 j¾IfhaoS Apple
iud.u úiska fuu port tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fndfyduhla Video Camera ;=,
fuu port tl olakg ,efnk w;r tjeks Device tllska data Tfí mß.Klh

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fj; ,nd.ekSug isÿjQúg Motherboard tflys Firewire port tlla olakg

fkd,efnk úg fujeks Firewire card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfuka tu Device
iïnkaO lr data transfer lsÍu isÿl, yels fjhs¡

Tfí Motherboard tflys mj;sk Firewire port tl fail jQ wjia:djl fyda

Firewire port m%udKh jeälr.ekSu i|yd tfukau mj;sk Firewire port tlg
jvd Speed jeä Firewire port ks¾udKh lr.ekSu i|yd fuu Cards jeo.;A fjhs¡

SATA Card

Tn i;=j mj;sk ;rula merKs Motherboard tflys SATA Port fjkqjg olakg
,efnkafka IDE Connectors fuu Motherboard tlg w¿;A Hard Disk iy DVD
Rom jeks Optical Drives iïnkaO lsÍug wjYHjQ úg fujeks wu;r SATA

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Expansion Card tlla iïnkaO l, yels fjhs¡ fndfyda úg fuu SATA card ;=,
we;=,;ska SATA connectors 2 la 4 la 8 la jqjo olakg ,efnhs¡

tfukau Motherboard tflys SATA Connector tlla fail jqk wjia:djloS fyda
SATA Connectors m%udKh jeälr.ekSu i|ydo tfukau Latest Capacity tlla
iys; Hard Disk connect lr.ekSu i|ydo fuu Cards Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡
tfukau Speed tl by, SATA connector tlla ks¾udKh lr.ekSug wjYHjQ
úgo tu Speed SATA connectors iys; SATA Card tlla iïnkaO l, yels fjhs¡

WodyrKhla f,i SATA I (revision 1.x) interface tl ;=, data transfer speed tl
1.5Gb/s jk w;r SATA II (revision 2.x) interface tl ;=, data transfer speed tl
muK jk w;r SATA III (revision 3.x) interface tl ;=, data transfer speed tl
6Gb/s muK fjhs¡ Tfí mß.Klfhys Motherboard tflys SATA I olakg
,efnk wjia:djloS SATA III port iys; Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfuka Speed jeä
SATA connectors ks¾udKh lr.; yels fjhs¡ tfukau ESATA Port tlla Tnf.A

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Motherboard tflys olakg fkd,efnk úgloS tu ESATA Port ks¾udKh

lr.ekSu i|yd;A fuu Cards Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

USB Card

Tfí mß.Klfhys Motherboard tflys USB Port m%udKh jeä lr.ekSu i|yd;A
Port tlla Fail jQ wjia:djloS fujeks USB Expansion card tlla Ndú;d l, yels
fjhs¡ tfukau USB 3.0 jeks speed port ks¾udKh lr.ekSu i|yd;A fuu Cards
jeo.;A fjhs¡

SCSI Card

idudkH fõ.hkag jvd jeä fõ.hlska jev lrk SCSI Devices iïnkaO
lr.ekSu i|yd fuu Cards Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ Small Computer System
Interface hkak flálrñka SCSI f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ jeä jYfhkau disk drives

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iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fuu Cards Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fndfyduhla advanced

motherboard ;=, SCSI connections tlla Motherboard tl ;=,u olakg ,efnhs¡

fujeks SCSI Expansion card ;=, Internal iy External connection olakg

,efnhs¡

fuu SCSI hkq Parallel Interface tl i|yd y÷kajdÿka Standard tlla fjhs¡
idudkHfhka Parallel interface tllg jvd SCSI interface tflys data transfer

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speed tl jeä fjhs¡ tkï ;;Amrhg bits 8 lska data transfer l,yels fjhs¡
fuu SCSI interface wdldr ;=kla y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ SCSI-1, SCSI-2 iy SCSI-3
f,ig fjhs¡ SCSI-2 wdldrh hard drive, CD-ROM iy scanner devices j,g
support lrk ,oS¡ fuu SCSI interface tl Apple Macintosh iy Unix computers
i|yd design lrk ,oS¡ w;S;fhaoS fuu interface tl ckm%sh jqjo j¾:udkfha
SATA drives ksid ckm%sh;Ajh wvqúh¡

Post diagnostic card

Post Diagnostic Card hkq l=vd diagnostic tool tlla jk w;r BIOS u.ska Power
On Self Test fyj;A POST l%shdj,sfhaoS Motherboard tflys lsishï fault tlla
we;súgoS th Error Code tlla wdldrfhka fuu Card tl u.ska fmkajkq ,nhs¡
mß.Klhla boot jk wjia:dfõoS tys .eg¿ y÷kd.ksñka tajd detect lr.ekSu
i|yd fuu Card tl jeo.;A b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i Memory, Hard
Disk, Keyboard wdosfhys issue tlla we;s úgoS th ks¾Kh lr.ekSu i|yd fuu
Post Diagnostic Card uy`.= fiajhla bgq lrkq ,nhs¡ fuf,i lsishï Hardware
device tll fault tlla we;sjqk úgoS th ñksidg lshúh yels mßos Message
tllska fmkajkq ,nhs¡ iuyrla POST card ;=, Error Code tlla jYfhka
fmkajkq ,nhs¡ fuu Expansion card tl Power On Self Test cards, POST cards,
checkpoint cards iy port 80h cards f,i o y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

fndfyduhla POST Cards fl,skau Motherboard tflys Expansion Slots j,g

iïnkaO l, yels wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ iuyrla Cards muKla Parallel
fyda Serial port j,g external wdldrfhka iïnkaO l, yels wdldrfhka olakg
,efnhs¡ fuu Card tl u.ska fuu isuue y÷kd.ekSfïoS tla tla devices tlsfkl
mÍlaId lrk w;r th ksishdldrj jev lrhs kï B,`. device tl mÍlaId lrkq
,nhs¡ lsishï device tll error tlla detect lr.;A úgoS bootup process tl
w;ru`. k;rlr POST card tl u.ska wod, Error Code tl fmkajkq ,nhs¡

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fuf,i device tflys issue tlla we;s úgoS th fuu Card tl yryd Error Code
tlla jYfhka fmkajk úgoS th Error Message tlla njg fmr,d.ekSu i|yd
Motherboard tflys BIOS manufacturer ljqo hkak y÷kd.; hq;= fjhs¡ Post
Code Master iy BIOS Central jeks Web Sites j, BIOS vendor lrkakkaf.A list
tlla iy Tjqkaf.A Error Codes j,g wod, Message tl l=ulao hkak fmkajkq
,nhs¡

WodyrKhla f,i BIOS Manufacturer Dell iud.u kï error number 28 f,i

fmkajk úgoS bka woyia jkqfha CMOS RAM battery has gone bad f,ih¡ fuúg
CMOS battery tl Replace lsÍug isÿfjhs¡

RAID Card

RAID hkq o;A; ;ekam;A lr ;nd.kakd virtualization technology tlla fjhs¡ Hard
Disk lsysmhla ;ks logical unit tlla wdldrfhka l%shd;Aul jk w;r data backup
system tlla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡ fuys Raid 0, Raid 1, Raid 2,
Raid 3, Raid 4, Raid 5, Raid 6 f,i virtualization technology wdldr lsysmhla
olakg ,efnhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i Raid 1 j,oS idudkHfhka Data hard disk
follg ,sùu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡

j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu RAID

technology tl i|yd built-in support lrkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda úg fuu RAID
technology tl i|yd fjku SATA port folla in-built wdldrfhka olakg
,efnhs¡

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fï i|yd Motherboard tflys fjku RAID chip tllao olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu
RAID technology tl i|yd Motherboard tl iyh fkdolajk wjia:d j,oS
wu;r RAID Expansion card tlla iïnkaO lsÍug isÿfjhs¡

fuf,i RAID Card tlla Install l,miq tu Card tflys BIOS jevigyk fj;
f.dia th Enable l,hq;= fjhs¡

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Motherboard tflys In-built RAID i|yd iyh olajk úgoS Main BIOS fj; f.dia
RAID Configuration ilia l,hq;= fjhs¡

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SSD Card

idïm%odhsl Hard Disk ie,l+úg tajd spinning disk j,ska iy read/write head,
mechanical arm fyj;A actuator j,ska iukaú; úh¡ miqj fuu idïm%odhsl Hard
Disk fjkqjg Solid State Drive fyj;A SSD Hard Drives y÷kajdfok ,oS¡
semiconductor memory iuQyhla array tlla f,i l%shd;Aul ùfuka fuu SSD
Hard Drive l%shd lrkq ,nhs¡ j¾:udkh jk úg fuu SSD Drive tlla f,i fkdj
Card tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

Wifi Card

Wireless Fidelity flá lr Wifi f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ mß.Kl cd,hlg wireless
wdldrfhka connect ùu i|yd Wifi Cards Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ home wireless
network tlla i|yd Access point fyda Routers Ndú;d lrk w;r signal send iy
receive lsÍu i|yd WAP fyda WEP Protocols Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ j¾:udkfha
fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, fuu Wifi i|yd myiqlï olakg ,efnhs¡

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tfia fkdue;s wjia:djloS Wifi Card tlla iïnkaO lrñka tu myiqlu ,nd.;
hq;= fjhs¡

by; rEm igyfkys jï miska olajd we;Af;A Desktop wifi card tlla jk w;r
th PCI slot tlg iyh olajk tlla fjhs¡ fojkshg we;Af;A wireless PC Card
tlla jk w;r Wifi myiqlu fkdue;s Laptop ;=, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ ol=Kq miska
we;Af;A USB Wi-Fi adapter tlla jk w;r USB port tlla yryd connect lrkq
,nhs¡ wo jk úg úYd, wireless devices m%udKhla olakg ,efnhs¡

Baby monitors, Broadcast TV, Cordless phones, Satellite TV, Security cameras,
Wireless headphones, microphones, speakers wdosh bka lsysmhla fjhs¡

PS/2 Card

j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, PS/2 Port

olakg fkd,efnk neúka tu PS/2 Devices Connect lsÍu i|yd PS/2 Card tlla

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Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡ j¾:udkfha olakg ,efnk iuyrla Barcode Reader

devices PS/2 port tlg iyh olajk mßos ksIAmdokh lr we;s w;r tjeks
Device tlla Tfí mß.Klhg connect lsÍug PS/2 Port tlla fkdue;s úgoS
fujeks PS/2 card tlla iïnkaO lsÍug isÿfjhs¡ Tfí mß.Klfhys PS/2 Port
fail jQ úgo fujeks wu;r PS/2 card tlla iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡

PS/2 Support Barcode Reader PS/2 Support Card Reader

Optical LAN Card

Fiber Optics Cable Ndú;d lrñka mß.Kl Network lrk úgloS fuu Optical
LAN Card tlla Ndú;d lsÍug isÿfjhs¡ fuu Fiber Optics Port Tfí Motherboard

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tflys olakg fkd,efnk úgloS Fiber Network tllg connect ùuloS

wksjd¾fhkau fujeks Optical Network Card tlla wjYH fjhs¡ fuu Fiber
Network card tlla fl,skau fiber channel switch tllg iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs¡

Expansion Slots

bus slot fyda expansion port hk kï j,ska o Expansion Slots y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
WodyrKhla f,ig Tfí mß.Klhg w¿;A Video card tlla install lsÍug isÿjQ
úgoS th iúl, hq;Af;A tu Card tl iyh olajkq ,nk Expansion Slot tllg
fjhs¡ fï olajd ksIAmdokh lrk,o Motherboard ;=, Expansion Slots lsysmhlau
olakg ,eìKs' fuhska fndfyduhla Expansion Slot h,Amek f.dia we;' ISA, PCI,
AGP, PCI express f,i m%Odk slots wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,enqk w;r fuhsk a
wo nyq,ju Motherboard ;=, olakg ,efnkafka PCI Express Slot fjhs¡

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Laptop mß.Kl j, Motherboard ;=, by; i|yka lrk,o Expansion Slots

olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fuu Expansion Slots j,g lshk kï tajdg iïnkaO lrkq
,nk cards tu slots j, performance oek isàfuka tfukau tu slot oekg
Ndú;d jkjdo keoao hkak ms,sn|j oek isàu b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡ fyd|hs wms oeka
fuu Slots tlska tl y÷kd.ksuq¡

ISA Slot / ISA Bus

Industry Standard Architecture hkak flálr ISA f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Mark
Dean hgf;ys IBM iud.u úiska 1981 oS muK m%:u jrg fuu slot tl
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuhska m,uqj y÷kajdfokq ,enqfha 8 bit slot tl fjhs¡ miqj fuys
16 bit slot tl 1984 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfokq ,eîh¡ 1993 j¾IfhaoS Intel iy
Microsoft iud.ï fol tl;=fjka PnP fyj;A Plug and Play bus tl y÷kajdoSu;A
iu`.u iajhxl%Shju ISA peripherals detect lr.kakd w;r tu ksid fuu slot
tlg device connect lsÍfïoS Jumpers fyda dip switches Ndú;d lsÍula wjYH
fkdùh¡

fuu Slot tl i|yd tl, Ndú;d lrk,o VGA Card, Sound Card, Network Card,
Modem Card, SCSI Card wdoS úúO Cards iïnkaO lrk ,oS¡ PCI, AGP Slots
y÷kajdoSu;A iu`. fuu Slot wdldrh Motherboard tl ;=,ska bj;Aù we;'
tfukau j¾:udkfha Operating System o fuu ISA Slot j,g iyh olajkq
fkd,nhs¡ fuu ISA 8 bit slot tflys pin 62 la olakg ,enqk w;r pin 98 la olakg
,eìKs'

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ISA VGA Card

ISA Network Card

ISA Sound Card

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oekg Expansion Slot wdldr lsysmhla Ndú;djk neúka lsishï Expansion Card
tlla ISA Card tlla o hkak meyeos,sj y÷kd.; hq;=fjhs¡ idudkHfhka ISA
Expansion Card ;=< iïnkaO jk pin wfkla Expansion card j, we;s iïnkaO
jk pin j,g jvd ;rula uy;ska hqla; fjhs¡

ISA Card Pin

PCI Card Pin

fndfyda Motherboard ksIamdolhska úiska fuu slot tl l¿ j¾Kfhka

ksIAmdokh lrk,o neúka myiqfjka y÷kd.ekSug yelsúh'

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fuf,i Expansion Card tlla y÷kajk úgoS WodyrKhla f,i ISA bkamiq Card
tflys ld¾hh tkï VGA Card tlla o Network Card tllao hk j. bkamiq Card
tflys Manufacturer WodyrKhla f,i Trident bkamiq Card tflys Model
Number tl WodyrKhla f,i 9260 hk ms,sfj,g ye|skaúh hq;=h'

PCI Slot / PCI Bus

Peripheral Component Interconnect hkak flá lrñka PCI f,i y÷kajkq

,nhs¡ fuh Intel iud.u úiska 1992 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfokq ,eîh¡ fuh 32-bit
(133MBps) slot tlla f,i olakg ,eìKs¡ PCI Express Slot y÷kajdoSu;A iu`.u
fuu Slot wdldrho Ndú;fhka bj;Afjñka mj;S' fuu Slot tl fndfyda úg
iqÿmdg j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh lrk,o neúka Motherboard tl ;=, myiqfjka
y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ fuu PCI Card o Plug and Play ùu ksid Jumpers iy dip
switches Ndú;d fkdlrk ,oS¡

fuu Slot tl ISA Slot tlg Replace ùu isÿjQ w;r fuhg PCI j¾.fha VGA Card,
Sound Card, Network Card, Modem Card wdoS úúO Expansion card iïnkaO
lrk,oS' Motherboard tflys olakg ,efnk PCI Slot ixLHdj Manufacturer
iy Motherboard Model tl wkqj fjkiaùu isÿfjhs¡ fuu PCI slot Motherboard
tflys South Bridge tl u.ska Control lrkq ,nhs¡

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by; i|yka lrk,o Cards j,g wu;rj tv tuners, firewire cards o fuu slot
tlg iïnkaO lrk,oS¡ fuu Slot tl Intel iud.u úiska y÷kajdfokq ,enqjo
Mac mß.Kl ;=,o olakg ,eìKs¡

PCI VGA Card

PCI Sound Card

fuu PCI Card tlla ISA Card tllska y÷kd.; yels myiqu l%uh jkqfha Card tl
Slot tlg iïnkaO jk pin j, iaNdjh wkqj fjhs' idudkHfhka ISA Slot j, uy;
jk w;r PCI j,oS isyska os. pin olakg ,efnhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

AGP Slot

Accelerated Graphics Port hkak flálrñka AGP f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ uq, A
ld,fhaoS PCI iy ISA Slot South bridge tl u.ska Control l, w;r Graphic
iïnkaO l%shdldrlï fõ.fhka oshqKqùu;A iu`.u VGA Card tflys Performance
jeä lsÍfï wjYH;djhla u;= úh¡ ta wkqj Intel iud.u úiska 1997 j¾IfhaoS
AGP Slot tl ksIAmdokh l, w;r fuh VGA Card i|ydu fjka l, w;r fuys
md,kh North Bridge chip tl u.ska isÿlrk ,oS¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fï fya;=j ksid AGP Slot tflys Performance jeä úh' fuu AGP Slot tl 32 bit
slot tlls¡ tfukau fuys total bandwidth tl 266 Mbps muK úh' AGP Slot
ie,l+úg tys wdldr 3 la olakg ,eìKs' fuys original AGP version tl 1997
j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdÿka w;r AGP 2.0 version tl 1998 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfokq
,eîh' AGP 3.0 (AGP 8x) slot tl 2000 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfokq ,eîh' fuu AGP
2.0 Version slot tl Universal slot tl jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ tkï fuu slot
tl i|yd AGP ish¿u slot j,g wod, Cards iïnkaO l, yels fjhs¡

wo jk úg PCI Express Slot y÷kajdoSu;A iu`.u fuu AGP Slot Ndú;fhka

bj;Afjñka mj;S'

AGP 3.3 V Slot

AGP 3.3 V/1.5 V Universal Slot

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AGP 1.5 V

fuf,i AGP Slot wdldr ;=kla olakg ,efnk neúka AGP Slot tlg VGA Card
tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS Voltage iy speed tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡
fndfyda úg fuu slot tl ÿUqre meyefhka ksIAmdokh lrk neúka myiqfjka
y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

wm bf.k.;A ISA, PCI slot j,g iïnkaO lrkq ,nk cards w;=frka AGP Slot
j,g iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Card tlla tlajru y÷kd.ekSu i|yd Slot j,g
iïnkaO jk pin j, iaNdjh ie,ls,a,g .; yel'

AGP Card pin

AGP Cards j, fuu ping by; mßos lsishï rgdjlg olakg ,efnk neúka
myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

ISA Card Pin

PCI Card Pin

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AGP Pro Slot

Advanced Graphic fufyhùu i|yd AGP Slot tl ;jÿrg;A jeäoshqKq lr AGP

Pro f,i slot tlla ks¾udKh lrk,oS¡ fuu AGP Expansion card tlla AGP Pro
slot tllg iïnkaO l,yels jqjo AGP Pro Expansion card tlla AGP Slot tllg
iïnkaO l, fkdyels fjhs¡ fuu AGP Pro slot tl o" 3.3V, 15.V iy Universal
f,i wdldr 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡

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AGP Slot tlg jvd AGP Pro slot tl os.= neúka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡
fuysoS AGP Slot tlg jvd AGP Pro ys pin m%udKh jeä neúka wu;r n,hla fuu
card j,g ,nd.; yels fjhs¡

AGP Pro Slot and VGA Card

PCI – X Slot

fuu Slot tl PCI e Slot tl iu`. mg,jd fkd.kak¡ fuh 1998 j¾IfhaoS IBM, HP
iy Compaq hk iud.ï ;=k tl;=ùfuka y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh fndfydaúg
olakg ,enqfka Server Motherboard ;=, fjhs¡ fuh high performance bus tlla
jQ w;r Fibre Channel, Gigabit Ethernet iy Ultra3 SCSI hk technologies j,
demand tl jeä lsÍug fuu slot tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuh 64 bit tllska hq;A
slot tlla úh¡ fuu slot tl o wo jkúg Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;' fuu Slot tl
backward compatibility iys; tlla fjhs¡ tkï PCI Cards o fuu slot tlg iyh
olajkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

CNR Slot

Communication and Network Riser hkak flálr CNR f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
fuh o Intel iud.u úiska 2000 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fï i|yd Audio,
Modem, USB iy LAN interfaces j,g iyh olajk ,oS¡ wo jk úg fuu slot tlo
Ndú;fhka bj;Aù we;'

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AMR Slot

1998 j¾IfhaoS fuu slot tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ Audio/Modem Riser hkak flálr
AMR f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Modem iy sound card hk cards connect lsÍu i|yd
fuu slot tl Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ tfukau Audio iy Modem hk myiqlï folu
mej;s cards o fuu slot tlg iyh olajk ,oS¡

wo jk úg fuu Slot tlo Ndú;fhka bj;A fjñka mj;S'

PCI Express / PCI e Slot

i;H jYfhkau fuh y÷kajkq ,nkafka 3rd Generation I/O (3GIO), PCI Express
fyda PCIe f,ig fjhs¡ fuh 2003 j¾IfhaoS fuh y÷kajdÿka w;r PCI iy AGP Slot
fjkqjg replace jk ,o high-speed slot tlla f,i ye|skaúh yel'tlsfklg
fjkia PCI Express slots 4 la olakg ,efnhs¡ tkï x1, x4, x8, x16 f,iska fjhs'

fuu Slot tflys os. iy pin m%udKh my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

 PCI Express x1: 18 pins (25 mm)

 PCI Express x4: 32 pins (39 mm)
 PCI Express x8: 49 pins (56 mm)
 PCI Express x16: 82 pins (89 mm)

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu PCI Express Card ie,l+ úg th m%udKh wkqj wfkla PCI e Slots j,g iyh
olajkq ,nhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i PCIe x1 Expansion Card tlla ie,l+úg th
PCIe x4, PCIe x8, fyda PCIe x16 slot j,g iïnkaO l,yels fjhs¡ PCIe x8 card
Expansion Card tlla ie,l+úg th PCIe x8 fukau PCIe x16 slot j,g iïnkaO
l,yels fjhs¡

Motherboard tflys x16 slot tlla olakg ,efnk úg th VGA Card i|ydu
ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r uq,A ld,fhaoS th Northbridge tl u.ska Control l,
w;r fï jk úg Processor tl u.ska Control lrkq ,nhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

iuyr Advanced Motherboard ;=, fuu x16 slot folla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuúg
tu slot folu processor tl u.ska Control lrkq ,nhs¡ Tn j¾:udkfha olakg
,efnk by, Graphics iys; Game play lrkafkl=kï fuu PCI x16 slot folg
Graphic Card folla iïnkaO lr Graphic Performance jeä lr.ekSfï yelshdj
mj;S' Nvidia VGA Card Ndú;d lrhskï SLI wdldrhgo ATI fyj;a AMD VGA Card
Ndú;d lrhs kï Crossfire l%uhg VGA Card fol Connect l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS Tn
oek.;hq;= úfYaI lreK jkqfha x16 slot folla iys; fï i|yd Compatibility
Motherboard tlla Tn i;=j mej;sh hq;= fjhs¡ bkamiq fuu VGA Card fol
Internal Connect lsÍu i|yd bridge tlla wjYHh fjhs¡ fuh fndfyda úg
Motherboard ksIAmdolhd fyda VGA Card ksIAmdolhd úiska ,ndfokq ,nhs¡ SLI
l%uh Ndú;d lrkúgoS tlu Nvidia GPU folla wjYH fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i
GTX 560 Tis GPU tlla kï ;j;a tjeksu GPU tlla iys; Card tlla wjYH fjhs¡
kuq;A tu VGA Card ksIAmdolhd fjkia jqjo .eg¿jla fkdue;' Crossfire l%ufhaoS
AMD GPU Model fol fjkia jqjo .eg¿jla fkdue;' kuq;A tu GPU iys;
Cards tu Crossfire l%uhg iyh oelaúh hq;=fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,ig Radeon
7950 Card tl iu`. Radeon 7970 VGA Card tl Crossfire l%uhg VGA Card
folu iïnkaO lr.ksñka lghq;= lr.; yels fjhs¡

fuf,i wod, GPU Model tlla Crossfire l%uhg fyda SLI l%uhg Connect
l,yelso hkak NVIDIA's SLI page tlg fyda AMD's Crossfire page tlg
msúiSfuka n,d.; yels fjhs¡ fuf,i Card install lr driver's control panel tl
yryd SLI fyda Crossfire myiqlu Enable lr.; hq;=fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu PCI e slot ie,l+úg tajd wksla slot j,g jvd Wiska wvqfjhs¡ fuu PCI
Express x1 slot tl i|yd VGA Card, Sound Card, Network wdoS úúO Cards
ks¾udKh ù we;s w;r x4 iy x8 slot i|yd jeä speed tllskahq;A Network Card,
Raid Card wdosh ks¾udKh ù we;' kuq;A x16 slot tl VGA Card i|ydu ks¾udKh
ù we;s nj isys;nd .;hq;=h' fuu PCI Express slot j,g ´kEu speed tlla iys;
card tlla slot tl support lrkafka kï connect l, yels fjhs¡ fuysoS slot
tflys fyda Card tflys we;s wvqu speed tflka data transfer lrkq ,nhs¡

fï jk úg data transfer lrkq ,nk speed tl wkqj l,ska l,g PCI Express
Version lsysmhla y÷kajdfok ,oS¡

PCI Express Version Data transfer speed

2003 1.0 250 MB/s
2007 2.0 500 MB/s
2010 3.0 1000 MB/s
2016 4.0 2000 MB/s
2017 5.0 4000 MB/s

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

fuu Version l=ulao hkak Expansion Slot tl wdikakfhys print lr ;sfnkq

olakg ,efnhs¡

fuf,i lsishï PCI Express slot tllg ie,l+úg tajd x1, x4, x8 iy x16 f,i
y÷kajk nj lSjd Tng u;l we;s¡ fuu iEu PCI Express slot tllgu iïnkaO
lrkq ,nk Expansion Card ie,l+úg fuys pin j, iaNdjh tlu iaNdjhla .kq
,nhs¡ fuu pin j, iaNdjh fndfyda ÿrg PCI Card tflys pin j, iaNdjhg
fndfydA ÿrg iudk jqjo PCI Express Card tflys tu pin Wiska wvq fjhs¡ ta nj
Tng my; oS we;s Expansion Card j,ska wjfndaO lr.; yels fjhs¡

idudkHfhka x1 slot tllg x16 VGA Card tlla o iïnkaO l, yels w;r ta
i|yd x1 slot tflys msgqmi side tl újD;ù mej;shhq;= fjhs¡

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

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fuúg we;s wjdish jkqfha maximum bandwidth tl imhkq ,nkafka Slot

tflka ùuh¡ WodyrKhla f,i Tn úiska x16 VGA Card tlla x4 slot tllg
iïnkaO l,úg fuysoS ,nd.; yelafla x4 slot tlg wod, bandwidth tl fjhs¡
fuf,i PCI Express card j,ska Wmßu performance ,nd.ekSug kï Expansion
Card tl iy PCI Express controller (fuh CPU tl fyda chipset tl ;=,
wka;¾.; lr we;'& tlu Version tll mej;shhq;= fjhs¡ WodyrKhla f,i PCI
Express 2.0 video card tlla PCI Express 3.0 controller tlg install l,úg
,nd.; yelafla PCI Express 2.0 bandwidth tl fjhs¡ tu VGA Card tlu PCI
Express 1.0 controller tlg install l,úg ,nd.; yelafla PCI Express 1.0
bandwidth tl fjhs¡

fuu PIC Express x1 slot tl ie,l+úg fuys data lane 1 la olakg ,efnhs¡
(Recive)

tfukau PIC Express x4 slot tl ie,l+úg fuys data lane 4 la olakg ,efnhs¡
(Recive)

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ta wkqj x8 slot tl ie,l+úg fuys data lane 8 la o (Recive)" x16 tl ie,l+úg

fuys data lane 16 la olakg ,efnhs¡

PCI Express Version 2.0 x4 Card tlla PCI Express Version 3.0 Slot tllg
iïnkaO l,úg ,nd.; yels bandwith tl flfiao lshd wms oeka n,uq¡

fuu Motherboard tflys we;Af;A Version 3.0 j,g wod, x8 PCI Express slot
tlla fjhs¡ Version 3.0 ys tl lane tll 1000 MB/s data recive l,yels w;r x8
slot tll tjeks lane 8 la we;s neúka total bandwidth tl 8000 MB/s fjhs¡
kuq;A VGA Card tl Version 2.0 j,g wod, x4 card tlla neúka fuys tl lane
tll bandwidth tl 500 MB/s neúka lane 4 g wod,j Total badwidth tl 2000
MB/s fjhs¡ slot tflka 8000 MB/s ,ndÿkako card tlg ,nd.; yels bandwidth
tl jkqfha 2000 MB/s fjhs¡

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DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

REPARING HARD DISK,

OPTICAL DRIVES
&
POWER ISO SOFTWARE
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

Optical Drive Repairing

Optical Storage Devices hkq light tlla wdOdrfhka Read iy write lrkq ,nk
Devices tlla nj Tn oekgu;A okakd lreKls¡ Optical Storage Devices j, data
save lsÍu i|yd CD, DVD wdosh fukau j¾:udkfhys Blu-ray disc o Ndú;d lrk
w;r fuys data ,sùu i|yd n,e;s laser light tlla u.ska disc tl burn lsÍu
isÿlrkq ,efnhs¡ ¡ fuf,i o;A; ,sùug iy lshùu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk
Laser light tl hkq oDIHh wdf,dal j¾Kdj,sh ;=, fyda wdikakj b;d ksYAÑ;
;rx. wdhduhla iys; úoHq;A pqïnl ;rx.hla fjhs¡ úúO j¾.fha disc i|yd
fjkia ;rx. wdhduhka iys; laser light tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ idudkHfhka
fujeks Optical Drive tlla ld,hla Ndú;d lsÍfïoS úúO fodaI j,g ,lajk w;r
fujeks wjia:d j,oS fndfyda fofkl= isÿlrkq ,nkafka Optical Drive tl replace
lsÍuh¡ kuq;A Tn i;=j mj;sk Optical Drive tll CD, DVD lshùu fyda ,sùu
isÿfkdfõkï Replace lsÍug m%:ufhka th .,jd w¿;Ajeähd lsÍfuka fndfyda
ÿrg kej;;A hï ld,hla Ndú;d lsÍug yelsjk mßos ilia lr.; yelsfjhs¡
fuysoS wms i|yka lrkq ,nkafka CD fyda DVD Drive tlla Physical Repair
lsÍulska kej; h:d;;Ajhg .;yels jk wdldrhg w;Ayod ne,shyels mshjr
lsysmhls¡
Step 1
mß.Klh mK.ekajQmiq My Computer Window tl ;=, wod, Optical Drive tl
y÷kdf.k fkdue;s kï Optical Drive tflys Power Connection tl
ksishdldrj iïnkaOù we;Aoehs fidhdne,sh hq;=fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Desktop
mß.Klj, olakg ,efnk Optical Drive ;=, Molex iy SATA f,i Power
Interface wdldr folla olakg ,eìKs'

SATA Power Connector

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

IDE Power Connector

m,uqj mß.Klh shutdown lr Power Supply Unit tl ;=, Rocket Switch tllaa
olakg ,efí kï th off jk wdldrhg ilia lrkak¡

Rocket Switch tlla olakg fkd,efíkï Power Cord tl fl,skau .,jd

bj;Alr oukak¡ oeka Casin tl újD;lr SATA Power Connector tllakï ;oska
w,A,d iDcqj tlajru isrer foig weo .,jd bj;Alr kej;;A iDcqj tlajru
iïnkaO lr kej;;A mß.Klh l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡
Molex Connector tlla kï ;oska w,A,d fomig moaoñka .,jd bj;Alr kej;
iïnkaOlr kej;;A mß.Klh l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡ ;;Ajh tfiau kï
kej;;A mß.Klh shutdown lr fjk;A SATA fyda Molex Power Connector
tlla iïnkaO lr kej;;A mß.Klh l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡ IDE Connector tl
iys; Optical Drive Ndú;d lrk Tn uE;loS Tn mß.Klfhys fjk;A Hard Disk
Drive tlla iïnkaOlsÍuloS Optical Drive tflys Jumper tlla iïnkaO lf,A
kï kej;;A Optical Drive tflys Cable Select wdldrhg Jumper Settings ilia
lr kej;;A mß.Klh l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

Step 2
idudkHfhka Optical Drive tllg Power ,eî we;súgoS tys Eject nÜka tl tnQ
úgoS tray tl t,shg meñKSu;A kej;;A tnQ úgoS we;=,;g .uka lsÍu;A isÿfjhs¡

kuq;A CD tlla fyda DVD tlla we;=,;A l,úg th ksishdldrfhka újD;fkdfõ

kï th Physical issue tlla jYfhka ie,lsh yels fjhs¡ fuh mß.Klh
l%shdúrys; lr kej;;A mß.Klh l%shd;Aul l,úg fndfyda úg fuu fodaIh
u.yeÍhhs¡ ;;Ajh ;ju;A tfiakï paper clip tlla /f.k th fl,ska ;sfnk
wdldrhg os.yer .kak¡ oeka fuh Optical Drive tl bosßmi we;s l=vd hole tlg
we;=,;A lr ;,A¨l,úg fuu Tray tl t,shg .; yels fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

Step 3
os.ska os.gu fuu Tray tl ksishdldrfhka újD; fkdfõkï Optical Drive tl
újD; lr tys Tray tl újD;ùug wod, belt tl clean lr ne,sh hq;= fjhs¡ fuu
belt tl fndfyda úg rn¾ belt tlla neúka fuu belt .,jd bj;Alr Alcohol
Ndú;dlr clean lsÍfuka fuu ;;Ajh fndfydaúg u`. yrjd.; yels fjhs¡ fï
i|yd Optical Drive tflys Casing tl .,jd bj;A l,hq;= neúka m,uqj
mß.Klh l%shdúrys; lr Power Cord tlo .,jd úÿ,sh úikaê lr Casing tl
újD;lr m,uqj Optical Drive tl .,jd bj;Alr .kak¡

oeka m%fõYfuka Optical Drive tflys Casing tl .,jd bj;Alr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka
m,uqj os. yer .;A Paper clip tlla Ndú;d lrñka Optical Drive tl bosßfhys
l=vd hole tlg we;=,;A lr Optical Drive tflys Tray tl újD; lr.kak¡

oeka Tray tflys bosßmiska w,A,d Tray tl uola t,shg weo.kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

oeka fuu Optical Drive tflys bosßfhka fomi l=vd notch folla olakg
,efnk w;r iuyrla Optical Drive ;=, by,skao tjeksu notch tlla olakg
,efnhs¡

oeka Flat screwdriver tlla Ndú;d lrñka fuu notch tl foig ;olr uola
bosßhg ;,A¨ lrñka Casing tflys Front Cover tl m,uqj bj;A lr.kak¡

fuh b;d m%fõYfuka isÿl,hq;= ld¾hhla nj u;l ;nd.kak¡ fuu notch

j,ska ;o lr bosßhg ;,A¨ l,miq Front Cover tflka ;oska w,A,d u|la bosßhg
f;rmSfuka fuu Front Cover tl .,jd bj;Al, yels fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

oeka Casing tflys hg me;Af;ys we;s Screws .,jd bj;A l,hq;= fjhs¡ ta i|yd
Philip screwdriver tlla Ndú;dlr screws .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

fuf,i screws .,jd bj;Al,miq Optical Drive tl kej;;A Wvq w;g yrjd
m%fõYfuka casing tl .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

oeka Optical Drive tl w;g /f.k fyd|ska ksÍlaIKh l,úg fuu l=vd rn¾ belt
tl oel.; yels fjhs¡

oeka os.yer.;A paper clip tllska fuu rubber belt tl .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡ oeka
fuh clean lr.ekSug alcohol ødjKhlska u|la mq¿ka lene,A,lg f.k fyd|ska
clean lr.kak¡

tfukau alcohol ødjKhlska u|la ;j;A mq¿ka lene,A,lg f.k fuu belt tl
iïnkaO lr we;s l=vd fudag¾ fol fyd|ska msßisÿ lr.kak¡

fuu fudag¾ fol lrljñka b;d fyd|ska msßisÿl, hq;=fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

Disapamok Online IT Academy

tfukau fuu fudag¾ fol wdikakfhys we;s wfkla fldgiao alcohol fhdod
fyd|ska msßisÿ lr.kak¡ oeka paper clip tl Ndú;d lrñka m%fõYfuka rubber
belt tl l,ska ;snQ wdldrhgu iïnkaO lr.kak¡ oeka kej;;A fmr ;snQ
wdldrhgu casing tl assemble lr.kak¡ oeka Optical Drive tl i|yd power
tl ,ndoS eject button tl l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡ fuúgo ;rula wmyiqfjka tray
tl újD;fõ kï casing tl assemble lr bosßmi l=vd hole tlg paper clip tl
we;=,;A lr tray tl iïmQ¾Kfhkau újD; lr.kak¡ fuúg motor jgd we;s
rubber belt tl oel.; yels fjhs¡ oeka paper clip tllska fuh bj;Alr ta
fjkqjg miscellaneous rubber band tlla Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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oeka fuu miscellaneous rubber band tl m%fõYfuka kej;;A rubber belt tl

;snQ wdldrhgu iïnkaO lr.kak¡ fuf,i miscellaneous rubber band tl
iïnkaO lsÍfïoS kej;;A Casing tl .e,úh hq;= nj u;l ;nd.kak¡

oeka kej;;A Casing tl assemble lr Optical Drive tlg power tl ,ndoS

kej; Eject nÜka tl la,sla lr n,kak¡
Step 4
Optical Drive tl ;=,g CD fyda DVD we;=,;A l,o read lsÍula isÿfkdfõ kï
wmg Optical Drive tflys Lens tl msßisÿ lsÍu isÿl, yels fjhs¡ fï i|ydo fmr
mßosu Optical Drive tflys Casing tl .,jd bj;Al, hq;= fjhs¡ fuf,i Casing
tl .,jd Optical Drive tl Wvq w;g yerjQ úg Lens tl n,d.; yels fjhs¡ fuu
Optical Drive tl jevlrk ;;Ajfha mj;Soehs wkqudk lr.ekSu i|yd Tray tl
we;=,;g ;,A¨lr CD tlla fyda DVD tlla ksjeros wdldrhg we;=,;A lr Power
,ndÿkamiq CD tl fyda DVD tl lsysmjrla lrleù k;r fkdù os.gu lrleùu
isÿfõkï Optical Drive tl jevlrk ;;Ajfha mj;Shehs wkqudk l,yels fjhs¡
oeka kej;;A Power .,jd bj;Alr CD tl o bj;Alr tray tl iïmQ¾Kfhkau
t,shg újD; lr.kak¡ fuúg Tng Lens tl meyeos,sj n,d.; yels fjhs¡

oeka b;du;A msßisÿ tissue paper tllska fyda Alcohol fh¥ msßisÿ mq¿ka
lene,A,lska m%fõYfuka fuu lens tl msßisÿ lrkak¡ lsysmjrla fuf,i
msßisÿlr kej;;A fmr ;snQ wdldrhgu Casing tl assemble lr Power cable
tl iy data cable tl iïnkaO lr mß.Klh mK .kajd CD tlla fyda DVD
tlla we;=,;A lr th read lrkjdo keoao hkak mÍlaIdlr n,kak¡

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ke;fyd;A Tng wjYHkï Laser Lens Cleaner tlla Ndú;d lrñkao Lens tl
msßisÿ l,yels fjhs¡

fujeks CD tll wfkla me;Af;ys l=vd brush folla olakg ,efnhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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fuu.ska Lens tl clean l, yels fjhs¡

Step 5
by; lrk,o mshjr foflkao Optical Drive tl CD read lrk ;;Ajhg m;Alr
.; fkdyelskï wjidk jYfhka Lens tlg u|la my,ska olakg ,efnk Preset
tl u|la lrljñka lens tflys powerful tl jeälr ne,sh yels fjhs¡ tfukau
tho id¾:l fkdfõ kï Casing tl kej;;A .,jd bj;Alr .kak¡ oeka fuys
Printed Circuit board tl b;d m%fõYfuka .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡ bkamiq msßisÿ
mq¿ka lene,A,lg Alcohol fhdod fuu Printed Circuit board tl msioukak¡

oeka blower tlla Ndú;d lrñka fuu Printed Circuit Board tl fõ,d bkamiq
yelshdjla we;Akï Hot gun tl Ndú;d lrñka m%fõYfuka Printed Circuit Board
tl úh,d kej;;A Casing tl assemble lr Optical Drive tl mÍlaId lr n,kak¡
by; lsisÿ mshjrlska id¾:l m%;sM,hla w;Afkdfõ kï Optical Drive tl Replace
lsÍug isÿfjhs¡
Hard Disk Repairing
Hard Disk Drive tl Secondary Storage Device tlla jYfhka y÷kajk w;r
mß.Klfhys o;A; ia:Sr f,i ;ekam;A lr ;nd.ekSu i|yd fuh Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ fuu Hard Disk tl wl¾uKH jqjfyd;A mß.Klh u.ska jevlghq;=
lsÍug fkdyels jk w;r tfukau Hard Disk tflys .nvd lr ;sfnk o;A;
úkdY ùhdugo mq¿jk' fuu Hard Disk j, Interface tl wkqj IDE iy SATA f,i
wdldr folla olakg ,efnhs¡ j¾:udkfhys olakg ,efnkafka SATA Interface
tflka hq;A Hard Disk Drive fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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Tnf.A mß.Klfhys we;s Hard Disk Drive tl mß.Klh boot l,miq y÷kd
fkd.kshs kï tkï BIOS j,ska detect fkdlrhs kï Hard Disk tflys fodaIhla
mj;sk njg wkqudk l,yels fjhs¡ fujeks wjia:djloS Hard Disk tlla
Replace lsÍug m%:ufhka l%u lsysmhlska Repair lr n,d Hard Disk tl detect
lrk ;;Ajhg .;yels oehs w;Ayod ne,sh yel'
Step 1
Hard Disk tl jevlrk ;;Ajfha mj;sk úg hï wjia:djloS mß.Klh
mK.ekajQ miq Hard Disk Drive tl detect fkdlrhs kï m,uqj b;d úuis,af,ka
Hard Disk Drive tl ;=,ska wiajdNdúl y`vla kef.kjdoehs Y%jKh lr n,kak¡
úfYAIfhkau Hard Disk tl ;=,ska f,day .efgk y`v" la,sla y`v" iSfrk y`v"
hulg ;Ügq lrk y`vla ksl=;A fkdfõ kï m,uqj mß.Klh l%shd úrys; lr
Hard Disk tflys Power Cable tl iy Data Cable tl .,jd bj;Alr kej;
iïnkaO lr n,kak¡ fuúgo ;;Ajh tfia kï wmg Hard Disk Drive tflys
Printed Circuit Board tl clean lr ne,sh yels fjhs¡ fï i|yd m,uqj Hard Disk
Drive tl Casing tflka .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡
bkamiq Screw Driver tlla Ndú;d lrñka fuu Printed Circuit Board tl .,jd
bj;A lr.kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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oeka b;d msßisÿ mq¿ka lene,A,lska Alcohol Ndú;d lrñka Printed Circuit Board
tl iïmQ¾Kfhkau clean lr.kak¡ fuf,i clean lsÍfuka miq blower tlla
Ndú;d lrñka Printed Circuit Board tl fyd|ska úh,d.kak¡ miqj Hot gun tlla
Ndú;d lrñka ;jÿrg;A Board tl úh,d.kak¡ bka wk;=rej kej;;A Board
tl fmr ;snQ wdldrhg assemble lr Power cable iy Data Cable iïnkaO lr
Hard tl BIOS j,ska detect lrkjdo hkak mÍlaId lr n,kak¡
Step 2
Printed Circuit Board tflka burn smell tlla jykh ù Hard Disk tl detect
ùula isÿfkdfõ kï wmg Hard Disk tflys Printed Circuit Board tl Replace
lsÍula isÿl, ne,sh yels fjhs¡ fï i|yd tu Hard Disk tflys Model tlgu
.e,fmk Printed Circuit Board tlla Ndú;d l,hq;= fjhs¡ fï i|yd Tng f,day
.efgk y`v" la,sla y`v" iSfrk y`v" hulg ;Ügq lrk y`vla ksl=;A lrk
Ndú;fhka bj;oeuQ tjeksu tu Model tflysu Hard Disk tll Printed circuit
Board tlla jqjo Ndú;d l, yelshdj mj;S' fujeks Ndú;fhka bj;oeuQ Hard
Disk tll PCB tlla fidhd.ekSug wmyiq kï Tng wka;¾cd,h Ndú;d lrñka
ebay jeks wka;¾cd,h Tiafia NdKav yqjudre lrk fjí wvúhla Ndú;d
lrñka fndfydaúg fujeks PCB tlla f.kajd.; yels fjhs¡ fuf,i PCB tlla
f.kajd.kak úgoS wksjd¾fhkau Hard Disk Manufacturer, Hard Disk Model tl
iy Capacity tlo tlu úhhq;= fjhs¡

WodyrKhla f,ig by; SAMSUNG Hard Disk tl i|yd PCB tlla ebay yryd
online payment lsÍulska f.kajd.kakd .kakd úgoS fuys Model Number tl iy

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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Capacity tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡ by; Hard Disk Drive tl

SAMSUNG jk w;r Capacity tl 500 GB jk w;r Model Number tl HM500JI
fjhs¡ ebay fjí wvúfhys fuu Manufacturer Name tl iy Model Number tl
fhdod fiùula isÿl, úg Tfí Hard Disk tlg .e,fmk PCB tlla fidhd.;
yels fjhs¡

fuu w¿;A PCB tl Replace lr Hard Disk Drive tl l%shd;Aul lr n,kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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POWER ISO Software

Power ISO hkq CD,DVD iy Blu-Ray disc Ndú;d lrñka image files ks¾udKh
l,yels b;d n,iïmkak image files processing tool tlla fyj;A uÿldx.hla
fjhs¡ fuu uDÿldx.h Ndú;d lrñka image files open, extract, burn, create,
edit, compress, encrypt, split iy convert lsÍu i|yd bv m%ia:dj ,ndfohs¡ Bg
wu;rj internal virtual drive ks¾udKh lrñka tajdg ISO Files Mount lsÍu
i|yd bv m%ia:dj ,ndfohs¡ tfukau Bootable DVD iy CD Ndú;d lsÍfuka
Bootable Flash Drive ks¾udKh lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' tfukau image files
Ndú;d lsÍfuka CD,DVD iy Blu-Ray disc ks¾udKh lr.ekSfï yelshdjo Power
ISO tl u.ska isÿlr.; yels fjhs¡ fuu ish¿ myiqlï ,nd.ekSu i|yd fuu
uDÿldx.h Tnf.A mß.Klhg fjku Install lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuu uDÿldx.h
Tnf.A mß.Klh fj; fkdñf,A download lr.ekSu i|yd m,uqj Tn Ndú;d
lrkq ,nk fjí n%jqi¾ tllska https://www.poweriso.com/ hk fjí wvúh
fj; msúfikak¡ fuúg fuu uDÿldx.h download lr.;yels fjí wvúh fj;
msúish yels fjhs¡

fuu uDÿldx.h download lr.ekSu i|yd fuu fjí msgqfjys we;s DOWNLOAD
NOW nÜka tl la,sla l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS Tng wjYHkï 64bit fyda 32bit wdldr
foflka ´kEu tlla Download lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'

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ta i|yd by; oS we;s link j,ska tlla f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡ Tn Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka
Firefox Web Browser tlkï th download lr.ekSu i|yd my; mßos window
tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuys Save File nÜka tl la,sla l,úg th Tnf.A mß.Klfhys Download

Folder tl fj; Download ùu isÿfjhs¡

fuu Setup File tl double click lsÍfuka th Tnf.A mß.Klh fj; install
lr.; yels fjhs¡ fuh Tnf.A mß.Klh fj; ksjerosj install lr.;Amiq My
Computer Window tflys Virtual Drive tl ks¾udKhùu i|yd mß.Klh

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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Restart lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuúg ISO File tlla Extract lr.ekSu i|yd My
Computer Window tflys Virtual Drive tlla ks¾udKhùu isÿfjhs¡

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Tn i;=j mj;sk Windows 7 jeks bootable DVD tlla miqj
Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd ISO file tlla wdldrhg ilia lr.kq ,nkafka flfiao lshd¡
fyd|hs ta i|yd m,uqj wod, DVD tl fyda CD tl Optical Drive tlg we;=,A
lr.kak¡ oeka Desktop tflys mj;sk Power ISO whslka tl vn,A la,sla lrñka
POWER ISO uDÿldx.h újD; lr.kak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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fuys Tools fukqfjys olakg ,efnk Make CD/DVD/BD Image File fukq
úOdkh wkq.ukh lrkak¡

fuúg my; oelafjk mßos window tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuúg Source Drive hgf;ys Tn we;=,;A lrk,o CD tl fyda DVD tl fmkajkq

,nhs¡ oeka fuh ilia lrkq ,nkafka ISO File tlla wdldrhg neúka
Destination file j,ska .iso file hk wdldrh f;dard.kak¡ oeka fuu CD tflys fyda
DVD tflys wka;¾.;h iso file tlla jYfhka save jk ia:dkh fuys ;s;a
;=;klska ksfhdackh jk nÜka tl la,sla lrkak¡ oeka iso file tlla wdldrhg
iliaùu i|yd fuys we;s OK nÜka tl la,sla lrkak¡ fuúg iso file tl
ks¾udKhùu wdrïNjk w;r fï i|yd CD tflys fyda DVD tflys we;s
wka;¾.;h wkqj .;jk fõ,dj ;SrKh fjhs¡

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fuf,i miq Ndú;h i|yd Tng ´kEu CD tlla DVD tlla fukau Blu-Ray disc
tll wka;¾.;h iso file tlla jYfhka save lr ;nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'
tfukau wjYHúgl th kej;;A tu mej;s CD tlla DVD tlla fukau Blu-Ray
disc wdldrhg write lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq fujeks ilia
lr.;A iso file tllska kej;;A th ;snQ mßos CD tlla DVD tlla fukau Blu-Ray
disc wdldrhg write lr.kafka flfiao lshd¡ fyd|hs ta i|yd m,uqj Tnf.A
mß.Klfhys Optical Drive tlg ysia CD tlla DVD tlla we;=,;A lr oeka My
Computer jevigyk Ndú;d lrñka ilia lr.;A iso file tl ;sfnk ia:dkhg
msúfikak¡ oeka tu file tl u; right click lr olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Open
With hkak f;dard kej;;A olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Power Iso hk wdldrh
f;dard.kak¡

fuúg wod, iso file tl extract fjñka Power Iso uDÿldx.h yryd újD;ùu
isÿfjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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oeka Tools fukq tflka Burn fukq úOdkh f;dard.kak¡

fuúg my; mßos Window tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuhska Burning Speed tlla
f;dard Burn nÜka tl la,sla l,úg th extract fjñka disc tlla wdldrhg write
ùu isÿfjhs¡

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j¾:udkfha torrent j,ska download lrkq ,nk iEu software tlla mdfyau
fndfydaúg olakg ,efnkafka iso file tlla jYfhks¡ tu ksid fï wdldrfhka
mj;sk Software tlla install lsÍfïoS Power iso Software tl install lr thska
ilia lr.kq ,nk Virtual Drive tllg Mount lr.; hq;=fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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ta i|yd wod, iso file tl u; rhsÜ la,sla lr olakg ,efnk fukq tflka
Power Iso hkak f;dard olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Mount to image Drive hkak
f;dard.kak¡

fuúg My Computer Window tflys iEoS we;s Virtual Drive tlg iso file tl
Mount ùu isÿfjhs¡

idudkHfhka mß.Klhlg Windows Operating system tlla install lsÍfïoS ta

i|yd Operating system tl iys; Bootable Disc tlla wjYHh fjhs¡ kuq;A Power
Iso uDÿldx.h Ndú;d lsÍfuka wmg tjeks Bootable Disc tlla fjkqjg Bootable
Pen Drive tlla jqjo ilia lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' fuf,i ilia lr.;A
Bootable Pen Drive tlla Ndú;fhka Operating System tlla install lsÍfïoS Disc
tllg idfmalaIj blaukska install lr.; yels fjhs¡ fï i|yd m,uqj .e,fmk
Odß;djhlska hq;A Pen Drive tlla mß.Klhg iïnkaO lr.kak¡ fuf,i
Bootable Pen Drive tlla wdldrhg iliajk úgoS wod, Pen Drive tl
uq¿ukskau Format lr.kakd nj u;l ;nd.kak¡ oeka Power Iso uDÿldx.h
újD;lr Tools fukq tflka Create Bootable USB Drive fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh
lrkak¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

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fuúg my; mßos Window tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys Source Image File bosßfhys
we;s ;s;a ;=klska ksfhdackhjk nÜka tl la,sla lr wod, Image File tl f;dard
Start button tl la,sla lrkak¡ fuys Destination USB Drive hgf;A wod, Pen
Drive tl f;dard ;sfnkq olkg ,efnhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

HARD DISK DRIVE

AND
POWER SUPPLY UNIT
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka 2|Page

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fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wm mß.Klfhys Memory tl ms,sn|j idlÉPdl,d

Tng u;l we;s¡ tfia kï wms wo Memory j,g miqj Performance j,g
n,mdk Hard Disk Drive tl .ek idlÉPd lruq' fuh Hard drive, HD fyda HDD
hkqfjkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh non-volatile memory hardware device tlla jk
w;r mß.Klfhys o;A; ia:Sr f,i ;ekam;A lsÍu iy lshùu i|yd Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ Hard Disk Drive tl Secondary Storage Device tlla jYfhka
y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Secondary Storage Device tlla hkq non-volatile device tlla
jk w;r tu device j,g o;A; Delete lrk f;la fyda Overwritten lrkf;la
Store lr ;nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'

Hard Disk Drive ;=, o;A; ;ekam;A lr ;nd.ekSu i|yd Platters olakg ,efnk
w;r o;A; ,sùu iy lshùu
i|yd Magnetic Head
tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
Hard Disk tflys
wNHka;r Wmdx. air-
sealed lrk,o casing
tllska wdjrKh lr
mj;S' fuu rEmfhys
olakg ,efnkafka casing
tl bj;A lrk,o Hard
Disk Drive tlla fjhs¡
fujeks Hard Disk tlla
;=, head actuator,
read/write actuator arm,
read/write head, spindle

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka 3|Page

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iy platter hk Wmdx. m%Odk jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ Bg wu;rj Hard Disk

Drive tflys msgqmi disk controller kñka circuit board tlla olakg ,efnk w;r
mß.Klh iy Hard Disk Drive tl w;r communicate lsÍu i|yd fuh WmldÍ
fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Hard Disk tlla IDE, SATA, SCSI hk wdldr j,ska
Motherboard tl iu`. connect lrkq ,nk w;r Power Supply tflys
connectors u.ska l%shd;Aulùug wjYH úÿ,s n,h ,nd.kq ,nhs¡ Hard Disk tl
.ek l:d lsÍfïoS wm fndfydaúg l:dlrkq ,nkafka tys Capacity tl .ek
muKla fjhs¡ kuq;A Hard Disk tflys Capacity tl Computer tflys
Performance i|yd n,mEula we;s lrkq fkd,nhs¡ kuq;A Performance j,g
n,mdk m%Odk idol lsysmhla Hard Disk Drive tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

 Hard Disk RPM

 Cache Memory tl
 Data Transfer Speed tl
 Technology tl

idudkHfhka Hard Disk Drive tlla .;Aúg wfkl=;A Drive j,g jvd jeä Data
m%udKhla Store lr ;nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' merKs Hard Disk Drive ;=,
Capacity tl hundred megabytes (MB) j, isg gigabytes (GB) j,ska olakg
,enqk w;r j¾:udkfha Hard Disk Drive ;=, Capacity tl hundred gigabytes j,
isg terabytes (TB) j,ska olakg ,efnhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka 4|Page

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by; j.=fjka Tng Storage Devices j, Capacity tl uekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq
,nk ñkqï w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;djh ms,sn|j wjfndaOhla ,efnkakg we;ehs
lshd wfmalI
a d lruq¡ idudkHfhka Hard Disk Drive tflys u;=msg Hard Disk
tflys Capacity tl iy Bg wod, wfkl=;A f;dr;=re print lr ;sfnkq olakg
,efnhs¡

by; olakg ,efnkafka SAMSUNG iud.u úiska ksIAmdokh lrk,o Hard Disk
tll uqøKh lr we;s f;dr;=re fjhs¡ fuys (500GB/R54/16M) u.ska fuu
Hard Disk tflys f;dr;=re ,nd.; yels fjhs¡ fuys 500 GB hkq Hard Disk tflys
iïmQ¾K Capacity tl fjhs¡ R54 hkq ;;Amrhg lrlefjk jg .Kk fyj;A
RPM tl fjhs¡ tkï fuys RPM tl 5400 la fjhs¡ 16M hkq Hard Disk tflys
Cache Memory Odß;djh fjhs¡ tkï Odß;djh 16 MB fjhs¡ my; rEmfhka
olakg ,efnkafka SAMSUNG iud.u úiska ksIAmdokh lrk,o Hard Disk
tlla fjhs¡ fuys (2TB/R54/32M) hk u.ska Hard Disk tflys f;dr;=re
,nd.; yels fjhs¡ fuys 2TB hkq Hard Disk tflys Capacity tl fjhs¡ tkï Hard
Disk tflys Capacity tl Terabyte 2 la fjhs¡ R54 hkq RPM tl 5400 hkak fjhs¡
32M hkq Cache Memory Odß;djh fjhs tkï 32 MB fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka 5|Page

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my; rEmigyfkka wms ;j;A SAMSUNG Hard disk tll f;dr;=re bosßm;A lr
we;'

fuys (400GB/7200rpm/16M) hkak ;=,ska Hard Disk tflys f;dr;=re

,nd.; yels fjhs¡ fuys 400GB hkq Capacity tl Gigabyte 400 la fjhs¡ 7200rpm

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka 6|Page

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hkq RPM tl 7200 la hkak fjhs¡ 16M hkq Cache Memory tflys Odß;djh 16
MB hkak fjhs¡ uq,Ald,fha Hard Disk j, Capacity tl muKla oelshyelsjQ w;r
Bg wu;rj BIOS j,g f;dr;=re ,ndoSu i|yd Cylinders, Heads, Sectors hk
w.hka olajd we;'

WodyrKhla f,i ñ,oS.;A Seagate j¾.fha Hard Disk tll 16,383 cylinders, 16
heads and 63 sectors jYfhka úia;r olakg ,eìKs¡ ta wkqj my; mßos fuys
Capacity tl .Kkh l, yels fjhs¡

16,383 * 16 * 63 * 512 = 8455200768 bytes

Tnf.A mß.Klfhys Hard Disk tflys Odß;djh fldmuK we;Aoehs n,d.ekSu

i|yd Desktop tflys olakg ,efnk Computer whslka tl u; rhsÜ la,slalr
Manage fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lrkak¡ fuúg olakg ,efnk Computer
Management úkafvda tflka Disk Management hk wdldrh f;dard.kak¡ fuúg
Disk 0 hgf;ys Tfí mß.Klfhys Hard Disk tflys Odß;djh fmkajkq ,nhs¡

by; mß.Klfhys Hard Disk tflys Odß;djh 465.64GB fyj;A wdikak

jYfhka 500 GB fjhs¡ mß.Klfhys Hard Disk tflys Partition j, ;j fldmuK
bvla ;sfíoehs fidhd.ekSu i|yd Windwos 10 j, kï Desktop tflys olakg

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,efnk This PC Icon tl vn,A la,sla lrkak¡ fuúg Hard Disk tflys olakg
,efnk ish¿u Partitions oel n,d.; yels fjhs¡

fuys C: Partition tflys iïmQ¾K Capacity tl 119 GB jk w;r bka 57.2 GB l

m%udKhla Free Space jYfhka we;snj fmkajkq ,nhs¡ tfukau I: Partition tflys
Capacity tl 2 TB jk w;r bka 1.44 TB l bv m%udKhla Free Space tlla
jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ tfukau Partition tflys iïmQ¾K Capacity tl" Free
Space tl iy Used Space tl fldmuKoehs n,d.ekSu i|yd Partition tflys
Right Click lr Properties fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lrkak¡

Magnetic Hard Disk Architecture

idudkHfhka Magnetic Hard Disk tll msg;ska fmfkkqfha Printed circuits

board tl" Power connector, Data Connector iy Jumpers muKs¡ idudkHfhka
Hard Disk tlla Seal Type fkdjqk;A th ndysr iu`. ;sfnk iïnkaO;djhla
fkdue;s fjhs¡ hïlsis fyhlska Hard Disk tl újD; l,fyd;A dust tl ksid
Platters iy head j,g ydks úh yel' fuys we;=,; úYd, Process tlla isÿjk
w;r tys head actuator, read/write actuator arm, read/write head, spindle iy
platter hk Wmdx. m%Odk jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ Actuator tl hkq Hard Disk
tflys wNHka;rfhys olakg ,efnk motor tllska Control lrkq ,nk
electronic device tlla fjhs¡ fuh Hard Disk tflys Head arm tl move lsÍu
i|yd WmldÍ fjhs¡

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merKs Hard Disk ;=, fuu actuator tl control lsÍu i|yd stepper motor tlla
Ndú;d l, w;r j¾:udkfha ta i|yd servo motor tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu
Hard Disk tflys olakg ,efnk Spindle tl u.ska platters ordisàu isÿlrkq
,nhs¡ fuu platters ksYAÑ; ia:dkhl ;nd.ekSu i|yd Spindle tl WmldÍ fjhs¡

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Hard Disk tflys Spindle tlg iïnkAO ù we;s ;eá platters jYfhka y÷kajkq
,nhs¡ fuu Platters pqïNl udOHhlska wdf,Amkh lrk,o we¨ñkshï" ùÿre" fyda
ms`.ka ueá j,ska platters ks¾udKh jk w;r o;A; ia:sr f,i .nvdlr
;nd.ekSug WmldÍ fjhs¡ mß.Klhla l%shd;Aul l,úg fuu platters
lrleùug mgka.kq ,nhs¡ fuu lrlefjk jg .Kk ñks;A;=jlg fldmuKoehs
i|yka lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh RPM tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Hard Disk Drive tflys
Model tl wkqj fndfydaúg fuu w.h fjkia fjhs¡ fuh 5400, 7200, 10000 hk
w.hka j,ska olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu platters lrlefjk úg read/write head tl
u.ska platters j, Information access lrkq ,nhs¡ Platter tflys we;s tracks,
sectors iy cylinders j, data .nvdù mj;skq ,nhs¡

Hard Disk tflys Physical Size tl wkqj iy Capacity tl" sectors m%udKh iy
Manufacturer wkqj mj;sk platters m%udKh ;SrK fjhs¡ Hard Disk tflys olakg
,efnk read/write head tl u.ska Hard Disk tflys Platters j, we;s o;A; Read
Write lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ Hard Disk tflys we;s Platter tll tla me;A;la i|yd
fujeks tla Read/Write Head tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ Acurator tl u.ska fuu
Read/Write head tl o;A; ,sùug iy lshùug Control lrkq ,nhs

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Magnetic Hard Disk Operations

Magnetic Hard Disk tlla ;=, Data Operate lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka
analog electrical current tlla fjhs¡ fuysoS Flux Reversal j, isg Magnetic Field
tflys me;sÍu wkqj Positive o Negative o hkak ;SrKh lrkq ,efnhs¡

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Magnetic Hard Disk Geometry

Hard Disk tflys Platters j, Data ,sùu i|yd fldgia j,g fnod we;' fuysoS iEu
Platter tllu Tracks ,laI follg jvd jeä m%udKhla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuysoS
o;A; ,sùu isÿlrkq ,nk l=vdu fldgi f,i Sector tlla ye|skaúh yels w;r
File tlla ,sùu isÿlrk Sectors j, tl;=jla Cluster tlla jYfhka y÷kajkq
,nhs¡ idudkHfhka Sector tll Capacity tl 512 KB muK fjhs¡ Data Save lsÍu
i|yd wju jYfhka Sector 1 ½ muKj;A jehfjhs¡ fuu Tracks my,g .;Al,
Cylinder tlla jYfhka i,lkq ,nhs¡

Magnetic Hard Disk j, jdis iy wjdis

 úYd, Capacity j,ska ,nd.; yelsùu m%Odk;u jdish fjhs¡

 Cost tl wvqùu
 úúO m%udKj,ska ,nd.; yelsùu
(2 ½, 3 ½, 5 ¼)

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m%Odk jYfhka mß.Kl j,g wu;rj Hard Disk Drive úúO electronic devices
i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ wo jk úg fj<|m, ;=, m%udK 3 l Hard Disk Drive
olakg ,efnhs¡ m,uq wdldrh w`.,A 3.5 jk idudkH Hard Disk Drive wdldrh
fjhs¡ fuu j¾.fha Hard Disk m%Odk jYfhka Desktop Computer ;=, Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ fojk wdldrh w`.,A 2.5 wdldrh jk w;r m%Odk jYfhka Laptop mß.Kl
;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ ;=kajk wdldrho Laptop mß.Kl ;=, Ndú;d lrk w;r
tho w`.,A 2.5 jk w;r 2.5 mm lska muK Wi wvq fjhs¡

“3.5 Inch” Hard Disk

m%Odk jYfhka fuu j¾.fha Hard Disk Drive Desktop mß.Kl j," Servers iy
CCTV DVRs j, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu Hard Disk wfkl=;A Hard Disk m%udK
wdldr iu`. ikaikaokh lsÍfïoS fuu Hard Disk 10 GB m%udK j,ska olakg
,efnhs¡

“2.5 Inch” “9.5mm” Hard Disk

m%Odk jYfhka Laptop mß.Kl ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ notebook, laptops,
gaming console, external drive casing hk ksIAmdok ;=, Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka
fuu Hard Disk Drive wdldrh fjhs¡

“2.5 Inch” “7mm” Hard Disk

Slim Design Laptop mß.Kl ;=, fuu Hard Disk Drive wdldrh Ndú;d lrkq
,nhs¡ tfukau mini 10-inch screen laptops ;=,o jeä jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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 Electromagnet Interference j,g Ndckh úh yelsùu m%Odk wjdishls¡

 ydksùug jeä iïNdú;djhla ;sîu¡
 Performance wvq uÜgul mej;Su¡

fï jk úg Magnetic Hard Disk Ndú;fhka bj;Afjñka mj;sk w;r 2025 muK

jk úg fndfydaÿrg iïmQ¾Kfhkau bj;Aj hkq we;'

Solid State Hard Disk Drive (SSD)

Solid State Drive hkak flálr SSD f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Flash Memory Ndú;d
lrñka fuu Hard Disk wdldrh ks¾udKh lr we;' fuysoS idïm%odhsl Hard Disk
fuka Platters, Read/Write head, Motors wdosh olakg fkd,efnhs¡

o;A; ;ekam;A lsÍu i|yd Memory Chip muKla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Hard Disk
idïm%odhsl Hard Disk iu`. iei|SfïoS boot ùu fõ.j;Aùu" blaukska Files
újD;ùu" Vibrations j,g jvd fyd|ska Tfrd;A;=oSu" wvq úÿ,shla jehjk neúka
Laptop Battery life tl jeäùu fuys we;s jdis f,i ye|skúa h yels w;r fuys

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we;s wjdish kï b;d úYd, Capacity j,ska olakg fkd,eîuh' tfukau ñ,

wêlùu wfkla wjdish fjhs¡

idïm%odhsl Hard Disk tlla w;r iy SSD Hard w;r mj;sk fjkialï my;
j.=fjka bosßm;A lr we;'

Attribute SSD (Solid State Drive) HDD (Hard Disk Drive)

Power Draw / Battery Life Less power draw, More power draw, averages 6 –
averages 2 – 3 watts, 7 watts and therefore uses more
resulting in 30+ minute battery
battery boost
Cost Expensive, roughly $0.10 per Only around $0.06 per
gigabyte (based on buying a gigabyte, very cheap (buying a
1TB drive) 4TB model)
Capacity Typically not larger than Typically around 500GB and
1TB for notebook size 2TB maximum for notebook
drives; 1TB max for size drives; 6TB max for
desktops desktops
Operating System Boot Around 10-13 seconds Around 30-40 seconds average
Time average bootup time bootup time
Noise There are no moving parts Audible clicks and spinning can
and as such no sound be heard
Vibration No vibration as there are The spinning of the platters can
no moving parts sometimes result in vibration
Heat Produced Lower power draw and no HDD doesn’t produce much
moving parts so little heat is heat, but it will have a
produced measurable amount more heat

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than an SSD due to moving

parts and higher power draw
Failure Rate Mean time between failure Mean time between failure rate
rate of 2.0 million hours of 1.5 million hours
File Copy / Write Speed Generally above 200 MB/s The range can be anywhere
and up to 550 MB/s for from 50 – 120MB / s
cutting edge drives
Encryption Full Disk Encryption Full Disk Encryption (FDE)
(FDE)Supported on some Supported on some models
models
File Opening Speed Up to 30% faster than Slower than SSD
HDD
Magnetism Affected? An SSD is safe from any Magnets can erase data
effects of magnetism

Flash Memory Technology

Flash Memory hkq SSD Hard Disk j," Pen Drives, Memory Chip, Mobile Devices
i|yd b;d nyq,j fhdod.kq ,nk Memory j¾.hla fjhs¡ fuh non-volatile
memory wdldrhla jk w;r fuh m,uq jrg Fujio Masuoka úiska 1980 oS muK
Toshiba iud.u hgf;A y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ j¾I 1984 oS muK fj,|m,g
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ miqj fuh Intel iud.u úiska ;jÿrg;A Develop lrk,oS¡ fuu
Memory wdldrh Integrated Circuits wdldrhla jk w;r o;A; r|jd ;nd.ekSu
i|yd wu;r úÿ,sn,hla wjYH fkdfjhs¡

kuq;A Magnetic Disk j,g jvd ñf,ka wêl fjhs¡ fuu Flash Memory óg wu;rj
car radios, cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs, solid-state drives iy printers
;=,o Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu Flash Memory j, m%Odk ,laIK lsysmhla olakg
,efnhs¡

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 Non volatile hkq úÿ,sh fkdue;súg Data r|jd.ekSfï yelshdjhs¡

 idudkH Hard disk j,g idfmalI a j fõ.j;A fjhs¡
 Solid State hkq Move jk fldgia fkdue;s ùuh¡ fuysoS Move jkafka
bf,lafg%dak muKs¡

Floating Gate Transistors

Flash Memory ks¾udKhù we;Af;A Floating Gate Transistors j,ska fjhs¡ fuu
floating Gate Transistors j, we;s úfYAI;Ajh kï thg electrical power tlla
fkdue;sj Data Store lr ;nd.ekSfï yelshdjhs¡ Floating Gate Transistors ;=,
Floating iy Control f,i Gate folla olakg ,efnhs¡ Body iy Control Gate
w;rg Floating Gate tlla oud Data .,dhdug fkdoS wdrlaId lrkq ,nhs¡

Connect lrkq ,nk Interface tl wkqj Hard Disk m%Odk j¾. lsysmhla fjhs¡

 IDE /PATA Hard Disk Drive

1986 j¾IfhaoS fuu Hard Disk wdldrh ks¾udKhjQ w;r Parallel Data
communication tlla oelsh yels fjhs¡ fï wdldrfha Hard Disk j, pin 4 l
Power connector tlla" Jumper Setting tlla" iy pin 40 l data connector
tlla oelshyels fjhs¡

fuu Hard Disk tflys Data connector tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Data Cable
tll rEmigykla my;ska bosßm;A lr we;'

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tfukau fuu data cable tl Motherboard tl iu`. iïnkaO jk Connector tl

my; rEmigyfkka bosßm;A lr we;'

IDE Hard Disk j, tl Data cable tllska Device folla iïnkaO l,yels fjhs¡
fuysoS m,uq Hard Disk tl fyj;A Operating System tl we;s Hard Disk tl
Jumper Setting tl Master f,i;A wfkla Hard Disk tflys Jumper Setting tl
Slave f,i;A ilial, hq;=fjhs¡

fuu data cable tflys ks,Amdg connector tl Motherboard tflys Primary IDE
connector tlg iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡ l¿ mdg Connector tl i|yd Operating
system tl we;s Hard Disk tl;A w¿ meye;s Connector tl i|yd wfklA Hard
Disk tl;A iïnkaOlr Jumper Settings ilia l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuu Jumper Settings
ilia lrk wdldrh Hard Disk tflys by, Print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

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fuf,i Jumpers ksishdldrfhka Config fkdl,fyd;A BIOS j,ska Hard Disk

detect lrkq fkd,nhs¡ wo jk úg IDE Hard Disk Ndú;d lrkq fkd,nhs¡

SCSI Hard Disk

1986 j¾Ifhys isg fuu Hard Disk Ndú;d l, w;r Parallel data communication
tlla oelshyels jQ w;r pin m%udKh jeälr.ekSu ksid data width tl jeä
lrf.k we;' fï wdldrfha Hard Disk jeä jYfhka Servers i|yd Ndú;dúh¡

SATA Hard Disk Drive

SATA Hard Disk ie,l+úg Magnetic, SSD iy Hybrid f,i j¾. 3 lg fnod
oelaúh yel' fuysoS Magnetic Hard Disk Ndú;fhka bj;Afjñka mj;sk w;r
Hybrid Hard Disk hkq SSD iy Magnetic hk folu Ndú;fhka ks¾udKhjQ Hard
Disk jk w;r SSD j¾.fha SATA Hard Disk o oelsh yels fjhs¡

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fuysoS SATA Version lsysmhlau ìysù we;s w;r tu Generation tlg wod, Speed
tl my; oelafjhs¡

Year Version Data Transfer Speed

2000 1.0 1.5 Gbps
2004 2.0 3.0 Gbps
2009 3.0 6.0 Gbps
2011 3.1 6.0 Gbps
2013 3.2 16 Gbps

SAS (Serial Attached SCSI)

Serial Attached SCSI hkak flálrñka SAS f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh Parallel
SCSI Hard Disk fjkqjg Replace jk ,o Serial SCSI Hard Disk wdldrhla fjhs¡
tkï fuysoS Data Serial wdldrhg Transmit lrkq ,nhs¡ fuu SAS j¾.fha Hard
Disk ;=, 10000 iy 15000 jeks by, rpm w.hla olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys úúO Data
Transfer Speed j,ska hq;A Versions lsysmhlau olakg ,eìKs'

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Year Version Data Transfer Speed

2005 SAS1 3.0Gbps
2009 SAS2 6.0Gbps
2013 SAS3 12.0Gbps
2017 SAS4 22.5Gbps

M.2 Hard Disk Drive

j¾:udkfha b;d fõ.fhka ckm%sh fjñka mj;sk M.2 Hard Disk wdldrh M2
Slot tlg fyda Card tlla wdldrhg PCI Express Slot j,g iïnkaO l,yels
wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu Hard Disk wdldrh i;H jYfhkau y÷kajkq ,nkafka NGFF (Next
Generation Form Factor) hkqfjks¡ fuu M.2 Design tl ksid Hard Disk tflys
Physical Size tl wvq lr.ekSfï yelshdj ,eî we;' SSD Hard Disk tllg jvd
fo.=Khl Performance fuu M.2 Hard Disk j,ska ,nd.; yelsfjhs¡

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Bad Sectors

Bad Sectors hkq Hard Disk tl ;=, damage jQ Sectors fjhs¡ fuu bad sectors j,
o;A; ,sùu iy lshùu isÿl, fkdyels fjhs¡ fuu Bad Sectors wdldr folla
olakg ,efnhs¡ Physical Damage ksid we;sjk Bad Sectors kej; l,ska mej;s
wdldrhg ilial, fkdyels w;r Software errors ksid we;sjk Bad Sectors
kej; l,ska mej;s wdldrhg ilial, yels fjhs¡ fuu bad sectors wdldr fol
Physical iy Logical f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ Platters ;=, olakg ,efnk Sectors j,
o;A; ,sùfïoS Read/Write head tl Platters iu`. iam¾I ùfuka Physical bad
Sectors we;súh yel' tfukau iuyrlaúg ¥ú,s ;ekam;A jqjfyd;A túgo Sectors
ydksùu isÿfjhs¡ fï wdldrfha Bad Sectors we;sjQúg kej; w¿;Ajeähd l,
fkdyels fjhs¡

Logical fyda Soft bad sectors hkq ksis f,i jev fkdlrk nj fmkajk Bad
Sectors fjhs¡ kuq;A fujeks Bad sectors Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=, olakg
,efnk Scan Disk jeks gQ,Aia Ndú;d lsÍfuka w¿;Ajeähd l,yels fjhs¡
idïm%odhsl Magnetic Hard Disk ;=, ksIAmdokfha fodaIhla" oDv ;eáfha uDød ;enQ
m%foaYhg lsishï jdhqjla we;=,Aùu jeks fya;+ka u; fukau vibrate ùuloS
Platters u; Read/Write head tl iam¾Iùu ksid Physical Bad Sectors Hard Disk
Drive tl ;=, ks¾udKh ùu isÿfjhs¡ Viruses, Malware iy software issues u.ska
Logical wdldrfha Bad Sectors ks¾udKh ùug mq¿jk' úfYAIfhkau mß.Klh

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tlajru l%shdúrys; lsÍulska o;A; Sector tlla ;=, ,shk wjia:djloS Head tl
Sector tl u; k;r ùu u`.skao Bad Sectors we;sùu isÿfjhs¡ fuf,i Hard Disk
tlla ;=, Bad Sectors olakg ,efí kï Windows Operating system tl damage
ùu" Application corrupt ùu" mß.Klh ukao.dó ùu isÿúh yel' fuf,i Bad
Sectros Check lr tajd repair lsÍu i|yd Windows Operating system tl u`.skau
chkdsk kñka Disk Check tool tlla ,ndoS we;'

fuysoS Windows Operating System tl Format lrk úgloS fuu Repair lsÍug
fkdyels bad sectors bj;Alr ouk neúka iuyrúgl Hard Disk tflys Capacity
tl iq¿ jYfhka wvqùug mq¿jk'

fuf,i Hard Disk Drive tlla Maintain lsÍu i|yd Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh
u.ska tools ;=kla ,ndoS we;' tkï Disk Cleanup, Error Checking iy Disk
Defragment hk Tools ;=k fjhs¡

 Hard Disk tflys wkjYH Tempory Files bj;Alr Free Space

jeälr.ekSu i|yd Disk Cleanup Tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

 Bad Sectors check lr tajd w¿;Ajeähd lr.ekSu i|yd Error Checking

Tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Hard Disk tflys Wmßu Performance ,nd.ekSu i|yd Sectors j, we;s Files
ms,sfj,lg Arrange lsÍu i|yd Defragmentation tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Hard Disk Faults

 BIOS jevigyk u.ska Hard Disk tl detect lr fkd.ekSu

 BIOS j,oS detect ù fmkajk kuq;A kej; mß.Klh Restart l,úg detect
fkdùu¡
 Partition Create lsÍug" Delete lsÍug" Format lsÍug bv ,ndfkdfohs
kï
 Windows iy Applications load ùu ukao.dó ùu¡
 ks;r ks;r Windows damage fõ kï fyda Application corrupt fõ kï
 Files Copy lsÍug bv ,ndfkdoSu" Windows Install lsÍug bv ,ndfkdoSu
 jev lrñka isák úg Blue Screen ,ndoSu'

Power Supply Unit

Power Supply Unit tl iuyrúg PSU tl jYfhkao y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fndfyda

mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakka jeä ie,ls,a,la fkdolajk Wmdx.hla f,i Power
Supply Unit tl ye|skaúh yel' thg fya;=j fuu Device tl mß.Klfhys
Performance j,g jeä odhl;Ajhla ,ndfkdoSu nj mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakka
is;Su ksidh¡ kuq;A System Unit tflys Display ,nd.ekSug w;jYH fldgia 6 ka
tlla f,ig Power Supply Unit tl ye|skaúh yel' tfukau System Unit tlla
;=, b;du jákdlñka hq;A Processor, Memory, Hard Disk wdoshg kshudldrfhka

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Power tl ,ndoSfuka wod, Device j, l%shdldÍ;Ajh kshudldrfhka

mj;Ajd.ksñka tu Devices High Voltage j,ska wdrlaIdlr.ksñka Device j,
wdhqld,h jeälr.ekSug PSU tl b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

Power Supply Unit tl hkq Internal Hardware Component tlla jk w;r fuys
m%Odk;u ld¾hh jkqfha .Dyia: úÿ,sfhys we;s 110-115 fyda 220-230 volt
alternating current tl fyj;A m%;Hdj¾: Odrdj" steady low-voltage direct
current fyj;A ir, Odrdjla njg m;A lsÍuh' isiagï hqksÜ tl .;Aúg olakg
,efnk m%Odk;u iy w;HjYHhu Wmdx.h f,i mj¾ ima,hs hqksÜ tl
ye|skaúh yel' mß.Klfhys l%shd;Aulùug wjYH Wmdx. i|yd úÿ,sh iemhSu
isÿlrkq ,nkafka mj¾ ima,hs hqksÜ tl yryd fjhs¡ tfukau tu Wmdx.
l%shd;Aulùu i|yd wjYH b;d l=vd úoHq;A Odrdjka jk +3.3V, +5V, -5V, +12V,
-12V njg m;A lroSu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' fuysoS uo¾fnda¾â tl we;=¿j úúO Wmdx.
i|yd ksYÑ a ; ir<Odrdjka ,ndoSu i|yd ksYaÑ; j¾Kj,ska hq;A jh¾ olakg
,efnhs' ukqIH isrerla .;Aúg tys we;s wjhj ld¾hlaIuj jev lsÍug reêrh
yryd Tlaiscka hjkjd fia mj¾ ima,hs hqksÜ tl u.ska isig a ï hqksÜ tflys
Wmdx. ls%hd;Aulùug wjYH .e,fmk fjda,Aàh;djhka ksl=;A lrkq ,nhs'
+3.3V – Ram, PCI express cards (.%e*sla ld¾â yer&

+5V – ydâ äiala tflys mßm:h i|yd

+12V- iSmShQ tl i|yd" .%e*sla ld¾â tl i|yd" Tmaál,A v%hsõ i|yd" ydâ äiala
tflys fudag¾ tl i|yd

Power Supply Unit tl ms,sn|j bf.kSug fmr úÿ,sh iïnkaOfhka ;rula

fyda ÿrg oek.ekSu b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

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Voltage

Voltage tl jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka ikakdhlhla /f.khdyels lïìhla u;

fjkajQ ,laI folla w;r úoHq;A úNj fjki fjhs' ke;fyd;A ir,j lsjfyd;A
úÿ,sfhys m%N,;Ajh fjhs¡

Amperage

Ampere hkq .,dhk úÿ,sfhys m%udKh fjhs¡ fuysoS m%N,;Ajh jeäjk kuq;A wvq
úÿ,s m%udKhla kï thska isÿjk ydksh wvqjk w;r m%N,;Ajh jeäù jeä úÿ,s
m%udKhla kï thska isÿjk ydksh jeäfjhs¡ Devices j,g ,ndfok Voltage tl
fjkia jqjfyd;A thska Device tlg ydks isÿjk w;r Ampere m%udKh u|la
jeäùu .eg¿jla fkdfjhs¡ kuq;A wvqjqjfyd;A Device tl kshudldrfhka jev
fkdlrkq we;'

Ohms

úÿ,sh .,dhdug we;s ndOdj Ohms jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuysoS Circuits j,g
wjYH wvq úÿ,sh Resistance Ndú;d lrñka ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs¡

Watts

Watt hkq Device tflys Yla;sh fyj;A laIu;djh fjhs¡

AC Current

ksfjiaj, iy wdh;kj, idudkHfhka Ndú;djkafka AC jk w;r fuysoS úÿ,sh

.,dhk osYdj bosßmig iy miqmig fjkiajk w;r fuys Frequency tl 50 ;A 60
;A w;r fjhs¡ idudkHfhka f,dalfhys 110 – 230 ;A w;r range tll voltage
tlla Ndú;d lrk w;r cmdkh" weußldj hk rgj, 110 l Voltage tlla
Ndú;djk w;r ,xldj" bkaoshdj" ;dhs,ka;h jeks rgj, 230 Voltage tlla
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

 wm úiska Device tllg Main Power tl connect lsÍfïoS iEuúgu Input

Voltage tl .ek ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= w;r tys 110 muKla i|yka ù
we;Akï th lsisúfgl;A wmf.A Main Power tlg Connect fkdl, hq;=h¡

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th Connect lsÍug wjYHkï 110-230 Converter tlla yryd Connect

l,hq;= fjhs¡ Batteries j, DC Current tlla mj;sk w;r PSU tl u.ska
AC- DC j,g udre lr Device j,g ,ndfok w;r wm Ndú;d lrk
fndfyduhla Devices DC Voltage j,ska l%shd;Aul fjhs¡ Voltage tl Device
tl u; fjkiajk w;r electron tl w;lg muKla .uka lrkq ,nhs¡

Power Supply Safety

PSU tlla .e,ùug fmr Main Power tl .,jd bj;Al, hq;= w;r Main Power
tl .,jd bj;A l,;A Capacitors j, Odrdjla .nvdù we;s neúka tu.skao wmg
ydks isÿúh yel' Power Supply tl ms,sn|j fyd| jegySula fkdue;skï .,jd
repair lsÍu iqÿiq fkdjk w;r th replace lsÍu jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡

When Selecting a Power Supply

1. Wattage

PSU tlla f;dard.ekSfïoS ish¿u Device j, Watt m%udKhg jvd PSU tflys
Watt m%udKh jeäúh hq;=fjhs¡ tfia fkdjqjfyd;A Device ish,A, tljr jev
lsÍfïoS wjYH watt m%udKh ,ndoSug fkdyels ùfuka PSU tl fyda Device tl
fail ùu" Restart ùu fyda l%shdúrys;ùu isÿúh yel' VGA Card jeks oE Update
lsÍfïoS úfYAIfhkau PSU tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= fjhs¡ Tn mß.Klhla
assemble lsÍug woyia lrkjdkï ta i|yd fldmuK watt m%udKhl Power

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Supply tlla f;dard.; hq;=o hkak ms,sn|j Tn ;=, woyila fkdue;s kï ta

i|yd Tng wka;¾cd,fhys olakg ,efnk Cooler Master Power Calculator tl
Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡ fuysoS Tn assemble lrkq ,nk ish¿u Device j,g hk
watt m%udKh .Kkh lr ta i|yd .e,fmk watt m%udKhlska hq;A Power
Supply Unit tl f;dard.; yels fjhs¡

fyd|hs ta i|yd Internet Connection tl il%shlr leu;s Browser tll

Address bar tl ;=, http://www.coolermaster.com/power-supply-calculator/
hk link tl i|yka lr Enter lS tl Tnd Cooler Master Power Supply Calculator
fjí msgqj fj; msúfikak¡

fuysoS Tn assemble lsÍfïoS Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Processor, Hard Disk, RAM,
Video Cards, Keyboard, Mouse, Casin tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk wu;r Fans wdoS
Devices f;dardÿka miq
ta i|yd jehjk watt
m%udKh iy f;dard.;
hq;= Power Supply
Unit tflys watt
m%udKh .Kkh lr
fmkajkq ,nhs¡ fï
fya;=j ksid Tng
b;du;a myiqfjka
Power Supply Unit

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tlla f;dard.; yels fjhs¡ idudkHfhka wm ñ,oS.kakd Rs 1500 la jeks Power

Supply Unit ;=, i|yka lr we;s watts m%udKhu real watt m%udKh f,i ie,lsh
fkdyel' wm úiska ñ,oS .kakd Original Power Supply Unit tll i|yka lrk
real watt m%udKhu oelsh yels jk w;r idudkHfhka 500 w power supply unit
tlla Rs 5000 la muK fjhs¡

2. Size

fndfydaúg Assemble Power Supply Unit tlu m%udKhlska hqla;jk w;r

l,d;=rlska muKla fjkiaúh yel'

3. Number and Selection of connectors

Power Supply Unit tlla ñ,oS .ekSfïoS Connect lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;j = k

Devices j,g wjYH Connectors ta wdldrfhka ;sfíoehs ne,shhq;= fjhs¡
úfYAIfhkau Nvidia Geforce jeks by, YLH;djhlska hq;A Graphic Card iïnkaO
lsÍfïoS ta i|yd fndfydaúg Power Supply Unit tl u.ska wu;r Power tlla
,ndosh hq;= neúka ta i|yd wjYH Connectors iys; Power Supply Unit tlla
wksjd¾fhkau f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡

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4. Form Factor of Motherboard

Motherboard tflys we;s Power Connectors j,g .e,fmk Power Connectors

we;s Power Supply Unit tlla f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡

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Devices Power Connectors

 Floppy Disk (Berg Connector)

 Molex / IDE Connecotr
 SATA Connector

m%Odk jYfhka Devices Power Connectors 3 la oelsh yels jk w;r fï jk úg

Power Supply j, jeä jYfhka SATA Connectors olakg ,efnhs¡

Berg Connector
*Af,dms v%hsõ i|yd wjYH úÿ,s n,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd fuu lfklag¾ j¾.h
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' fuh *Af,dms v%hsõ mj¾ lfklag¾ tl jYfhkao y÷kajkq
,nhs¡ wo ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk mj¾ ima,hs ;=, fuu lfklag¾ j¾.h olakg
fkd,efnhs'

Molex Connector
*Af,dms v%hsõ yer iSã v%hsõ" ydâ äiala jeks Wmdx. fj; úÿ,sn,h ,nd.ekSu
i|yd fuu lfklag¾ tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs' kuq;A j¾:udkfha ksIAmdokh
lrkq ,nk iSã v%hsõ" ydâ äiala jeks Wmdx. fj; úÿ,sn,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd
Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka SATA Connectors fjhs¡ tu ksid fuu Connectors o
j¾:udkfha Power Supply Unit ;=, jeä jYfhka olakg fkd,efnhs¡

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SATA Connector
wo jk úg *Af,dms v%hsõ yer iSã v%hsõ" ydâ äiala" ldâ Ív¾ jeks Wmdx. fj;
úÿ,s n,h ,nd.ekSu i|yd Molex lfklag¾ tl fjkqjg SATA lfklag¾
tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs'

AT Power Supply Unit

1986 j¾Ifhys isg Ndú;d lrk,o fuu Power Supply j, On/Off Switch tlla
Casine tflys bosßmi iúlr ;snQ w;r 6 pin main power connector folla
Motherboard tlg power ,ndoSu i|yd oelshyels úh' fuu Connector wdldr
fol P8 P9 jYfhka o y÷kajkq ,eìKs' fuu Power Supply fïjk úg Ndú;fhka
bj;Aù we;'

fuu AT wdldrfha Power Supply Unit Industry-standard PC, XT, AT, Baby-AT,
and LPX hk
Motherboard ;=, Ndú;d
lrk,oS¡ fuu
Connectors foflys
l¿mdg jh¾ fol
tlsfkl uqyqK,d
;sfnk mßos iïnkaO
l,hq;= fjhs¡

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ATX Power Supply Unit

Pentium mß.Klj, isg fï olajd wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka ATX j¾.fha

Power Supply fjhs¡ fuu Power Supply j¾. 5 lska hqla;úh¡ fuu wdldrfha
Power Supply Unit ;=, 20 pin Main Power Connector tlla olakg ,enqk w;r
j¾:udkfhaoS 24 pin main power connector tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu

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ATX wdldrfha Power Connector tl AT Power Supply j, Ndú;djQ P8 P9

Connector tl i|yd replace jk ,oaola nj u;l ;nd.; hq;=h¡

y÷kajdÿka ATX -2 wdldrfhys 20 pin connector tl fjkqjg 24 pin connector

tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu 24 pin connector tl iys; Power Supply Unit tlla 20 pin connector tl
iys; Motherboard ;=,o Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡ Power Supply tflys úúO jh¾
úúO j¾K j,skA hql; a jk w;r tu j¾K iïu; j¾K jk w;r tu`.ska jh¾
tflys Voltage tl fyda lrk ld¾hh ms,sn|j oek.; yels fjhs¡

 Orange Color tl iys; jh¾ tflka +3.3 V l voltage tlla device j,g
,ndfohs¡
 Black – Ground tkï Earth, common jh¾ tl jYfhka ye|skafjhs¡
 Red - +5V l Voltage tlla Devices j,g iy Motherboard tlg ,ndfohs¡

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 Gray – Power tl ,ndÿkaúg Power Supply tl u.ska Self Test tlla

isÿlr ish,A, ok kï power good signal tlla Motherboard tlg
,ndfohs¡ fuu signal tl fkdue;s kï Motherboard tl on ùu
isÿfkdfjhs¡
 Purple – Computer tl Standby l,úg Memory j, we;s data wdrlaId
lsÍu i|yd fuu.ska Memory j,g power tlla ,ndfohs¡
 Yellow - +12 V l Voltage tlla Device j,g iy Motherboard tlg
,ndfohs¡
 Blue / White – Blue jh¾ tl u.ska -12 V l Voltage tlla ,ndfok w;r
White jh¾ tl u.ska -5V l Voltage tlla ,ndfohs¡ úfYAIfhkau fuh
Memory Refreshing i|yd jeo.;A fjhs¡
 Green – Power Supply tl On lr .ekSu i|yd fuu jh¾ tl iu`. Black
jh¾ tl short lr.; hq;=h¡

PSU tl on l, muKska th kshudldrfhka jevlrkjdhehs is;Su iqÿiq fkdjk

w;r jvd;Au iqÿiq jkafka Power Supply Tester tlla ud¾.fhka Test
lr.ekSuhs¡

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DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

BASIC TOOLS REQUIREMENT

FOR A COMPUTER
TECHNICIAN
Disapamok Online IT Academy

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fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wm b;sß Expansion Cards iy tajd iïnkaO lsÍug

Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Expansion Slots ms,sn|j ieflúka idlÉPd
lf,uq¡ fyd|hs wms wo Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk fuu Expansion
Slot j,g Expansion Card tlla ksjerosj iïnkaO lrkafka flfiao lshd n,uq¡
fuf,i Expansion Card tlla Motherboard tllg iúlsÍfïoS Bg wod,
ksjerosu l%ufõohu wkq.ukh l,hq;= w;r tfia fkdjqk fyd;A Motherboard
tlg fyda Expansion Card tlg ydks ùug neß ke;'

fuf,i lsishï Expansion Slot tllg Expansion Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS
tu Slot tlg iyh olajk ksjerosu Expansion Card wdldrh f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡
fyd|hs merKs Motherboard tll ISA Slot tllg ISA Expansion Card tllaa
iïnkaO lsÍfïoS m,uqj th ISA Card tlla njg y÷kd.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuu ISA
Card tlla ie,l+úg wfkl=;A Expansion Card w;=frka myiqfjka y÷kd.;
yelafla tu Card tl Slot tl iïnkaOjk pin j, iaNdjh wOHhkh lsÍfuks¡
idudkHfhka ISA Card tll ISA Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin j, iaNdjh ie,l+úg
th wfkl=;A Expansion Card j, Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin j,g jvd ;rula
uy; iaNdjhlska hqla; fjhs¡

idudkHfhka Motherboard tflys os.u Expansion Slot tl jYfhka olakg

,enqfka o ISA Slot tl jk w;r fuh fndfyda úg l¿ mdg j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh
lr ;snQ ksid myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels úh¡

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idudkHfhka fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, AGP Slot iy PCI Express Slot

ie,l+úg tys Expansion Card tl iïnkaO lsÍug m%:ufhka tys we;s Lock tl
újr lr ;eìh hq;= fjhs¡ kuq;A idudkHfhka ISA Slot j, tjeks ndysr Lock
tlla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ Motherboard tl Casine tflka msg;g f.k ISA Card
tlla Install lrkúgoS m,uqj Motherboard tl >Klu Sponge tlla u;
;nd.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuf,i Motherboard tl fyda tys Components fukau ISA
Expansion Card iam¾I lsÍug m%:ufhka wm ;=, mj;sk ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A
lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuu ia:s;s úoHq;h ksid Motherboard tflys path damage
ùug we;s iïNdú;djh by, fjhs¡ fuu ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A lsÍu i|yd
m%:ufhka m,uqj msßisÿ carpet tll fomd ;oska w;=,A,d u| fõ,djla f,day
hula iam¾I lrkak¡ bka wk;=rej Expansion Card tl Install lsÍug lghq;=
lrkak¡

ke;fyd;A wrist strap tlla m,uqfjkau me,|f.k isákak¡

fyd|hs ´kEu Expansion Card tlla install lsÍug m%:ufhka Motherboard tl

desk tll sponge tlla u; ;eîfuka wk;=rej iDcqj isg.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka
Motherboard tflys I/O Ports bosßhg ;sfnk mßos Expansion Slot ;sfnk
m%foaYh ;ud fj; ,x lr.kak¡ fuysoS ISA Slot tflys 16 bit slot tflys Notch
tlla olakg ,efnk w;r fuu Notch tl Port msysgk me;Af;ys isg w`.,A 3.5
lska olakg ,efnhs¡ oeka ISA Card tlo tu me;A;g msysgk mßos yrjd Card tl
isriaj Card tflys by,ska w,A,d.kak¡

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fuu ISA Slot Motherboard tflys fl,jfrys olakg ,efnk neúka Card tl
Slot tlg iïnkaO lrkúgoS Motherboard tflys wfkla fl,jr by,hdyels
neúka ISA Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard tflys w;ska Wvg f;rmñka
Card tl isriaj ;sfnk mßos msysgqjd uola ;oska f;rmSula isÿlrkak¡

ISA Card tlla Slot tflka bj;A lrkúgoSo tljru iDcqj by,g weoSu
isÿfkdl,hq;= w;r fmr mßosu ISA Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard tflys
w;ska ;o lr wfkla wf;ka ISA Card tflys tla fl,jrlska by,g weo bkamiq
wfkla fl,jfrka by,g weo Card tl moaoñka bj;A lr.kak¡

PIC Expansion Card tlla Install lsÍu iy Uninstall lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nkafkao by;
wdldrhgu fjhs¡ ukao PCI Slot tflyso AGP fyda PCI Express Slot j, fuka lock
tlla olakg fkd,efnk neúks¡ PCI Expansion Card tlla o AGP iy PCI
Express card tllska myiqfjka fjkalr.ekSu i|yd Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin
j, iaNdjh Wmfhda.S lr.; yels fjhs¡ PCI iy PCI Express Card j, tu pin
tlu rgdjlg msyá s ho PCI card j, tu pin ;rul os. iaNdjhla .kq ,nhs¡ AGP
Card j, pin fjkiau rgdjl iaNdjhla .kq ,nhs¡

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fuu PCI Slot ie,l+úg ISA Slot fuka fl,jfrys fkdj ;rula ueog jkakg
olakg ,efnhs¡ tu ksid ISA Card install lrkúgoS fuka Motherboard tl w;ska
by,g f;rmSula wkjYH fjhs¡

fuysoS o PCI Slot tflys Notch tl ;sfnk foig wkql+,jk f,ig Expansion
Card tl yrjd Card tl isriaj ;sfnk mßos msysgqjd uola ;oska f;rmSula
isÿlrkak¡ PCI Card tlla Slot tflka bj;A lrkúgoSo tljru iDcqj by,g
weoSu isÿfkdl,hq;= w;r fmr mßosu PCI Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard
tflys w;ska ;o lr wfkla wf;ka w;ska PCI Card tflys tla fl,jrlska
by,g weo bkamiq wfkla fl,jfrka by,g weo Card tl moaoñka bj;A
lr.kak¡

fyd|hs AGP Slot tllg Graphic Card tlla iïnkaO lrk úgoS tu AGP
Graphic Card tys pin j, iaNdjh wOHhkh lsÍfuka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels
fjhs¡

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AGP Slot ie,l+ úg AGP 3.3v, AGP 1.5v iy Universal f,i wdldr ;=kla olakg
,efnhs¡

iuyr AGP Slot ;=, fl,jfrys lock tlla olakg ,efnk w;r iuyr AGP Slot
;=, fl,jfrys lock tlla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ Tnf.A Motherboard tflys
olakg ,efnkafka 3.3 v iys; slot tlla kï Bgu .e,fmk AGP Graphic Card
tlla f;dard.; hq;f = jhs¡ ke;fyd;A Universal VGA Card tlla f;dard.;
hq;=fjhs¡ 1.5 v iys; slot tlla kï Bgu .e,fmk AGP Graphic Card tlla fyda A
Universal VGA Card tlla f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡ Universal Slot tlla kï wdldr
;=fkysu VGA Card support lrkq ,nhs¡

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iuyr Motherboard ksIAmdolhkaf.A AGP Slot tflys fl,jr lock tlla olakg
,efnhs¡

by; rEmigyfkys olajd we;Af;A tjeks lock tlla iys; AGP slot tlls¡ fuu
wdldrfha slot tllg AGP Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS m,uqj fuu lock tl
msgqmig lr VGA Card tl slot tlg iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡ VGA Card tl ksjerosj
slot tlg iïnkaO lr ;ol,úg fuh lock ùu isÿfjhs¡ fuh fndfyda ÿrg Ram
Slot tflys lock tlg iudk fjhs¡ kej;;A VGA Card .,jd bj;A lrk úgoS fuu
lock tl msgqmig lr VGA Card .,jd bj;A l,hq;= fjhs¡ Card tl iïnkaO
lrkúgoS o Slot tflys Notch tl ;sfnk foig wkql+,jk mßos Card tl yrjd
iïnkaO lsÍug j.n,d.kak¡

PCI Express Slot tl ie,l+úg idudkHfhka x1 , x4 iy x8 Slot idudkHfhka PCI

Slot fuka lock tlla fkdue;s idudkH slot tlla wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

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kuq;A VGA Card i|ydu ks¾udKh lr we;s PCI Express x16 slot tl ;=, tys
fl,jfrys l=vd lock tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

tu ksid PCI Express x16 slot tllg VGA Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS b;du;a
iqmÍlaIdldÍ úhhq;=h¡ úfYAIfhkau VGA Card tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS th unlock
lr.kakd wdldrh oek isàu w;HjYH fjhs¡ idudkHfhka x1 slot tl ie,l+ úg
th os.ska wvqu PCI Express slot tl ksid myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ tfukau
fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, x1 slot hkak print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

fuysoS o x1 slot tflys Notch yß ueoska ;sfnk wdldrhg fmkqko th jï

me;Af;ka ;rul jeä bvla .ksñka Notch tl msysgd ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡
tu ksid m,uqj Motherboard tflys I/O Ports bosßhg ;sfnk mßos Expansion

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Slot ;sfnk m%foaYh ;ud fj; ,x lr m,uqj Notch tlg wkql+, jk mßos Card
tl yrjd fmr mßos Expansion Slot tlg iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡

.,jd bj;A lrkúgoSo Motherboard tflys ueog jkakg úfYAIfhkau wksl=;A

Slot u; w; ;nd Card tflys tla fl,jrlska nqre,alr bkamiq wfkl=;A mi;A
nqre,Alr Card tl moaoñka bj;A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ PCI Express x4 Slot tl ie,l+úg
o tys Notch tl ;sfnk ;ekg wkql+, jk mßos Card tl yrjd Install l,hq;=
fjhs¡

x8 slot tlg o Expansion Card tlla install lrkúgoSo by; l%uhu wkq.ukh
l, yel'

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iuyrla Motherboard j, PCI x1 slot tl fyda x4 tflys ol=Kqmi fl,jr újD;

lr print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ fuúg tu PCI Slot i|yd x8 fyda x16 Card
tlla jqjo install l, yels w;r ,nd.; yelafla x1 fyda x4 slot tflys
performance fjhs¡

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fuu PCI Express x16 slot tlg VGA Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS tys mj;sk lock
tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= nj wm uq,skq;A Tng isysm;A l,d u;l we;s¡
fuu PCI express slot ie,l+úg tys fuu lock wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡

Lock Type 1

VGA Card tl install lsÍug m%:ufhka fuu slot tflys fmkajd ;sfnk osYdjg
tu lock tl ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡ bkamiq x1 ysoS i|yka l, Wmfoia ms,smosñka card
tl install l, miq lock tl uq,a msysàug ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

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Lock Type 2

fuysoS idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r Card tl .,jd
bj;AlsÍfïoS by; rEmfha mßos B;,fha msysá osYdjg tu lock tflys fldgi
w;ska ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

Lock Type 3

fuysoS o idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r Card tl .,jd
bj;AlsÍfïoS by; rEmfha mßos B;,fha msysá osYdjg tu lock tflys fldgi
w;ska ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

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Lock Type 4

fuysoS idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r VGA Card tl .,jd
bj;A lrkúgoS m,uqj by; rEmigyfkys B;,h we;s foig ;,A¨ lrkak¡

Lock Type 5

fuysoS o fmr mßosu isriaj VGA Card tl install lrkak¡ VGA Card tl .,jd
bj;A lsÍfïoS rEmigyfkys B;,h ;sfnk foig we`.s,A,lska ;,A¨ lrkak'

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Lock Type 6

fuu Slot wdldrfhys Lock tlla f,i úfYAIfhka olakg fkd,efnk w;r
idudkH wdldrhg isriaj VGA Card tl install lrkak¡ VGA Card tl .,jd bj;A
lrkúgoS tla milska isriaj mj;sk f,ig nqre,a lr wfkla mi Bg miqj nqre,A
lr fomig moaoñka VGA Card tl .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq System Unit tl ;=, we;s PCI, AGP fyda PCI Express card
tlla .,jd bj;A lr.kq ,nkafka flfiao lshd¡ fï i|yd m,uqj isÿl,hq;Af;A
wm i;=j mj;sk ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A lr.ekSuhs¡ bka wk;=rej grounding strap
tlla me,|.kak¡ fuf,i System Unit tl ;=, we;s Expansion Card tlla .,jd
bj;A lsÍug fmr m,uqj mß.Klh turn off lr.ekSu l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuf,i
turn off lsÍfuka wk;=rej System Unit tlg n,h iemfhk power cord tl
we;=¿ wfkl=;A ish¿u Cables .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

oeka fuu System Unit tl" iDcqj isg.;Aúg Expansion Card tl .,jd bj;A
l,yels mßos fïihla u; ;nd.kak¡ ukao Expansion Card install lrkúgoS
fukau .,jd bj;A lrk úgoSo iDcqj isg.; hq;=fjhs¡

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fuf,i System unit tl fïih u; ;nd.; hq;Af;A side panel by,g ;sfnk
wdldrhg fjhs¡ oeka m,uqj side panel tl .,jd bj;A l,hq;= fjhs¡
idudkHfhka assemble pc j,oS kï fndfyda úg fuu side panel tl .,jd
bj;Alrk wdldrh tlu fjhs¡ tkï casine tflys msgqmi we;s screws bj;Alr
fuu side panel tflys ueoska msgqmig f;rmd by,g tiúh hq;=fjhs¡

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Dell, IBM iy HP jeks branded pc j,oS fuh ;rula fjkia iajrEmhla .kq ,nhs¡

fuf,i side panel tl .,jd bj;A l,úg system unit tl ;=, we;s
Motherboard tl iy thg iïnkaO lr we;s Expansion Cards wdosh olakg
,efnhs¡

fuf,i Expansion Card .,jd bj;A lrkúgoS tys slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold
plated connectors w;ska iam¾I fkdlsÍug j.n,d .;hq;= fjhs¡ fuys ,sysis
øjHhla fyda wmú;%ùula isÿjqjfyd;A gold plated connectors úLdokh ùug neß

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ke;' fuu Expansion card tlg msg;ska wire connect lr we;Akï tajdo
bj;Alr.; hq;=fjhs¡ we;=,;ska Expansion card tlg wire connect lr we;Akï
tajdo bj;Alr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka Casine tlg fuu Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s
screws .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s Screws bj;A lsÍfuka miq fuu Expansion Card tflys
back metal fldgig w; ;nd wfkla w; Expansion Card tflys wfkla
fl,jßka w,a,df.k back metal fldgig w; ;nd by,g ;,A¨lrñka Card
tflys tu me;A; nqre,A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka Card tflys wfkla fl,jßka
w,a,df.k isá w;ska Card tflys tu me;A; nqre,Alr Card tl m%fõYfuka
bj;Alr .;hq;= fjhs¡

oeka fuu bj;Alr.;A Expansion Card tl antistatic bag tlla ;=, ;ekam;A lr
;nd.; hq;=fjhs¡

PCI Express Slot x16 tll we;s VGA Card tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS ;rula m%fõYï
úhhq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS o i|yka l,hq;= úfYAIu lreK jkqfha Expansion Card tl

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.,jd bj;A lrkúgoS tys slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold plated connectors w;ska
iam¾I fkdlsÍug j.n,d .ekSuhs¡ fuu Card tl .,jd bj;A l,miq th metal
back plate fldgiska w,A,d.ekSug j.n,d.kak¡ PCI Express Card tlla .,jd
bj;A lrkúgoS fmr mßosu msg;ska wire connect lr we;Akï tajdo bj;Alr.;
hq;=fjhs¡ tfukau Nvidia GForce jeks advanced VGA Card tllg we;=,;ska
power supply tflka fjku current tl ,ndfok neúka m,uqj tajdo bj;A
lr.kak¡

Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s Screws bj;A lsÍfuka miq fuu Expansion Card tflys
back metal fldgig w; ;nd wfkla w; Expansion Card tflys wfkla
fl,jßka w,a,df.k back metal fldgig w; ;nd by,g ;,A¨lrñka Card
tflys tu me;A; nqre,A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka PCI Express slot tflys olakg
,efnk lock tl ksjerosj unlock lrk w;r;=r wfkla w;ska m%fõYfuka Card tl
slot tflka bj;g .kak¡ fuu lock tl fndfyda úg by;ska i|yka lrk,o lock
wdldrhlska tllaúh yel'

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Tfí mß.Klhg w¿;A Expansion Card tlla install
lr.kafka flfiao lshd¡ fuysoS by; Expansion Slot tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS side
panel tl .,jd bj;Alrk f;la wkq.ukh lrk,o mshjr ta wdldrfhka
wkq.ukh lrkak¡ fuysoS m,uqj Tn install lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= jk slot tl
y÷kd.; hq;=fjhs¡ ukao Bg wkql+,jk metal bracket slot cover tl casine
tflka bj;Al,hq;= neúks¡ Tn install lrkq ,nkafka PCI Expansion Card tlla
kï Motherboard tflys PCI Slot lsysmhla olakg ,efnkúg thska ´kEu slot
tllg Expansion card tl install l,yels fjhs¡ Expansion Slot tl y÷kd.;A miq

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tu slot tlg bosßfhka casine tflys olakg ,efnk metal bracket slot cover
fldgi .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

oeka antistatic bag tl ;=, we;s Expansion Card tl m%fõYfuka t,shg .kak¡
fuysoS lsisu úgl;A slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold plated connectors w;ska iam¾I
fkdlsÍug j.n,d .kak¡ Card tl iam¾I lrkúg metal back plate tflka
iam¾I lsÍug j.n,d.kak¡ oeka slot tflys notch tl ;sfnk foig Card tl
yrjd yßhgu wxYl 90 lg ;sfnk mßos slot tl wdikakhg card tl isriaj
,xlr.kak¡ fuysoS card tflys mj;sk external connectors casine tflys bj;A
lrk,o metal bracket slot cover fldgfika msg;g meñK we;Aoehs ;yjre
lr.kak¡

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oeka idudkH mSvkhla fhdoñka slot tlg card tl isriaj connect lr.kak¡ oeka
screw fhdod tu card tl casine tlg iïnkaO lr.kak¡

oeka power cord iy wfkl=;A cables connect lr mß.Klh boot lr fuu

connect lrk,o Expansion card tlg wod, drivers install lr.kak¡

mß.Klhl Display ,nd.ekSu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl fldgia

 Motherboard
 Processor
 RAM Card
 VGA Card
 Power Supply Unit
 Monitor

mß.Klhla boot l,úg Monitor tl ;=, lsisÿ f;dr;=rla Display fkdfõkï

thg fya;=j by; i|yka device yfhka tlla úh yel' fuhska fail ùug wvqu
iïNdú;djhla we;Af;A Processor tl jk w;r B,`.g fail ùug wvqu
iïNdú;djhla we;Af;A Monitor tl fjhs¡

fuu RAM Card tflys iy VGA Card j, fodaIhla we;súgoS ta nj wkqudk

lr.ekSu i|yd mß.Klfhka ksl=;Ajk beep y`v Wmfhda.S lr.; yels fjhs¡ fï
i|yd Motherboard tflys buzzer tl l%shdldÍ;Ajfha mej;sh hq;=fjhs¡ buzzer

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tlla olakg fkd,efí kï buzzer tlla ñ,oS f.k th ksjerosj Motherboard

tflys Front Panel tlg ksjerosj connect lr.kak'

mß.Klh boot l,úg Monitor tflys lsisÿ Display tlla olakg fkd,eî
fkdkj;Ajd flá beep y`vj,A ksl=;A lrhs kï fndfyda úg th RAM Card tflys
fodaIhla f,ig ;SrKh l, yel' kuq;A Tn u;l ;nd.;hq;= úfYAIu lreK
jkqfha Motherboard tflys BIOS j¾.h wkqj RAM fodaI i|yd ksl=;Ajk beep
y`vj,A fjkiaùu isÿúh yel' tfukau Motherboard tflys wl%sh RAM Slot
tllg RAM Card tlla iïnkaO lr we;súgoSo Display tlla ,ndfkdoSu isÿfjhs¡

Video Card tflys fodaIhla we;súgoSo BIOS u.ska beep y`vla ksl=;A lrkq ,nhs¡
fuh fndfyda úg os. beep y`vlska miqj flá beep y`vla ksl=;A lrkq ,nhs¡

Monitor tflys fodaIhla we;s úgoSo fndfyda úg Display tlla ,ndfkdoSu

isÿlrkq ,nhs¡

Power Supply Unit tlo l%shdldÍ;Ajhla ke;súgoSo mß.Klfhys Display tlla

,ndfkdoSu isÿlrkq fkd,nhs' mß.Klh ksjerosj úÿ,shg iïnkaO lr
mß.Klh boot l, úg tys mj;sk fan tl lrlefjk y`vla fkdwefiakï bka
wkqudk l,yelafla Power Supply Unit tl wl%sh ù we;s njhs¡

Motherboard tflyso fodAIhla we;s úgoSo fndfyda úg Display ,ndoSu

isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡ úfYAIfhkau CMOS Jumper tl clear position tflys ;nd
mß.Klh boot ùula isÿfkdfjhs¡ tfukau Network chip tl fyda Sound chip
tl fail jQ úgo Display ,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Motherboard tflys
Capacitors fail jQ úgloSo mß.Klfhys Display tlla ,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡

CPU tl fyj;A Processor tl fail ù we;s wjia:djloSo mß.Klfhys Display

,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡

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Basic Tools requirements for a Computer Hardware Technician

Computer hardware engineer flfkl=g ksrka;rfhka wjYHjk tools lsysmhla

oelshyels jk w;r mß.Klhla w¿;Ajeähd lsÍuloS tu tools /f.khdu
w;HjYH ldrKhla fjhs¡ lsishï ld¾hhla i|yd ksYAÑ; tool tlla fkdue;s
úgloS ksjeros tool tl Ndú;d fkdlsÍu;A ksid wmf.A iy customer f.A ld,h
wmf;A hdula isÿfjhs¡ tfukau devices j,go ydks ùug neß ke;'
fyd|hs wms oeka fuu gQ,Aia tlsfkl y÷kd.ksuq¡

Combination Pliers

fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrñka lïì iy jh¾ lemSu" ;yvq keùu" ysi m¿ÿjQ weK
.e,ùu wdosh isÿl, yels fjhs¡ tfukau hula w,A,d ;oska weoSu wdosh isÿlr
.; yels w;r w`.,A 6 l combination piler tlla hardware technician
flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

Cutter Pliers

fuu tool tl u.ska jh¾ lemSu" jh¾ iqoao lsÍu fukau ;yvq iy ma,diaála
lemSu wdosh isÿlr.; yels w;r w`.,A 6 l muK cutter plier tlla Hardware
technician flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

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Nose Pliers

fuu tool tl u.ska jh¾ iy lïì lemSu" lïì iy ;yvq keùu" w; fmùula
isÿl, fkdyels ia:dkhl we;s fohla w,A,d .ekSug jeks ld¾hhka i|yd
Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡ w`.,A 6 l Nose Pliers tlla Hardware technician
flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

Flat Screwdriver

fuu tool tl uQ,sl jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka screws fyj;A weK .e,ùu
i|yd fjhs¡ fuys Large, Medium iy small f,i wdldr 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys
os. wju jYfhka 200 mm muK úhhq;= w;r Permanent Magnet yelshdj ;sìh
hq;=h¡

Philips Screwdriver

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Philips wdldrfha screws fyj;A weK .,jd bj;A lsÍu i|yd fuu gQ,A tl Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ fuyso Large, Medium iy Small f,i wdldr ;=kla olakg ,efnhs¡
fuh tool bag tl ;=, olakg ,efnk jeo.;Au tool tl jYfhka ye|skajQjdg
jrola ke;' Case tl motherboard, drives iy expansion card wdosfhys we;s
screws bj;A lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka fuu tool tl fjhs¡ fuho os. wju
jYfhka 200 mm muK úhhq;= w;r Permanent Magnet yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h¡

Service Brush

System Unit tl újD;lr service lrk wjia:djloS Motherboard tflys ¥ú,s

bj;A lsÍu i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Motherboard tl
wash lrk wjia:dj,oSo fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fï i|yd w`.,A 1 iy 1
½ l m%udKhl service brush tlla iEfyhs¡

Soldering Iron

Soldering Iron tl hkq metal tip tllskahq;A Fahrenheit wxYl 800 muK
WKqiqïjk tool tlla fjhs¡ jh¾ mEiaiSu i|yd;A Solder lr we;s Components
bj;A lsÍu i|yd;A fuu tool tl jeo.;A fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Hardware Technician

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flfkl=yg 60w l Soldering Iron tlla m%udKj;A fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Soldering

Iron wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡

 Simple iron

fuh fndfydaúg electrical iy electronics lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh
b;d wvq power tlla iys; iron tlla fjhs¡ fuys power rating tl 15w ;A 35w ;A
w;r w.hla .kq ,nhs¡ iuyr iron j,ska Temperature tl control lsÍfï
yelshdjo mj;S' fujeks wdldrfha iron ;=,k
s a taldldÍ Temperature tlla ,nd.;
yelsfjhs¡

Cordless iron

fuh l=vd iron tllajk w;r heat lsÍu i|yd battery tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
úÿ,sn,h ,nd.; fkdyels ia:dkj, mEiaiSu i|yd jvd;A fhda.H fjhs¡

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Temperature-controlled soldering iron

fuys we;s úfYAI;Ajh jkqfha Temperature tl control lsÍug yelsùuh¡

Soldering station

Soldering tweezers

resistors, capacitors iy diodes jeks Wmdx. mEiaiSug Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

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Disordering Pump

fuu.ska component tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS tajgd we;s Bhï bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh solder sucker tl jYfhkq;A y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

Multi meter

idudkHfhka Hardware Technician flfkl= i|yd re 750 l muK Multi Meter

tlla m%udKj;A fjhs¡ fuu WmlrKh u.ska Voltage uek.ekSu Connectivity
check lr.ekSu fukau component check lr.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Line Tester

fuu.ska AC Current tlla check lr.ekSu;A holder tllg iy switch j,g jh¾
iïnkaO lr.ekSu i|yd;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Tweezers

w; oeñh fkdyels ia:dkhl we;s fohla msg;g .ekSug;A Motherboard tflys

Jumpers wdosh bj;Alr.ekSu i|yd;A úúO Components bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd;A
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Electric Blower

Computer tlla Service lsÍfïoS Motherboard tflys iy casine tflys we;s

¥ú,s bj;AlsÍu i|yd fuh wksjd¾fhkau jeo.;A fjhs¡ remsh,A 1500 ;A 2000 ;A
w;r uqo,lg blower tlla ñ,oS .;yels fjhs¡

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Hand Blower

fuu gQ,A tl tool bag tl ;=, wksjd¾fhkau ;sìhhq;= fjhs¡ Electric blower tl
Ndú;d l, fkdyels ia:dkhl ¥ú,s bj;A lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡

Cutter Knife

fuu.ska jh¾ iqoaO lr.ekSu iy plastic iy rubber fldgia lmd.ekSu wdosh

i|yd fuh jeo.;A fjhs¡

Tool Bag

Hardware Technician flfkl= i;= ish¨ tools /f.khdyels lfrys fyda wf;ys
t,A,df.k hdyels Yla;su;a bag tlla mej;sh hq;= fjhs¡

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Allen Key Set

Printers jeks úúO Device w¿;Ajeähd lsÍuloS fuu Keys Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Cable Tie

System Unit tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Power Supply tflys cable we;=¿ ish¿u
jh¾ mg,eùulska f;drj tlg ixúOdkh lr ;nd.ekSu i|yd fuu cable tie
jeo.;A fjhs¡ Bg wu;rj entertainment system j,oS iy Network j,oSo Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ fïjd fndfyda úg plastic, nylon, rubber fyda velcro strips j,ska
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Cable Tie tlla Ndú;d l,miq kej; Ndú;d l,fkdyels
fjhs¡ jevlrk miqìu wjq,Acd,hlska f;drj msßisÿj ms,sfj,lg ;nd.ekSug
fukau i;=ka iy l=vd orejka cable j,g by,ska mekSuloS tajd weoSfuka Cable
iïnkaO lr we;s devices disconnect ùu j,lajd .; yels fjhs¡

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Insulation Tape

lsishï wire tlla damage jQ úgloS th wdjrKh lr.ekSug;A mdiaik,o

ia:dkhla wdjrKh lr.ekSug;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Super Glue

lsishï Device tlla .e,ùfïoS tys iuyrla fldgia .e,ùhduloS tajd kej;
h:d;;Ajhg m;A lr.ekSug Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Surgical Sprite (Isopropyl Alcohol)

Motherboard service lsÍuloS fuh jeo.;Ajk w;r fuh iEuúglu mdfya tool
bag tl ;=, ;sìhhq;= fjhs¡

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Phone repair tool kit

Star wdldrfha Screws, Mobile Phones, Laptop wdosh .e,ùuloS fuu tool kit tl
jeo.;A fjhs¡

Network Crimping Tool

fuu Tool tl u.ska Unshield Twisted Pair cable fyj;A Network cable
lmd.ekSug;A tajdfha msg; rn¾ wdjrKh bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd;A fuu tool tl
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ Bg wu;rj Network cable tl RJ45 Connector tlg connect
lr.ekSug;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Punch Down Tool

Krone tool tl jYfhkao fuh y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh Ndú;d lrkqfha

telecommunications iy Network wire, Patch Panel tllg fyda keystone
module tllg iïnkaO lr.ekSu i|yd fjhs¡

Network Tester

Unshield Twisted Pair cable tlla ksjerosj connect ù we;Aoehs mÍlaId lrne,Su
i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuysoS Network Cable tflys fomi we;s
RJ45 Clip fol fuu tool tflys RJ45 connector fol i|yd connect lr on
l,úg Direct cable tll kï LED bulb iudldrjo Cross Cable tll kï Bg
wkql+, wdldrhg fomi LED n,Aí oe,Afõo hkak mÍlaId lrne,sh yels fjhs¡

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Power Supply Tester

Power Supply Unit tll tys Cable j,ska kshñ; Voltage tl ,efío hkak
mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Lead

jh¾" Components mEiaiSfïoS b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

óg wu;rj wmf.A tool bag tl ;=, Machine Oil, Heat sink Compund, SATA
Cables, CMOS Battery, White grease, Screws, Backup ,nd.ekSu i|yd Portable
Hard Disk tlla ;sîu b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

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DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

COMPUTER MEMORY
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fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wm Intel iud.u úiska ksIAmdokh lrk,o LGA775

Socket tflys isg fï olajd y÷kajdÿka ish¿u Socket iy thg iïnkaO
lrk,o Processors ms,sn|j idlÉPdl,d Tng u;l we;s¡ tfukau AMD
Processors ms,sn|j ye|skaùula lrñka Cooling System ms,sn|jo idlÉPd
lrk,oS' wms wo mß.Klfhys fjkiau me;A;la jk mß.Klfhys u;lh
fyj;A Computer Memory tl ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq' Processors tlg miqj
mß.Klhl Performance ;SrKh lrk B,`. m%Odk idOlh f,i Memory
ye|skaúh yel' mß.Klhl olakg ,efnk u;lh wmg my; oelafjk wdldrhg
fnodfjka l,yels fjhs¡

Computer
Memory

Primary Secondary

RAM ROM Hard Disk

Floppy
SRAM DRAM
Disk

CD/DVD

mß.Klfhys u;lh jYfhka wm fndfydaúg woyia lrkq ,nkafka RAM tl

fyj;A Random Access Memory tl fjhs¡ fuh Volatile Memory tlla jk w;r
tkï fuys u;lh úÿ,sh u; r|dmj;skq ,nhs¡ RAM tl hkq Process ùug wjYH
Data iy Process lrk,o Data Immediately r|jd;nd.kakd ia:dkh fjhs¡ ta
wkqj RAM tl hkq mß.Klh ;=, olakg ,efnk Internal Storage area tlla
jYfhka ye|skaúh yel' tfukau Actual chip ;=, data r|jd.ekSu isÿlrk neúka
Physical Memory tlla jYfhka o i,lkq ,nhs¡ main memory, primary
memory iy system memory jYfhka o y÷kajkafkao RAM tl fjhs¡ RAM
j¾.SlrKfhaoS fuh DRAM wdldrhg wh;Afjhs¡ fuu u;lh Volatile Memory
tlla jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nkafka Data r|jd ;nd.ekSu i|yd úÿ,sh wjYHjk
neúka fjhs¡ tkï mß.Klh turn off l,úg RAM tflys r|jdf.k ;snQ ish¿u
Data fkdue;sùhhs¡ Physical Memory tlg wu;rj Virtual Memory f,i

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Memory tllao mß.Klh ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ idudkHfhka Tfí mß.Klfhys

RAM tflys Odß;djh n,d.ekSu i|yd Desktop tflys we;s Computer icon tl
u; rhsÜ la,sla lr Properties fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuúg
olakg ,efnk window tflys Installed Memory (RAM) hgf;ys RAM tflys
Odß;djh fmkajkq ,nhs¡

wmf.A fuu Physical RAM tlg Operating System tl, Applications, Drivers iy
wmúiska úiska újD; lrk,o *hs,aia load jk w;r fuysoS wjYH Memory
Capacity tl m%udKj;A fkdjqkfyd;A ta i|yd úl,Am jYfhka fjk;A úi÷ï
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ tkï úi÷ula f,i Virtual Memory Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Virtual Memory

mß.Klfhys m%Odk u;lh fyj;A RAM tl m%udKj;A fkdjk úgoS thg

úl,Amhla f,i Virtual Memory Ndú;d lsÍu i|yd System tl iQodkï fjhs¡
Virtual Memory tl hkq RAM tl m%udKj;A fkdjk úgoS Hard Disk tflka
fjkalr.kq ,nk bv m%udKhla fjhs¡ Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=,oS fuu
Virtual Memory tl pagefile.sys f,i fmkakqï lrkq ,efnhs¡ System tlg
Main Memory tl m%udKj;A fkdjkúg fuu Virtual Memory tl f,i
fjkalr.;A bv m%udKh Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuf,i Virtual Memory tl jeä
jYfhka Ndú;d lsÍfïoS mß.Klh ukao.dó ùug fya;= fjhs¡ idudkHfhka
úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sh Virtual Memory i|yd bv fjkalr.kq ,nkafka C:

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Drive tflka fjhs¡ fuu C: Drive tflka fjkalr.;A Virtual Memory tflys bv
m%udKho m%udKj;A fkdjkúg fuhg fya;=jla jYfhka Photoshop, After
Effects, Advanced Games wdosh i|yd ;jÿrg;A l%shd;Aulùug Memory wvqnj
Message tllska fmkajkq ,nhs¡

fuysoS mß.Klh Stuck ùu" wod, Applications stuck ùu" Application jeiShdu"
Applications j, iuyrla Functions l%shd;Aul fkdùu wdosh isÿúh yel' fujeks
wjia:dj, fndfyduhla mß.Kl Ndú;d lrkakka mß.Klh Restart lr kej;
jev lsÍug W;Aidy lrhs¡ kuq;A fuh os.ska os.gu oelshyels .eg¿jla jk neúka
thg ia:Sr úi÷ula ,ndoSug lghq;= l<hq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS iA:sridr úi÷u jkqfha
Main Memory tl fyj;A RAM tl hdj;Ald,Sk lsÍuhs¡ kuq;A th isÿlsÍug
fkdyelskï úi÷ula f,i Virtual Memory m%udKh jeälr wjYHkï C: Drive
tl fjkqjg fjk;A Drive tllska Virtual Memory i|yd bv fjkalr ,ndosh
yelsfjhs¡

fuf,i Virtual Memory Ndú;d lsÍug yelsjk mßos iliajk Pagefile.sys hk

file tl idudkHfhka Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska i`.jd ;nd we;' fuu
file tl iEoS ;sfnk wdldrh oel n,d.ekSu i|yd Start nÜka tl la,sla lr olakg

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,efnk Start Menu tflka Control Panel hkak f;dard Control Panel tlg
msúfikak¡

fuúg olakg ,efnk Control Panel window tflka Folder Options whslka tl
vn,a la,sla lrkak¡

fuúg olakg ,efnk Folder Options vhf,d.A fndlaia tflka View tab tl
f;dard.kak¡

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fuys we;s Show hidden files, folders and drives hk Option tl f;dard Bg miqj
Hide extension for known file types ys we;s yß ,l=K bj;Alr Bgmiqj Hide
Protected Operating system files ys yß ,l=K bj;Alr.kAk¡

fuúg Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh u.ska i`.jd;enQ Pagefile.sys *hs,A tl

oeln,d.; yelsfjhs¡

Virtual Memory iEfok ia:dkh fjkialr th jeälr.ekSu i|yd Desktop

tflys mj;sk Computer Icon tl Right click lr Properties fukq úOdkh
f;dard.kak¡

fuúg olakg ,efnk System Properties úkafvda tflys Advanced System

Settings link tl f;dard.kak¡

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fuúg System Properties vhf,d.A fndlaia tl olakg ,efnhs¡ bkamiq fuys we;s
Advanced geí tl f;dard tys olakg ,efnk Performance hgf;ys we;s Settings
nÜka tl la,sla l,hq;= fjhs¡

fuúg olakg ,efnk úkafvda tflys kej;;A Advanced f,i olakg ,efnk
geí tl f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡

fuu Virtual Memory Settings ilia lsÍu i|yd fuys olakg ,efnk Change…
nÜka tl la,sla l,hq;= fjhs¡ Tn C: Drive tflys iEfok Virtual Memory location

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tl fjkia lsÍug woyia lrkjdkï fuu Window tflys C: Partition tl f;dard

No paging file option tl f;dard Set nÜka tl la,sla lrkak¡

oeka D: Partition tl f;dard Custom Size hk Option tl f;dard Initial Size iy

Custom Size hk w.hka ,ndoS Set nÜka tl la,sla lr Computer tl Restart
l,hq;= fjhs¡

Windows fufyhqï moaO;sfhys olakg ,efnk Task Manager Application tl

yryd mß.Klfhys Memory Ndú;d lrk wdldrh ks.ukh lr.; yels fjhs¡
fuu window tl ,nd.ekSu i|yd Taskbar tflys ysia;ekl Right ClicK lr Start
Task Manager fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh l,hq;= fjhs¡ ke;fyd;A Ctrl + Alt +
Delete hk Shortcut tl Ndú;d l,hq;= fjhs¡

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How Memory Works

Memory Cards j, Memory Chip jYfhka oelsh yelsjk w;r tu chips j,
Columns iy Rows jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Column tlla iy Rows tlla
yuqjk ia:dkh Cell tlla jYfhka y÷kajk w;r fuu Memory cell tlla
Transistor tllska iy Capacitor tllska hqla; fjhs¡ fuu Cell tlla hkq 1bit
tllska hqla; fjhs¡ fuu Capacitors Charge ùu iy Discharge ùu 1 iy 0 hk
wdldrhg i,lñka o;A; Store lrkq ,nhs¡

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tu ksid fuu Transistor tl switch tlla jYfhka l%shdlrkq ,nhs¡ fuu

Capacitor tlla l=vd bucket tlla wdldrfhka l%shdlrkq ,nhs¡ fuu Memory Cell
tlla ;=, 1 .nvdlsÍu hkq bucket tl electrons j,ska msÍula isÿjk w;r 0
.nvdlsÍu hkq bucket tl ysiaj mj;skq ,nhs¡

Memory Reliability Protection

Memory yryd yqjudrejk Data fjkiaùï j,g Ndckh úh yel' tajd fjkiaùï
j,g Ndckh ù we;Ao iy tajd ksjeros lr.ekSu i|yd úúO Technologies Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ uq,ald,fhaoS Memory Cards Priority iy Non Priority f,i j¾.
follg fnod olajd we;' fuysoS merKs Memory Cards j, Data tll Error
tlla we;Akï th y÷kd.ekSfï yelshdj we;s w;r kuq;A ksjeros lr.ekSug
yelshdjla fkdue;' fuysoS bit 8 la hkq byte tllajk w;r byte tlla hkq tla
Character tlla fjhs¡ fuysoS 8 fjks bit tl Parity bit tl jYfhka y÷kajk w;r
b;sß bit 7 ys tl;=j T;Af;A ixLHdj kï Parity bit tl 1 f,i;A brÜfÜ ixLHdjla
kï Parity bit tl 0 f,i;A olajkq ,efnhs¡

tu.ska data tflys fjkiaùï we;Aoehs mÍlaId lrk w;r tfia fjkiaùï we;Akï
kej; tu Data tl f.kajd.kq ,nhs¡ Parity Memory Cards úfYAIfhkau Servers
j, oelshyels jk w;r Data mÍlaIdjg ,lalrk neúka ;rula ukao.dó fjhs¡
fïjk úg fuu technology tl Ndú;djkafka ke;' Parity Technology tl
Develop lr ECC Ram ks¾udKh lrk,oS¡ oekg wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Memory
Cards fldgia 4 lg fnod tkï ECC Technology tl wkqj fldgia 4 lg fnod
oelaúh yels fjhs¡

Non ECC RAM

fuu Memory Cards j,g Errors y÷kdf.k ksjeros lr.ekSfï yelshdjla

fkdue;s fjhs¡ fndfydaúg wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka fujeks Memory cards
fjhs¡ fuys Chips 8 .=Kdldr j,ska oelshyels fjhs¡ fuu ECC Ram iy Non ECC
Ram y÷kd.; yels m%Odk;u idOlh jkqfha Card tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Chip
m%udKh wkqj fjhs¡

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ECC RAM

merKs Technology tl Develop lr fuu Memory Card ks¾udKh lr we;' fuys

Memory Chip 9 ys .=Kdldr j,ska olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu Memory Cards j,g Errors y÷kdf.k Correct lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'
Error-correcting code memory flálr ECC f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fujeks
Memory Cards úfYAIfhkau Servers i|yd Ndú;d fjhs¡ Errors Check lsÍu i|yd
ld,hla .;jk neúka ukao.dó fjhs¡ fndfyda ÿrg fuu Memory Cards wmf.A
idudkH Desktop Motherboard j,g support lrkq fkd,nhs¡

Register ECC RAM

Register ECC Ram j, Memory Chip 9 g wu;rj fjku Memory Registerd Chip
tlla olakg ,efnhs¡ tu ksid Data buffer lrf.k Process lsÍfï yelshdj
we;s neúka ukao.dó ùula isÿfkdfjhs¡

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Fully Buffered ECC RAM

fuu Memory Cards o Registerd ECC Ram fukau jk w;r we;=,; path úYd,
m%udKhla ks¾udKh lr we;s neúka Register ECC Ram j,g jvd fõ.j;A fjhs¡

wm Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Memory fuu j¾. lsysmhlska tllg wh;A fjhs¡

Storage Capacity Terminology

Module Physical Form Factor

uq,Ald,fha Memory Cards wdldrfhka olakg fkd;snQ w;r Chips wdldrhg

Motherboard tl ;=,u olakg ,eìKs¡ tajd Update lsÍug wdosh isÿlsÍug
fkdyelsjQ w;r miqld,Skj Slot tlla ks¾udKhù Cards wdldrhg Memory
iïnkaO l,yels úh¡ kuq;A mqoa., mß.Kl ìysùug fmr wo olakg ,efnk
wdldrfha mß.Kl ksmoùug W;Aidyork ld,fhaoS mß.Klfhys u;lh i|yd
úúO Devices Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ j¾I 1837 jeks b;d wE; w;S;fhaoS tkï mß.Klh
;ekSug W;Aidy lrk wjêfhaoS mß.Klfhys u;lh jYfhka Punch Cards
Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ bka wk;=rej 1946 j¾IfhaoS mß.Klfhys u;lh jYfhka

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Williams tube Ndú;d lrk,o w;r m%dfhda.sl jYfhka m,uq Random Access
Memory tl jYfhka i,lk ,oafoa fuh fjhs¡ miqj fuhu ;jÿrg;A ixj¾Okh
lr Selectron tube tl y÷kajdÿka w;r fuys 256 bits m%udKhla .nvdlr
;nd.; yelsúh¡ bka wk;=rej mß.Klfhys u;lh jYfhka magnatic- core
memory Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ 1970 j¾IfhaoS muK Intel iud.u úiska jdKsc uÜgñka
,nd.;yels DRAM tlla ksIAmdokh l, w;r fuys Odß;djh 1024 byte fyj;A
1 Kilobyte muKúh¡ 1983 j¾IfhaoS muK Wang Laboratories iud.u úiska
SIMM wdldrfha Memory f,djg y÷kajdfok ,oS¡bka wk;=rej SAMSUNG
iud.u úiska 1993 j¾IfhaoS muK KM48SL2000 synchronous DRAM fyj;A
SDRAM y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ bka wk;=rej DDR, DDR2, DDR3 iy DDR4 Ram
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

30 Pin SIMM

Single In-line Memory Module hkak flá lrñka SIMM f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡
fuh m,uqjrg Wang laboratories hk iud.u úiska 1983 j¾IfhaoS y÷kajdfok
,oS¡ uq,Au RAM Card tlla jYfhka y÷kajkq ,enqfõo fuh fjhs¡ fuu SIMM
Circuit Board tl ;=, Memory Chip 6 ys isg 9 olajd olakg ,eìKs' fuu Memory
Card 286, 386 iy 486 hk mß.Kl j, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ Intel Pentium
compatible Processors iys; mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

fuu Memory Card ;=, pin 30 la olakg ,enqk w;r 1987-1995 olajd ld,fhaoS
jvd;A ckm%shù we;s w;r 256 KB j, isg 16 MB olajd úúO Capacity j,ska
olakg ,eìKs' wo jk úg SIMM fjkqjg DIMM Replace ù we;s neúka
j¾:udkfha mß.Kl ;=, Ndú;d fkdfjhs¡ my; rEmigyfkys olakg
,efnkafka 4MB SIMM Card tlla fjhs¡

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my; rEmigyfkys fuu 30 pin SIMM Cards Motherboard tlg iïnkaO lsÍug
Ndú;d lrk,o Slots j, rEmigykla olajd we;'

SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module)

72 Pin SIMM

32 pin Memory Card tlu ;jÿrg;A ixj¾Okh lr 72 pin SIMM Memory Card
tl y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuu Memory Card wdldrh 1995 isg 1998 ld,h olajd jeä
jYfhka Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

fuu wdldrfhys Memory Card 1MB j, isg 128 MB olajd Capacity j,ska olakg
,enqk w;r 486 mß.Klj, iy Pentium mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

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fuu Memory Card iïnkaO lsÍug Ndú;d lrk,o Motherboard tflys Slots
my; rEmigyfkka fmkajd we;'

SD RAM

Synchronous DRAM hkak flálr SD RAM jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh l,ska
y÷kajdoS ;snQ Memory Card j,g jvd by, fõ.hlska hqla;úh¡ fuu Memory
card wdldrh 1993 j¾Ifhys isg Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fuu Memory Card wdldrh
Dual In-line Memory Module tllajk neúka fome;Af;ysu we;s pin j,ska Data
Communicate l,yels neúka pin m%udKh i|yka lsÍfïoS fome;Af;ysu we;s
pin j, tl;=j i,ldne,sh hq;=fjhs¡ tkï fuysoS fome;Af;ysu we;s pin j,ska
Data Communicate lsÍu l,yels fjhs¡ fuu RAM wdldrh 2000 j¾Ih olajd
Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ jvd;A ckm%shjQ Memory Card wdldrfhys pin 168 la olakg
,eìKs' Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III iy Pentium IV hk mß.Klj, fuu
RAM wdldrh Ndú;d lrk,oS¡

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fuu Memory Card wdldrfhys Model Standard wdldr ;=kla olakg ,eìKs'

Model Standard Speed

PC66 66MHz
PC100 100MHz
PC133 133MHZ

fuu Memory Card iïnkaO lsÍug Motherboard tflys Ndú;d lrk,o Slot
tflys Notch 2 la olakg ,enqk neúka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsúh¡

tfukau fuu slot tlg iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Memory Card j,o Bg wkql+,jk
f,ig Notch folla olakg ,efnk neúka wfkla Memory Card j,ska
myiqfjka fjkalr y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡

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tfukau Motherboard tflys RAM Slot tflys Notch tl wdikakfhys 3.3V

f,i olakg ,eîfukao myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡

fuu wdldrfha Memory Card 8 MB j, isg 2 GB olajdhk w.hka j,ska ,nd.;

yelsúh¡ fujeks SD Ram card tlla slot tlg iïnkaO lsÍfïoS tu Notch fol
;sfnk wdldrhg Memory Card tl yrjd Slot tl fomi we;s lock fol w;ska
;,A¨lr unlock lr Card foflys chip iam¾I fkdjk wdldrhg w,A,d u|la
;ol, hq;=fjhs¡ fuúg fomi we;s Ejector tab o iajhxl%Shju lock ùu isÿfjhs¡

tfukau RAM Card tl .,jd bj;Alrk úgoSo fomi we;s Ejector tab w;ska ;olr
fomig ;,A¨lr unlock lrf.k isáh hq;=fjhs

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my; rEmigyfkys 512MB SDR wdldrfha RAM card tll rEmigykla olajd
we;'

fujeks Memory Card tflys Model Standard tl print lr ;sîfukao SD RAM

Card tllao hk nj y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

fuys PC100 f,i Print lr ;sfnk w;r fuys 100 hkq Model Standard tl jk
w;r fujeks Model Standard tlla olakg ,efnkafka SD RAM j, neúka SDR
Ram Card tlla fjhs¡

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fuu SDR Ram Card tflys PC133 f,i Print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnk w;r
fuys PC133 hkq Model Standard tl neúka fuh SDR Ram card tlla f,i
;SrKh l, yels fjhs¡

by; rEmfhys we;s SDR Ram Card tflys KTC-EN133/128 CE f,i print lr
;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys 133 hkq Model Standard tl jk w;r tu ksid
fuh SDR Ram Card tlla jk w;r Capacity tl 128 MB fjhs¡

Memory Architecturer
uq,Ald,fhaoS
Memory
Northbridge tl
u.ska md,kh l,
w;r fïjk úg fuh
Processor tl u.ska
md,kh lrkq ,nhs¡
Processors tl iy
Memory w;r Path
tl Memory Bus tl
jYfhka ye|skf a jhs¡

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Motherboard tflys Memory Slots i|yd Memory Card iïnkaO lsÍfïoS

Memory Bus Speed tl iy Memory Card tflys Bus Speed tl iudkúh
hq;=fjhs¡ Motherboard tlg Support lrk Bus Speed tl Motherboard tflys
Manual tflys oelsh yelsjk w;r fndfydaúg Memory Card tflys wod, Speed
tl i|yka lr we;'

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by; Motherboard tflys Manual tlg wkqj fuu Motherboard tl i|yd DDR
III wdldrfhys 1600MHz/1333MHz/1066MHz hk Memory Speed iys; RAM
cards support lrkq ,nhs¡
fuh wm my; WodyrKh weiqfrka f;Areï .ksuq¡

fuu Motherboard tflys RAM Slot 4 la olakg ,efnk w;r fuu

Motherboard tl Wmßu jYfhka 2 GB olajd support lrkq ,nk w;r
100MHz/133 MHz hk speed tl iys; Memory Cards support lrkq ,nhs¡
fuysoS by; fldgqlrk,o lsisÿ RAM Card tlla fuu Motherboard tl i|yd
support lrkq fkd,nhs¡ idudkHfhka Motherboard tl Memory Support
lrkjdlshd hkqfjka woyia lrkq ,nkafka ;ks ;ks Slot tlla jYfhka fkdj
iïmQ¾K Slots m%udKhu support lrkq ,nk m%udKh fjhs¡ tu ksid fuu
Motherboard tflys Slot 4 la olakg ,efnk neúka tl Slot tlla Wmßu
jYfhka Support lrkq ,nkafka 512 MB fjhs¡ ^uq¿ Support lrkq ,nk Capacity
tl Slot .Kfkka fn¥úgoS tl slot tlla support lrkq ,nk m%udKh ;SrKh
lr.; yels fjhs¡ tu ksid 3 fjks iy 4 fjks RAM Cards tu Odß;djh
blaujdhk neúka support lrkq fkd,nhs¡ wjidk RAM Card tflys Bus Speed
tl iudk fkdjk neúka support lrkq fkd,nhs¡ fuu Memory Card Ndú;d
lrñka ,nd.; yels Wmßu RAM Capacity tl jkqfha 768 MB fjhs¡

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Motherboard tllg Memory Card iïnkaO lsÍfïoS ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= lreKq

 Slot tl .e,msh hq;=fjhs¡

SDR, DDR, DDR II, DDR III hk Ram Card j, Notch tl msysá ia:dkh tlsfklg
fjkiajk neúka wksjd¾fhkau Motherboard tflys we;s Slot tlgu .e,fmku
RAM Card tl f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡

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 Memory Bus Speed .e,msh hq;=fjhs¡

 Slot tflys Maximum Memory Limit tl blaujd fkdhd hq;=h¡

 Memory Upgrade lsÍfïoS oekg mj;sk Memory Card tflys Speed tlg
iudk Speed tlla iys; Memory Card iïnkaO lsÍug j. n,d.; hq;=h¡
 ECC, REEC, FREEC Memory Card ñ,oS.ekSfïoS Motherboard tl Support
lrkjdoehs fidhdne,Su¡

^by; i|yka lrk,o lreKq ógmiq bf.k.kakd iEu Memory Card tllgu
wod, fjhs¡)

RIMM Memory Card

fuu RAM Card wdldrh Kingston Technology Corp iud.u úiska y÷kajdfok
,oaolaúh¡ fuu Memory Card wdldrfhys Performance by, uÜgul mej;sho
kuq;A ñ, wêl ksid jvd;A
ckm%shjQfha ke;' fuys pin 184 la
olakg ,enqk w;r 2000 iy 2000 hk
ld,fhaoS jvd;A ckm%h
s úh¡ Pentium III
iy Pentium IV hk mß.Kl j,oS
Ndú;d lrk,oS¡ fuu RAM Card
wdldrfhys wfkla RAM Card j,
fuka fkdj Notch fol b;d
wdikakfhys olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys
we;s wfkla wjdishkï Memory Card
iïnkaO lr ke;s Slot j,g RIMM
Dummy Cards iïnkaO l,hq;= úh¡

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fuys Notch fol wdikakfhys olakg ,efnk neúka wfkla Memory card
wdldrj,ska myiqfjka fjkalr .; y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡

Non ECC Memory Cards j, Bus Speed tl 800 MHz muKúh¡

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DDR - Double Data Rate

2001 iy 2005 hk ld, jljdkqfõoS fuu Memory Card jvd;A ckm%shjQ w;r
128 MB j, isg 2 GB olajd Memory Capacity j,ska ,nd.; yelsúh¡ fuu.ska tl
signal tllska Data folla heùug yelshdj ,ndf.k we;' fuys Model
Standard tl PC j,ska wdrïN fjhs'

fuu Memory Card iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Slot tflys Notch tl wdikakfhys
2.5 V f,i i|yka lr ;sîfukao myiqfjka y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡ tfukau Notch
tl yß ueoska fnoS fkd;sîfukao myiqfjka fjkalr y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡

DDR Memory Card j, Model Standard tlg wod, Speed tl wm úiska oek
isáhhq;= fjhs¡

my; i|yka Memory Card tflys Model Standard tl jYfhka PC2100

jYfhka Print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnk w;r fuh DDR Model Standard tlla
neúka DDR Memory Card tlla nj ;SrKh l, yels fjhs¡

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my; rEmigyfkys fmkajd we;s Memory Card tflys Model Standard tl f,i
PC3200 f,i olakg ,efnk w;r 3200 hkq DDR Model Standard tlla neúka
fuh DDR wdldrfha Memory Card tlla fjhs¡

my; rEmigyfkys we;s Memory Card tflys PC2700 f,i Print lr ;sfnkq
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh DDR j,g wh;A Model Standard tlla neúka DDR Memory
Card tlla fjhs¡

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DDR II Memory Card

2005 j¾Ifhys isg 2008 j¾Ih olajd jvd;A ckms%h úh¡ double data rate two
hkak flálr DDR 2 f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh DDR Ram Card j¾.fhys Second
Generation tl jYfhka y÷kajk w;r 2003 j¾Ifhys iema;eïn¾ ui
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ DDR j,g idfmalaIj by, bandwidth tlla" l%shdlsÍfïoS wvq
úÿ,shla fukau W;Amdokh lrkq ,nk Heat tlo wju úh¡ fuh DDR Memory
Slot i|yd wkql+,;djhla fkdolajk njo u;l ;nd.; hq;=fjhs¡

fuys Model Standard tl PC 2 j,ska wdrïNùu isÿfjhs¡ Kingston iud.u úiska

ksIAmdokh lrkq ,nk Memory Card j, fndfyda úg my; oelafjk wdldrhg
uqøKh lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

KVR667D2N5/1G

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fuys 667 hkq Memory Card tflys Speed tl jk w;r D2 hkqfjka woyia lrkq
,nkafka DDR 2 hkak fjhs¡ 1G hkq Memory Card tflys Capacity tl fjhs¡
tkï Capacity tl 1 GB fjhs¡ fuu Memory Card iïnkaO lrkq ,nk Slot
tflys Voltage tl 1.8 V f,i i|yka lr ;sîfukao myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels
fjhs¡

by; i|yka Kingston Memory Card tflys KVR800D2N6/2G f,i uqøKh lr

;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys 800 hkq Memory Card tflys Speed tl jk w;r
D2 hkq DDR 2 hkak jk w;r 2G hkq Capacity tl 2 GB hkak fjhs¡ DDR II
Memory Card j, Model Standard iy Bg wod, fõ.hka my;ska bosßm;A lr
we;'

my; rEmigyfkys we;s Memory Card tflys PC2 f,i uqøKh lr ;sîfuka
fuh DDR 2 j¾.fhys Memory Card tlla jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡

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my; rEmigyfkys olakg ,efnk Memory Card j,o PC 2 hkqfjka uqøKh lr

;sîfukao DDR 2 Memory Card tlla jYfhka y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡

DDR III Memory Card

2008 j¾Ifhys isg 2014 j¾Ih olajd fuh jvd;A ckm%sh úh¡ double data rate
three hkak flálr DDR 3 f,ig y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh 2007 j¾Ifhys
y÷kajdfok ,oS¡ fuys Bus Speed tl 400 MHz j, isg 1066 MHz olajd
fõ.j,ska olakg ,eìKs¡ tfukau Capacity tl 1 GB j, isg 24 GB olajd
,nd.; yelsúh¡ tfukau DDR 2 j,g jvd 30% l muK wvq úÿ,s n,hla wjYHúh¡
Desktop mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrkq ,nk RAM Cards j, pin 240 la olakg
,eìKs¡ tfukau Laptop j¾.fha mß.Klj, Ndú;d lrkq ,nk Memory Card
j, pin 204 olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu DDR 3 Memory Card DDR 2 i|yd backward
compatible fkdjk njo isys;nd.; hq;=h¡ Motherboard tflys RAM Slot
tflys Voltage tl 1.5 V f,i i|yka lr ;sîfukao Slot tl myiqfjka fjkalr
y÷kd.; yelsfjhs¡ fuys Model Standard iy Bg wod, fõ.hka my;ska bosßm;A
lr we;'

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fuu wdldrfhys Memory Card j, Model Standard tl PC 3 j,ska wdrïN fjhs'

by; i|yka Memory Card tflys KVR1333D3N9/4G f,i uqøKh lr ;sfnkq

olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys 1333 hkq Memory Card tflys Speed tl jk w;r D3 hkq
DDR III hkak jk w;r 4G hkq Capacity tl 4 GB hkak fjhs¡

by; Memory Card tflys PC 3 f,i uqøKh lr ;sîfuka fuh DDR III j¾.fha
Memory Card tlla jYfhka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ tfukau Memory Card
tflys Speed tl 1333 MHz fjhs¡ Capacity tl 4 GB fjhs¡

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by; Memory Card tflys PC3 f,i uqøKh lr ;sîfuka DDR III j¾.fha
Memory Card tlla njg ;SrKh l,yels fjhs¡ tfukau Memory Card tflys
Speed tl 1600 MHz jk w;r Capacity tl 8 GB fjhs¡

DDR 4 Memory Card

2014 j¾Ifhys isg fï olajd fuu wdldrfha Memory Cards Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
fuys pin 284 la olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys Model Standard tl PC 4 j,ska wdrïNùu
isÿfjhs' fuu DDR 4 j¾.fhys RAM Card j, Voltage tl 1.2 V muK fjhs¡

fuu DDR 4 j¾.fhys Memory Card j, Model Standard my;ska bosßm;A lr

we;'

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DDR Ram Generation j,oS Generation tflka Generation tlg Voltage tl

;jÿrg;A wvqlr.ksñka Performance jeälr.ksñka Capacity tl jeälr.ksñka
Develop ù we;' Memory Channel 2 lska Channel 3 lska" Channel 4 lska
Processor tl iu`. Communicate lrkq ,efnhs¡ fuysoS tu Slot j, we;s Colors
j,g wkqj Memory Cards iïnkaO lsÍu iqÿiq fjhs¡

Memory Faults

 Display fkdue;s ùu'

 Computer tl boot ù Windows Load fkdù Stuck ùu'
 Windows Load fjk wjia:dfõoS fyda jevlrñka isák wjia:dfõoS Blue
Screen tlla olakg ,eîu¡

 NTLDR Missing f,i fndfydaúg Windows XP j,oS olakg ,eîu¡

 Windows Install lrk wjia:dfõoS Files Copy lsÍug bv ,nd fkdoSu¡

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 Onboard VGA ;sfnk wjia:dfõoS Screen tflys Vertically fyda

Horizontally Lines olakg ,eîu¡

 Computer tl Load jk wjia:dfõoS fyda jevlrñka isákúg Restart ùu¡

 jevlrñka isákúg Applications j, Error Message tlla ,ndoS jeiShdu¡

by; Faults oelshyels kï tajd Computer Memory ksid fukau fjk;A fya;=
ksido we;s úh yel' by; Faults oelsh yels jqjfyd;A Memory Card tl .,jd
Slot tl clean lr kej;;A iïnkaO l,hq;= w;r ke;fyd;A Memory Card tl
fjkqjg fjk;A Memory Card tlla replace l,hq;= fjhs¡

Created By: S.Wajira Madushanka P a g e | 34

DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

BASIC TOOLS REQUIREMENT

FOR A COMPUTER
TECHNICIAN
Disapamok Online IT Academy

Created by : S.Wajira Madushanka 2|Page

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fyd|hs .shjr wjia:dfõoS wm b;sß Expansion Cards iy tajd iïnkaO lsÍug

Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Expansion Slots ms,sn|j ieflúka idlÉPd
lf,uq¡ fyd|hs wms wo Motherboard tl ;=, olakg ,efnk fuu Expansion
Slot j,g Expansion Card tlla ksjerosj iïnkaO lrkafka flfiao lshd n,uq¡
fuf,i Expansion Card tlla Motherboard tllg iúlsÍfïoS Bg wod,
ksjerosu l%ufõohu wkq.ukh l,hq;= w;r tfia fkdjqk fyd;A Motherboard
tlg fyda Expansion Card tlg ydks ùug neß ke;'

fuf,i lsishï Expansion Slot tllg Expansion Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS
tu Slot tlg iyh olajk ksjerosu Expansion Card wdldrh f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡
fyd|hs merKs Motherboard tll ISA Slot tllg ISA Expansion Card tllaa
iïnkaO lsÍfïoS m,uqj th ISA Card tlla njg y÷kd.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuu ISA
Card tlla ie,l+úg wfkl=;A Expansion Card w;=frka myiqfjka y÷kd.;
yelafla tu Card tl Slot tl iïnkaOjk pin j, iaNdjh wOHhkh lsÍfuks¡
idudkHfhka ISA Card tll ISA Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin j, iaNdjh ie,l+úg
th wfkl=;A Expansion Card j, Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin j,g jvd ;rula
uy; iaNdjhlska hqla; fjhs¡

idudkHfhka Motherboard tflys os.u Expansion Slot tl jYfhka olakg

,enqfka o ISA Slot tl jk w;r fuh fndfyda úg l¿ mdg j¾Kfhka ksIAmdokh
lr ;snQ ksid myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels úh¡

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idudkHfhka fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, AGP Slot iy PCI Express Slot

ie,l+úg tys Expansion Card tl iïnkaO lsÍug m%:ufhka tys we;s Lock tl
újr lr ;eìh hq;= fjhs¡ kuq;A idudkHfhka ISA Slot j, tjeks ndysr Lock
tlla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ Motherboard tl Casine tflka msg;g f.k ISA Card
tlla Install lrkúgoS m,uqj Motherboard tl >Klu Sponge tlla u;
;nd.; hq;= fjhs¡ fuf,i Motherboard tl fyda tys Components fukau ISA
Expansion Card iam¾I lsÍug m%:ufhka wm ;=, mj;sk ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A
lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuu ia:s;s úoHq;h ksid Motherboard tflys path damage
ùug we;s iïNdú;djh by, fjhs¡ fuu ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A lsÍu i|yd
m%:ufhka m,uqj msßisÿ carpet tll fomd ;oska w;=,A,d u| fõ,djla f,day
hula iam¾I lrkak¡ bka wk;=rej Expansion Card tl Install lsÍug lghq;=
lrkak¡

ke;fyd;A wrist strap tlla m,uqfjkau me,|f.k isákak¡

fyd|hs ´kEu Expansion Card tlla install lsÍug m%:ufhka Motherboard tl

desk tll sponge tlla u; ;eîfuka wk;=rej iDcqj isg.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka
Motherboard tflys I/O Ports bosßhg ;sfnk mßos Expansion Slot ;sfnk
m%foaYh ;ud fj; ,x lr.kak¡ fuysoS ISA Slot tflys 16 bit slot tflys Notch
tlla olakg ,efnk w;r fuu Notch tl Port msysgk me;Af;ys isg w`.,A 3.5
lska olakg ,efnhs¡ oeka ISA Card tlo tu me;A;g msysgk mßos yrjd Card tl
isriaj Card tflys by,ska w,A,d.kak¡

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fuu ISA Slot Motherboard tflys fl,jfrys olakg ,efnk neúka Card tl
Slot tlg iïnkaO lrkúgoS Motherboard tflys wfkla fl,jr by,hdyels
neúka ISA Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard tflys w;ska Wvg f;rmñka
Card tl isriaj ;sfnk mßos msysgqjd uola ;oska f;rmSula isÿlrkak¡

ISA Card tlla Slot tflka bj;A lrkúgoSo tljru iDcqj by,g weoSu
isÿfkdl,hq;= w;r fmr mßosu ISA Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard tflys
w;ska ;o lr wfkla wf;ka ISA Card tflys tla fl,jrlska by,g weo bkamiq
wfkla fl,jfrka by,g weo Card tl moaoñka bj;A lr.kak¡

PIC Expansion Card tlla Install lsÍu iy Uninstall lsÍu isÿlrkq ,nkafkao by;
wdldrhgu fjhs¡ ukao PCI Slot tflyso AGP fyda PCI Express Slot j, fuka lock
tlla olakg fkd,efnk neúks¡ PCI Expansion Card tlla o AGP iy PCI
Express card tllska myiqfjka fjkalr.ekSu i|yd Slot tlg iïnkaOjk pin
j, iaNdjh Wmfhda.S lr.; yels fjhs¡ PCI iy PCI Express Card j, tu pin
tlu rgdjlg msyá s ho PCI card j, tu pin ;rul os. iaNdjhla .kq ,nhs¡ AGP
Card j, pin fjkiau rgdjl iaNdjhla .kq ,nhs¡

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fuu PCI Slot ie,l+úg ISA Slot fuka fl,jfrys fkdj ;rula ueog jkakg
olakg ,efnhs¡ tu ksid ISA Card install lrkúgoS fuka Motherboard tl w;ska
by,g f;rmSula wkjYH fjhs¡

fuysoS o PCI Slot tflys Notch tl ;sfnk foig wkql+,jk f,ig Expansion
Card tl yrjd Card tl isriaj ;sfnk mßos msysgqjd uola ;oska f;rmSula
isÿlrkak¡ PCI Card tlla Slot tflka bj;A lrkúgoSo tljru iDcqj by,g
weoSu isÿfkdl,hq;= w;r fmr mßosu PCI Slot ;sfnk m%foaYfhys Motherboard
tflys w;ska ;o lr wfkla wf;ka w;ska PCI Card tflys tla fl,jrlska
by,g weo bkamiq wfkla fl,jfrka by,g weo Card tl moaoñka bj;A
lr.kak¡

fyd|hs AGP Slot tllg Graphic Card tlla iïnkaO lrk úgoS tu AGP
Graphic Card tys pin j, iaNdjh wOHhkh lsÍfuka myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels
fjhs¡

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AGP Slot ie,l+ úg AGP 3.3v, AGP 1.5v iy Universal f,i wdldr ;=kla olakg
,efnhs¡

iuyr AGP Slot ;=, fl,jfrys lock tlla olakg ,efnk w;r iuyr AGP Slot
;=, fl,jfrys lock tlla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ Tnf.A Motherboard tflys
olakg ,efnkafka 3.3 v iys; slot tlla kï Bgu .e,fmk AGP Graphic Card
tlla f;dard.; hq;f = jhs¡ ke;fyd;A Universal VGA Card tlla f;dard.;
hq;=fjhs¡ 1.5 v iys; slot tlla kï Bgu .e,fmk AGP Graphic Card tlla fyda A
Universal VGA Card tlla f;dard.; hq;=fjhs¡ Universal Slot tlla kï wdldr
;=fkysu VGA Card support lrkq ,nhs¡

Created by : S.Wajira Madushanka 7|Page

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iuyr Motherboard ksIAmdolhkaf.A AGP Slot tflys fl,jr lock tlla olakg
,efnhs¡

by; rEmigyfkys olajd we;Af;A tjeks lock tlla iys; AGP slot tlls¡ fuu
wdldrfha slot tllg AGP Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS m,uqj fuu lock tl
msgqmig lr VGA Card tl slot tlg iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡ VGA Card tl ksjerosj
slot tlg iïnkaO lr ;ol,úg fuh lock ùu isÿfjhs¡ fuh fndfyda ÿrg Ram
Slot tflys lock tlg iudk fjhs¡ kej;;A VGA Card .,jd bj;A lrk úgoS fuu
lock tl msgqmig lr VGA Card .,jd bj;A l,hq;= fjhs¡ Card tl iïnkaO
lrkúgoS o Slot tflys Notch tl ;sfnk foig wkql+,jk mßos Card tl yrjd
iïnkaO lsÍug j.n,d.kak¡

PCI Express Slot tl ie,l+úg idudkHfhka x1 , x4 iy x8 Slot idudkHfhka PCI

Slot fuka lock tlla fkdue;s idudkH slot tlla wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

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kuq;A VGA Card i|ydu ks¾udKh lr we;s PCI Express x16 slot tl ;=, tys
fl,jfrys l=vd lock tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

tu ksid PCI Express x16 slot tllg VGA Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS b;du;a
iqmÍlaIdldÍ úhhq;=h¡ úfYAIfhkau VGA Card tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS th unlock
lr.kakd wdldrh oek isàu w;HjYH fjhs¡ idudkHfhka x1 slot tl ie,l+ úg
th os.ska wvqu PCI Express slot tl ksid myiqfjka y÷kd.; yels fjhs¡ tfukau
fndfyduhla Motherboard ;=, x1 slot hkak print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

fuysoS o x1 slot tflys Notch yß ueoska ;sfnk wdldrhg fmkqko th jï

me;Af;ka ;rul jeä bvla .ksñka Notch tl msysgd ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡
tu ksid m,uqj Motherboard tflys I/O Ports bosßhg ;sfnk mßos Expansion

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Slot ;sfnk m%foaYh ;ud fj; ,x lr m,uqj Notch tlg wkql+, jk mßos Card
tl yrjd fmr mßos Expansion Slot tlg iïnkaO l,hq;= fjhs¡

.,jd bj;A lrkúgoSo Motherboard tflys ueog jkakg úfYAIfhkau wksl=;A

Slot u; w; ;nd Card tflys tla fl,jrlska nqre,alr bkamiq wfkl=;A mi;A
nqre,Alr Card tl moaoñka bj;A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ PCI Express x4 Slot tl ie,l+úg
o tys Notch tl ;sfnk ;ekg wkql+, jk mßos Card tl yrjd Install l,hq;=
fjhs¡

x8 slot tlg o Expansion Card tlla install lrkúgoSo by; l%uhu wkq.ukh
l, yel'

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iuyrla Motherboard j, PCI x1 slot tl fyda x4 tflys ol=Kqmi fl,jr újD;

lr print lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡ fuúg tu PCI Slot i|yd x8 fyda x16 Card
tlla jqjo install l, yels w;r ,nd.; yelafla x1 fyda x4 slot tflys
performance fjhs¡

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fuu PCI Express x16 slot tlg VGA Card tlla iïnkaO lsÍfïoS tys mj;sk lock
tl ms,sn|j ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= nj wm uq,skq;A Tng isysm;A l,d u;l we;s¡
fuu PCI express slot ie,l+úg tys fuu lock wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡

Lock Type 1

VGA Card tl install lsÍug m%:ufhka fuu slot tflys fmkajd ;sfnk osYdjg
tu lock tl ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡ bkamiq x1 ysoS i|yka l, Wmfoia ms,smosñka card
tl install l, miq lock tl uq,a msysàug ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

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Lock Type 2

fuysoS idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r Card tl .,jd
bj;AlsÍfïoS by; rEmfha mßos B;,fha msysá osYdjg tu lock tflys fldgi
w;ska ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

Lock Type 3

fuysoS o idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r Card tl .,jd
bj;AlsÍfïoS by; rEmfha mßos B;,fha msysá osYdjg tu lock tflys fldgi
w;ska ;,A¨ l,hq;= fjhs¡

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Lock Type 4

fuysoS idudkH wdldrhg VGA Card tl install l,hq;= w;r VGA Card tl .,jd
bj;A lrkúgoS m,uqj by; rEmigyfkys B;,h we;s foig ;,A¨ lrkak¡

Lock Type 5

fuysoS o fmr mßosu isriaj VGA Card tl install lrkak¡ VGA Card tl .,jd
bj;A lsÍfïoS rEmigyfkys B;,h ;sfnk foig we`.s,A,lska ;,A¨ lrkak'

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Lock Type 6

fuu Slot wdldrfhys Lock tlla f,i úfYAIfhka olakg fkd,efnk w;r
idudkH wdldrhg isriaj VGA Card tl install lrkak¡ VGA Card tl .,jd bj;A
lrkúgoS tla milska isriaj mj;sk f,ig nqre,a lr wfkla mi Bg miqj nqre,A
lr fomig moaoñka VGA Card tl .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq System Unit tl ;=, we;s PCI, AGP fyda PCI Express card
tlla .,jd bj;A lr.kq ,nkafka flfiao lshd¡ fï i|yd m,uqj isÿl,hq;Af;A
wm i;=j mj;sk ia:s;s úoHq;h bj;A lr.ekSuhs¡ bka wk;=rej grounding strap
tlla me,|.kak¡ fuf,i System Unit tl ;=, we;s Expansion Card tlla .,jd
bj;A lsÍug fmr m,uqj mß.Klh turn off lr.ekSu l,hq;= fjhs¡ fuf,i
turn off lsÍfuka wk;=rej System Unit tlg n,h iemfhk power cord tl
we;=¿ wfkl=;A ish¿u Cables .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

oeka fuu System Unit tl" iDcqj isg.;Aúg Expansion Card tl .,jd bj;A
l,yels mßos fïihla u; ;nd.kak¡ ukao Expansion Card install lrkúgoS
fukau .,jd bj;A lrk úgoSo iDcqj isg.; hq;=fjhs¡

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fuf,i System unit tl fïih u; ;nd.; hq;Af;A side panel by,g ;sfnk
wdldrhg fjhs¡ oeka m,uqj side panel tl .,jd bj;A l,hq;= fjhs¡
idudkHfhka assemble pc j,oS kï fndfyda úg fuu side panel tl .,jd
bj;Alrk wdldrh tlu fjhs¡ tkï casine tflys msgqmi we;s screws bj;Alr
fuu side panel tflys ueoska msgqmig f;rmd by,g tiúh hq;=fjhs¡

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Dell, IBM iy HP jeks branded pc j,oS fuh ;rula fjkia iajrEmhla .kq ,nhs¡

fuf,i side panel tl .,jd bj;A l,úg system unit tl ;=, we;s
Motherboard tl iy thg iïnkaO lr we;s Expansion Cards wdosh olakg
,efnhs¡

fuf,i Expansion Card .,jd bj;A lrkúgoS tys slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold
plated connectors w;ska iam¾I fkdlsÍug j.n,d .;hq;= fjhs¡ fuys ,sysis
øjHhla fyda wmú;%ùula isÿjqjfyd;A gold plated connectors úLdokh ùug neß

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ke;' fuu Expansion card tlg msg;ska wire connect lr we;Akï tajdo
bj;Alr.; hq;=fjhs¡ we;=,;ska Expansion card tlg wire connect lr we;Akï
tajdo bj;Alr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka Casine tlg fuu Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s
screws .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s Screws bj;A lsÍfuka miq fuu Expansion Card tflys
back metal fldgig w; ;nd wfkla w; Expansion Card tflys wfkla
fl,jßka w,a,df.k back metal fldgig w; ;nd by,g ;,A¨lrñka Card
tflys tu me;A; nqre,A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka Card tflys wfkla fl,jßka
w,a,df.k isá w;ska Card tflys tu me;A; nqre,Alr Card tl m%fõYfuka
bj;Alr .;hq;= fjhs¡

oeka fuu bj;Alr.;A Expansion Card tl antistatic bag tlla ;=, ;ekam;A lr
;nd.; hq;=fjhs¡

PCI Express Slot x16 tll we;s VGA Card tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS ;rula m%fõYï
úhhq;= fjhs¡ fuysoS o i|yka l,hq;= úfYAIu lreK jkqfha Expansion Card tl

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.,jd bj;A lrkúgoS tys slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold plated connectors w;ska
iam¾I fkdlsÍug j.n,d .ekSuhs¡ fuu Card tl .,jd bj;A l,miq th metal
back plate fldgiska w,A,d.ekSug j.n,d.kak¡ PCI Express Card tlla .,jd
bj;A lrkúgoS fmr mßosu msg;ska wire connect lr we;Akï tajdo bj;Alr.;
hq;=fjhs¡ tfukau Nvidia GForce jeks advanced VGA Card tllg we;=,;ska
power supply tflka fjku current tl ,ndfok neúka m,uqj tajdo bj;A
lr.kak¡

Card tl iïnkaO lr we;s Screws bj;A lsÍfuka miq fuu Expansion Card tflys
back metal fldgig w; ;nd wfkla w; Expansion Card tflys wfkla
fl,jßka w,a,df.k back metal fldgig w; ;nd by,g ;,A¨lrñka Card
tflys tu me;A; nqre,A lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ oeka PCI Express slot tflys olakg
,efnk lock tl ksjerosj unlock lrk w;r;=r wfkla w;ska m%fõYfuka Card tl
slot tflka bj;g .kak¡ fuu lock tl fndfyda úg by;ska i|yka lrk,o lock
wdldrhlska tllaúh yel'

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Tfí mß.Klhg w¿;A Expansion Card tlla install
lr.kafka flfiao lshd¡ fuysoS by; Expansion Slot tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS side
panel tl .,jd bj;Alrk f;la wkq.ukh lrk,o mshjr ta wdldrfhka
wkq.ukh lrkak¡ fuysoS m,uqj Tn install lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= jk slot tl
y÷kd.; hq;=fjhs¡ ukao Bg wkql+,jk metal bracket slot cover tl casine
tflka bj;Al,hq;= neúks¡ Tn install lrkq ,nkafka PCI Expansion Card tlla
kï Motherboard tflys PCI Slot lsysmhla olakg ,efnkúg thska ´kEu slot
tllg Expansion card tl install l,yels fjhs¡ Expansion Slot tl y÷kd.;A miq

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tu slot tlg bosßfhka casine tflys olakg ,efnk metal bracket slot cover
fldgi .,jd bj;A lr.kak¡

oeka antistatic bag tl ;=, we;s Expansion Card tl m%fõYfuka t,shg .kak¡
fuysoS lsisu úgl;A slot tlg iïnkaOjk gold plated connectors w;ska iam¾I
fkdlsÍug j.n,d .kak¡ Card tl iam¾I lrkúg metal back plate tflka
iam¾I lsÍug j.n,d.kak¡ oeka slot tflys notch tl ;sfnk foig Card tl
yrjd yßhgu wxYl 90 lg ;sfnk mßos slot tl wdikakhg card tl isriaj
,xlr.kak¡ fuysoS card tflys mj;sk external connectors casine tflys bj;A
lrk,o metal bracket slot cover fldgfika msg;g meñK we;Aoehs ;yjre
lr.kak¡

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oeka idudkH mSvkhla fhdoñka slot tlg card tl isriaj connect lr.kak¡ oeka
screw fhdod tu card tl casine tlg iïnkaO lr.kak¡

oeka power cord iy wfkl=;A cables connect lr mß.Klh boot lr fuu

connect lrk,o Expansion card tlg wod, drivers install lr.kak¡

mß.Klhl Display ,nd.ekSu i|yd wjYH uQ,sl fldgia

 Motherboard
 Processor
 RAM Card
 VGA Card
 Power Supply Unit
 Monitor

mß.Klhla boot l,úg Monitor tl ;=, lsisÿ f;dr;=rla Display fkdfõkï

thg fya;=j by; i|yka device yfhka tlla úh yel' fuhska fail ùug wvqu
iïNdú;djhla we;Af;A Processor tl jk w;r B,`.g fail ùug wvqu
iïNdú;djhla we;Af;A Monitor tl fjhs¡

fuu RAM Card tflys iy VGA Card j, fodaIhla we;súgoS ta nj wkqudk

lr.ekSu i|yd mß.Klfhka ksl=;Ajk beep y`v Wmfhda.S lr.; yels fjhs¡ fï
i|yd Motherboard tflys buzzer tl l%shdldÍ;Ajfha mej;sh hq;=fjhs¡ buzzer

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tlla olakg fkd,efí kï buzzer tlla ñ,oS f.k th ksjerosj Motherboard

tflys Front Panel tlg ksjerosj connect lr.kak'

mß.Klh boot l,úg Monitor tflys lsisÿ Display tlla olakg fkd,eî
fkdkj;Ajd flá beep y`vj,A ksl=;A lrhs kï fndfyda úg th RAM Card tflys
fodaIhla f,ig ;SrKh l, yel' kuq;A Tn u;l ;nd.;hq;= úfYAIu lreK
jkqfha Motherboard tflys BIOS j¾.h wkqj RAM fodaI i|yd ksl=;Ajk beep
y`vj,A fjkiaùu isÿúh yel' tfukau Motherboard tflys wl%sh RAM Slot
tllg RAM Card tlla iïnkaO lr we;súgoSo Display tlla ,ndfkdoSu isÿfjhs¡

Video Card tflys fodaIhla we;súgoSo BIOS u.ska beep y`vla ksl=;A lrkq ,nhs¡
fuh fndfyda úg os. beep y`vlska miqj flá beep y`vla ksl=;A lrkq ,nhs¡

Monitor tflys fodaIhla we;s úgoSo fndfyda úg Display tlla ,ndfkdoSu

isÿlrkq ,nhs¡

Power Supply Unit tlo l%shdldÍ;Ajhla ke;súgoSo mß.Klfhys Display tlla

,ndfkdoSu isÿlrkq fkd,nhs' mß.Klh ksjerosj úÿ,shg iïnkaO lr
mß.Klh boot l, úg tys mj;sk fan tl lrlefjk y`vla fkdwefiakï bka
wkqudk l,yelafla Power Supply Unit tl wl%sh ù we;s njhs¡

Motherboard tflyso fodAIhla we;s úgoSo fndfyda úg Display ,ndoSu

isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡ úfYAIfhkau CMOS Jumper tl clear position tflys ;nd
mß.Klh boot ùula isÿfkdfjhs¡ tfukau Network chip tl fyda Sound chip
tl fail jQ úgo Display ,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Motherboard tflys
Capacitors fail jQ úgloSo mß.Klfhys Display tlla ,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡

CPU tl fyj;A Processor tl fail ù we;s wjia:djloSo mß.Klfhys Display

,ndoSula isÿfkdlrkq ,nhs¡

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Basic Tools requirements for a Computer Hardware Technician

Computer hardware engineer flfkl=g ksrka;rfhka wjYHjk tools lsysmhla

oelshyels jk w;r mß.Klhla w¿;Ajeähd lsÍuloS tu tools /f.khdu
w;HjYH ldrKhla fjhs¡ lsishï ld¾hhla i|yd ksYAÑ; tool tlla fkdue;s
úgloS ksjeros tool tl Ndú;d fkdlsÍu;A ksid wmf.A iy customer f.A ld,h
wmf;A hdula isÿfjhs¡ tfukau devices j,go ydks ùug neß ke;'
fyd|hs wms oeka fuu gQ,Aia tlsfkl y÷kd.ksuq¡

Combination Pliers

fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrñka lïì iy jh¾ lemSu" ;yvq keùu" ysi m¿ÿjQ weK
.e,ùu wdosh isÿl, yels fjhs¡ tfukau hula w,A,d ;oska weoSu wdosh isÿlr
.; yels w;r w`.,A 6 l combination piler tlla hardware technician
flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

Cutter Pliers

fuu tool tl u.ska jh¾ lemSu" jh¾ iqoao lsÍu fukau ;yvq iy ma,diaála
lemSu wdosh isÿlr.; yels w;r w`.,A 6 l muK cutter plier tlla Hardware
technician flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

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Nose Pliers

fuu tool tl u.ska jh¾ iy lïì lemSu" lïì iy ;yvq keùu" w; fmùula
isÿl, fkdyels ia:dkhl we;s fohla w,A,d .ekSug jeks ld¾hhka i|yd
Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡ w`.,A 6 l Nose Pliers tlla Hardware technician
flfkl=g m%udKj;A fjhs¡

Flat Screwdriver

fuu tool tl uQ,sl jYfhka Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka screws fyj;A weK .e,ùu
i|yd fjhs¡ fuys Large, Medium iy small f,i wdldr 3 la olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys
os. wju jYfhka 200 mm muK úhhq;= w;r Permanent Magnet yelshdj ;sìh
hq;=h¡

Philips Screwdriver

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Philips wdldrfha screws fyj;A weK .,jd bj;A lsÍu i|yd fuu gQ,A tl Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ fuyso Large, Medium iy Small f,i wdldr ;=kla olakg ,efnhs¡
fuh tool bag tl ;=, olakg ,efnk jeo.;Au tool tl jYfhka ye|skajQjdg
jrola ke;' Case tl motherboard, drives iy expansion card wdosfhys we;s
screws bj;A lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkafka fuu tool tl fjhs¡ fuho os. wju
jYfhka 200 mm muK úhhq;= w;r Permanent Magnet yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h¡

Service Brush

System Unit tl újD;lr service lrk wjia:djloS Motherboard tflys ¥ú,s

bj;A lsÍu i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ tfukau Motherboard tl
wash lrk wjia:dj,oSo fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fï i|yd w`.,A 1 iy 1
½ l m%udKhl service brush tlla iEfyhs¡

Soldering Iron

Soldering Iron tl hkq metal tip tllskahq;A Fahrenheit wxYl 800 muK
WKqiqïjk tool tlla fjhs¡ jh¾ mEiaiSu i|yd;A Solder lr we;s Components
bj;A lsÍu i|yd;A fuu tool tl jeo.;A fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Hardware Technician

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flfkl=yg 60w l Soldering Iron tlla m%udKj;A fjhs¡ idudkHfhka Soldering

Iron wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡

 Simple iron

fuh fndfydaúg electrical iy electronics lghq;= i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh
b;d wvq power tlla iys; iron tlla fjhs¡ fuys power rating tl 15w ;A 35w ;A
w;r w.hla .kq ,nhs¡ iuyr iron j,ska Temperature tl control lsÍfï
yelshdjo mj;S' fujeks wdldrfha iron ;=,k
s a taldldÍ Temperature tlla ,nd.;
yelsfjhs¡

Cordless iron

fuh l=vd iron tllajk w;r heat lsÍu i|yd battery tlla Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡
úÿ,sn,h ,nd.; fkdyels ia:dkj, mEiaiSu i|yd jvd;A fhda.H fjhs¡

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Temperature-controlled soldering iron

fuys we;s úfYAI;Ajh jkqfha Temperature tl control lsÍug yelsùuh¡

Soldering station

Soldering tweezers

resistors, capacitors iy diodes jeks Wmdx. mEiaiSug Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡

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Disordering Pump

fuu.ska component tlla bj;A lsÍfïoS tajgd we;s Bhï bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuh solder sucker tl jYfhkq;A y÷kajkq ,nhs¡

Multi meter

idudkHfhka Hardware Technician flfkl= i|yd re 750 l muK Multi Meter

tlla m%udKj;A fjhs¡ fuu WmlrKh u.ska Voltage uek.ekSu Connectivity
check lr.ekSu fukau component check lr.ekSu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Line Tester

fuu.ska AC Current tlla check lr.ekSu;A holder tllg iy switch j,g jh¾
iïnkaO lr.ekSu i|yd;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Tweezers

w; oeñh fkdyels ia:dkhl we;s fohla msg;g .ekSug;A Motherboard tflys

Jumpers wdosh bj;Alr.ekSu i|yd;A úúO Components bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd;A
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Electric Blower

Computer tlla Service lsÍfïoS Motherboard tflys iy casine tflys we;s

¥ú,s bj;AlsÍu i|yd fuh wksjd¾fhkau jeo.;A fjhs¡ remsh,A 1500 ;A 2000 ;A
w;r uqo,lg blower tlla ñ,oS .;yels fjhs¡

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Hand Blower

fuu gQ,A tl tool bag tl ;=, wksjd¾fhkau ;sìhhq;= fjhs¡ Electric blower tl
Ndú;d l, fkdyels ia:dkhl ¥ú,s bj;A lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d l, yels fjhs¡

Cutter Knife

fuu.ska jh¾ iqoaO lr.ekSu iy plastic iy rubber fldgia lmd.ekSu wdosh

i|yd fuh jeo.;A fjhs¡

Tool Bag

Hardware Technician flfkl= i;= ish¨ tools /f.khdyels lfrys fyda wf;ys
t,A,df.k hdyels Yla;su;a bag tlla mej;sh hq;= fjhs¡

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Allen Key Set

Printers jeks úúO Device w¿;Ajeähd lsÍuloS fuu Keys Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Cable Tie

System Unit tl ;=, olakg ,efnk Power Supply tflys cable we;=¿ ish¿u
jh¾ mg,eùulska f;drj tlg ixúOdkh lr ;nd.ekSu i|yd fuu cable tie
jeo.;A fjhs¡ Bg wu;rj entertainment system j,oS iy Network j,oSo Ndú;d
lrkq ,nhs¡ fïjd fndfyda úg plastic, nylon, rubber fyda velcro strips j,ska
olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu Cable Tie tlla Ndú;d l,miq kej; Ndú;d l,fkdyels
fjhs¡ jevlrk miqìu wjq,Acd,hlska f;drj msßisÿj ms,sfj,lg ;nd.ekSug
fukau i;=ka iy l=vd orejka cable j,g by,ska mekSuloS tajd weoSfuka Cable
iïnkaO lr we;s devices disconnect ùu j,lajd .; yels fjhs¡

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Insulation Tape

lsishï wire tlla damage jQ úgloS th wdjrKh lr.ekSug;A mdiaik,o

ia:dkhla wdjrKh lr.ekSug;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Super Glue

lsishï Device tlla .e,ùfïoS tys iuyrla fldgia .e,ùhduloS tajd kej;
h:d;;Ajhg m;A lr.ekSug Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Surgical Sprite (Isopropyl Alcohol)

Motherboard service lsÍuloS fuh jeo.;Ajk w;r fuh iEuúglu mdfya tool
bag tl ;=, ;sìhhq;= fjhs¡

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Phone repair tool kit

Star wdldrfha Screws, Mobile Phones, Laptop wdosh .e,ùuloS fuu tool kit tl
jeo.;A fjhs¡

Network Crimping Tool

fuu Tool tl u.ska Unshield Twisted Pair cable fyj;A Network cable
lmd.ekSug;A tajdfha msg; rn¾ wdjrKh bj;A lr.ekSu i|yd;A fuu tool tl
Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ Bg wu;rj Network cable tl RJ45 Connector tlg connect
lr.ekSug;A Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

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Punch Down Tool

Krone tool tl jYfhkao fuh y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ fuh Ndú;d lrkqfha

telecommunications iy Network wire, Patch Panel tllg fyda keystone
module tllg iïnkaO lr.ekSu i|yd fjhs¡

Network Tester

Unshield Twisted Pair cable tlla ksjerosj connect ù we;Aoehs mÍlaId lrne,Su
i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡ fuysoS Network Cable tflys fomi we;s
RJ45 Clip fol fuu tool tflys RJ45 connector fol i|yd connect lr on
l,úg Direct cable tll kï LED bulb iudldrjo Cross Cable tll kï Bg
wkql+, wdldrhg fomi LED n,Aí oe,Afõo hkak mÍlaId lrne,sh yels fjhs¡

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Power Supply Tester

Power Supply Unit tll tys Cable j,ska kshñ; Voltage tl ,efío hkak
mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd fuu tool tl Ndú;d lrkq ,nhs¡

Lead

jh¾" Components mEiaiSfïoS b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

óg wu;rj wmf.A tool bag tl ;=, Machine Oil, Heat sink Compund, SATA
Cables, CMOS Battery, White grease, Screws, Backup ,nd.ekSu i|yd Portable
Hard Disk tlla ;sîu b;d jeo.;A fjhs¡

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DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER HARDWARE WITH NETWORK (CHC)

WINDOWS
REGISTRY EDITOR
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fyd|hs wms oeka Windows fufyhqï moaO;sfhys jeo.;Au fldgila jk Registry

tl ms,sn|j idlÉPd lruq¡ Registry Editor hkq Advanced Tool tlla jk w;r
fuys mß.Klh Odjkhùug wjYH iEu f;dr;=rlau we;=,;Aj mj;S' fuhg wmg
wjYH Information we;=,;A lsÍu" Settings iy Values fjkia lsÍï wdosh isÿl,
yels fjhs¡ Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh úiska Registry tl Ndú;d lrkqfha
Database tlla fyj;A o;A; .nvdjla jYfhka fjhs¡ Windows fufyhqï
moaO;sfhys hï hï l%shdj,Ska fuys we;s o;A; lshjdn,d ta wkqj lghq;= lrkq
,nhs¡ b;du ir, WodyrKhlska lsjfyd;A Windows fufyhqï moaO;sfhys
Desktop tflys Wallpaper tl oelaúh yelsfjhs¡ fuu Desktop tflys
Wallpaper tl i|yd ,ndoS we;s mska;+rh ;sfnk path tl .nvdù we;Af;A Registry
tl ;=, fjhs¡ fufyhqï moaO;sh m%;smK.ekafjk iEu wjia:djloSu Registry tl
lshjdn,d wod, mska;+rh ;sfnk ia:dkh fidhd th Desktop tflys fmkaùu
isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ ta wkqj úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sh mK.ekafjk wjia:dfjys isg
th jidouk f;lau ksr;=reju Registry tl Ndú;dùu isÿfjhs¡ fuys we;s o;A;
msysgd we;Af;A tla;rd rgdjlg wkqj fjhs¡ fuu Registry Window tflys m%Odk
fldgia folla olakg ,efnhs¡

fuys jïmiska Folder Structure tlla fmkajk w;r ol=Kqmiska olakg

,efnkafka we;=,;A lrkq ,nk o;A; fjhs¡ idudkHfhka My Computer

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jevigyk Ndú;d lrñka Files fj; ,`.dfjk wdldrhg fuys ieliqï ilia lrkq
,nhs¡ fuu Registry tflys m%Odk Folders myla olakg ,efnhs¡

tajd My Computer kug HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT, HKEY_CURRENT_USER,

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, HKEY_USER iy HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG f,iska
iliaù mj;S'

fuys HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT hkak hgf;ys úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sfhys File

Types ms,sn|j úia;r iy tajdg wdfoaYù we;s jevigykaj, úia;r we;=,;Aù
mj;S' WodyrKhla f,i MP3 Files Odjkh l,yels uDÿldx.hla install l,úg
mß.Klfhys msysgqjd we;s ish¿u MP3 Files tu uDÿldx.h iu`. Odjkhùug
fuu fldgfiys mj;sk o;A; iajhxl%Shju iliaùu isÿfjhs¡

HKEY_CURRENT_USER hgf;ys olakg ,efnkafka Tn oekg msúiS isák User

Account tlg wod, úia;r fjhs¡ tkï Tn oekg log ù isák User Account tlg
wod, úia;r fjhs¡ Tnf.A Account tlg wod,j Install lrk,o uDÿldx." mqoa.,sl
,smsf.dKq wdosh we;=,;A fjhs¡ HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE hgf;ys we;Af;A ish¿u
accounts j,g wod, fmdÿfõ we;=<;A jk lreKq fjhs¡ HKEY_USER ys olakg
,efnkafka ks¾udKh lr we;s User Accounts j, úia;r fjhs¡
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG fuys olakg ,efnkafka oekg lrkq ,nk
fjkialïj, o;A; fjhs¡ by; i|yka lrk,o ldKAv hgf;ys úYd, o;A;
m%udKhla Registry tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡ fuu o;A; fndfydaúg wl=re fyda
b,lalï Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka igykaùu isÿfjhs¡ tu ksid fndfyduhla Settings
jgyd.ekSu wmyiq fjhs¡ fuf,i Registry Settings fjkia lsÍfïoS b;du;a
ie,ls,su;A úhhq;= w;r jeros wdldrhg Settings fjkiajqjfyd;A fndfydaúg
Windows boot fkdùugo bvlv mj;S' tu ksid Registry tflys fjkialï
isÿlsÍug m%:ufhka Registry tflys Backup tlla ,ndf.k isàu b;du;a jeo.;A
fjhs¡ fuu Registry Editor Tool tl ,nd.ekSu i|yd úkafvdaia fufyhqï moaO;sh

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;=, wdldr lsysmhla olakg ,efnhs¡ ta i|yd Start Menu tl ,ndf.k tys
Search box tl ;=, regedit f,i ghsma l,úg fuu jevigyk Start Menu tl
;=, f;AÍ ;sfnkq olakg ,efnhs¡

ke;fyd;A Keyboard tflys WinKey tl iu`. R Key tl Tnd Run Dialog box tl
,ndf.k tys regedit f,i ghsmalr Enter Key tl Tnkak¡

fuúgo Registry Editor Tool tl újD;ùu isÿfjhs¡ Backup tlla ,nd.ekSu i|yd
USB Flash Drive tlla
jeks Removable Storage
Device tlla mß.Klhg
ksjerosj iïnkaO
lr.kak¡ oeka File >>>
Export fukq úOdkh
wkq.ukh lrkak¡ fuúg
olakg ,efnk window
tflys save jk ia:dkh
jYfhka iïnkaO lrk,o
USB Flash drive tl f;dard
File Name tl jYfhka

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Backupreg f,i ,ndoS Export Range tl jYfhka All hkak ,ndoS Save nÜka tl
la,sla lrkak¡

fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Registry tflka ,nd.; yels m%fhdack fudkjdo lshd

 User yg Windows u.ska ,ndfok fiajdjka kj;doeñh yelsùu

 idudkH l%ufõo Ndú;d lrñka fjkia l,fkdyels Windows fufyhqï
moaO;sfhys iuyr Display lrkq ,nk information fjkia l,yels ùu
 iuyr Programs install l,miq tajd Odjkh lsÍug Registry tflys hï hï
fjkialï lsÍug isÿfjhs¡
 Program tll Error tlla meñKs miq wm th Uninstall lr kej; install
l,o wod, Error tl ta wdldrfhkau mj;sk wjia:djl Registry tlg msúiS
Program tflys kñka fiùula isÿlr b;sßù we;s Files Delete lr Error
tl u`.jdyer.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'
 Application iy Drivers wdosh Uninstall l,úg File Missing f,i Error
Message tlla meñfKk úgloS tu Message tl we;s File Name tl
Registry tflka Delete lsÍfuka wod, Error tl u`.yrjd.; yels fjhs¡

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fyd|hs wms oeka n,uq Registry Editor Tool tl Ndú;d lrñka Windows fufyhqï
moaO;sfhys isÿl,yels fjkialï lsysmhla isÿlr.kafka flfiao lshd¡

Basic Information Window tflys wmg wjYH wdldrhg Information we;=,;A

lsÍu

fuysoS wmg wjYHkï Information j,g wu;rj Photo tllao we;=,;A lsÍfï
yelshdj mj;S' fï i|yd m,uqj wod, mska;+rh Ms Paint fyda Photoshop jeks
Advanced tool tlla Ndú;d lrñka ilialr th oemlogo.bmp kñka bitmap
format tflka D: Drive tflys fyda C: Drive tflys save lr.kak¡ oeka fuu
Window tlg wmf.A f;dr;=re we;=,;A lsÍu i|yd Registry Window tflys my;
path tlg .uka lrkak¡

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE >>> Software >>> Microsoft >>> Windows >>> Current

Version >>> OEM Information hk path tl fj; .uka lrkak¡ by; path tlg
.ukal, miq fuys bosßmi ysia fldgqj u; right click lr New >>> String Value
hk fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lrkak¡

fuúg New Value #1 f,i String Value tlla ks¾udKhùu isÿfjhs¡ oeka fuh
Logo f,i kïlr double click lrkak¡ fuúg olakg ,efnk úkafvda tflys
l,ska oemlogo kñka save lr.;A file tflys path tl ,ndfokak¡ oeka fuu
window tflys OK nÜka tl Click lrkak¡

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oeka Desktop tflys Refresh lr Computer icon tl right click lr olakg

,efnk fukq tflka Properties f;dard.;AúgoS Tn ilia lr.;A image tl tu
window tl ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

wmf.A wfkl=;A úia;r ,ndoSu i|yd by; path tflysu my; oelafjk
wdldrhg String Value ks¾udKh lr.kak¡

oeka fmr mßosu Desktop tflys Refresh lr Computer icon tl u; Right click
lr Properties fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh l,úg Tn ,ndÿka úia;r tys olakg
,efnhs¡

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Processor tflys ku fjkia lsÍu

Computer tflys Basic Information fmkajkq ,nk Window tflys fmkajkq

,nk Processor tflys ku jqjo wmg wjYHkï Registry Editor tool tl Ndú;d
lsÍfuka isÿlsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' kuq;A tfia fjkialr mß.Klh Restart l,miq
kej;;A kshu Processor tflys kug fjkiajk nj isys;nd.; hq;=fjhs¡ ta i|yd
Registry Editor Window tflys my; path tlg .uka lrkak¡

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE >>> Hardware >>> Description >>> System >>> Central

Processor hk path tl ;=, olakg ,efnk 0 hk Folder tl f;dard.kak¡

fuys bosßfhys olakg ,efnk ProcessorNameString u; vn,A la,sla lr tys

oekg mj;sk i;H Processor tflys ku fjkqjg wjYH ku ,ndfokak¡

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oeka Desktop tflys Refresh lr Computer icon tl u; Right Click lr

Properties úOdkh Ndú;dlr tu window tlg msúiqk miqj Tn fjkial, ku
ta wdldrfhka olakg ,efnhs¡

USB Storage Devices Block lsÍu

fï i|yd o fmr mßosu Registry Editor Window tl ,ndf.k tys my; oelafjk
path tlg msúfikak¡

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE >>> System >>> Current Control Set >>> Services >>>
USBSTOR hk path tlg msúiqkmiq fuys bosßfhys olakg ,efnk Start hkak
Double Click lr tys Value tl 4 f,i fjkia lrkak¡

kej;;A USB Storage Devices Detect lr.ekSu i|yd by; path tlgu msúiS tys
Start hkak Double Click lr 4 fjkqjg l,ska mej;s w.hu ,ndfokak¡

Hard Disk tflys whslka tl fjkia lsÍu

idudkHfhka Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=,oS Hard Disk tflys whslka tl

fjkia lsÍu i|yd m%Odk l%ufõohla olakg fkd,efnhs¡ fuysoS ta i|yd wms

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isÿlrkqfha wjYH whslka tlla ilialr th Autorun File tlla yryd Hard Disk
Partition tflys whslka tl njg fjkia lsÍu fjhs¡ fï i|yd m,uqj Ms Paint
fyda Photoshop jeks uDÿldx.hla Ndú;d lrñka wod, Icon tl ks¾udKh
lr.;hq;= w;r bkamiq th Icon tl fjkia lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= jk Partition
tl ;=, Save lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ fuysoS wod, whslka tl save lrkúgoS th ico
format tflka save lsÍug j. n,d.kak¡

Tn whslka tl ks¾udKh lf,A Ms Paint Ndú;d lrñka kï Save lrkúgoS

kug miqj ;s;la ;nd ico f,i ,ndfokak¡ oeka Note Pad tl Administrator
wdldrfhka újD; lr.kak¡ ta i|yd Start >>> All Programs >>> Accessories
>>> Notepad hk fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lr Notepad icon tl u; Right Click
lr olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Run as Administrator fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh
lrkak¡

oeka Notepad tl;=, my; oelafjk wdldrhg fla;kh lrkak¡

[autorun]

icon=satg3.ico

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fuysoS icon = bosßfhys ,ndoS we;Af;A icon tflys ku fjhs¡ Tn ,ndÿkafka

fjk;A kula tu ku fuysoS ,ndfokak¡ oeka File >>> Save fukq úOdkh
wkq.ukh lrñka Save window tl ,ndf.k tys ku jYfhka autorun.inf f,i
,ndoS whslka tl fjkia lrkq ,nk Partition tflysu save lr.kak¡

bka wk;=rej mß.Klh Restart lr n,kak¡

Program Uninstall lsÍu

idudkHfhka Tnf.A mß.Klhg install lr we;s lsishï jevigykla ;jÿrg;A

Ndú;d fkdlrkafka kï fyda th expire ù we;Akï tajd uninstall lr oeñh
hq;=fjhs¡ tfukau lsishï program tll error tlla mj;Skï tajd Uninstall lr
kej; Install lr.; hq;=fjhs¡ mß.Klhg Install lr we;s lsishï Program tlla
Uninstall l,yels l%u lsysmhlau Windows fufyhqï moaO;sh ;=, olakg ,efnhs¡

 Control Panel tflys Program and Features j,ska

 All Program fukq tflys we;s Uninstall hkak Click lsÍfuka
 Program install ù we;s location tlg f.dia Unistall.exe application tl
Run lsÍfuka
 Program tl install lsÍug Ndú;d lrk,o CD tl kej; we;=,;A lr tys
Setup.exe application tl kej; Run lr Unistall lsÍfuka fyda Repair
lsÍfuka
 Program Unistall lsÍug we;s Softwares u.ska

lsishï Program tlla Control Panel tflka Uninstall lrkjdkï m,uqj Control
Panel tl ,ndf.k tys Program and Features whslka tl double click lrkak¡
fuúg Tnf.A mß.Klhg úêu;Aj install lr we;s ish¿u jevigyka j, kï
fuys fmkajkq ,nhs¡

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fuysoS Uninstall lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;j

= k application tflys ku f;dard
Window tflys by,ska olakg ,efnk Uninstall/Change nÜka tl Click lrkak¡

Start Menu tflka Program tlla Uninstall lrkúgoS All Programs fukq tflys
fndfyda úg tu application tl ly mdg Folder whslka tllskahq;A Program
Group tlla jYfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ fuys fndfyda úg Uninstall f,i
Application tflys kñka olakg ,efnhs¡

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Application tl Install ù we;s location tlg f.dia Uninstall lrkjdkï m,uqj

Desktop tflys This PC icon tl vn,A la,sla lr olakg ,efnk Window
tflka C: Partition tl vn,A la,sla lrkak¡ fuys Program Files Folder tl vn,A
la,sla lrkak¡ Tnf.A mß.Klfhys Operating System tl 64 Bit Operating
System tllakï Program File iy Program Files(x86) f,i Folder folla olakg
,efnhs¡

Tnf.A Application tl 32 Bit Application tlla kï Program Files (x86) Folder

tl Double Click lrkak¡ fuúg wod, Application tflys kñka Folder tlla
olakg ,efnk w;r fuh double click l,úg fndfydaúg Uninstall lsÍug wod,
application tl olakg ,efnhs¡

CD tflka application tl Uninstall lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= fjkjdkï m,uqj tu

Application tl install lrk,o CD tl Optical Drive tlg we;=,;A lr.kak¡ fuys
Setup File tl Double Click l,úg fndfydaúg oekgu;A Application tl install
lr we;s ksid m,uqj Uninstall lsÍu i|yd wjia:dj ,ndfohs¡

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by; i|yka lrk,o Uninstall lsÍfï l%u 4 ysu mshjr tl iudk fjhs¡ kuq;A
Software tlla Ndú;d lsÍfuka Uninstall lrkúgloS wmg Registry tflys i|yka
lrk,o Files mjd bj;A lr.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S' Errors iys; Applications iy
Virus Guard jeks foa Uninstall lsÍu i|yd fujeks Applications jvd;A iqÿiq fjhs¡
fuysoS wod, Software tl u.ska Registry tflys ;ndf.k we;s Files o bj;A lrkq
,nhs¡

Revo Uninstaller

Program Uninstall lsÍu i|yd fndfyda fofkl= Ndú;d lrkq ,nkafka fuu Revo
Uninstaller hk Software tl fjhs¡ fuys RevoUninProSetup kñka we;s Seup File
tl double click lrñka Program tl install lr.kak¡

Install lsÍfuka wk;=rej fuys we;s

RUP_3.1.0_Registrator hk Application
tl Run lr.kak¡ fuúg olakg ,efnk
application tflys Enable Russian
language bosßfhys yß ,l=K bj;Alr oud
Register nÜka tl Click lrkak¡ oeka
Control Panel tl mÍlaId l,úgoS Revo
Uninstaller Pro kñka Application tl

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Disapamok Online IT Academy

tl;= ù we;s wdldrh olakg ,efnhs¡

fuu whslka tl double click l, úgoS Revo Uninstaller Pro application tl

l%shd;Aulùu isÿfjhs¡ fuys All Programs hgf;ys install lrk,o applications
fmkajkq ,nhs¡ lsishï Program tlla Uninstall lsÍu i|yd wod, application tl
f;dard Uninstall nÜka tl Click lrkak¡

Administrator Account tl il%sh lr.ekSu

idudkHfhka Windows Operating System tl install l,miq tys we;s Original

Administrator account tl idudkHfhka disable ;;Ajfhka olakg ,efnhs¡ fuh
Enable lr.ekSu i|yd Desktop tflys This PC whslka tl u; Right Click lr
olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Manage fukq úOdkh Ndú;d lrkak¡ fuúg olakg
,efnk Manage Window tflka Local User and Group hk wdldrh f;dard th
bosßfhys olakg ,efnk User Folder tl double click lrkak¡ fuúg ks¾udKh

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lrf.k we;s ish¿u User Accounts iy Administrator account tl fmkajkq

,nhs¡

fuys Administrator whslka tl u; right Click lr olAkg ,efnk fukq tflka

Properties command tl f;dard.kak¡ fuúg olakg ,efnk window tflys
Account is disabled bosßfhys we;s yß ,l=K bj;Alr OK nÜka tl Click lrkak¡

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Current Password tl fkdue;sj Password tl fjkia lsÍu

fuh m%Odk l%u follg isÿl,yels fjhs¡

Method 1

fuysoS m,uqj Start >>> All Programs >>> Accessories >>> Command Prompt
fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lr Command Prompt whslka tl u; right click lr
olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Run as Administrator hkak f;dard Run lr.kak¡
fuúg olakg ,efnk Command Prompt tflys net user f,i ghsmalr
ysia;ekla ;nd User Account tflys ku ,ndoS kej;;A ysia;ekla ;nd w¿;A
Password tl ,ndoS Enter lS tl Tnkak¡

fuf,i Enter lS tl tnQúgoS Password tl id¾:lj fjkiajQfha kï my;

wdldrfhka Command Prompt tl ;=, fmkajkq ,nhs¡

oeka mß.Klh Restart lr fyda Sign Out lr n,kak¡

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Method 2

fï i|yd This PC whslka tl u; Right Click lr olakg ,efnk fukq tflka

Manage hkak f;dard Computer Management application tl újD; lr.kak¡
bkamiq fuys we;s Local Users and Groups hk wdldrh f;dard bkamiq tys we;s
Users Folder tl double click lrkak¡ fuúg mß.Klfhys we;s ish¿u
accounts fmkajkq ,nhs¡

fuysoS Password tl fjkia lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;=jk Account tflys ku u;

Right Click lr olakg ,efnk fukq tflka Set Password… fukq úOdkh
wkq.ukh lrkak¡ fuúg olakg ,efnk Message tflys Proceed nÜka tl
Click lrkak¡ fuúg my; mßos window tlla olakg ,efnhs¡

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fuys New Password bosßfhys iy Confirm Password bosßfhys tlu Password

tl ,ndoS OK nÜka tl Click lrkak¡

Web Site Block lsÍu

lsishï Browser tll Web Address tlla i|yka l,úg ta iïnkaOfhka kula
m,uqj C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc hk path tflys we;s hosts File
tflys ;sfíoehs mÍlaIdlr n,kq ,nhs¡ fuysoS wmg wjYH Web Site tlla block
lr.ekSu i|yd fuu hosts file tl Ndú;d l,yels fjhs¡ fyd|hs fï i|yd m,uqj
Note Pad tl Administrator wdldrfhka újD; lr.kak¡ oeka File >>> Open fukq
úOdkh wkq.ukh lrñka by; i|yka lrk,o path tlg f.dia hosts file tl
Notepad tl yryd újD; lr.kak¡ fuysoS File Type tl jYfhka All Files hk
wdldrh f;dard.;AúgoS fuu hosts file tl olakg ,efnhs¡

fuysoS wm block lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;=jk web address tl Loop Back IP tllg

iudk lrkq ,nhs¡ 127.0.0.1 hkq lsisÿ web address tlg Assign fkdjk IP tlla
jk fuh Loop Back IP tlla jYfhka y÷kajkq ,nhs¡ tu ksid fuhg assign lrkq

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,nk ´kEu web address block lsÍu lrkq ,nhs¡ fuf,i hosts file tl Notepad
tflka újD;l,úg my; mßos olakg ,efnhs¡

fyd|hs fuys # localhost hgf;ys # 127.0.0.1 localhost j,g my,ska cursor tl

;nd block lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;A;= jk web address my; wdldrhg ,ndfokak¡

oeka File >>> Save fukq úOdkh wkq.ukh lrñka fuu File tl Save lr.kak¡
oeka Web browser tllska facebook.com hk web address tlg hdug ;e;A

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lrkúgoS ta i|yd bv ,ndfkdfohs¡ kej;;A tu web site tlg hdug wjYHkï

127.0.0.1 g bosßfhka # ,l=K fhdod kej;;A fuu File tl Save lr.kak¡

SAFE MODE

Windows 7 Operating System tflysoS Safe Mode tl ,nd.ekSu i|yd

Computer tl boot lrk wjia:dfõoS F8 Function key tl Press l,hq;= fjhs¡
Windows 8 iy Windows 10 Operating System tflysoS Shift Key tl Tndf.k
Power Button tl Press lsÍfuka Safe Mode tl ,nd.; yelsfjhs¡ Safe Mode
hkq Windows ys Repair Mode tlla jk w;r Windows ys Files ydksjQ úgoS Safe
Mode tflka mß.Klh boot lr Repair lsÍug W;Aidy l,yel'

kshudldrfhka Computer tl Shutdown fkdjQ wjia:dj,oS fukau System File

j, Drivers j, .eg¿jla u;=jQ wjia:dj, Automatically Safe Mode tl ,ndoSu
isÿlrkq ,nhs¡ Safe Mode tflysoS Windows boot ùug wjYH uQ,sl files muKla
Memory tlg load lr.kakd w;r fuysoS Drivers load ùu isÿfkdjk w;r iuyr
Applications Safe Mode tflysoS l%shd;Aul fkdfjhs¡

 Normal Mode tflysoS bj;A lsÍug ,ndfkdfok Applications, Drivers,

Folders iy Files fndfyda úg Safe Mode yryd bj;A lr.; yels fjhs¡
 Normal Mode tflysoS oeóug bv ,ndfkdfok Windows Settings Safe
Mode tlg f.dia oeóug fyda bj;A lsÍug W;Aidy l, yel'

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 Normal Mode tflysoS windows load fkdjk wjia:djl Safe Mode tlg
f.dia Restore Point tlla le|ùu isÿl, yels fjhs¡
 Drivers j, .eg¿jla mj;Skï Windows Normal Mode tflka boot
fkdjk w;r tjeks wjia:djloS Safe Mode tflka boot ù Drivers bj;A
lr kej; Normal Mode tl ,nd.ekSug W;Aidy l, yels fjhs¡
 Windows Load ùula isÿfkdfõkï Safe Mode tflka f.dia backup
,nd.ekSfï yelshdj mj;S'
 Resolution jeäl, wjia:djl Display fkdue;skï Safe Mode tlg f.dia
Resolution fjkialr Display ,nd.ekSug W;Aidy l, yels fjhs¡

Created By : S.Wajira Madushanka P a g e | 22