MATEC Web of Conferences 276, 0 6013 (2019) https://doi.org/10.

1051/matecconf /201927606013
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Distribution analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

and ozone (O3) in Medan city with Geographic
Information System (GIS)
Isra Suryati1*, Hafizhul Khair1, and Deni Gusrianti1
1Department of Enviromental Engineering, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia

Abstract. The development of industry and the increase of transportation

mode are directly proportional to the decrease in air quality. Some
important pollutants have a negative impact on human health and the
environment such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3). Distribution
of NO2 and O3 concentrations from various sources of emissions in urban
areas will provide basic information in the determination of policies,
programs and regulations related to air pollution control. This study aims
to map and analyze the concentration distribution of NO2 and O3 pollutants
in Medan City. This research was conducted by a manual sampling of NO2
and O3 at 12 (twelve) points in Medan City. The sampling of NO2 and O3
concentrations is using impinger and then analyzed in a laboratory. The
results showed that NO2 pollutant concentration in Medan City ranged
from 21.33-306.19 μg/m3. Meanwhile, for O3 concentrations ranged from
19.7-205.8 μg/m3. Mapping of NO2 and O3 concentration using
Geographic Information System obtained area that has the highest
concentration of both NO2 and O3 is in Sub District of Medan Belawan.
Furthermore, efforts to control air pollution can be done by applying clean
technology to industry and encouraging the use of mass transportation.

1 Introduction
Increased development in urban, industrial and transportation uses leads to an increase in
the concentration of air pollutants in ambient air. Contaminants that become air pollutants
include carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulates matter
10 microns (PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2). The effects of these pollutants may irritate the
respiratory tract.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is an essential trace of atmospheric gas, not only because of its
health effects but also because the NO2: a) absorbs visible light radiation and contributes to
atmospheric visibility disturbances; b) as visible radiation absorber it can have a potential
direct role in global climate change if its concentration high enough; c) together with nitric
oxide (NO) control of the free-headed troposphere oxidation capacity by controlling the
accumulation and fate of radical species, including hydroxyl radicals; and d) play an
essential role in determining the concentration of ozone (O3) in the troposphere because

*
Corresponding author: [email protected]

© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License 4.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
MATEC Web of Conferences 276, 0 6013 (2019) https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf /201927606013
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nitrogen dioxide photolysis is the sole primary initiator of ozone photochemical formation,
both in polluted or polluted atmospheres [1].
Ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant formed due to precursors such as NOx, VOC and
sunlight aid. The presence of O3 in ambient air can have a negative impact on human health
and damage to ecosystems and agricultural land [2-4]. Excessive ozone in the atmosphere
can cause respiratory problems, trigger asthma, reduce lung function and cause lung
disease. Several European studies have reported that the daily mortality rate increased by
0.3% and for heart disease 0.4%, per 10 μg/m3 increase in ozone exposure [5].
Medan has 4 (four) air pollution monitoring stations with inactive status since 2012.
Previous research [6-8] explains that modeling the spatial distribution of pollutants can help
to estimate the concentration of pollutants in areas with no air pollution monitoring stations.
Also, it can determine areas that exceed air pollution standards. Furthermore, spatial
modeling of pollutant distribution can be utilized for exposure assessment and
epidemiological studies.
This study aims to map the concentration distribution of pollutant parameters in the
ambient air of Medan City so that the analysis covers the most dominant areas polluted by
NO2 and O3 pollutants. The mapping of the air ambient air quality index distribution can be
used as the basis for consideration for the government in planning the control and
management of urban air.
The scope of this research is 12 (two) sampling points representing transportation,
industry, trade, urban and residential sources. Parameters studied in this research are NO2
and O3. The selection of parameters of NO2 and O3 for determining the level of
photochemical oxidant (dominant ozone gas) is influenced by the presence of NO2
(nitrogen dioxide), VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), light intensity, temperature, wind
speed, and air inversion level [9,10].

2 Methodology
Determination of the number of sampling points using the approximation curve [11]. The
population of Medan City is 2,210,624 people [12] with low pollution levels [13]. Based on
the relationship between population size and pollution level seen on the approximation
curve, the number of representative ambient air quality monitoring points is 12 (twelve)
sampling points.
The sampling of NO2 and O3 is taken with the impinger tool. NO2 samples were tested
in the laboratory by Griess Saltzman method. NO2 gas is absorbed in the Griess Saltzman
solution to form a stable pink azo dye after 15 minutes. The concentration of the solution
was determined by spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 550 nm [14].
Meanwhile, an analysis was performed for the O3 parameter in a laboratory with the
chemiluminescent method. The chemiluminescent method is ozone gas reacts with
acetylene to form an aldehyde and releases light, the intensity of light is measured with a
photomultiplier that is directly proportional to the concentration of O3 [15].
Sampling is done at 12 (twelve) sampling points by recording the coordinates and
counting the type and number of vehicles using counter. The sampling result of NO2 and O3
concentration compared with the national ambient air quality standard is Indonesia
Government Regulation Number 41 of 1999 and WHO standard air pollution control as in
Table 1.
Mapping of NO2 and O3 concentration distribution is done by using Arc View GIS. The
sampling result is the concentration of each point plotted to the official map of Medan City
with GIS program to obtain the description of the distribution of NO2 and O3 level of
ambient air in Medan City. Based on the isopleth map of NO2 and O3 concentration, the
highest concentration areas were obtained. The results of this mapping can be used as

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baseline data in determining plans, policies, and programs related to ambient air pollution
control in Medan City.
Table 1. Air quality standard for NO2 and O3 [6,16]

Government
Sampling WHO
Parameter Regulation No
Duration (µg/m3)
41/1999 (µg/m3)

Nitrogen Dioxide 1 hour 400 200

(NO2)
24 hour 150 -

1 year/annual 100 40

Ozone/Oxidane 1 hour 235 -

(O3)
8 hour 160 100

1 year/annual 50 -

Beside the isopleth mapping of NO2 and O3 concentrations, the analysis in this study
also includes the effect of the relationship between the number of vehicles and
meteorological factors (temperature and humidity) to NO2 and O3 concentrations. The most
influential factor was determined by a correlation test between the number of emission
sources with ambient air concentration, and the influence of meteorological factors such as
temperature and humidity on the ambient air concentration by Eq. 1.

n. xy − ( x).( y ) (1)

R=
(n. x 2 − ( x)2 (n. y 2 − ( y )2 ))

with R = correlation, X = dependent variable (NO2 dan O3 concentration), Y = independent

variable (meteorology factor; temperature and humidity). If the value of R is close to +1 or
equal to +1 then the correlation is strongly positive. If the value of R is close to -1 or equal
to -1 then the correlation is strongly negative and if R = 0 means there is no correlation.

3 Results and discussions

3.1 Analysis of NO2 and O3 concentration in Medan city

The research was conducted in Medan City with 12 sample points that representing public
community activities such as industry, transportation, trade, office, city center, etc. The
name of the sampling location and the location description can be seen in Table 2.
The sampling result of ambient air concentration for NO2 parameter can be seen in Fig.
1. Based on Fig. 1, it can be seen that the concentration of NO2 in Medan City is still below
the ambient air quality standard, namely Government Regulation Number 41/1999.
However, when it compared to the WHO standard for NO2 concentrations in 1-hour
measurement which is 200 μg/m3, then there are 2 (two) locations that exceed the quality
standards of UA-1 and UA-3. The highest value of NO2 concentration exists at the point of
UA-1. UA-1 point is the representative of the industrial area in Medan City located in
Medan Belawan Sub-district, while UA-3 comes from transportation activity located at SM
Raja Street, Medan Amplas Sub-district. The main sources of both locations are industry

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and transportation. The higher the amount of production and high traffic volume the higher
the NO2 concentration contained in the ambient air.
Table 2. Name of ambient air quality sampling location in Medan city.

Symbol of Coordinate
sampling Sampling location Type
location North East

UA-1 Industrial Area of 03°46′41.8″ 98°41′56.5″ Industry

Medan

UA-2 Sicanang Village 03°45′37.9″ 98°39′45.5″ Mangrove area

UA-3 SM Raja Street 03°32′21.0″ 98°42′05.0″ Transportation

UA-4 Mangaan VIII 03°39′59.3″ 98°40′56.9″ Industry

UA-5 Pinang Baris Street 03°35′52.1″ 98°36′32.1″ Transportation

UA-6 Bromo 03°34′34.2″ 98°42′32.0″ Settlement

UA-7 Simalingkar 03°30′48.8″ 98°37′49.7″ Settlement

UA-8 University of 03°33′57.1″ 98°39′24.5″ Education

Sumatera Utara

UA-9 Tasbih 03°34′05.8″ 98°38′19.6″ Settlement

UA-10 Medan Mall 03°35′15.4″ 98°41′11.5″ Trading

UA-11 Merdeka Walk 03°35′28.8″ 98°40′38.6″ City center

UA-12 JIP 03°31′34.3″ 98°39′31.3″ Settlement

Fig. 1. Concentration NO2 in Medan.

When the NO2 concentration of 20 ppm is inhaled, it will cause death to the human. N
NO2 with a concentration of 5 ppm will cause an acute effect when exposed for more than
15 minutes. The 3 ppm concentration can be tolerated by the body in a short time. Severe
health effects from continuous exposure to NO2, include eye irritation, throat, respiratory

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irritation, and trigger asthma for people living with asthma. The most potent acute effects
are pulmonary edema (pulmonary damage) and heart disease [1, 17-22].
The range of NO2 concentration from several sampling sites in this research that was
21.33 μg/m3 (0.012 ppm) to 306.19 μg/m3 (0.17 ppm). This shows that the one hour
exposure had not given significant impact against human health. Nevertheless, from the
results it can be stated that the existence of NO2 in the ambient air of Medan City has
decreased urban air quality. Fig. 2 shows results of ambient air concentration for the O3
parameter samples.

Fig. 2. Concentration of O3 in Medan city.

The national ambient air quality standard for O3 concentration in PP 41/1999 for 1-hour
measurement is 235 μg/m3. Fig. 2 shows that the concentration of O3 in Medan City is still
below the ambient air quality standard. The highest O3 concentration was at UA-1 of 205.8
μg/m3. The high concentration of O3 in UA-1 because the source of O3 comes from
industrial activities and vehicle traffic carrying raw materials for the industrial production
process. Also, around the UA-1 location which is one of the industrial areas in Medan City,
there are also ports and power plants.
The result of O3 concentration sampling in the research location as a whole still meets
the ambient air quality standard. However, the presence of O3 with an ozone concentration
of 0.3 ppm can irritate the nose and throat. Contact with ozone at a concentration of 1.0 to
3.0 ppm for 2 hours resulted in severe dizziness and coordination in some people who are
sensitive. Whereas contact with a concentration of 9.0 ppm for some time may cause
pulmonary edema [23, 24]. The O3 concentration range of research results was obtained
19.7 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm) - 205.8 μg/m3 (0.1 ppm). This figure has not caused a direct impact
on public health, but the presence of O3 pollutants in the ambient air for people with asthma
will trigger shortness of breath [23, 24]. In some countries, the European Union
concentration exceeding 70 μg/m3 (8-hour measurements) is estimated to cause premature
death of ± 21,000 persons/year [25].

3.2 Distribution analysis of NO2 and O3 concentration in Medan city with GIS
Initially, distribution analysis of NO2 and O3 concentration was conducted by putting
coordinate data of twelve sampling location and their NO2 and O3 concentration into Arc
GIS software to obtain isopleth map of NO2 and O3 concentration. The concentration
isopleth map is a map that presents the same concentration at points of observation. Based
on the isophletic map, areas that have the highest concentration can be determined an air
pollution control can be designed in the region.

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UA-1
UA-1

UA-2 UA-2

LEGEND LEGEND
• Sampling • Sampling
Point Point
NO2 11 – 45 O3 Concentration
21 – 40
UA-4 Concentration
46 – 80 UA-4 (µg/m3) 41 – 60
(µg/m3)81 – 115 61 – 80
116 – 140 81 – 100
141 – 175 101 – 120
176 – 210 121 – 140
211 – 245 141 – 160
246 – 280 161 – 180
281 315 181 200
UA-5 UA-5
UA-11UA-10 UA-11UA-10

UA-9 UA-6 UA-9 UA-6

UA-8 UA-8

UA-3 UA-3

UA-12 UA-12
UA-7 UA-7

Figure 3. Map of isopleth concentration of NO2 (right) and O3 (left) in Medan city.
Fig. 3 shows the isophleth map consists of NO2 and O3 concentrations distribution in
Medan City. On the isophletic map, the highest concentration is indicated by orange and
red color for both pollutant parameters in Medan Belawan, Medan Amplas, and Medan
Helvetia subdistricts. The high concentrations of NO2 and O3 in these areas are influenced
by various emission sources. One of the sources of NO2 and O3 emissions in Medan
Belawan Sub-district came from industry. The largest industrial area in Medan City is
located in Belawan District, Medan Industrial Estate (KIM). Medan Industrial Estate (KIM)
has an area of ± 525 Ha with ± 335 companies. The types of industries that exist in KIM
vary like the palm oil processing industry, food processing industry, fertilizer industry, iron
and steel industry, warehouse leasing and other industries.
Apart from the industrial activities of Belawan Sub-district, the high concentration of
NO2 and O3 in the middle of Medan City sourced from emissions in urban dominant comes
from transportation activities. Type of modes of land transportation in the city of Medan is
quite heterogeneous, such as motorcycles, motor tricycles, cars, urban transit, buses, trucks,
and trains. An increase in the number of vehicles in Medan City averaged ±10% per year.
The dominant vehicle type is the motor that is ±50-60%. However, the distribution of
pollutant concentrations is also influenced by other factors such as meteorology, land use
and receptors [10, 26].
The source of pollutant in Medan Belawan sub-district is not only derived from the
activities of KIM (Medan Industrial Estate) and transportation but also from the operations
of power plants and ports around Belawan area. The existing power plant in Belawan is the
largest power plant in North Sumatra with a power plant capacity of 260 MW and PLTGU
of 817.9 MW [27]. Belawan port is the main port that serves as a cargo terminal, passenger
terminal with loading and unloading of goods reaches 2 million TEUs per year. This
condition causes more emission sources, the higher the emission load generated and the
higher the pollutant in the ambient air.
The O3 formation other than dependent on O3 stratosphere also influenced the
concentration of NOx, VOC, and the ratio of VOC to NOx [28]. When the VOC to NOx
ratio is less than 8 to 10, a decrease in NOx tends to increase ozone formation. If the

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VOC/NOx ratio is higher than 8 to 10, a reduction in NOx tends to decrease ozone
formation. However, NO2 and O3 concentrations in ambient air may change due to various
factors (e.g., meteorology, precipitation, and particle gas conversion) [29].

3.3 Influence of meteorological factors on distribution of NO2 and O3

concentrations
Distribution of pollutants in the ambient air is influenced by meteorological factors. The
influential meteorological factors are wind speed and direction, temperature, humidity,
pressure, atmospheric stability, solar radiation [30-32].
In this study observed is the effect of temperature and humidity on NO2 and O3
concentrations. The result of analysis with statistic obtained R-value for the relation of NO2
with temperature is 0.605 and R-value for O3 relation with temperature is 0.716. This figure
states that the correlation between the concentration of pollutants and ambient air
temperature is a strong positive correlation. This means that the higher the temperature, the
higher the concentration in the ambient air. The results of this study are in line with several
other studies suggesting that the temperature is directly proportional to the intensity of
pollutants [30,31,33].
Meanwhile, the influence of moisture on NO2 and O3 concentration obtained R-value
respectively that is -0,525 and -0,665. This figure states that the correlation between
pollutant concentrations with ambient air moisture is a strong negative correlation. This
means that the lower the moisture, the higher the concentration of pollutants in the ambient
air. Humidity is inversely proportional to the concentration of contaminants. [30] states that
high relative humidity is usually associated with rainfall. Rain can wash the pollutant in the
ambient air so that the concentration of the contaminant becomes low.

3.4 Attempts to control urban air pollution in Medan city

The initial stage for pollution control is to determine the distribution of pollutants in an
urban area. Map of distribution of pollutant concentration is preliminary data so that can be
obtained information of dominant pollutant source according to location and time. If the
inventory has been determined, the air pollution control based on the cause can be planned.
The high concentrations of NO2 and O3 in Medan Belawan sub-district come from
industrial zones, ports and power plants. An effort to control air pollution following
emission sources should be made. For industrial activities can be done with the application
of clean technology, the use of environmentally friendly fuel for the production process,
equip the chimney with air pollution control device [34]. Meanwhile, for transportation
sources can be done by implementing mass transportation, test vehicle emissions, age
restrictions for vehicles, the use of low-emission vehicles, the addition of green open space.
The presence of green open space with shady trees can help reduce the amount of
ambient air O3 due to gas phase reaction, uptake in stomata leaves and the presence of
antioxidants in the form of volatile isoprenoids. Indirectly the existence of vegetation will
affect the microclimate such as temperature and humidity. High humidity will cause the
water-soluble ambient O3 precursors such as NO2 to decrease. If NO2 decreases, then the
concentration of O3 in ambient air is formed too little [23, 35].
The addition of green open space in Medan City needs to be upgraded as mandated in
Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning is as much as 20% green open space and 10%
private green open space. Existing condition of green open space of Medan City is 1,403,84
Ha [36]. Based on total area of Medan City still needed 7.953 Ha green open space [37].

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4 Conclusions
The result of this study indicate the NO2 and O3 concentration in Medan City still meet the
standard quality. Map distribution of NO2 and O3 concentration of ambient air shows that
the highest concentration of NO2 and O3 is located in Medan Belawan District, Medan
Amplas Subdistrict and Medan Helvetia Subdistrict. Pollutants in Medan Belawan sub-
district come from various sources such as industrial fields, power plants, ports, and land
transportation. The dispersion of NO2 and O3 pollutants is influenced by meteorological
factors such as temperature and humidity. The temperature is directly proportional to the
increase in the concentration of pollutants in the ambient air while the moisture is inversely
proportional to the intensity of the contaminant. The control efforts that can be done is the
application of clean technology, the use of control devices and air pollution monitors for the
industry. Meanwhile, for sources of emissions regarding land transportation is the use of
mass transportation, the use of low emission vehicles and the addition of green open spaces.

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