Applications of Definite Integrals

2- Computing Volumes

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Volumes Using Cross-Sections
▪ In this section we define volumes
of solids using the areas of their
cross-sections. A cross-section of
a solid S is the plane region
formed by intersecting S with a
plane (Figure 6.1).
▪ Suppose we want to find the
volume of a solid S like the one in
Figure 6.1. We begin by extending
the definition of a cylinder from
classical geometry to cylindrical
solids with arbitrary bases (Figure
6.2). If the cylindrical solid has a
known base area A and height h,
then the volume of the cylindrical
solid is
Volume = Area x height = A.h

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  This equation forms the basis for defining the volumes
of many solids that are not cylinders, like the one in
Figure 6.1.
 If the cross-section of the solid S at each point in the
interval [a, b] is a region S(x) of area A(x), and A is a
continuous function of x, we can define and calculate the
volume of the solid S as the definite integral of A(x).
 We now show how this integral is obtained by the
method of slicing.

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Example 1:
A pyramid 3 m high has a square
base that is 3 m on a side. The
cross-section of the pyramid
perpendicular to the altitude x m
down from the vertex is a square
x m on a side. Find the volume of
the pyramid. (Figure 6.5)

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Example 2:
A curved wedge is cut from a
circular cylinder of radius 3 by
two planes. One plane is
perpendicular to the axis of the
cylinder. The second plane
crosses the first plane at a 45°
angle at the center of the
cylinder. Find the volume of
the wedge.

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Cavalieri’s principle says
that solids with equal
altitudes and identical
cross-sectional areas at
each height have the same
volume (Figure 6.7). This
follows immediately from
the definition of volume,
because the cross-
sectional area function
A(x) and the interval
[a,b] are the same for
both solids.

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 This method for calculating the
volume of a solid of revolution
is often called the disk method
because a cross-section is a
circular disk of radius R(x).

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Example 3: The region between the curve y = x, 0 ≤x ≤4
and the x-axis is revolved about the x-axis to generate a solid.
Find its volume.

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Example 3:
The circle

x 2 +y2 =a 2
is rotated about the
x-axis to generate
a sphere. Find its
volume.

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Example 4: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region bounded by y= x and the lines y =1, x =4 about the
line y = 1.

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Example 5: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region between the y-axis and the curve x =2 /y, 0 ≤y ≤4 about
the y-axis.

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Example 6: Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving
the region between the parabola x =y +1 and the line x=3 about the
2

line x=3. (Figure 1.12)

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Example 1: The region bounded by the curve y =x 2 +1
and the line y = - x+3 is revolved about the x-axis to
generate a solid. Find the volume of the solid.

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Example 2:
The region bounded by the
parabola y =x 2
and the line y = 2x in the
first quadrant is revolved
about the y-axis to generate
a solid. Find the volume of
the solid. (Figure 6.15)

(Figure 6.15)
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Homework:
1.

2.
Homework:
Homework:
 AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
➢ In previous sections, we introduced solids of revolution
and presented methods for computing the volume of such
solids.

➢ We now consider a related problem: computing the area of

the surface of a solid of revolution.

➢ Surface area calculations are important in aerodynamics

(computing the lift on an airplane wing) and biology
(computing transport rates across cell membranes), to
name just two applications.

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AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
➢ Here is an interesting observation: A surface area problem
is “between” a volume problem (which is three-
dimensional) and an arc length problem (which is one-
dimensional).

➢ For this reason, you will see ideas that appear in both
volume and arc length calculations as we develop the
surface area integral.

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AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

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AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION

Step 1: Rotate horizantal line segments about x-axis

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 Step 2: Rotate slanted line segments about x-axis

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Step:3 Rotate the graph of a nonnegative function about the x-axis

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(the Mean Value
Theorem)

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 The result agrees with the formula from geometry

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Example-3

Solution:
b
Write the formula S   2 y 1  ( dy
dx
) 2
dx
a

1  ( dy
dx
) 2
 1  ( 1
2 x
) 2

 1 41x
6
S   2 x 1 1
4x
dx
2
6
S   2 x  14 dx
2

b
S  2  x   
2
3
1 3/ 2
4
6

2

49
3

S   2 y 1  ( dy
dx
) 2
dx
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a
 HOMEWORK

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 HOMEWORK

Find the areas of the surfaces generated by revolving the curves about the indicated axes.

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