அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

mbg;gil chpikfs;
mbg;gil chpikfs; jq;fSf;Fs;NsNa Fwpg;ghf mnkhpf;f If;fpa ehl;il
vt;tpjkhd cs;slf;fj;ijAk; fhl;bYk; tphpthdjhFk;.
nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. ngUk;ghYk; ,it  murpayikg;gpdhy; cj;jputhjk;
ntw;Wg; ghj;jpuq;fshfNt cs;sd. mspf;fg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil
xt;nthU jiyKiwapdUk; jq;fs; chpikfs; midj;J egHfSf;Fk;
tho;f;if mDgtj;jpy;ngw;w vt;tpj NtWghLk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.
cd;djkhd mDgtq;fis nfhz;L  midj;J jdp egHfspd;
epug;gpf; nfhs;syhk;. rkj;Jtj;ijAk;> jdp kdpjdpd;
 Nfrthde;j ghujp tof;fpy; cr;r nfsutj;ijAk;> nghJkf;fspd;
ePjpkd;wk; mspj;j tpsf;fk; eyd;fisAk; kw;Wk; Njrj;jpd;
xw;WikiaAk; jd;dfj;Nj
tpsf;fk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
mbg;gil chpik vd;w mjd;  mbg;gil chpikfspd; Nehf;fk;
ngahpypUe;Nj mjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; murpay; kf;fshl;rpia (Political
ntspg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F Democracy) tsHg;gjhFk;.
murpayikg;gpdhy; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cz;ikapy; ekJ murpayikg;gpy; VO (7)
cj;jputhjKk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ed;F mbg;gil chpikfs; ,Ue;jd.
ntspg;gLfpwJ. NkYk; 1. rkj;Jt chpik \uj;J 14
murpayikg;gpdhy; cj;jputhjKk; Kjy; 18 tiu
ghJfhg;Gk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J 2. Rje;jpu chpik \uj;J 19
ehl;bd; mbg;gil rl;lkhfTk; jpfo;fpwJ. Kjy; 22 tiu
xt;nthU jdpkdpjdpd; cilik> 3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd chpik
mwpTrhH chpik> ePjp kw;Wk; Md;kpf ruj;J 23 Kjy; 24 tiu
Nkk;ghL Nghd;w midj;jpw;Fk; kpf 4. rka Rje;jpu chpik ruj;J
mj;jpahtrpakhf mbg;gil chpikfs; 25 Kjy; 28 tiu
czug;gLfpwJ. 5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp ruj;J
 mbg;gil chpikfs; 29 Kjy; 30 tiu
murpayikg;gpd; gFjp –III y; ruj;J 6. murpayikg;G thapyhd jPHT
12 Kjy; 35 tiu cj;juthjk; ruj;J 32 (ruj;J 226 –
mspf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. caHePjpkd;wk;)
 murpayikg;gpd; gFjp –III 7. nrhj;Jhpik (ruj;J 31 1978-y;
,e;jpahtpd; kfh rhrdk; (Magna 44-tJ murpayikg;G
carta of India) vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ. jpUj;jk; thapyhf
 ,g;gFjp kpf ePskhd kw;Wk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,r;ruj;J
midj;ijAk; cs;slf;fpa> jw;NghJ 300A-thf cs;sJ.
ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfp jPHT ngWk;
mbg;gil chpikfs; nfhz;Ls;sJ. mbg;gil chpikfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
 ekJ murpayikg;gpd; mbg;gil  mbg;gil chpikfs;
chpikahdJ cyfpd; NtW ve;j G+Hzj;Jtkhdbt my;y Mdhy;
ehl;bd; mbg;gil chpikfis jFjp tha;e;jit.
fhl;bYk; mjpf tphpthdJ MFk;.  murhdJ ,tw;wpd; kPJ NghJkhd
fl;Lg;ghLfis tpjpf;f KbAk;.

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 ,it ngUk;ghYk; murpd; mjpfhu mikg;Gfs; (Other

jd;dpr;irahd eltbf;iff;F vjpuhf Authorities); my;yJ
cs;sd.  (4) ,e;jpa murhq;fj;jpd;
 ePjpkd;wq;fis mZfp jPHT ngw fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; cs;s
KbAk;. midj;J cs;SH my;yJ
 cr;r ePjpkd;wk; mbg;gil gpw mjpfhu mikg;Gfs;.
chpikfis ghJfhg;gNjhL
kl;Lky;yhky; cj;juthjKk; mbg;gil chpikfSld;
toq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l Kuz;gLk; rl;lq;fs; (ruj;J 13)
egH Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij ruj;J 13d; gb mbg;gil
mZfp jPHT ngw KbAk;. chpikfSf;F Kuz;gLkhW my;yJ
 ,itGdpjkhditNah my;yJ kPWkhW rl;lk; VNjDk; ,aw;wg;gl;lhy;>
epue;jukhditNah md;W. mJ ,y;yhepiyajhFk; kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;wk; ,tw;iw Fiwf;fNth nry;yhjjhFk;.
my;yJ ePf;fNth KbAk;.  ruj;J 13(1) – murpayikg;G
 Njrpa neUf;fb epiy nray;ghl;by; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;ghf> ,e;jpa
,Uf;Fk; NghJ mbg;gil vy;iyf;Fs; mkypy; cs;s
chpikfspy; \uj;J 20 kw;Wk; 21- midj;J rl;lq;fSk; (law in force),
Ij; jtpu gpw mbg;gil chpikfis mbg;gil chpikfs; Fwpj;j
nray;glhj tz;zk; epWj;jp itf;f tifKiwfSld; ve;j mstpw;F
KbAk;. \uj;J 19-I Aj;jk; my;yJ Kuz;gl;ljhf cs;sNjh me;j
me;epa gilnaLg;gpd; NghJ mstpw;F ,y;yh epiyajhFk;.
nray;glhky; jLj;j epWj;j KbAk;.  ruj;J 13(2) – Fbkf;fspd; mbg;gil
chpikfis gwpg;gjhfNth my;yJ
murpd; tiuaiw (ruj;J 12) kPWtjhfNth> muR ve;jr;
xUtuJ mbg;gil chpikia rl;lj;ijAk; (law) ,aw;wf; $lhJ
kPwpaJ murh> ,y;iyah vd;gij kw;Wk; ,e;epge;jidf;F Kuzhf (in
mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;F VJthf ruj;J 12- contravention) rl;lk; VNjDk;
MdJ “muR”(State) vd;gjpy; ,aw;wg;gl;lhy;> mJ mk;Kuz;ghL
vitnay;yhk; mlf;fk; vd;gjw;Fz;lhd mstpw;F ,y;yhepiyajhf;fg;gLk;.
tiuaiwiaf; nfhLf;fpwJ.
ruj;J 12-d;gb>“muR” vd;w nrhy;ypy;
gpd;tUtd mlq;Fk;. mbg;gil chpikfs;
 (1) ,e;jpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk;
ghuhSkd;wk;; kw;Wk;
 (2) xt;nthU 1. rkj;Jt chpik (ruj;J 14 – 18)
khepyj;jpDila murhq;fk;  rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;
kw;Wk; rl;lkd;wk;; kw;Wk; kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rkkhd
 (3) ,e;jpa Ml;rp vy;iyf;Fs; ghJfhg;G ruj;J – 14.
cs;s midj;J cs;SH  rhjp> rka> ,d> ghy;> gpwg;gpl
mjpfhu mikg;Gfs; (Local NtWghLfspdhy; ghugl;rk; fhl;lhik
Authorities) my;yJ gpw ruj;J – 15.

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 அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

 muR Ntiyfspy; rktha;g;G \uj;J kj gpur;rhuk; nra;aTk; chpik -

– 16. ruj;J 25.
 jPz;lhik xopg;G kw;Wk; ,jd;  rka tptfhuq;fis epHtfpf;Fk;
nray;ghl;bid jLj;jy; ruj;J – 17. chpik - ruj;J 26.
 ,uhZtj;jpYk; fy;tpj; JiwapYk;  rka tsHr;rpf;fhf thp nrYj;jhky;
rhjid GhpNthUf;F toq;fg;gLk; ,Uf;f chpik - \uj;J 27.
gl;lq;fisj; jtpu gpw gl;lq;fs;  rka NghjidfSf;Fr;
xopg;G ruj;J – 18. nry;yhkypUf;f chpik - ruj;J 28.

2. Rje;jpu chpik : (\uj;J 19 –

22) 5. fyhr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tp chpik
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tpjp 19 VO (ruj;J 29 – 30)
(7) mbg;gil chpikfis  rpWghd;idapdH nkhop> vOj;J
Fbkf;fSf;F cWjp nra;fpwJ. tbtk; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhuq;fis
 Fw;wq;fSf;Fj; jz;lidaspg;gJ ghJfhf;Fk; chpik. \uj;J 29.
Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G> (\uj;J – 20)  rpWghd;ikapdH fy;tp epWtdq;fis
 capUf;Fk; jdpg;gl;l Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; Vw;gLj;jp epHtfpf;Fk; chpik. \uj;J
30.
ghJfjg;G (\uj;J – 21)
 Muk;g fy;tp fw;gjw;fhd chpik -
6. mbg;gil chpikfSf;fhd
ruj;J 21A fl;Lg;ghLfs; (ruj;J 31A, 31B
 ifJ nra;ag;gLtjw;Fk;> fhtypy; kw;Wk; 31C)
itf;fg;gLtjw;Fk; vjpuhfg; 7. murpayikg;G thapyhf jPHT
ghJfhg;G - ruj;J 22. ngWk; chpik - ruj;J 32
mbg;gil chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy;
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd ghJfhg;G Neubahf cr;r ePjpkd;wj;ij mZfp
(ruj;J 23 kw;Wk; 24) jPHTngw fPo;f;fz;l ePjpg;Nguhizfs;
 kdpjHfis tpahghu nghUshf fUjp tif nra;fpd;wd.
tpw;gJ kw;Wk; fl;lha Ntiy
thq;Ftij jilnra;jhy; - \uj;J rkj;Jt chpik (ruj;J 14 - 18)
23.
 14 tajpw;F cl;gl;l Foe;ijfis
njhopw;rhiyfspNyh> kw;Wk; ruj;J – 14
Mgj;jhd Ntiyfspy; mkHj;JtJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ - \uj;J 24.
rl;lj;jpd; Kd; rkk;
rl;lj;jpd; “Kd; midtUk; rkk;”
vd;gJ ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Njhd;wpajhFk;.
4. rkar; Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J
 ve;j egUf;Fk Mjuthf
25 – 28) rpwg;G rYiffis kWj;jy;
 kdrhl;rp gb nray;glTk;  rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ve;j xU jdp
Rje;jpukhf Ntiyfspy; <LglTk; egUf;Fk; vt;tpj rYiffs;
kw;Wk; tpUk;Gk; rkaj;ij gpd;gw;wTk; fhl;lg;glhJ

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 rl;lj;jpw;F Nky; vJTk; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;Wtjw;F murpid

,y;iy. vJTk; jLf;fhJ.

midtUf;Fk; rkkhd ghJfhg;Gr; ruj;J 16

rl;lk;  murpd; fPOs;s ve;j mYtyfj;jpYk;
,f;fUj;J mnkhpf;f gzp my;yJ epakdk; Fwpj;j
murpayikg;gpypUe;J vLj;jjhFk;. tptfhuq;fspy; vy;yh
 rl;lj;jpd; thapyhf Fbkfd;fSf;Fk; rk tha;g;G
xt;nthUtUf;Fk; mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s rpwg;Ghpikfs;  ,e;jpahtpd; vg;gFjpapy; tho;e;J
kw;Wk; nghWg;GfSf;F Vw;g tUtjhf ,Ug;gpDk; Ntiy
#o;epiyapd; mbg;gilapy; tha;g;Gfspy; muR rk tha;g;G
rkkhf elj;jg;gLtH. mspf;f kWf;ff; $lhJ. kjk;> ,dk;>
 rkepiyapy; cs;stHfSf;F rhjp> ghy;> ,wq;Fhpik> gpwg;gplk;
rl;lk; rk ghJfhg;ig kw;Wk; ciwtplk;> ,tw;wpd;
toq;Fk;. mbg;gilapy; mutpd; xU
mYtyfj;jpy; my;yJ gzpapy; xU
 ve;jg; ghFghLk; ,y;yhky;
Fbkfd; mkuj; jFjpaw;wtdhf
xd;whf fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
Mf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
 muRg; gzpfis jpwikahfr;
ruj;J – 15
nra;tjw;Fhpa jFjpfis
 muR ve;jf; FbkfidAk;
epHzapg;gJ \uj;J 16f;F vjpuhf
mtDila kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghy;>
mikahJ.
gpwg;gplk; Mfpatw;wpy; VjhtJ
xd;iwf; fhuzkhff; fhz;gpj;J>
mtid ghFghl;Lld; elj;jf; $lhJ. kz;ly fkp\d;
 ve;jf; FbkfDk; mtd; rhHe;Js;s nkhuh[; Njrha; murhq;fj;jhy; 1979-k;
kjk;> ,dk;> rhjp> ghy;> gpwg;gplk; Mz;by; ,uz;lhtJ gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;G
Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fil> fkp\d; B.P.kz;ly; jiyikapy;
nghJ xa;T tpLjpfs;> czT mikf;fg;gl;lJ. (Kjy; tFg;G
tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; nghJthd fhfhfNyy;fH – 1953 – 55).
nghOJNghf;F ,lq;fspy; EioAk; murapyikg;gpd; \uj;J 340-y; r%f kw;Wk;
NghJk; jilg;gLj;jNth my;yJ fy;tp epiyapy; gpd;jq;fpAs;s
epge;jid tpjpf;fg;glNth $lhJ. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdH epiyfis
 ngz;bH kw;Wk; Foe;ijfSf;fhd Muha;e;J mtHfspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F jFe;j
rpwg;Gr; rl;lq;fs; ,aw;WtjpypUe;J eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;fpwJ.
murpid ,e;j \uj;jpy; cs;s ,f;fkp\d; muR gzpfspy; ,ju
vJTk; jLf;fhJ. gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F (OBC) 27% ,l
 muR> rKjhaj;jpy; kw;Wk; fy;tpapy; xJf;fPL toq;f Ntz;Lk; vd ghpe;Jiuj;jJ.
gpd; jq;fp cs;s tFg;gpdHfSf;F ,jdhy; nkhj;j ,l xJf;fPL midj;J
my;yJ jho;j;jg;gl;NlhH kw;Wk; rhjpapdUf;Fk; (SC, ST, & OBC) 50% khf
goq;FbapdUf;F jdpr; rYiffs; epHzapf;fg;gl;lJ.
mspj;J> mtHfSk; rKjhaj;jpy;
Kd;Ndw;wkila jdpr;rpwg;Gr;

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1950-y; V.P. rpq; murhq;fk; ,ju %yk; ve;j jFjpapd;ikahtJ

gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F (OBC) muR Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lhy; mJ Fw;wkhf
gzpfspy; 27% ,l xJf;fPl;il toq;fpaJ. fUjg;gl;L rl;lg;gb jz;bf;fg;gLk;
1992-y; kz;ly; tof;F ,ju gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l vd;W $WfpwJ.
tFg;gpdhy; ghNyL mLf;fpy; (Creamy
Layer)cs;stu;fis milahsk; fhz ruj;J 18
uhk;ee;jd;jiyikapy; fkpl;b xd;W  xU FbkfDf;Nfh my;yJ
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. Fbkdfy;yhjtDf;Nfh muR
1993-y; ghuhSkd;w rl;lj;jpd; %yk; gl;lq;fs; toq;Ftij jil
gpw;gLj;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;fhd Njrpa nra;fpwJ. Mdhy; ,uhZtk; kw;Wk;
fkp\d; xd;W epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. fy;tpapy; rpwg;GilatHfSf;F
1994-y; 76-tJ murpayikg;G rl;lj; jpUj;jk; gl;lq;fs; mspg;gij jLf;ftpy;iy.
%yk; jkpo;ehL ,l xJf;fPL rl;lk; 1994-y;  ntspehl;L murplkpUe;J ,e;jpaf;
,aw;wg;gl;lJ. ,jid 9-tJ ml;ltizapy; Fbkfd; xUtd; gl;lk; ngWtif
NrHj;J ePjpkd;w Gduha;Tf;F cl;gLj;jhky; jil nra;fpwJ.
ghJfhf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,r;rl;lk; 50% ,lxJf;fPl;il jhz;b 69% Rje;jpu chpik (ruj;J 19 – 22)
,l xJf;fPL mspj;Js;sJ.

ruj;J 17 ruj;J 19
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; 17-tJ  ,e;jpa murpayikg;G tpjp
\uj;J> jPz;lhikia xopf;fpwJ 19 VO (7) chpikfis
kw;Wk; ve;j tifapYk; jPz;lhik Fbkf;fSf;F cWjp
eilKiwf;Fl;gLj;jg;gLtij nra;fpwJ.
jLf;fpwJ. NkYk; jPz;lhikapd;
\uj;J chpikfs; epahakhd fl;Lg;ghLfs;
1. murpd; ghJfhg;G; 2. mz;il ehl;Lld;
el;GwT; 3. nghJ mikjp; 4.
Ngr;R kw;Wk; fUj;Jfis mwnewpapyhd xOf;fk;; 5. ePjpkd;w
19 (1) (a)
ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk; mtkjpg;G; 6. mtJ}W $wy;; 7. Fw;wk;
nra;aj; J}z;Ljy;; 8. ,e;jpahtpd;
xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ik
MAjq;fspd;wp mikjpahf 1. nghJ mikjp my;yJ mwnewpapd;
19 (1) (b)
$Ltjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; eyDf;Fl;gl;L; 2. ,e;jpahtpd;
fofq;fs; kw;Wk; rq;fq;fs; xUikg;ghL kw;Wk; ,iwahz;ikapd;
19 (1) (c)
mikg;gjw;fhd Rje;jpuk; eyDf;F cl;gl;L
,e;jpah KOtJk; nrd;W tu
19 (1) (d) 1. nghJ kf;fspd; eyDf;Fl;gl;L;
Rje;jpuk;
2. goq;Fbapdhpd; eyed ghJfhf;Fk;
,e;jpahtpw;Fs; vg;gFjpapYk;
19 (1) (e) nghUl;L.
jq;fp thOk; chpik
ve;j njhopy;> gzp kw;Wk; 1. epahakhd jilahf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;; 2.
19 (1) (g)
tzpfk; my;yJ tpahghuj;ijr; nghJ kf;fspd; eydpw;Fl;gl;ljhf ,Uf;f

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nra;Ak; Rje;jpuk; Ntz;Lk;.

 rl;lj;jhy; cz;lhf;fg;gl;l
ruj;J 20 eilKiwfspd; gb (procedure
Fw;wq;fSf;fhd Fw;wj; jPHg;gspj;jy; established by law) my;yhky;
Fwpj;j ghJfhg;G jdpkdpj Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpf;Fk;
rl;lk;> \uj;J 21–f;F KuzhdJ.
Kd; Njjpapl;L mkyhFk; rl;lk;
(Ex – Post facto Legislation) fy;tp chpik (\uj;J 21A )
 xU Fw;wnkd Fw;wQ;rhl;lg;gl;l  2002-Mk; Mz;L murpay; mikg;G
nray; nra;ag;gl;l fhyj;jpy; jpUj;jr; rl;lk; 86-d; gb ,t;Thpik
mkypy; ,Ue;j rl;lj;jpid NrHf;fg;gl;lJ.
kPwpajidj; jtpu NtW ve;j  ,jd;gb khepyq;fs; 6 Kjy; 14
Fw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; xU egH taJ tiuAs;s midj;J
jz;bf;fg;glyhfhJ. Foe;ijfSf;Fk; ,ytr kw;Wk;
fl;lhaf; fy;tp toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
,ul;il ,lH (Double Jeopardy)  ,r;ruj;Jg;gb Muk;gg;gs;sp gbg;G
kl;LNk mbg;gil chpikahFk;.
 murpayikg;Gr; rl;lg;gb ve;j
caHepiy gs;sp gbg;G my;yJ
egUk;> xNu Fw;wj;jpw;F xU
njhopy;fy;tp ,jpy; NruhJ.
jlitf;F Nky; Fw;w tof;F
,lg;gl;L jz;bf;fg;glf; $lhJ.
 ,ul;il ,lH jz;lidahdJ ruj;J 22
ePjpkd;w rl;lk; my;yJ jPHg;ghak;  rpy #o;epiyfspy; ifJ nra;jy;
%yk; toq;fg;gLtJ kl;LNk kw;Wk; rpiw itj;jYf;F vjpuhf
Vw;fg;gLk;. Jiw hPjpahd my;yJ \uj;J 22 ghJfhg;gspf;fpwJ.
epHthf hPjpahf toq;fg;gLk;  rhjhuz rl;lj;jpd; fPo; ifJ
jz;lidfs; Vw;fg;gl khl;lhJ. nra;ag;gl;l egHfSf;F gpd;tUk;
chpikfis mspf;fpwJ.
jd;idj;jhNd Fw;wQ;rhl;ly; (Self  mtiu ifJ nra;tjw;Fz;lhd
Incrimination) fhuzq;fis vt;tsT tpiuthf
 xU Fw;wj;jpw;fhf Fw;wk; ,aYNkh mt;tsT tpiuthf
rhl;lg;gl;Ls;s xU egH jdf;Nf mtUf;F njhptpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
vjpuhf xU rhl;rpahf  jd; rhHghf thjhl xU
Mf;fg;gLtjw;F tof;fwpQiu jd; tpUg;gg;gb
tw;GWj;jg;glf;$lhJ. ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltH mkHj;jpf;
nfhs;syhk;.
 ifJ nra;ag;gl;l egiu> mtH
ruj;J 21 ifjhd Neuj;jpypUe;J 24 kzp
 ve;j eghpd; tho;f;ifiaAk; Neuj;jpw;Fs; Fw;wtpay; ePjpkd;w
my;yJ jdp egH Rje;jpuj;ijAk; eLtH Kd; Kd;dpiyg; gLj;J
rl;lj;jhy; eilKiwfspy; jtpu Ntz;Lk;.
gpw topfspy; kPwf; $lhJ.  Mdhy; \uj;J 22-,d; gb> xU
may;ehl;ltH rpiw

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 அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

itf;fg;gl;lhy; mtUf;F  jPtputhjk; kw;Wk; ,ilA+W

Nkw;gb chpikfs; fpilahJ. eltbf;iffis jLf;Fk; rl;lk;
1985 (TADA) 1995- y;
jLg;Gf;fhty; fhyhtjpahfptpl;lJ.
 jLg;Gf;fhtYf;F cl;gLk;egH  rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd
ePjpkd;w tprhuid ,y;yhkYk; NghijnghUs;fs; kw;Wk;
kw;Wk; ePjpkd;wj;jhy; Fw;wthsp kNdhepiyia ghjpg;Gf;F
vd;W jPHg;G mspf;fg;glhjtUk; cs;shf;Fk; nghUl;fis jLf;Fk;
MtH. rl;lk; 1988 (PITNDPSA).
 mtUf;F toq;fg;gLk; jLg;Gf;  jPtputhjj;ij jLf;Fk; rl;lk;
fhyk; jz;lid mtH Kd;G nra;j (POTA) 2002-y; jpUk;gngwg;gl;lJ.
Fw;wj;jpw;F ,y;iy vjpHfhyj;jpy; ,e;j jLg;Gf;fhty; rl;lj;ij
Fw;wk; nra;af;$Lk; vd;w ghuhSkd;wk; kw;Wk; khepy
mr;rj;jpy; Kd;$l;bNa jLg;Gf; rl;lkd;wq;fs; ,aw;wyhk;
fhtypy; itg;gJ MFk;.
 %d;W khjq;fSf;F Nkw;gl;L
xUtH jLg;Gf; fhtypy;
rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;ff; $lhJ.
Ruz;lg;gLjYf;nfjpuhd chpik
mg;gb %d;W khjq;fSf;F Nky; (\uj;Jfs; 23 kw;Wk; 24)
xUtiu rpiwg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
vdpy; mr;rpiwg;gLj;Jk; cj;jpuT> ruj;J 23
MNyhridf; FOtplk;
 \uj;J 23-,d;gb kdpj ,opnjhopy;
fl;baDg;gg;gl;l (referring)
thzpfKk; (traffic in human beings),
Ntz;Lk;.
Cjpakw;w fl;lha ciog;G Kiw
 MNyhridf; FO> mt;thW
(Forced begger) kw;Wk; ,J Nghd;w
rpiwg;gLj;jpaJ epahakw;wJ vd
gpw tYf;fl;lha ciog;G
mwptpj;jhy;> rpiwg;gLj;jg;gl;l egH
KiwfSk; jil nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd.
cldbahf tpLtpf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
 ,j;jilia kPwp mt;thW VNjDk;
nra;ag;gLkhdhy;> mJ
jLg;G fhty; rl;lq;fs; jz;bf;fj;jf;f Fw;wr; nrayhFk;.
 jLg;G fhty; rl;lk; 1950 – 1969-y; ruj;J 24
fhyhtjp Mfptpl;lJ.  \uj;J 24-,d;gb 14 tajpw;Fg;gl;l
 cs;ehl;L ghJfhg;ig guhkhpf;Fk; Foe;ijfs; ahUk;>
rl;lk; (MISA)- 1971, 1978- y; njhopw;rhiyapNyh my;yJ
jpUk;g ngwg;gl;Ltpl;lJ. Ruq;fj;jpNyh gzpf;F mkHj;jg;glf;
 may;ehl;L ghptHjidfis $lhJ. NkYk; gpw mghafukhd
ghJfhg;gJ kw;Wk; fs;sflj;jy; gzpfspy; <LgLj;jg;glf; $lhJ.
eltbf;iffis jLf;Fk; rl;lk;
(COFEPOSA)- 1974
 Njrpa ghJfhg;G rl;lk; (NSA) rka (my;yJ) kj Rje;jpu chpik
 fUg;G re;ijfis jLj;jy; kw;Wk; (\uj;Jfs; 25 Kjy; 28)
mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspd; Njit
guhkhpf;Fk; rl;lk; 1980.

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 அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

ruj;J 25  \uj;J 27-,d; gb> vr;rka;jpw;Fk;

my;yJ mjd; cl;gphptpw;Fk; thp
 \uj;J 25-,d;gb> nghJ mikjp>
tpjpj;J> mt;thpapd; tUthiar;
xOq;F> Rfhjhuk;> mwnewp
rka tsHr;rpf;Fk;
Mfpatw;Wf;Fk; mbg;gil
Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; nryT nra;Ak;
chpikfSf;Fk; cl;gl;L
Nehf;fj;Jld; ve;j xU FbkfDk;
vy;NyhUk; jq;fs; csnewpf;F
thpg;gzk; fl;l Ntz;Lnkd;W
cfe;jjhfg;gLk; rka
tw;GWj;jf; $lhJ vd;W
ek;gpf;ifiaf; nfhs;sTk;>
$Wfpd;wJ.
Rje;jpukhf mjidg; gpd;gw;wTk;>
kw;wtHfSf;F mjd; cz;ikia
czHj;jpg; gug;gTk;> murpay; rl;l ruj;J 28
chpikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;whHfs;.  murpd; epjp cjtpis
KOikahfg; ngw;W fy;tpg;
ruj;J 26 gzpGhpAk; epWtdq;fspy; rka
Nghjid nra;tJ 28-tJ \uj;jpd;
 murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; 26-tJ
fPo; jLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
\uj;J nghJ mikjp> xOq;F>
 murpd; epjp cjtpiag; ngwhky;
mwnewp (Morality), Rfhjhuk;
fy;tpg; gzpGhpAk; epWtdq;fspy;
Mfpatw;wpd; eyDf;Fl;gl;L>
rka Nghjid nra;tJ jil
 xt;nthU rkaUk; (every nra;ag;gltpy;iy.
religious denomination)  NkYk;> gs;sp Foe;ijfis
mjw;Fhpa mw Nehf;fq;fis fl;lha kj Nghjidfis Nfl;f
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sk; Ntz;Lnkd;W fl;lhag; gLj;jf;
chpikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. $lhJ.
 rka rk;ge;jkhd
tp\aq;fspy; jdJ nrhe;j
tptfhuq;fis jhNd fhyr;rhu kw;Wk; fy;tpapay;
Nkyhz;ik nra;J nfhs;Sk; chpikfs; (\uj;J 29 Kjy; 30)
chpikiag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ.
 mirAk; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;
mirahr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk;
NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;>
ruj;J 29
chpikahf;fpf; nfhs;sTk;  ,e;jpahtpy; vg;gFjpapy; tho;gtuhf
chpik ngw;Ws;sJ. ,Ug;gpDk;jdp nkhop xd;iw
my;yJ vOj;J Kiwia my;yJ
 mt;thW NrHe;J rkaf;
jdpf; fyhr;rhuk; xd;iw
$lq;fSf;F chpikahf;fpf;
ngw;wpUf;Fk; r%fj;jpdH mk;nkhop>
nfhz;l nrhj;Jf;fisr;
vOj;J tbtk; fyhr;rhuk;
rl;lq;fs; $Wk; Kiwapy;
Mfpatw;iwg; ghJfhj;Jf;
epHtfpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;
nfhs;Sk; murpayikg;G rl;l
chpik ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ vd;W
chpikiag; ngw;Ws;shHfs;.
murapyikg;Gr; rl;lk;
 muR fy;tpf; $lq;fspYk;> my;yJ
tpsk;GfpwJ.
murpd; cjtp ngw;W
elj;jg;gLfpd;w fy;tpr;
ruj;J 27

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 அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

rhiyfspYk; ve;jnthU FbkfDk; murpayikg;gpd; ,Ujak; / Md;kh

rkak;> ,dk;> rhjp> nkhop my;yJ MFk; vd lhf;lH mk;Ngj;fhH
mtw;wpy; VNjDk; xd;wpdhy; fy;tp Fwpg;gpLfpwhH.
ngWk; tha;g;ig ,of;f Kbahjgb  xUthpd; mbg;gil chpikfs;
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk; \uj;J 29 kPwg;gbd; cr;r ePjpkd;wk;
tif nra;fpwJ. vt;tifahd ePjpg;Nguhiz my;yJ
cj;juTfis gpwg;gpf;FNkh
ruj;J 30 mtw;iw ruj;J 226-d;gb
 nkhop> rkak; Mfpatw;wpd; caHePjpkd;wKk; (High Court)
mbg;gilapy; rpWghd;ikapduhf gpwg;gpf;fyhk;.
cs;s vy;yhUk; jq;fs; tpUg;gg;gb  vdpDk; caH ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;
fy;tpf; $lq;fis Vw;gLj;jp Nguhiz gpwg;gpf;Fk; mjpfuhkhdJ
mtw;iw epHtfpj;Jf; nfhs;sf; cr;r ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ij
$ba Kjy; chpikia tpl gue;jJ vd ruj;J 226
toq;FfpwJ. $WfpwJ.
 xUthpd; mbg;gil chpik
kPwg;gl;lhy; jhd; ruj;J 32-d;gb
murpay; hPjpapyhd jPh;T topfSf;F cr;r ePjpkd;wk; Miz gpwf;Fk;.
chpik (\uj;J 32) Mdhy;> mbg;gil chpikapd;wp
rhjhuz chpikfs; kPwg;gl;lhYk;
caHePjpkd;wk; mt;thizia
 ruj;J 32-d;gb mbg;gil
chpikfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l egH gpwg;gpf;Fk;.
murpayikg;G %yk; jPHT ngwyhk;.
ghjpf;fg;gl;l egH Neuhf cr;r Habeas Corpus - Ml;nfhzHtpf;Fk;
ePjpkd;wj;ij ehlyhk; vd;gNj ePjpg;Nguhiz
ruj;J 32-d; gb xU mbg;gil
rl;lj;jpw;F Gwk;ghd Kiwapy;
chpikahFk;.
rpiwg;gpbj;J itf;fg;gl;ltiu tpLtpf;f.
 Vnddpy; mbg;gil chpikfis
KOikahf mDgtpf;fTk;> chpik
kPwiyj; jtpHf;fTk;> chpikia
epiyehl;lTk; ruj;J 32 tif Mandamus – nraYWj;Jk;
nra;fpwJ. ePjpg;Nguhiz
 vdNt ,e;j ruj;ij xU NghJk; nghJf; flikahd xU nraiy XH
nraypof;fr; nra;aNth my;yJ mjpfhhp my;yJ $l;likg;G my;yJ fPo;
epWj;jp itf;fNth KbahJ. NkYk; ePjpkd;wk; nra;aj; jtwpdhy; mf;flikiar;
,e;j murpayikg;gpy; mjpf nra;a.
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jJ vd
VjhtJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l ruj;jpd;
ngaiuf; $Wk;gb vd;dplk; Certirorari – newpKiwAWj;Jk;
Nfl;fg;gl;lhy;> ,r;ruj;J ,y;yhky; ePjpg;Nguhiz
,Ug;gpd; murpayikg;Ng nry;yhj ePjpKiw rhHe;j mYty;fisr;
xd;whff; $ba ,r; ruj;jpidj; nra;Ak; jPHg;ghaq;fs;> mjpfhhpfs;> jk;
jtpu NtW ve;j ruj;ijAk; ehd; mjpfhutuk;ig kPwpr; nray;gl;lhNyh>
Fwpg;gplkhl;Nld;. ,J mwKiwf;F khwhf eltbf;if vLj;jhNyh

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 அடிப்படை உரிடைகள்

mtw;iw kW Ma;T nra;J ePf;fk; ,e;jpah KOikf;Fk;

nra;tjw;F Njitahd Mtzq;fisj; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; chpik.
jkf;F mDg;GkhW ePjpkd;wk; MizapLtJ.  gpw tpjpfs;.

Prohibition – jilAWj;Jk; mbg;gil chpikfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ePjpg;Nguhiz  ehl;bd; kf;fshl;rp KiwahdJ
fbdkhd ghiwahy;
fPo; ePjpkd;wNkh> Ml;rp mjpfhhpNah
cUthf;fg;gl;lij Nghd;W
jk; mjpfhu tuk;ig kPwp my;yJ
cs;sJ.
rl;lKuzhf VNjDk; eltbf;if vLj;jhy;>
 kdpjHfspd; clikfs; kw;Wk;
mit Nkw;nfhz;L elj;jhky; jilnra;a.
jhHkPf chpikfis ghJfhg;gij
mtrpakhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.
Quo Warranto – jFjpKiw tpdTk;  jdp egH Rje;jpuj;ij ghJfhf;Fk;
ePjpg;Nguhiz tYthd muzhf cs;sJ.
 nghJ mjpfhug; gjtpapy;  ehl;by; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rpia
cs;stiu mtH vj;jFjpapy; epiyehl;LfpwJ.
mg;gjtp tfpf;fpwhH vd;W tpdtp>  rKjhaj;jpd; rpWghd;ikNahH
gpwg;gpf;fg;gLjy;. kw;Wk; nghUshjhu hPjpahf
gpd;jq;fpNahH eyd;fis
ghJfhf;fpwJ.
gFjp III - f;F ntspapYs;s
 ,e;jpa murpd; kjr;rhHgpd;ikj;
chpikfs; jd;ikf;F tYNrHf;fpwJ.
 murhq;fj;jpd; vNjr;rjpfhu
Nghf;fpw;F jil Vw;gLj;JfpwJ.
 ruj;J –300A : rl;lj;jpd; gb  r%f rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; r%f
my;yhky; NtW vt;tifapYk; xU ePjpf;F mbj;jsk; ,LfpwJ.
egUila nrhj;Jf;fis ifg;gw;w  jdpegHfspd; khz;gpw;Fk;
KbahJ. kjpg;gpw;Fk; cj;jputhjk;
 ruj;J – 301 : Rje;jpukhd mspf;fpwJ.
tHj;jfk;> thzpgk; kw;Wk; tpahghu  Fbkf;fs; murpay; kw;Wk;
cwTfs; njhlHghd midj;Jk; epHthfj;jpy; gq;Nfw;f
tha;g;gspf;fpwJ.

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