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Simple Lifting Machines My

1. A simple wheel and axle machine with a wheel diameter of 200 mm and axle diameter of 40 mm can lift a 800 N load with 80 N of effort. The efficiency of the machine is calculated. 2. A first system pulley machine with 3 pulleys can lift a 330 N load with 55 N of effort. The efficiency and friction are calculated. 3. A second system pulley machine with 6 pulleys in each block can lift a 1.2 kN load with 120 N of effort. The friction effort and load are calculated.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
3K views14 pages

Simple Lifting Machines My

1. A simple wheel and axle machine with a wheel diameter of 200 mm and axle diameter of 40 mm can lift a 800 N load with 80 N of effort. The efficiency of the machine is calculated. 2. A first system pulley machine with 3 pulleys can lift a 330 N load with 55 N of effort. The efficiency and friction are calculated. 3. A second system pulley machine with 6 pulleys in each block can lift a 1.2 kN load with 120 N of effort. The friction effort and load are calculated.

Uploaded by

Akash Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Simple Lifting Machines

Unit II- Chapter II


Basics
• Work – done when an applied force causes an object to move in the
direction of the force
• Energy – ability to cause change; can change the speed, direction,
shape, or temperature of an object
• Load or Reactionary Load (W)– the weight being lifted by the simple
machine
• Effort (P)– effort is the force placed on the simple machine to move
the load. Also called applied force or input force

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Simple Machine
• In a broad sense, a simple machine may be defined as a device, which
enables us to do some useful work at some point or to overcome
some resistance, when an effort or force is applied to it, at some
other convenient point.
• Simple machines are tools that make work easier
• They have few or no moving parts
• These machines use energy to work
• Do work with one movement
• Make our work easier by letting us use less Mechanical Effort (P) to move an
object (Reactionary Load-W) that is by adding Mechanical Advantage
• The amount of effort saved when using machines is called Mechanical
Advantage or MA
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Complex Machine
• A compound machine may be defined as a device, consisting of a
number of simple machines, which enables us to do some useful
work at a faster speed or with a much less effort as compared to a
simple machine.
• Two or more simple machines working together
• Most of the machines we use today are compound machines

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LIFTING MACHINE
It is a device, which enables us to lift a heavy load (W) by applying a comparatively smaller effort (P).

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE
The mechanical advantage (briefly written as M.A.) is the ratio of weight lifted (W) to the effort applied (P) and is
always expressed in pure number. Mathematically, mechanical advantage,
M.A.= W/P

INPUT OF A MACHINE
The input of a machine is the work done on the machine. In a lifting machine, it is measured by the product of effort
and the distance through which it has moved.

OUTPUT OF A MACHINE
The output of a machine is the actual work done by the machine.
In a lifting machine, it is measured by the product of the weight lifted
and the distance through which it has been lifted.
15 m
3m
10 N Fin
5
EFFICIENCY OF A MACHINE
It is the ratio of output to the input of a machine and is generally expressed as a percentage. Mathematically, efficiency (in
percentage),
η = (Output/ Input )× 100

IDEAL MACHINE
If the efficiency of a machine is 100% that is, if the output is equal to the input, the machine is called as a perfect or an
ideal machine.

VELOCITY RATIO
The velocity ratio (briefly written as V.R.) is the ratio of distance moved by the effort (dp) to the distance moved by the load
(dw) and is always expressed in pure number. Mathematically, velocity ratio,

V.R.= dp / dw
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN η, MA and VR

η = (MA/ VR )

REVERSIBILITY OF A MACHINE
Sometimes, a machine is also capable of doing some work in the reversed direction, after the effort is removed. Such a
machine is called a reversible machine and its action is known as reversibility of the machine.
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CONDITION FOR THE REVERSIBILITY OF A MACHINE
The condition for a machine, to be reversible, is that its efficiency should be more than 50%.

SELF-LOCKING MACHINE
Sometimes, a machine is not capable of doing any work in the reversed direction, after the effort is removed. Such a
machine is called a non-reversible or self-locking machine. A little consideration will show, that the condition for a machine
to be non-reversible or self-locking is that its efficiency should not be more than 50%.

TYPES OF LIFTING MACHINES


If the efficiency of a machine remains almost the same, then increase in the velocity ratio must increase its mechanical
advantage. The increased mechanical advantage, of a machine, means the application of a smaller force to lift the same
load; or to lift a heavier load with the application of the same force.

In your syllabus:
• Simple wheel and axle
• Simple pulley
• Simple screw jack

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Simple Wheel and Axle

8
SIMPLE PULLEY
A simple pulley is a wheel of metal or wood, with a groove around its circumference, to receive rope or chain. The
pulley rotates freely about its axle, which passes through its centre and is perpendicular to its surface plane. This axle is
supported by a metal or a wooden frame, called block as show in Figure.
Following assumptions are made in the study of pulley system, which are quite reasonable from the practical point of view :
1. The weight of the pulley block is small as compared to the weight to be lifted, and thus may be neglected in
calculations.
2. The friction between the pulley surface and the string is negligible, and thus the tension in the two sides of the
rope, passing round the pulley, may be taken to be equal.
The following system of pulleys are commonly used :
1. First system of pulleys.
2. Second system of pulleys.
3. Third system of pulleys.

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FIRST SYSTEM OF PULLEYS

In this system, the pulleys are so arranged that there are as many strings as there are pulleys. The end of each string is
fastened to a rigid ceiling; while the other end passing round the bottom periphery of the pulley, is fastened to the next
higher pulley.

V.R. = Distance moved by the effort/ Distance moved by the load

Amount of friction in terms Amount of friction in terms


of load, of effort,
F(load) = (P × V.R.) – W F(effort)= P – W/ (VR)
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SECOND SYSTEM OF PULLEYS
In Figure it is shown the second system of pulleys containing two blocks, one upper and the other lower, both carrying either
equal number of pulleys or the upper block may have one pulley more than the lower one.

11
THIRD SYSTEM OF PULLEYS
In Figure, is shown a third system of pulleys. In this system, like the first system of pulleys, the pulleys are arranged in such
a way that there are as many strings as there are pulleys. One end of each string is fixed to a block B –B, to which the load
is attached. The other end of each string, passing round the upper periphery of the pulley, is fastened to the next lower
pulley.

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SIMPLE SCREW JACK

It consists of a screw, fitted in a nut, which forms the body of the jack. The principle, on which a screw jack works, is similar to
that of an inclined plane.

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Assignment Number 2: (to be submitted before 2:00 pm next Tuesday (18th September, 2018))

1. A simple wheel and axle has wheel and axle of diameters of 200 mm and 40 mm respectively. What is the efficiency
of the machine, if it can lift a load of 800 N by an effort of 80 N.
2. In a system of pulleys of the first type, there are three pulleys, and a weight of 330 N can be lifted by an effort of 55
N. Find the efficiency of the machine and the amount of friction.
3. A weight of 1.2 kN is lifted by an effort of 120 N by second system of pulleys, having 6 pulleys in each block. Calculate
the amount of effort wasted in friction and the frictional load.
4. In a third system of pulleys, there are 4 pulleys. Find the effort required to lift a load of 2100 N, if efficiency of the
machine is 70%. Calculate the amount of effort wasted in friction.
5. A screw jack has a thread of 8 mm pitch. What effort applied at the end of a handle 360 mm long will be required to
lift a load of 1.8 kN, if the efficiency at this load is 40%.
6. A simple screw jack has a thread of pitch 12 mm. Find the load that can be lifted by an effort of 20 N applied at the
end of handle 500 mm long. Take efficiency of the machine as 45%.
7. A load of 120 N is raised by means of a certain weight lifting machine through a distance of 200 mm. If the effort
applied is 20 N and has moved through a distance of 1.5 m, find the efficiency of the machine.
8. In a certain weight lifting machine, an effort of 25 N can lift a load of 315 N. If the velocity ratio of the machine is 14,
find the effort lost in friction and the frictional load.
9. In a lifting machine, whose velocity ratio is 40, an effort of 120 N is required to lift a load of 6 kN. Is the machine
reversible ? If so, what effort should be applied, so that the machine is at the point of reversing ?
10. A certain weight lifting machine of velocity ratio 50 can lift a load of 2000 N with the help of 150 N effort.
Determine if the machine is reversible.
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