Applying Digital Isolators
in Motor Control
NICOLA O’BYRNE
Senior System Applications Engineer, Motor &
Power Control, Analog Devices.
Hall 6 Booth 317
19/5/2015
Isolation – Key System Architecture Influence
Position
Feedback
Digital signal isolators
and isolated gate drivers
Various Line current feedback options
Isolated/non isolated sensors
Isolated and non isolated
communication interfaces
Power and Grounding issues
u Isolation is the key challenge
u Power ground is LIVE
u Need to isolate users
u Where to isolate?
u Low end drives may connect
CONTROL to power ground and
isolate at the comms layer using
cheap optos – can tolerate
slower comms.
CONTROL
0-VDC
u High performance drives will COM
isolate the control board USER
because of the fast comms.
u Higher power systems need to ? ?
isolate the control board because VLn
POWER
GROUND
of power board switching noise.
SAFETY
u Many implications EARTH CONNECTED TO LIVE
VIA DIODE BRIDGE
Key Architecture Considerations
▶ Why to isolate?
§ Safety need vs. Electrical functional vs. data integrity.
▶ Where to isolate?
§ Low-end vs. high end - performance
§ Single or Dual Processor
▶ Number of isolation boundaries in the system?
§ Insulation Grade
§ Adherence to standards
§ Nature of isolation at each layer
▶ MostPrevalent isolation nodes: Gate Drive, Phase Current and Bus
Voltage
Isolation Challenges in Industrial Motor Control
▶ Very high CMMR required
§ Common mode voltages of 600V or more switching at > 20kHz with > 25V/ns rise times
§ Current feedback signals to be recovered
§ Sensor choice plays a key role
§ Shunt sensors, need to recover small signals in noisy environment, < 50mV at 12 bit resolution.
§ Isolated sigma delta modulator output is a 3.3V single bit stream > 10MHz
§ Analog signal isolated is an even bigger challenge
§ Communications signals need high speed and fidelity
▶ The isolated current feedback and gate drive nodes are connected to inverter
outputs and require very high robustness
§ Inverter voltages have a very high dV/dt
§ 25V/ns for IGBT inverters
§ rising to 100V/ns for newer power switches
§ Surge and transient voltages injected on motor cables connected directly to output node
§ Corruption of the gate drive signal has the potential to destroy the power inverter.
Power/ Signal/ Control Isolation Strategies
Controller connected to DC bus common Controller connected to EARTH
▶ Low end drives with simple user interface ▶ High end drives with complex user/
communication interface
▶ Level shifting gate driver circuits can be
used ▶ Safety isolated gate drivers MUST be used
▶ Functionally isolated current sensing ▶ Safety isolated current sensing MUST be
used.
Understanding Working Voltages e.g. Current Sense Node
u Inverter outputs switch between
+VDC and DC bus common
u Shunt voltage signal has
common mode voltage:
VCM = 0 – Vdc w.r.t earth @ fPWM VIORM
Drive VDC VIORM VIORM
Power gnd = Power gnd ≠ Control COM
Control COM
neutral gnd AC (corner gnd)
(VDC/√3)
CONTROL
220VLN 1-ph 310V 310V +310V /-310V +310V /-310V COM
(VLN*√2)
380VLL 3-ph(VLL*√2) 540V 540V +310V /-310V +540V /-540V
e.g. AD7403
400VLL 3-ph(VLL*√2) 565V 565V +326V /-326V +565V /-565V Viorm = 1250Vpk
= 2500pk-pk
690 3-ph(VLL*√2) 975V 975V +563V /-563V +975V /-975V
Theoretical Supply Margins Distributed System
Back EMF PFC
Switching transients Transformer
The Motor Drive Standard and Components
▶ This standard does not address the assessment of components
▶ Product standards with equivalent requirements can be used
▶ What if there is no Product standard?
Insulation System Design Goal
1) Make a safe insulation system
a) Know the stresses across each barrier
b) Dimension the creepage and clearance
c) Verify a piece of insulation or component is suited to the task over lifetime
(How IEC61800-5-1 handles components)
2) Optimize the system for performance and cost
a) Architect the system to minimize the stress on each barrier
b) Standard allows overvoltage class reduction where appropriate
c) Minimize the highest stress interfaces
Component Standard for Non-Opto Isolators
▶ VDE developed a non-Opto version of
the IEC60747-5 standard
▶ VDE 0884-10 Ed 1
§ Approved 2006
§ Reinforced Insulation Only
§ Unacceptable to IEC
▶ VDE 0884-10 Ed2
§ Approved July 2014
§ Changes based on IEC feedback
§ Added Lifetime Characterisation
▶ VDE V 0884-11
§ Approved late 2014
§ Applies to Germany only
§ Can be used as IEC equivalent
▶ IEC 60747-17 draft submitted
§ July 2014
§ 3 Years Approval Cycle
§ VDE V 0884-11 can substitute in interim
Insulation lifetime
▶ The new standard assumes known construction
▶ Characterization through test
▶ There are two major additions
§ Working Voltage will be determined by failure probability
§ Lifetime Characterization at 50/60Hz Sinusoidal
§ Curves generated at two temperatures
§ 1.2x Margin on working voltage
§ 1.3x Lifetime Margin @ 1000PPM for Basic
§ 1.86x Lifetime Margin @ 1PPM for Reinforced
§ The same methodology is applicable for any conditions
§ Accelerated Life Test – by Certification Agency
§ Components are run to 80% of predicted accelerated lifetime
§ Isolation is verified at end of life
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Further Education
▶ www.analog.com/webcasts
Elektronik Cover Story PCIM Europe
▶ GateDrive and Current Feedback Signal Isolation in Industrial Motor
Drives
Isolated Gate Drivers for Industrial Motor Control
Thanks for listening..
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