12 CS Guide R.M.K.MATRIC.HR.SEC.
SCHOOL - 601206
Namma Kalvi
UNIT CHAPTER 7 PYTHON FUNCTION
II ALGORITHMIC STRATEGIES
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1.Define function and its advantages. User Defined functions
What are the advantages of user defined functions Define User defined function
Functions are named blocks of code that are Functions defined by the users themselves.
designed to do specific job Syntax:
Advantage : def function_name (parameter1, parameter2… ) :
Block of Statements
Functions help us to divide a program into modules
return (expression / None)
It avoids repetition
Function code can be reuse . Function begin with def keyword followed by
It provides better modularity for application. function name and parenthesis ().
2.What are the types of function in python parameters or arguments should be placed within
parenthesis ().
Functions Description The code block is indented and always comes after
User-defined Functions defined by the a colon (:).
functions users themselves. The statement “return [expression]” exits a
Functions that are inbuilt function,
Built-in functions
with in Python A “return” with no arguments is the same as return
Functions that are None.
Anonymous or
anonymous un-named Example:
Lambda functions
function def hello():
Functions that calls itself is print(“Hello”)
Recursion functions
known as recursive return
hello()
Advantage :
3.What is meant by block in python? Functions help us to divide a program into modules
How statements in a blank are written in python. It avoids repetition
A block is one or more lines of code, grouped It implements code reuse .
together and treated as one big sequence of It provides better modularity for application.
statements during execution. Anonymous or lambda function
In Python, statements in a block are written with Define Anonymous or lambda function
indentation (by four spaces). It is defined without a name.
4.Explain the different types of function in python Instead of def keyword lambda keyword is used.
with an example. also called as lambda functions.
There are four types of functions in python, they are Lambda function can take any number of
User Defined functions arguments
Anonymous or Lambda functions Must return one value in the form of an expression.
Recursion functions Lambda function can only access global variables
Built-in functions and variables in its parameter list
Syntax: lambda arg1,arg2,arg3…argn : expression
Example:
s=lambda a,b,c : a+b+c
print(s(10,20,30))
>>>60
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Advantage 7.How to set the limit for recursive function? Give an
Lambda function is mostly used for creating small example
and one-time anonymous function. python stops calling recursive function after 1000
Lambda functions are mainly used in combination calls by default.
with the functions like filter(), map() and reduce(). It also allows you to change the limit using
Recursive functions sys.setrecursionlimit (limit_value)
Define recursive function or How recursive function Example:
works? Or . Explain recursive function with an example import sys
A recursive function calls itself. sys.setrecursionlimit(3000)
Recursion works like loop def fact(n):
The condition that is applied in any recursive if n == 0:
function is known as base condition. return 1
A base condition is must in every recursive function else:
otherwise it will execute like an infinite loop return n * fact(n-1)
Example: print(fact (2000))
import sys 8.What is base condition in recursive function?
sys.setrecursionlimit(3000) The condition that is applied in any recursive
def fact(n): function is known as base condition.
if n == 0: A base condition is must in every recursive function
return 1 otherwise it will execute like an infinite loop
else:
return n * fact(n-1) 9.How to define functions in python
print(fact (2000)) What are the points to be noted while defining a
base condition function?
The condition that is applied in any recursive Function begin with def keyword followed by
function is known as base condition. function name and parenthesis ().
A base condition is must in every recursive function parameters or arguments should be placed within
otherwise it will execute like an infinite loop parenthesis ().
Built-in functions The code block is indented and always comes after
Functions that are inbuilt with in Python a colon (:).
Ex. abs(),ord(),chr(),bin(),max(),min(),sum() etc… The statement “return [expression]” exits a
function,
5.Differentiate between anonymous function and A “return” with no arguments is the same as return
normal functions None.
Anonymous function Normal function Syntax:
Defined without a Defined with a name. def function_name (parameter1, parameter2… ) :
Block of Statements
name.
return (expression / None)
defined using the defined using the def
lambda keyword. keyword 10.How to call a function?
Call function used to call the function
6.What is the use of lambda or anonymous function? Syntax:
Lambda function is mostly used for creating small Function_name(argument)
and one-time anonymous function.
Lambda functions are mainly used in combination 11.Define parameters and arguments
with the functions like filter(), map() and reduce(). Parameters are the variables used in the function
definition.
Arguments are the values we pass to the function
parameters
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12.Explain the different types of arguments with an 4.Variable-Length Arguments
example. It is used pass more arguments than have already
Arguments are used to call a function. been specified.
There are primarily 4 types of Arguments, They are Arguments are not specified in the function’s
1. Required arguments, definition
2. Keyword arguments, An asterisk (*) is used to define such arguments.
3. Default arguments and
4. Variable-length arguments. Syntax:
def function_name(*args):
1.Required arguments function_body
“Required Arguments” are the arguments passed to return_statement
a function in correct positional order. Example:
Here, the number of arguments in the function call def add(*x):
should match exactly with the function definition. for a in x:
Ex. print(a)
def add(x,y): add(2,3)
add(2,3,4)
print(x+y)
output:
add(5,6) 2
Out put : 11 3
2.Keyword Arguments 2
Keyword arguments will invoke by their parameter 3
names. 4
The value is matched with the parameter name >>>
arguments can be in any order. Two methods of pass Variable-Length Arguments
def printdata (n, a): 1. Non keyword variable arguments
print ("Name :",n) 2. Keyword variable arguments
print ("Age :",a) Name the methods of passing Variable-Length
printdata (a=25, n=”elango") Arguments
output: Name : elango Two methods of pass Variable-Length Arguments
Age : 25 1. Non keyword variable arguments
3.Default Arguments 2. Keyword variable arguments
In Python the default argument is an argument that
takes a default value if no value is provided in the 14.Write a short note on return Statement
calling function. It is used to exit from function and returns a value
Example: to calling statement
def sal( n, s = 3500): Any number of 'return' statements are allowed in a
print (“Name: “, n) function definition but only one of them is executed
print (“Salary: “, s) at run time
sal(“Elango”) This statement can contain expression which gets
output: evaluated and the value is returned.
Name:Elango If there is no expression or no value in the
Salary:3500 statement, then the function will return the None
object
Syntax:
return [expression list ]
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15.What is meant by scope of variable? Mention its 16.What happens when we modify global variable
types. inside the function
15.Explain the types of Scope of Variables Thrown an error because,
Without using the global keyword we cannot
Local Scope modify the global variable inside the function.
A variable declared inside the function's body or in but we can only access the global variable
the local scope is known as local variable. Example:
c = 10 # global variable
Rules of local variable def add():
It can be accessed only within the function/block. global c
local variable is created inside the function/block. c=c+2
A local variable only exists while the function is print(c)
executing. add()
The formal arguments are also local to function. output: 12
Ex 17. Write a Python code to heck whether a given year
def loc(): is leap year or not.
Y=4 y=int(input("Enter a Year : "))
loc() if y%4==0:
print(y) print(y," is a leap year")
else:
Output print(y," is not a leap year")
error
The above error occurs because y is a local variable. 18.Explain the following built-in functions.
id()
Global Scope Returns address of an object
A global variable, can be used anywhere in the Syntax: id(object)
program. Ex. a=15.2
It can be created by defining a variable outside the Print(id(a)) # : output : 134526789
function/block. chr()
Rules of global Keyword Returns Unicode character for the given ASCII
To define a variable outside a function, it’s global value
by default. Syntax: chr(x)
global keyword used modify the global variable Ex.x=65 print(chr(x)) #output : A
inside a function. round()
Use of global keyword outside a function has no Returns the nearest integer to its input
effect First argument is used to specify the value to be
Example: rounded
c = 10 # global variable Second argument is used to specify the number
def add(): of decimal digits
global c Syntax : round(number,[,ndigits])
c=c+2 Ex. x=17.89 print(round(x,1)) #output : 17.9
print(c) type()
add() Returns the type of object.
output: 12 Syntax: type(object)
Ex.X=15.8 type(x) #output <class ‘ float’>
pow()
Return the computation of ab i.e a**b
Syntax: pow(a,b)
Ex .pow(3,2) # output 9
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19. Write a Python code to find the L.C.M. of two 22.Explain about format() function
numbers. Returns the output based on the given format
x=int(input("Enter first Number...")) Syntax: format(value,[format_spec])
y=int(input("Enter second Number...")) Example : x=14 print(“the value id
“,format(x,’b’)
def lcm(x,y): Binary format_spec - > b
i=max(x,y) octal format_spec - > o
fixed point notation: format_spec - > f
s=min(x,y)
i=1 23.Explain mathematical function with an example
while(True): Sqrt()
if i % s == 0: Returns the square root of x
Syntax: sqrt(x)
return i A=25 sqrt(a) output : 5
i+=1 ceil() floor()
Returns the smallest Returns the largest
print(lcm(x,y)) integer >= x integer <= x
20.What is Composition in functions? math.ceil(x) math.floor(x)
The value returned by a function may be used as an X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2 X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2
argument for another function in a nested manner. Print(math.ceil(x)) = 26 Print(math.(x)) = 27
This is called composition. Print(math.ceil(y)) = -27 Print(math.ceil(y)) = -26
For example, if, we take the input string Print(math.ceil(z)) = -24 Print(math.ceil(z)) = -23
using the function input() and apply eval() function
to evaluate its value, 24..Differentiate ceil() and floor() function?
for example:
>>> n1 = eval (input ("Enter a number: ")) ceil() floor()
Enter a number: 234 Returns the smallest Returns the largest
>>> n1 integer >= x integer <= x
234 math.ceil(x) math.floor(x)
21.Explain some Built-in and Mathematical functions X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2 X=26.7 y=-26.7 z=-23.2
in python Print(math.ceil(x)) = 26 Print(math.(x)) = 27
Print(math.ceil(y)) = -27 Print(math.ceil(y)) = -26
abs() Print(math.ceil(z)) = -24 Print(math.ceil(z)) = -23
Returns an absolute value of a number
Syntax: abs(x)
X=-45.7 abs(x) output : 45.6
bin()
Returns a binary strings with prefixed 0b
Syntax:bin(x)
X=15 bin (x) output: 0b1111
Min()
Returns the minimum value in the list
Syntax: min(list variable)
M=[12,23,4,5,6] print(min(m)) output : 4
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UNIT CHAPTER 8 STRINGS & STRING MANIPULATION
II ALGORITHMIC STRATEGIES
6.Explain about string operators in python with
1.Define String. suitable example
String is a data type in python.
It is used to handle array of characters. (i) Concatenation (+)
String is a sequence of Unicode characters consists Joining of two or more strings is called as
of letters, numbers, or special symbols enclosed Concatenation.
within single, double or even triple quotes The plus (+) operator is used .
Strings are immutable in 'Python', Example
Can not make any changes once you declared >>> "welcome" + "Python"
'welcomePython'
2.Do you modify a string in Python? (ii) Append (+ =)
Strings are immutable in 'Python', Adding a new string with an existing string.
Can not make any changes once you declared The operator += is used.
If you want to modify the string, completely Example
overwrite a new string value on the existing string >>> x="Welcome to "
variable. >>> x+="Learn Python"
3.How to replace a particular character in python? >>> print (x)
replace() to change all occurrences of a particular Welcome to Learn Python
character in a string (iii) Repeating (*)
syntax: replace(“char1”, “char2”) The multiplication operator (*) is used to display a
Ex. >>>a=”ELANGO” string in multiple number of times.
>>>print(a.replace(“E”,”I”) Example
>>> ILANGO >>> str1="Welcome "
4.How will you delete a string in python? >>> print (str1*4)
python will not allow deleting a particular character Welcome Welcome Welcome Welcome
in a string.
we can remove entire string variable using del (iv) String slicing
command. Slice is a substring of a main string.
Syntax: del(string variable) Slicing operator [:] with index or subscript value is
Ex.>>> a=”ELANGO” used to slice one or more substrings from a main
>>>del(a) string.
5.How python accessing characters in a string? General format of slice operation:
Once you define a string, python allocate an index variable[start:end]
value for its each character. start - beginning index default is 0
These index values are otherwise called as subscript end - last index value of a character in the string as
which are used to access and manipulate the n-1 .
strings.
The subscript can be positive or negative integer >>> s="ELANGO"
numbers. >>> print (s[0]) #output : E
The positive subscript from 0 to n-1, >>> print (s [1:5]) #output :LANG
The negative index from the last character to the >>> print (s [:5]) #output:ELANG
first character in reverse order begins with -1. >>> print (s [3:]) #output: GO
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(v) Stride when slicing string Formatting characters:
%c Character
In the slicing operation, a third argument as the %d Signed decimal integer
stride, (or) %i
which refers to the number of characters to move %s String
%u Unsigned decimal integer
forward after the first character is retrieved from
%o Octal integer
the string. %x or Hexadecimal integer
The default value of stride is 1. %X
Example %e or Exponential notation
>>> s = "Welcome to learn Python" %E
%f Floating point numbers
>>> print (s [10:16])
%g or Short numbers in floating point or exponential
learn %G notation.
>>> print (s [10:16:4])
r
9.Write a short note on Escape sequence in python
>>> print (s [10:16:2])
and list them
er
Escape sequences starts with a backslash .
>>> print (s [::3])
Wceoenyo
If you specify a negative value, it prints in reverse
order
>>> print(a[::-1])
OGNALE
7.What will be the output of the given python
program?
str1 = "welcome"
str2 = "to school"
str3=str1[:2]+str2[len(str2)-2:]
print(str3)
#output: weol
8.Write a short note on String Formatting operators.
10.What is the use of format( )? Give an example.
% is called string formatting operator.
The format( ) function used with strings is used for
It is used to construct strings, replacing parts of the formatting strings.
strings with the data stored in variables The curly braces { } are used as placeholders or
replacement fields which get replaced along with
Syntax: format( ) function
(“String to be display %var1 and %var2” % (var1,var2))
Ex.
Ex. a,b=10,5
name = "ELANGO" print(“The sum of {} and {}is {}”.format(a,b,(a+b))
mark = 98 #output: The sum of 10 and 5 is 15
print ("Name: %s and Marks: %d" %(name,mark))
#output: Name:ELANGO and Marks:98
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11.Write a note about count( ) function in python. >>> a="ELANGO"
Returns the number of substrings occurs within the >>> a.find('A')
given string. 2
Substring may be a character. isalnum()
Range is optional. Returns ‘True’ if the string contains only letters and
numbers otherwise ‘False’.
Search is case sensitive.
Syntax: Variable.count(string,start,end)
isalpha()
Returns ‘True’ if the string contains only letters
>>> a="ELANGOVAN"
>>> print(a.count('E'))
otherwise ‘False’
1 isdigit()
>>> print(a.count('AN')) Returns ‘True’ if the string contains only numbers
2 otherwise ‘False’
>>> print(a.count('A',0,5)) lower()
1
Returns the string in lowercase.
12.Explain Membership Operators with an example.
upper()
Returns the string in uppercase.
The ‘in’ and ‘not in’ operators are called as
islower()
Membership Operators.
Returns ‘True’ if the string is in lower.
It can be used with strings to determine whether a
isupper()
string is present in another string.
Returns ‘True’ if the string is in upper.
Example:
title()
a=input ("Enter a string: ")
Returns a string in the case.
b="chennai"
swapcase()
if b in a:
It will change a string in opposite case.
print ("Found")
else:
print ("Not Found")
#output:
Enter a string: Madras
Not Found
Enter a string: chennai
Found
13.List and explain some Built-in String functions
len(str.variable)
Returns the length of the string.
a=”ELANGO”
print(len(a)) -> #output: 6
capitalize()
to capitalize the first character of the string.
a=”elango”
print(len(a)) -> #output: Elango
center(width,fillchar)
return a string at center to a total of width filled by
fillchar that do not have character.
>>> a="ELANGO"
>>> print(a.center(10,'*'))
**ELANGO**
find(‘str’,[start,end])
It is used to find the sub string of the given string
It returns the index at which the sub string starts.
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www.nammakalvi.in
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