Dr.

Sachin Kapur
M.Phil, Phd

20+ years Teaching Experience

4,00,000 Students &

Teachers Mentored
 Breathing and Gas Exchange

Lecture 2

Dr. Sachin Kapur 20+ years Teaching experience

M M.Phil, Phd 4,00,000 Students & Teachers Mentored
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Phases of Respiration

➢ Indirect respiration has two phases i.e., external respiration and internal respiration.
➢ These are preceded by breathing or ventilation.

Respiration

External Respiration Internal Respiration

Respiration

➢ External respiration — It involves exchange of respiratory gases between blood and inhaled
air/water at respiratory surface.
➢ Internal respiration — Also called tissue or cellular respiration. It consists of
○ Diffusion of O2 from blood into tissue cells through tissue fluid.
○ Enzymatic breakdown of nutrients producing CO2, H2O and energy
○ Storage of part of liberated energy in phosphate bonds of ATP
○ Diffusion of CO2 into blood from tissues through tissue fluid.
Breathing or Ventilation

➢ It’s a mechanical process which brings in fresh air/water into respiratory organ and takes
out foul air/water.
➢ It involves exchange of air between respiratory organs and surrounding environment.
Human Respiratory System

Human Respiratory System

Conducting zone Respiratory zone

It conditions the incoming air Exchange of gases

(warms, filters and moistens occurs here
or humidifies)
Human Respiratory System
Human Respiratory System
Structure of Respiratory System

➢ Structurally, the respiratory system consists of two parts:

1. The upper respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, and associated structures.
2. The lower respiratory system includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
Structure of Respiratory System
Structure of Respiratory System

➢ Functionally, the respiratory system also consists of two parts:

1. The conducting zone consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside
and within the lungs.
➢ These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal
bronchioles.
 Structure of Respiratory system

2. The respiratory zone consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
➢ These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
Respiratory system

➢ The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears,
nose, and throat (ENT) is called otorhinolaryngology.
➢ A pulmonologist is a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the lungs.
Nose

➢ The nose can be divided into external and internal portions.

➢ The external nose is the portion of the nose visible on the face and consists of a supporting
framework of bone and hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin and lined by a
mucous membrane.
Nose

➢ The frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae form the bony framework of the external nose.
Plastic surgery of nose is rhinoplasty.
➢ The cartilaginous framework of the external nose includes
○ Septal nasal cartilage which forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum.
○ Lateral nasal cartilages.
○ Alar cartilages which form a portion of the walls of the nostrils.
Nose

➢ External nose has two openings called the external nares or nostrils.
➢ These allow entry and exit of air.
➢ Nasal cavity: It is divided into two right and left nasal chambers by nasal septum.
➢ There is modification of speech vibrations as they pass through the large, hollow resonating
chambers.
➢ Resonance refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.
 Nose

Each nasal chamber has flowing 3 regions:

➢ Lower vestibular region :
○ It has hair, sweat and oil glands.
○ It acts as filtering unit and entraps larger foreign particles. (dust and pathogens)
Nose

➢ Middle respiratory region :

○ It is highly vascular and has respiratory membrane which appears pinkish or reddish in
colour.
○ It has serous cell and mucous cells.
○ It acts as warming unit.
Nose

➢ Upper olfactory region :

○ It has olfactory membrane / Schneiderian membrane which appears yellowish brown
in colour.
○ It has mucous secreting Bowman’s glands, olfactory receptor cells which are
modified bipolar neurons.
○ It also has basal cells which form new olfactory receptor cells.
Nose

➢ The internal nose communicates with the pharynx through two openings called the internal
nares or choanae.
➢ Ducts from the paranasal sinuses (which drain mucus) and the nasolacrimal ducts (which
drain tears) also open into the internal nose.
➢ The paranasal sinuses are cavities in certain cranial and facial bones lined with mucous
membranes that are continuous with the lining of the nasal cavity.
Pharynx

➢ Pharynx,or throat, is a funnel-shaped tube about 13 cm long that starts at the internal nares
and extends to the level of the cricoid cartilage.
➢ Its wall is composed of skeletal muscles and is lined with a mucous membrane.
➢ Contraction of the skeletal muscles assists in deglutition (swallowing).
Pharynx

➢ It functions as a passageway for air and food, provides a resonating chamber for speech
sounds, and houses the tonsils.
➢ It can be divided into three anatomical regions:
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
Pharynx
Larynx

➢ The larynx, or voice box, is a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the
trachea.
➢ It lies in the midline of the neck anterior to the esophagus and the fourth through sixth
cervical vertebrae (C4–C6).
Larynx

➢ The wall of the larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage.

Cartilages of Larynx

Unpaired Cartilages Paired Cartilages

1. Thyroid cartilage 1. Arytenoid cartilage

2. Epiglottis
2. Cuneiform cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage
3. Corniculate cartilage
Larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage

➢ The arytenoid cartilages are the most important because they influence changes in position
and tension of the vocal folds (true vocal cords for speech).
➢ The lining of the larynx superior to the vocal folds is nonkeratinized stratified squamous
epithelium.
Larynx

➢ The lining of the larynx inferior to the vocal folds is pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium consisting of ciliated columnar cells, goblet cells, and basal cells.
➢ The mucus produced by the goblet cells helps trap dust not removed in the upper passages.
➢ The cilia in the upper respiratory tract move mucus and trapped particles down toward the
pharynx; the cilia in the lower respiratory tract move them up toward the pharynx.
Thyroid Cartilage of Larynx

➢ The thyroid cartilage (Adam’s apple) consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage that form
the anterior wall of the larynx and give it a triangular shape.
➢ It is present in both males and females but is usually larger in males due to the influence of
male sex hormones on its growth during puberty.
Epiglottis

➢ It is a large, leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage that is covered with epithelium.
➢ During swallowing, the pharynx and larynx rise.
➢ Elevation of the pharynx widens it to receive food or drink; elevation of the larynx causes the
epiglottis to move down and form a lid over the glottis, closing it off.
Vocal Cords

➢ The glottis consists of a pair of folds of mucous membrane, the vocal folds (true vocal cords) in
the larynx.
➢ The space between them is called rima glottidis.
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