Types of Speech Style (Joos, - Utterances that serve a

1968) function in communication

1. Intimate TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
- Private
1. LOCUTIONARY ACT
- Occurs among close family
 Actual act of uttering
members or individuals.
 Also known as
- May not be shared in
“utterance act”
public
 Saying something in a
- JARGON- secret language
normal sense
between people with same
 J.R Searle it is also
profession or orientation
called propositional act
2. Casual
2. ILLOCUTIONARY ACT
- Common among peers
 Social function of what
- Jargon, slang or
is said
vernacular language are
 “By saying something
used.
we do something” – JL
- Absence of background
Austin
information
 Boisver (2014)
- Little reliance on listener
illocutionary can be
participation
used to warn,
- TWO DEVICES:
congratulate,
 ELLIPSES
complain, command
(OMISSION)
apologize, bet, explain
 Unstressed
describe, request, and
words in a
adjourn
sentence can be
omitted at the CLASSIFICATIONS (J.R
beginning Searle)
 SLANG
1. PERFORMATIVE
 Very informal
UTTERANCES
vocabulary or
 Statements
phraseology that
which enable the
would be out of
speaker to
place in a formal
perform
setting
something just
by saying it
 PERFORMATIVES
3. Consultative
– verbs that
- the standard style
execute the
- Professional or mutually
speech act that a
accepted language is a
speaker intends
must
to effect
- EX: students and teacher,
 EX: “I now
doctor and patient, you
pronounce you
get my point
dead lol”
4. Formal
2. REPRESENTATIVE
- Used in a formal setting.
 Speech acts that
This type is one way
commit a speaker to
- EX: sermons, formal
the truth of the
speeches,
expressed
pronouncements by
proposition
judges
 EX: assertions,
statement, claims,
Speech Acts
 hypotheses, either the speaker, the
descriptions, listener, or both
suggestions  The response may not
3. DIRECTIVES be physical or verbal
 To cause the hearer  Change feelings,
to take particular thoughts, or actions
action like request, EX: “I was born at a
command, or very young age” (trying
suggestions desperately to be
 EX: “You are funny)
advised to consult
Dr. Ugh for second
opinin.”
4. COMMISIVES
 Promises or oaths
 Threats or vows uwu
 Commitments to
some future action
5. DECLARATIVES
 Change reality with
accordance with the
proposition of the
declaration like
baptism,
pronouncing
whether a person is
guilty or dead, or
eternal commitment
with someone
6. EXPRESSIVES
 Express the
speaker’s attitude
and emotion
towards the
proposition like
congratulations,
thanks, or sorry
 EX: “I’m sorry for
not being enough.”
3. PRELOCUTIONARY ACT
 The resulting act of
what is said. Effect is
based on the particular
context.
 Martinich(1984) –
performed by saying
something and not in
saying something
 Persuading, provoking,
inciting, comforting,
inspiring
 Seen when a particular
effect is sought from
I GOT LAZY uwu
 Communicative  Don’t monopolize
Strategy the conversation
- Tarone (1980) defines it  Use nods, looks, or
as mutual attempts of two gestures to
interlactators acknowledge the
(interlocutors) to agree on speaker
a meaning in situatioins  Use spoken cues like
where requisite meaning “What do you
strategies do not seem to think?”
be shared. 4. TOPIC CONTROL
- Corder (1978) systematic  Covers
technique employed by a procedural
speaker to express his formality or
ideas when faced with informality
some difficulties affects the
TYPES: development
1. NOMINATION of topics in a
 Collaboratively conversation.
and  Meetings vs.
productively Casual
establish a conversations.
topic. You try  Should be
to open a achieved
topic with cooperatively
people you are REMEMBER:
talking to  Avoid unnecessary
2. RESTRICTION interruptions and
 Limitations as topic shifts
the speaker  Use minimal
 Specific responses to make
instructions yourself actively
that must be involved
followed  Ask tag questions to
 Confines you clarify information
as a speaker like “You are
and limit what interested, yes?”
you say 5. TOPIC SHIFTING
3. TURN-TAKING  Moving from
 People decide one topic to
who takes the another
conversation
REMEMBER:
floor.
 Give all  Be very intuitive
communicator  Previous topic should
s a chance to be nurtured enough
speak. to generate adequate
views
REMEMBER:  Use conversational
 Keep words relevant transitions like BTW
and reasonably 6. REPAIR
short enough to  Refers to how
express you feelings the speakers
 Be polite address the
problems in
 speaking,
listening, and
comprehendin
g that they
may
encounter in a
conversation
 The self-
righting
mechanism in
any social
interaction.
(Schegloff el
at, 1977
7. TERMINATION
- Conversation participants’
close-initiating
expressions that end a
topic in a conversation
- Most of the time, the topic
initiator takes
responsibility to signal the
end of the conversation
REMEMBER:
 Use concluding cues
 You may share what
you learned in a
conversation
 Solicit agreement.