National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences - FAST 
Computer Science Department 
 

 
 
 
 
 

Probability and Statistics 

Fall 2019  
Assignment # 1  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Name: Hammad Ali 
Roll No: i17-0329  
Section: B 
Date: 1-Oct-2019 
Submitted To: Dr Nadia Khan
 
 
Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

Question 1) 
According  to  the  Union  of  Concerned  Scientists  (www.ucsusa.org),  as of November 2012, there 
were  502  low  Earth  orbit  (LEO)  and  432  geosynchronous  orbit  (GEO)  satellites  in  space.  Each 
satellite  is  owned  by  an  entity  in  either  the  government,  military,  commercial,  or  civil  sector.  A 
breakdown  of  the  number  of  satellites  in  orbit  for each sector is displayed in the accompanying 
table.  Use  this  information  to  construct  pair  of  graphs  (i.  Rectangles,  Pie  Chart)  that  compare 
the  ownership  sectors  of  LEO  and  GEO  satellites  in  orbit.  What observations do you have about 
the data? 

Ownership Sectors  LEO Satellites    GEO Satellites 

Government  229  59 
Military  109  91 
Commercial  118  281 
Civil  46  1 

Solution) 
1) Pie Chart  
 

# Leo and geo data

leoData <- c(​229​,​109​,​118​,​46​)
geoData <- c(​59​,​91​,​281​,​1​)
colors <- rainbow(length(leoData))
label <- c(​"Government"​,​"Military"​, ​"Commercial"​, ​"Civil"​)
# percentage calculations
percentLeo<- round(​100​*leoData/sum(leoData), ​1​)
percentGeo<- round(​100​*geoData/sum(geoData), ​1​)
par(mfrow=c(​1​,​2​))
pie(leoData, labels = percentLeo, main = ​"Leo"​,col = colors)
pie(geoData, labels = percentGeo, main = ​"Geo"​, col = colors)
legend(​"bottomright"​, label , cex = ​0.9​, fill = colors)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

2) Rectangle Chart  
x <- c(​229​,​109​,​118​,​46​)
colours = rainbow(length(x)) ​# No. of items
Family <- c(​"LEO"​,​"GEO"​) ​# no of columns
type <- c(​"Government"​,​"Military"​, ​"Commercial"​, ​"Civil"​) ​# of items
y <- c(​59​,​91​,​281​,​1​)
rectanglePercent <- c(round(​100​*(x/sum(x)), ​1​))
rectanglePercent2 <- c(round(​100​*(y/sum(y)), ​1​))
Values <- matrix(c(rectanglePercent ,rectanglePercent2), nrow = ​4​, ncol = ​2​, byrow
= ​FALSE​)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

width = sum(x):sum(y)

barplot(Values, width , main = ​"Satellites"​, names.arg = Family, xlab = ​"Year"​,

ylab = ​"type"​, col = colours)

Question#2) 
Do social robots walk or roll? According to the United Nations, social robots now outnumber industrial
robots worldwide. A social (or service) robot is designed to entertain, educate, and care for human users.
In a paper published by the International Conference on Social Robotics (Vol. 6414, 2010), design
engineers investigated the trend in the design of social robots. Using a random sample of 106 social
robots obtained through a web search, the engineers found that 63 were built with legs only, 20 with
wheels only, 8 with both legs and wheels, and 15 with neither legs nor wheels.

a. What type of graph is used to describe the data?

b. Identify the variable measured for each of the 106 robot designs.

c. Use graph to identify the social robot design that is currently used the most.

d. Compute class relative frequencies for the different categories shown in the graph.

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

 
Solution) 
a. Bar graph as one bar for each category is suitable for this type of data.
b. The variables for measurement are
i. Legs only
ii. Wheels only
iii. Both
iv. None
c. Graph R code

types <-c(​"Legs Only"​,​"Wheels Only"​,​"Both"​,​"None"​)

obs <- c(​63​,​20​,​8​,​15​)
barplot(obs,names.arg=types,main = ​"Social Robots Experiment"​,xlab=​"Types"​,ylab =
"No. of Robots"​, col = ​"blue"​) ​# horizontal

The robots with legs only are used the most.

d. Relative Frequency = Class Frequency/Total Frequency

Total Frequency = 15+8+63+20=106

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

Type Relative Frequency

None 0.14

Both 0.08

Legs Only 0.59

Wheels Only 0.19

Question 3) 
Use R Code to construct a pie chart to organize the data given in problem 2. What can you conclude?

data <- c(​63​, ​20​, ​8​, ​15​)

colours = rainbow(length(data))

labels <- c(​"Legs Only"​,​"Wheels Only"​, ​"Legs And Wheels"​, "

​ None"​)
percent <- round(​100​*data/sum(data),​1​)
pie(data,percent,main = ​"Social robot experiment"​, col = rainbow(length(data)))
legend(​"topright"​,labels,cex = ​0.8​, fill = rainbow(length(data))

Conclusion: The robots with legs only are used the most. On the other hand, very few robots
have both legs and wheels

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

Question 4) 
Component Bar Graph  
Take a suitable data set to construct the component bar diagram through R-lang.

Data Set Link:

https://i01.appmifile.com/webfile/globalweb/company/ir/announcement_us/2018_ANNUAL_REPORT.pdf

Xiaomi Computers Annual reports of sales of smartphones

years = c(​2015​,​2016​,​2017​,​2018​)
current = c(​14212521​,​20147852​,​24587598​,​39215389​)
nonCurrent = c(​25489584​,​30124578​,​61547896​,​106254875​)
# converting to million dollars
current = current / ​1000000
nonCurrent = nonCurrent / ​1000000
colors = c(​"Red"​,​"Green"​)
barNames = c(​"Current Assets"​,​"Non-current Assets"​)
barplot(rbind(current,nonCurrent), width = ​.3​, main = ​"Xiaomi Computers total
assets"​,names.arg = years, xlab = ​"Years"​, ylab = ​"Assets (Million Dollars)"​, col =
colors)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

b) Multiple Bar Graph  

Data set link:

Xiaomi Computers sales of electronic devices and services of past 3 years

years = c(​2016​,​2017​,​2018​)
smartPhones = c(​12.4​,​45.3​,​102.5​)
lifestyleProducts = c(​11.4​, ​44.5​, ​67.4​)
internetServices = c(​9.2​, ​17.5​, ​45.5​)
others = c(​14.5​, ​19.7​, ​34.9​)

colors = c(​"Red"​,​"Green"​,​"Yellow"​,​"Blue"​)
barNames = c(​"Smartphones"​,​"Lifestyle Products"​, ​"Internet Services"​, ​"Others"​);
barplot(rbind(smartPhones,lifestyleProducts,internetServices,others), width = ​.3​,
beside = ​TRUE​, main = ​"Xiaomi Computers total devices and services sold in past 3
years"​,names.arg = years, xlab = ​"Years"​, ylab = ​"No. of devices (in million)"​,
col = colors)
legend(​"topleft"​,barNames, cex = ​1​ , fill = colors)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

Question 5) 
Collect the data (40-50 values) on a targeted variable which must be continuous:

(i) Construct the frequency distribution.

(ii) List the mid-points for your frequency distribution, as well as the relative and cumulative

frequencies.

(iii)Draw a histogram depicting the data from the frequency table in # (ii) above and

superimpose a frequency polygon on top of a histogram

(iv) Show the histogram and density curve in one graph.

(v) Show the histogram, density curve and frequency polygon in one graph.

(vi) Also construct an Ogive for the data considered before through R.

(i) and (ii) 

Data set link: https://www.projectplace.com/resources/knowledgebase/technical-details/latency-test/

# Internet Speed latency in 50 countries while connecting to Google.com (in ms)

data=c(​94​,​68​,​66​,​68​,​62​,​67​,​67​,​89​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​86​,​86​,​84​,​84​,​83​,5 ​ 3​,​52​,​51​,​51​,​57​,​57​,​49​,​49​,
49​,​49​,​48​,​48​,​48​,​46​,​46​,​45​,​45​,​45​,​44​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​42​,​42​,​40​,​39​,​37​,​37​,​36​,​35​,​34​)
sort(data)
n<-length(data)
n
maxi<-max(data);
maxi
mini<-min(data);
mini
r<-(maxi-mini)
r
noOfClasses=ceiling(​1​+​3.322​*log10(n))
noOfClasses
h<-ceiling(r/noOfClasses)
h
# h = width, r = range
breaks<-seq(mini,maxi+h,h)
breaks
dataDistribution<-cut(data,breaks,right=​F​)
dataDistribution
frequency = table(dataDistribution)
frequency
table = cbind(frequency)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

table

MidPoints<-seq(mini+h/​2​,(maxi+h)-h/​2​,h)
MidPoints
cumulative_freq=cumsum(table)
cumulative_freq
RF = table/n
RF
# change column name of RF from "frequency" to "Relative Frequency"
colnames(RF)<- ​"Rel f"
finalTable = cbind ( frequency ,MidPoints,cumulative_freq,RF)
finalTable

Output 
frequency MidPoints cumulative_freq Rel f
[​34​,​43​) ​9​ ​38.5​ ​9​ 0
​ .18
[​43​,​52​) ​20​ ​47.5​ ​29​ 0 ​ .40
[​52​,​61​) ​4​ ​56.5​ ​33​ 0 ​ .08
[​61​,​70​) ​6​ ​65.5​ ​39​ 0 ​ .12
[​70​,​79​) ​0​ ​74.5​ ​39​ 0 ​ .00
[​79​,​88​) ​5​ ​83.5​ ​44​ 0 ​ .10
[​88​,​97​) ​6​ ​92.5​ ​50​ 0 ​ .12

 
iii) Frequency polygon superimposed on Histogram  
data=c(​94​,​68​,​66​,​68​,​62​,​67​,​67​,​89​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​86​,​86​,​84​,​84​,​83​,5 ​ 3​,​52​,​51​,​51​,​57​,​57​,​49​,​49​,
49​,​49​,​48​,​48​,​48​,​46​,​46​,​45​,​45​,​45​,​44​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​42​,​42​,​40​,​39​,​37​,​37​,​36​,​35​,​34​)

h1<-hist(data, xlab=​"Observations"​, ylab=​"Frequency"​, main=​"Freq. Polygon on

Histogram"​,col=​"lightblue"​)
breaks<-seq(​0​,​100​,​20​)
mids<-seq(​12​,​87​,​15​)​# mids point
h1<-lines(c(min(breaks),h1$mids, max(breaks)),c(​0​,h1$counts,​0​),lwd=​3​,type=​"o"​)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

iv) Histogram and Density Curve in same graph  

X=c(​94​,​68​,​66​,​68​,​62​,​67​,​67​,​89​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​86​,​86​,​84​,​84​,​83​,​53​,5 ​ 2​,​51​,​51​,​57​,​57​,​49​,​49​,​49​,
49​,​48​,​48​,​48​,​46​,​46​,​45​,​45​,​45​,​44​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​42​,​42​,​40​,​39​,​37​,​37​,​36​,​35​,​34​)
X
hist(data,prob = ​TRUE​, xlab=​"Observations"​, ylab=​"Frequency"​, main=​"Density Curve
and Histogram"​,col=​"lightpink"​)
lines(density(X), col=​"blue"​, lwd=​2​)

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

v) Histogram, frequency polygon and density curve on one graph 

install.packages(​"UsingR"​)
library​(UsingR)
data=c(​94​,​68​,​66​,​68​,​62​,​67​,​67​,​89​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​88​,​86​,​86​,​84​,​84​,​83​,​53​,​52​,​51​,​51​,​57​,​57
,​49​,​49​,​49​,​49​,​48​,​48​,​48​,​46​,​46​,​45​,​45​,​45​,​44​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​43​,​42​,​42​,​40​,​39​,​37​,​37​,​36
,​35​,​34​)
simple.freqpoly(data,main=​"Density Curve and Frequency Polygon on
Histogram"​,col=​"lightgreen"
,xlab=​"Observations"​)
par(new=​TRUE​)
hist(data,freq=​FALSE​,main=​""​,xlab=​""​,ylab=​""​,yaxt=​'n'​)
lines(density(data)) 
 

 
 
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Probability and Statistics (Fall 2019) Assignment#1 

vi) Ogive.
data=c(94,68,66,68,62,67,67,89,88,88,88,88,86,86,84,84,83,53,52,51,51,57,57,49,49,49,4
9,48,48,48,46,46,45,45,45,44,43,43,43,43,43,42,42,40,39,37,37,36,35,34)
n<-length(data)
maxi<-max(data);
maxi
mini<-min(data);
mini
r<-(maxi-mini)
r
noOfClasses = ceiling(​1​+​3.322​*log10(length(data)))
noOfClasses
h<-ceiling(r/noOfClasses) ​# To find the width/size of class.
h
MidPoints<-seq(mini+h/​2​,(maxi+h)-h/​2​,h)
MidPoints
breaks = seq(mini,maxi+h,h)
dataCut = cut(data, breaks, right=​FALSE​)
frequency = table(dataCut)
midpoint0 = c(​0​,MidPoints)
cumuFreq = c(​0​, cumsum(frequency))
plot(midpoint0,cumuFreq,main=​"Ogive"​,xlab=​"Observations"​, ylab=​"Cumulative Frequency"​)
lines(midpoint0, cumuFreq,col=​"lightgreen"​,lwd=​3​,type=​"o"​)

 
 
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