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3 Choosing Semivariogram

Spatial continuity is analyzed using a semivariogram or variogram, which plots the semivariance between point pairs against their separation distance. Key properties of the variogram include the sill, which represents overall variability; the range, where spatial dependence no longer exists; and the nugget, variability that cannot be explained by spatial structure. Variograms can take different forms like exponential or spherical. They are used to characterize spatial patterns and anisotropy, and help choose an appropriate variogram model.

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Dimas Nino
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136 views24 pages

3 Choosing Semivariogram

Spatial continuity is analyzed using a semivariogram or variogram, which plots the semivariance between point pairs against their separation distance. Key properties of the variogram include the sill, which represents overall variability; the range, where spatial dependence no longer exists; and the nugget, variability that cannot be explained by spatial structure. Variograms can take different forms like exponential or spherical. They are used to characterize spatial patterns and anisotropy, and help choose an appropriate variogram model.

Uploaded by

Dimas Nino
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Spatial continuity model

More about semivariogram


Spatial statistics - Univariate
plots against separation distance (h)
1 n
 h    xi  xi  h 2
 = gamma
2n i 1
Also known as semivariogram or variogram

h vs  Spatial continuity index


Unlike the other two
indices of previous spatial
continuity, the
semivariogram increases
as the cloud gets fatter or
separation distance
becomes larger
Physical meaning of semivariogram
Sill

Nugget
Range

Lag or Separation Distance

• Sill: maximum semi-variance; represents variability in the


absence of spatial dependence
• Range: separation between point-pairs at which the sill is
reach; distance at which there is no evidence of spatial
dependence
• Nugget: semi-variance as the separation approach zero;
represents variability at point that cannot be explained by
spatial structure
Variogram parameters

Model Form = EXPONENTIAL

Sill


= Data Points
Nugget = variogram model
(may be zero) Range

Lag or Separation Distance


Variogram cloud
adalah plot nilai-nilai semivariogram yang belum dikelompokkan
ke dalam interval jarak lag (seperti bin pada histogram).

• Looking for pattern, i.e. is there a trend in γ with respect to distance


between two locations
How can anisotrophy arise?

• Directional process, for example:


– Sand content in a narrow flood plain, much
greater spatial dependence along the axis
parallel to the river
– Secondary mineralization near an intrusive
dyke
• To detect anisotropy  directional variogram
Types of anisotropy
• Geometric anisotropy  in one area there are
different variograms of different range, same
sill

 

h h

Spatial dependence in one direction is longer


than the other direction
Types of anisotropy
• Zonal anisotropy  in one area there are
different variograms of different sill, same
range

 

h h

Variance is inherently different in the two zones


Examples
Location map Directional variograms
Examples
Directional variograms Variogram surface

Isotropic
Examples
Anisotropic
Examples
Anisotropic

Data Variogram map


Examples
Anisotropic
Directional variograms

Variogram map
 = semi variogram; C = sill-C ; h = lag distance; a = range
0
Choosing a variogram model
• Exponential: First-order autoregressive
process, values are random but with
dependency on the nearest neighbour;
boundaries according to a Poisson process

Example:
horizons of lithologic change
occurred more or less
random
 Absence of regular
depositional forces during
accumulation
Choosing a variogram model
• Gaussian: as exponential, but with strong
close-range dependency, very smooth at each
point

Might be expected for a


phenomenon which
physically must be very
continuous
Example:
Surface of a ground-water
table
Choosing a variogram model
• Spherical or circular: Patches of similar values;
patches have similar sizes or range with
transition zones (overlap of processes)

The most commonly used


variogram model in earth
sciences
Regular clustered lenses Variogram
Hole efffects

Non-monotonic
variogram structures
are identified as “hole
effect” structures
(Journel and Huijbregts, 1978)

Vertical Experimental variogram Ada Sill atau tidak ada


Horizontal Experimental variogram Sill
Regular strata
sering menunjukkan
bentuk berulang
(cyclic) atau periodik
yang merupakan
karakteristik spasial
yang umum dalam
geologi

Vertical Experimental variogram


Horizontal Experimental variogram

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