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Chapter 6: Compressibility of Soil

This document discusses concepts related to soil compressibility and consolidation, shear strength of soils, lateral earth pressure, and bearing capacity of soils. It defines equations for calculating settlement, consolidation properties, shear stress, earth pressure coefficients, and ultimate bearing capacity. Factors such as soil type, stress history, groundwater level, surcharge loads, and foundation geometry are considered in the analyses. Design applications including allowable bearing capacity and factors of safety are also covered.

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May Anne Lopez Sy
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views

Chapter 6: Compressibility of Soil

This document discusses concepts related to soil compressibility and consolidation, shear strength of soils, lateral earth pressure, and bearing capacity of soils. It defines equations for calculating settlement, consolidation properties, shear stress, earth pressure coefficients, and ultimate bearing capacity. Factors such as soil type, stress history, groundwater level, surcharge loads, and foundation geometry are considered in the analyses. Design applications including allowable bearing capacity and factors of safety are also covered.

Uploaded by

May Anne Lopez Sy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 6 : Compressibility of soil

-Basic Settlement Formula-

𝐻(𝑒𝑜 −𝑒 1 ) 𝛥𝑒
𝛥𝐻 = = 𝐻
1+𝑒𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜

-Primary Consolidation Settlement of Normally Consolidated Fine Grained Soils

𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 + 𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜

𝑃𝑓 = 𝑃𝑜 + 𝛥𝑃

-Primary Consolidation Settlement of Over Consolidated time grained soils-

When Pf < Pc When Pf > Pc

𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑓 𝐶𝑠 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝛥𝐻 = 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝐻 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑜 1+𝑒𝑜 𝑃𝑐

-Over Consolidated Ratio-

𝑃𝑐
𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
𝑃𝑜

-Compression Index-

Skempton:

for remolded clay

𝐶𝑐 = 0.007(𝐿𝐿 − 10)

For undisturbed clay

𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(𝐿𝐿 − 10)

Remdon-Herrero:

1+𝑒𝑜
𝐶𝑐 = 0.141𝐺1.2 ( )
𝐺

Nishida:

𝐶𝑐 = 1.15(𝑒𝑜 − 0.27)

Nagaraj and Murty:

𝐿𝐿
𝐶𝑠 = 0.0463 𝐺
100

-Secondary Settlement-

𝑐𝛼 𝑇2
𝛥𝐻𝑠 = 𝐻 log
1+𝑒𝑓 𝑇1

𝑒𝑝 = 𝑒𝑜 − 𝛥𝑒

𝑃𝑓
𝛥𝑒 = 𝐶𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑃𝑜
-Immediate Settlement-

1 − 𝑢2
𝛥𝐻𝑖 = 𝑝𝐵 𝐼𝑓
𝐸

-Average Pressure-

𝑃𝑡 + 4𝑃𝑚 + 𝑃𝑏
𝛥𝑝 =
6

-Total Settlement of Foundation-

𝛥𝐻𝑇 = 𝛥𝐻 + 𝛥𝐻𝑠 + 𝛥𝐻𝑖

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑃
log 2
𝑃1

-Coefficient of Compressibility-

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑎𝑣 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃1

-Coefficient of Consolidation-

𝑘
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑀𝑣(𝛾𝑤)

-Coefficient of Volume Compressibility-

𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑚𝑣 =
( 1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )

𝑎𝑣
𝑚𝑣 =
1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒

-Time Rate Consolidation-

𝑇𝑣 (𝐻𝑑𝑟)2
𝑡=
𝐶𝑣

-Approximation Time Factor-

For 0 - 60%

𝜋 𝑢% 2
𝑇𝑣 = ( )
4 100

For u > 60%

𝑇𝑣 = 1.781 − 0.933𝑙𝑜𝑔(100 − 𝑢%)

Relationship:

𝑡𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 (𝐻𝑑𝑟𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 )2
=
𝑡𝑙𝑎𝑏 (𝐻𝑑𝑟𝑙𝑎𝑏 )2
𝑡1 𝑈1 2
Also: =
𝑡2 𝑈2 2

-Degree of Consolidation at a distance 2 at any time-

𝑃𝑤𝑧
𝑈2 = 1 −
𝑃𝑤𝑜

-Degree of Consolidation at entire depth at any time T-

𝛥𝐻𝑡
𝑈=
𝛥𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥

Chapter 7: Shear Strength

-Cohesive soil-

𝜏−𝐶
tan 𝜙 =
𝜎

𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜚 tan 𝜙 = 𝑅 sin 2θ

Non-cohesive/Cohesion less soil

𝜎1 = 𝜎3 + 𝜎𝐷

𝜎1 − 𝜎3
𝑟= = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥
2

𝜎1 + 𝜎3
𝑐 = 𝜎3 + 𝑟 =
2
𝑟 𝜎1 − 𝜎3
sin 𝜙 = =
𝑐 𝜎1 + 𝜎3

𝜙
θ = 45 +
2

-For Over-Consolidated Clay (cohesive)

𝜏 = 𝑐 + 𝜎 tan 𝜙

𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑦

-For Normally Consolidated (non- cohesive)

𝑐=0

𝜏 = 𝜎 tan 𝜙

-Direct Shear Test-

𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜎 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒


𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝜏 =
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛

-If there is a shortening of length-


𝐴𝑜
𝐴=
1−𝜀

𝛥𝐿
𝜀=
𝐿

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴𝑜 =
4

𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴

Chapter 8: Lateral Earth Pressure

Coefficient of at rest earth pressure

 Normally Consolidated soil


𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
𝑘𝑜 = 1 − sin 𝜙 𝐹= 𝑘𝑜
2
 Over consolidated soil
𝑘𝑜 = (1 − sin 𝜙)√𝑂𝐶𝑅
For Normally Consolidated clays, whose plasticity index is known
 𝑷𝑰 = 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟒𝟎
𝑘𝑜 = 0.4 + 0.007(𝑃𝐼)
 𝑷𝑰 = 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝟒𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟖𝟎
𝑘𝑜 = 0.04 + 0.001(𝑃𝐼)
-At rest pressure on the wall-
 Without surcharge
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑜
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜
𝐹=
2
 With surcharge
𝑞 = 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒(𝑘𝑝𝑎)
𝜎1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑜
𝜎2 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑜
𝜎 = 𝑘𝑜 (𝑞 + 𝛾𝑠 ℎ)
𝐹1 = 𝑞𝑘𝑜 ℎ
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜
𝐹2 =
2
 With surcharge and water table on top:
1 1
𝑃 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ2 𝑘𝑜 + 𝛾𝑤 ℎ2
2 2
-Rankine Coefficient of active pressure-
 Non cohesive soil
1 − sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑎 =
1 + sin 𝜙
 Active pressure
𝜎 = 𝛾𝑠 ℎ𝑘𝑎
 Active force
𝛾𝑠 ℎ2
𝐹= 𝑘
2 𝑎
- Rankine coefficient of passive pressure
 Passive pressure
1 + sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑝 =
1 − sin 𝜙
 Passive force
1 2𝑘
𝑃𝑝 = 𝛾ℎ =
2 𝑠 𝑝

-Rankine Earth Pressure Coefficient


 ACTIVE

cos 𝛼 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙


𝑘𝑎 = cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙

 PASSIVE
cos 𝛼 + √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙
𝑘𝑝 = cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 − √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜙

-Coulomb's Earth Pressure Coefficient


 ACTIVE

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛽 + 𝜙)
𝑘𝑎 = 2
sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) sin(𝜙 − 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 βsin(𝛽 − 𝛿) [1 + √ ]
sin(𝛽 − 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)

 PASSIVE

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝛽 − 𝜙)
𝑘𝑝 = 2
sin(𝜙 + 𝛿) sin(𝜙 + 𝛼)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 βsin(𝛽 + 𝛿) [1 − √ ]
sin(𝛽 + 𝛿) sin(𝛽 + 𝛼)

Chapter 9: Bearing Capacity of Soils


-Ultimate soil bearing capacity-
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑘𝑐 𝐶𝑁𝑐 + 𝑘𝑎 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝑘𝛾 𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
-General Shear Failure-
 For long footings
1
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
2
 For square footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
 For circular footings
𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝑐 𝐵𝑁𝛾
-Local Shear Failure-
2
𝐸= 𝑐
𝐵
2
tan 𝜙 = tan 𝜙
3
-Allowable Bearing Capacity and Factor of Safety-

 Gross allowable bearing capacity


𝑞𝑢
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
𝐹𝑆
 Net allowable bearing capacity
𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑡 =
𝐹𝑆
𝑞𝑢𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢 − 𝑞
-Gross allowable bearing capacity with FS with respect to shear-
𝑐
𝑐𝑑 =
𝐹𝑆
tan 𝜙
𝜙𝑎 = tan−1 [ ]
𝐹𝑆
-Effect of groundwater level in bearing capacity-
 Above the footing
𝑞 = 𝛾(𝐷𝑓 − 𝑑𝑢) + 𝛾𝑏 𝑑𝑤
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏
 At the base of the footing
𝑞 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏
 Below the base of the footing
𝑎 = 𝛾𝐷𝑓
𝑑𝑤 < 𝐵
𝑑𝑤
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾𝑏 (1 + )
𝐵
𝑑𝑤 > 𝐵
𝛾𝑐 = 𝛾
-Gross and Net-
𝑃
𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 =
𝐴
𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑞𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑞

Chapter 10: Braced Cuts


Cuts in sand (non cohesive soil)
𝑃𝑎 = 0.65 𝛾𝐻𝑘𝑎
1−sin 𝜙
𝑘𝑎 =
1+sin 𝜙
𝜙
𝑘𝑎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 (45 − )
2
Cuts in clay (cohesive soil)
 Case 1:
𝛿𝐻
>4
𝑐
1
𝑝𝑎 = 𝛿𝐻 − 4𝑐 ; 𝑐 = 𝑞𝑢
2
Or
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻
:which layer is bigger

 Case 2
𝛿𝐻
<4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 0.3𝛾𝐻
Cuts in Layered Clay with Different Propeties
 Ave. value of cohesion:
𝐶1 𝐻1 + 𝐶2 𝐻2
𝑐=
𝐻
 Ave. unit weight of clay:
𝛿1 𝐻1 + 𝛿2 𝐻2
𝛿=
𝐻
 Case 1:
𝛿𝐻
>4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 = 𝛿𝐻 − 4𝑐
Or
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻
: which layer is bigger
 Case 2:
𝛿𝐻
<4
𝑐
𝑝𝑎 = 0.3𝛿𝐻

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