Major Inspection

Hot Gas Path Inspection Scope—Plus:

Key Hardware Inspect For Potential Action
Compressor blading Foreign object damage Repair/refurbishment/replace
Compressor and turbine rotor dovetails Oxidation/corrosion/erosion Stator shrouds
Journals and seal surfaces Cracking • Cracking/oxidation/erosion
Bearing seals Leaks Buckets
Exhaust system Abnormal wear • Coating deterioration
Missing hardware • FOD/rubs/cracking

Clearance limits • Tip shroud deflection

• Creep life limit

Nozzles
• Severe deterioration
IGV bushings
• Wear
Bearings/seals
• Scoring/wear
Compressor blades
• Corrosion/erosion
• Rubs/FOD

Rotor inspection
Compressor discharge case Cracks Repair or monitoring
Turbine shell Cracks Repair or monitoring
Compressor and compressor Wear Repair
discharge case hooks
Cases – exterior and interior Cracks Repair or monitoring
Exhaust diffuser Cracks Weld repair
Exhaust diffuser insulation Loose/missing parts Replace/tighton parts
Forward diffuser flex seal Wear/cracked parts Replace seals

Criteria Inspection Methods

• Op. & Instr. Manual • TILs • Visual • Liquid Penetrant
• GE Field Engineer • Borescope • Ultrasonics

Figure 41. Gas turbine major inspection – key elements

30
 Major Inspection
Hot Gas Path
Inspection

Combustion
Inspection

Figure 42. Major inspection work scope

• Visually inspect the exhaust diffuser for any cracks in flow path five days, could take weeks. GE will provide recommendations
surfaces. Inspect insulated surfaces for loose or missing regarding the types and quantities of spare parts needed; however,
insulation and/or attachment hardware in internal and external it is up to the owner to purchase these spare parts on a planned
locations. In E-class machines, inspect the insulation on the basis allowing adequate lead times.
radial diffuser and inside the exhaust plenum as well.
Early identification of spare parts requirements ensures their
• Inspect exhaust frame flex seals, L-seals, and horizontal joint availability at the time the planned inspections are performed.
gaskets for any signs of wear or damage. Inspect steam gland Refer to the Reference Drawing Manual provided as part of the
seals for wear and oxidation. comprehensive set of O&M Manuals to aid in identification and
ordering of gas turbine parts.
• Check torque values for steam gland bolts and re-torque to
full values. Additional benefits available from the renewal parts catalog data
system are the capability to prepare recommended spare parts
• Check alignment – gas turbine to generator/gas turbine to
lists for the combustion, hot gas path and major inspections as
accessory gear.
well as capital and operational spares.
Comprehensive inspection and maintenance guidelines have been
Typical expectations for estimated repair cycles for some of the
developed by GE and are provided in the O&M Manual to assist
major components are shown in Appendix D. These tables assume
users in performing each of the inspections previously described.
that operation of the unit has been in accordance with all of the
Parts Planning manufacturer’s specifications and instructions.

Lack of adequate on-site spares can have a major effect on plant Maintenance inspections and repairs are also assumed to be
availability; therefore, prior to a scheduled disassembly type of done in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications and
inspection, adequate spares should be on-site. A planned outage instructions. The actual repair and replacement cycles for any
such as a combustion inspection, which should only take two to particular gas turbine should be based on the user’s operating

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 31

procedures, experience, maintenance practices and repair details on a specific system. It should be recognized that, in some
practices. The maintenance factors previously described can have cases, the service life of a component is reached when it is no
a major impact on both the component repair interval and service longer economical to repair any deterioration as opposed to
life. For this reason, the intervals given in Appendix D should only replacing at a fixed interval. This is illustrated in Figure 43 for a
be used as guidelines and not certainties for long range parts first stage nozzle, where repairs continue until either the nozzle
planning. Owners may want to include contingencies in their cannot be restored to minimum acceptance standards or the
parts planning. repair cost exceeds or approaches the replacement cost. In other
cases, such as first-stage buckets, repair options are limited by
The expected repair and replacement cycle values reflect current
factors such as irreversible material damage. In both cases, users
production hardware.
should follow GE recommendations regarding replacement or
To achieve these lives, current production parts with design repair of these components.
improvements and newer coatings are required. With earlier
While the parts lives shown in Appendix D are guidelines, the
production hardware, some of these lives may not be achieved.
life consumption of individual parts within a parts set can have
Operating factors and experience gained during the course of
variations. The repair versus replacement economics shown in
recommended inspection and maintenance procedures will be a
Figure 43 may lead to a certain percentage of “fallout,” or scrap,
more accurate predictor of the actual intervals.
of parts being repaired. Those parts that fallout during the
Appendix D shows expected repair and replacement intervals repair process will need to be replaced by new parts. Parts
based on the recommended inspection intervals shown in fallout will vary based on the unit operating environment history,
Figure 44. The application of inspection (or repair) intervals other the specific part design, and the current state-of-the-art for
than those shown in Figure 44 can result in different replacement repair technology.
intervals (as a function of the number of repair intervals) than
those shown in Appendix D. See your GE representative for

New Nozzle
Acceptance Standards

Repaired Nozzle 1st

Nozzle Construction

Repair Cost Exceeds

Min. Acceptance Repair Replacement Cost
Standard
2nd
Repair

Without Repair 3rd

Repair

Severe Deterioration

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000

Operating Hours
Figure 43. First-stage nozzle wear-preventive maintenance: gas fired – continuous dry – base load

32
 Factored Hours/Factored Starts
Type of Inspection Combustion System MS3002K MS5001PA/MS5002C, D MS6B MS7E/EA MS9E
Combustion Non-DLN 24000/400 12000/800 (1) (3) 12000/1200 (2) (3) 8000/900 (3) 8000/900 (3)

DLN 8000/400 12000/450 12000/450 12000/450

Hot Gas Path 24000/1200 Eliminated/1200 24000/1200 24000/1200 24000/900

Major 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400

Type of Combustion Factored Hours/Factored Starts

Inspection System MS6FA MS6FA+e MS7F/FA/FA+ MS7FA+e MS9F/FA/FA+ MS9FA+e MS7FB MS9FB
Combustion Non-DLN 8000/450 8000/450

DLN 8000/450 12000/450 8000/450 8000/450 8000/450 8000/450 12000/450 12000/450

Hot Gas Path 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900 24000/900

Major 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400 48000/2400

Factors that can reduce maintenance intervals: 1. Units with Lean Head End liners have Note: Factored Hours/Starts intervals include an
• Fuel • Trips a 400-starts combustion inspection interval. allowance for nominal trip maintenance
2. Machines with 6581 and 6BeV combustion factor effects.
• Load setting • Start cycle
hardware have a 12000/600 combustion Hours/Starts intervals for Major Inspection
• Steam/water injection • Hardware design inspection interval. are quoted in Actual Hours and Actual Starts.
• Peak load firing 3. Multiple Non-DLN configurations exist Repair/replace cycles reflect current
operation (Standard, MNQC, IGCC). The typical case production hardware, unless otherwise
is shown; however, different quoting limits noted, and operation in accordance with
may exist on a machine and hardware basis. manufacturer specifications. They represent
Contact a GE Energy representative for initial recommended intervals in the absence
further information. of operating and condition experience.

Figure 44. Base line recommended inspection intervals: base load – gas fuel – dry

Inspection Intervals for customizing a program of inspection and maintenance. The

condition of the compressor and bearing assemblies is the key
In the absence of operating experience and resulting part conditions,
driver in planning a Major Inspection. Historical operation and
Figure 44 lists the recommended combustion, hot gas path and
machine conditions can be used to tailor custom maintenance
major inspection intervals for current production GE turbines
programs such as optimized repair and inspection criteria to specific
operating under typical conditions of gas fuel, base load, and no
sites/machines. GE leverages these principles and accumulated site
water or steam injection. These recommended intervals represent
and fleet experience in a “Condition Based Maintenance” program
factored hours or starts calculated using maintenance factors to
as the basis for maintenance of units under Contractual Service
account for application specific operating conditions. Initially,
Agreements. This experience was accumulated on units that
recommended intervals are based on the expected operation of
operate with GE approved repairs, field services, monitoring
a turbine at installation, but this should be reviewed and adjusted
and full compliance to GE’s technical recommendations.
as actual operating and maintenance data are accumulated.
While reductions in the recommended intervals will result from the GE can assist operators in determining the appropriate
factors described previously or unfavorable operating experience, maintenance intervals for their particular application. Equations
increases in the recommended intervals may also be considered have been developed that account for the factors described
where operating experience has been favorable. The condition earlier and can be used to determine application specific hot
of the combustion and hot gas path parts provides a good basis gas path and major inspection intervals.

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 33

Borescope Inspection Interval
Hours-Based HGP Inspection
In addition to the planned maintenance intervals, which undertake
scheduled inspections or component repairs or replacements, Maintenance Interval = 24000
(Hours) Maintenance Factor
borescope inspections (BIs) should be conducted to identify any
Where:
additional actions, as discussed in the sections “Gas Turbine Design Factored Hours
Maintenance Factor =
Maintenance Features.” Such inspections may identify additional Actual Hours
Factored Hours = (K + M x I) x (G + 1.5D + AfH + ApP)
areas to be addressed at a future scheduled maintenance outage,
Actual Hours = (G + D + H + P)
assist with parts or resource planning, or indicate the need to G = Annual Base Load Operating hours on Gas Fuel
D = Annual Base Load Operating hours on
change the timing of a future outage to minimize potential effects. Distillate Fuel
The BI should use all the available access points to verify the safe H = Annual Operating Hours on Heavy Fuel
Af = Heavy Fuel Severity Factor
and uncompromised condition of the static and rotating hardware. (Residual Af = 3 to 4, Crude Af = 2 to 3)
As much of the Major Inspection workscope as possible should Ap = Peak Load Factor (See Figure 12)
P = Annual Peak Load Operating Hours on gas or distillate
be done using this visual inspection without dissassembly. Refer I = Percent Water/Steam Injection Referenced to
Compressor Inlet Air Flow
to Figure 4 for standard recommended BI frequency. Specific
M&K = Water/Steam Injection Constants
concerns may warrant subsequent BIs in order to operate
M K Control Steam Injection N2/N3 Material
the unit to the next scheduled outage without teardown. 0 1 Dry <2.2% GTD-222/FSX-414
0 1 Dry >2.2% GTD-222
Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
.18 .6 Dry >2.2% FSX-414
The hours-based hot gas path criterion is determined from the .18 1 Wet >0% GTD-222
equation given in Figure 45. With this equation, a maintenance .55 1 Wet >0% FSX-414

factor is determined that is the ratio of factored operating hours

Figure 45. Hot gas path maintenance interval: hours-based criterion
and actual operating hours. The factored hours consider the
specifics of the duty cycle relating to fuel type, load setting and
steam or water injection. Maintenance factors greater than one Starts-Based HGP Inspection
reduce the hot gas path inspection interval from the 24,000 hour
Maintenance Interval S
=
ideal case for continuous base load, gas fuel and no steam or (Starts) Maintenance Factor

water injection. To determine the application specific maintenance Where:

Factored Starts
Maintenance Factor =
interval, the maintenance factor is divided into 24,000, as shown Actual Starts η
in Figure 45. Factored Starts = 0.5NA + NB + 1.3NP + 20E + 2F + Σ (aTi – 1) Ti
i=1
Actual Starts = (NA + NB + NP)
The starts-based hot gas path criterion is determined from the S = Maximum Starts-Based Maintenance Interval
equation given in Figure 46. As with the hours-based criteria, an (Model Size Dependent)
NA = Annual Number of Part Load Start/Stop Cycles (<60% Load)
application specific starts-based hot gas path inspection interval is
NB = Annual Number of Base Load Start/Stop Cycles
calculated from a maintenance factor that is determined from the NP = Annual Number of Peak Load Start/Stop Cycles (>100% Load)
number of trips typically being experienced, the load level and E = Annual Number of Emergency Starts

loading rate. F = Annual Number of Fast Load Starts

T = Annual Number of Trips
As previously described, the hours and starts operating spectrum aT = Trip Severity Factor = f(Load) (See Figure 21)
η = Number of Trip Categories (i.e.Full Load, Part Load, etc.)
for the application is evaluated against the recommended hot gas
Model Series S Model Series S
path intervals for starts and for hours. The limiting criterion (hours or
MS6B/MS7EA 1,200 MS9E 900
starts) determines the maintenance interval. An example of the use MS6FA 900 MS7F/MS9F 900

of these equations for the hot gas path is contained in Appendix A.

Figure 46. Hot gas path maintenance interval: starts-based criterion

34
Rotor Inspection Interval start classification is key. Additionally, equivalent starts for trips
Like HGP components, the unit rotor has a maintenance interval from load are added. The total equivalent starts are divided by
involving removal, disassembly and thorough inspection. This the actual number of starts to yield the maintenance factor. The
interval indicates the serviceable life of the rotor and is generally rotor starts-based maintenance interval for a specific application
considered to be the teardown inspection and repair/replacement is determined by dividing the baseline rotor maintenance interval
interval for the rotor. These intervals are traditionally concurrent of 5000 starts by the calculated maintenance factor. As indicated
with hot gas path and major inspections, however, it should be in Figure 47, the baseline rotor maintenance interval is also the
noted that the maintenance factors for rotor maintenance intervals maximum interval, since calculated maintenance factors less
are distinct and different from those of combustion and hot gas than one are not considered.
path components. As such, the calculation of consumed life on
Figure 48 describes the procedure to determine the hours-based
the rotor may vary from that of combustion and hot gas path
maintenance criterion. Peak load operation is the primary
components. Customers should contact GE when their rotor has
maintenance factor for the F class rotor and will act to increase
reached the end of its serviceable life for technical advisement.
the hours-based maintenance factor and to reduce the rotor
The starts-based rotor maintenance interval is determined from the maintenance interval.
equation given in Figure 47. Adjustments to the rotor maintenance
When the rotor reaches the limiting inspection interval determined
interval are determined from rotor-based operating factors as were
from the equations described in Figures 47 and 48, a refurbishment
described previously. In the calculation for the starts-based rotor
of the rotor is required so that a complete inspection of the rotor
maintenance interval, equivalent starts are determined for cold,
components in both the compressor and turbine can be performed.
warm, and hot starts over a defined time period by multiplying
It should be expected that some rotor components will either have
the appropriate cold, warm and hot start operating factors by the
reached the end of their serviceable life or will have a minimal
number of cold, warm and hot starts respectively. In this calculation,

Starts-Based Rotor Inspection

5000 (1) (Not to exceed 5000 starts)
Rotor Maintenance Interval = Maintenance Factor MF>=1

Fh · Nh + Fw1 · Nw1 + Fw2 · Nw2 + Fc · Nc + Ft · Nt

Maintenance Factor =
Nh + Nw1 + Nw2 + Nc
Number of Starts
Nh = Number of hot starts
Nw1 = Number of Warm1 starts
N w2 = Number of Warm2 starts
Nc = Number of cold starts
Nt = Number of trips

Start Factors
Fh = Hot start factor (Down 1-4 hr)*
Fw1 = Warm1 start factor (Down 4-20 hr)
Fw2 = Warm2 start factor (Down 20-40 hr)
Fc = Cold start factor (Down >40 hr)
Ft = Trip from load factor
(1) F class
Note: Start factors for 7/9 FA+e machines are tabulated in Figure 23.
For other F Class machines, refer to applicable TILs.

Figure 47. Rotor maintenance interval: starts-based criterion

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 35

 rotor maintenance should be performed at intervals recommended
Hours-Based Rotor Inspection
by GE through issued Technical Information Letters (TILs). Where
144000 (1)
Rotor Maintenance Interval =
Maintenance Factor
no recommendations have been made, rotor inspection should be
performed at 5,000 factored starts or 200,000 factored hours.
H + 2*P (2)
Maintenance Factor =
H+P Combustion Inspection Interval
Where:
Equations have been developed that account for the earlier
H ~ Base load hours
P ~ Peak load hours mentioned factors affecting combustion maintenance intervals.
(1) F class
(2) For E-class, MF = (H + 2*P + 2*TG) / (H + P), where TG is These equations represent a generic set of maintenance factors
hours on turning gear. that provide general guidance on maintenance planning. As such,
Note: To diminish potential turning gear impact, Major
these equations do not represent the specific capability of any given
Inspections must include a thorough visual and
dimensional examination of the hot gas path turbine combustion system. They do provide, however, a generalization of
rotor dovetails for signs of wearing, galling, fretting or
cracking. If inspections and repairs are performed to combustion system experience. For combustion parts, the base line
the dovetails, time on turning gear may be omitted operating conditions that result in a maintenance factor of one
from the hours based maintenance factor.
are normal fired startup and shutdown (no trip) to base load
Figure 48. Rotor maintenance interval: hours-based criterion on natural gas fuel without steam or water injection.

amount of residual life remaining and will require replacement at An hours-based combustion maintenance factor can be
this inspection point. Depending on the extent of refurbishment determined from the equations given in Figure 49 as the ratio
and part replacement, subsequent inspections may be required of factored-hours to actual operating hours. Factored-hours
at a reduced interval. considers the effects of fuel type, load setting and steam or
water injection. Maintenance factors greater than one reduce
As with major inspections, the rotor repair interval should include
recommended combustion inspection intervals from those shown
thorough dovetail inspections for wear and cracking. The baseline
in Figure 44 representing baseline operating conditions. To obtain
rotor life is predicated upon sound inspection results at the majors.
a recommended inspection interval for a specific application, the
The baseline intervals of 144,000 hours and 5000 starts in Figures
maintenance factor is divided into the recommended base line
47 and 48 pertain to F class rotors. For rotors other than F class,
inspection interval.

Maintenance Factor = (Factored Hours)/(Actual Hours)

Factored Hours = ∑ (Ki x Afi x Api x ti), i = 1 to n Operating Modes
Actual Hours = ∑ (ti), i = 1 to n Operating Modes
Where:
i = Discrete Operating mode (or Operating Practice of Time Interval)
ti = Operating hours at Load in a Given Operating mode
Api = Load Severity factor
Ap = 1.0 up to Base Load
Ap = For Peak Load Factor See Figure 12
Afi = Fuel Severity Factor (dry)
Af = 1.0 for Gas Fuel (1)
Af = 1.5 for Distillate Fuel, Non-DLN (2.5 for DLN)
Af = 2.5 for Crude (Non-DLN)
Af = 3.5 for Residual (Non-DLN)
Ki = Water/Steam Injection Severity Factor
(% Steam Referenced to Compressor Inlet Air Flow, w/f = Water to Fuel Ratio)
K = Max(1.0, exp(0.34(%Steam – 2.00%))) for Steam, Dry Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(0.34(%Steam – 1.00%))) for Steam, Wet Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(1.80(w/f – 0.80))) for Water, Dry Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(1.80(w/f – 0.40))) for Water, Wet Control Curve

(1) Af = 10 for DLN 1 extended lean-lean, DLN 2.0 lean-lean and DLN 2+ in extended sub-piloted
and extended piloted premixed operating modes.

Figure 49. Combustion inspection hours-based maintenance factors

36
 Maintenance Factor = (Factored starts)/(Actual Starts)
Factored Starts = ∑ (Ki x Afi x Ati x Api x Asi x Ni), i = 1 to n Start/Stop Cycles
Actual Starts = ∑ (Ni), i = 1 to n Start/Stop Cycles
Where:
i = Discrete Start/Stop Cycle (or Operating Practice)
Ni = Start/Stop Cycles in a Given Operating Mode
Asi = Start Type Severity Factor
As = 1.0 for Normal Start
As = 1.2 for Start with Fast Load
As = 3.0 for Emergency Start
Api = Load Severity Factor
Ap = 1.0 up to Base Load
Ap = exp(0.009 x Peak Firing Temp Adder in deg F) for Peak Load
Ati = Trip Severity Factor
At = 0.5 + exp(0.0125*%Load) for Trip
Afi = Fuel Severity Factor (Dry, at Load)
Af = 1.0 for Gas Fuel
Af = 1.25 for Non-DLN (or 1.5 for DLN) for Distillate Fuel
Af = 2.0 for Crude (Non-DLN)
Af = 3.0 for Residual (Non-DLN)
Ki = Water/Steam Injection Severity Factor
(% Steam Referenced to Compressor Inlet Air Flow, w/f = Water to Fuel Ratio)
K = Max(1.0, exp(0.34(%Steam – 1.00%))) for Steam, Dry Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(0.34(%Steam – 0.50%))) for Steam, Wet Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(1.80(w/f – 0.40))) for Water, Dry Control Curve
K = Max(1.0, exp(1.80(w/f – 0.20))) for Water, Wet Control Curve

Figure 50. Combustion inspection starts-based maintenance factors

A starts-based combustion maintenance factor can be determined Inspection frequencies and the amount of downtime varies
from the equations given in Figure 50 and considers the effect within the gas turbine fleet due to different duty cycles and
of fuel type, load setting, emergency starts, fast loading rates, the economic need for a unit to be in a state of operational
trips and steam or water injection. An application specific readiness. It can be demonstrated that an 8000-hour interval
recommended inspection interval can be determined from the for a combustion inspection with minimum downtime can be
baseline inspection interval in Figure 44 and the maintenance achievable based on the above factors. Contact your local GE
factor from Figure 50. Appendix B shows six example maintenance Energy representative for the specific man-hours and
factor calculations using the above hours and starts maintenance recommended crew size for your specific unit.
factors equations.
Depending upon the extent of work to be done during each
maintenance task, a cooldown period of 4 to 24 hours may
Manpower Planning
be required before service may be performed. This time can be
It is essential that advanced manpower planning be conducted
utilized productively for job move-in, correct tagging and locking
prior to an outage. It should be understood that a wide range of
equipment out-of-service and general work preparations. At the
experience, productivity and working conditions exist around the
conclusion of the maintenance work and systems check out,
world. However, based upon maintenance inspection man-hour
a turning gear time of two to eight hours is normally allocated
assumptions, such as the use of an average crew of workers in the
prior to starting the unit. This time can be used for job clean-up
United States with trade skill (but not necessarily direct gas turbine
and preparing for start.
experience), with all needed tools and replacement parts (no repair
time) available, an estimate can be made. These estimated craft Local GE field service representatives are available to help plan

labor man-hours should include controls and accessories and the your maintenance work to reduce downtime and labor costs.

generator. In addition to the craft labor, additional resources are This planned approach will outline the renewal parts that may

needed for technical direction of the craft labor force, specialized be needed and the projected work scope, showing which tasks

tooling, engineering reports, and site mobilization/demobilization. can be accomplished in parallel and which tasks must be sequential.

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 37

Planning techniques can be used to reduce maintenance cost by References
optimizing lifting equipment schedules and manpower requirements.
Jarvis, G., “Maintenance of Industrial Gas Turbines,” GE Gas Turbine
Precise estimates of the outage duration, resource requirements,
State of the Art Engineering Seminar, paper SOA-24-72, June 1972.
critical-path scheduling, recommended replacement parts, and
costs associated with the inspection of a specific installation may Patterson, J. R., “Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Maintenance Practices,”
be sourced from the local GE field services office. GE Gas Turbine Reference Library, GER-2498, June 1977.

Moore, W. J., Patterson, J.R, and Reeves, E.F., “Heavy-Duty Gas

Conclusion Turbine Maintenance Planning and Scheduling,” GE Gas Turbine
GE heavy-duty gas turbines are designed to have an inherently Reference Library, GER-2498; June 1977, GER 2498A, June 1979.
high availability. To achieve maximum gas turbine availability,
Carlstrom, L. A., et al., “The Operation and Maintenance of General
an owner must understand not only the equipment, but the
Electric Gas Turbines,” numerous maintenance articles/authors
factors affecting it. This includes the training of operating
reprinted from Power Engineering magazine, General Electric
and maintenance personnel, following the manufacturer’s
Publication, GER-3148; December 1978.
recommendations, regular periodic inspections and the stocking
of spare parts for immediate replacement. The recording and Knorr, R. H., and Reeves, E. F., “Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine
analysis of operating data, is essential to preventative and Maintenance Practices,” GE Gas Turbine Reference Library, GER-
planned maintenance. A key factor in achieving this goal 3412; October 1983; GER- 3412A, September 1984; and GER-
is a commitment by the owner to provide effective outage 3412B, December 1985.
management and full utilization of published instructions
Freeman, Alan, “Gas Turbine Advance Maintenance Planning,”
and the available service support facilities.
paper presented at Frontiers of Power, conference, Oklahoma State
It should be recognized that, while the manufacturer provides University, October 1987.
general maintenance recommendations, it is the equipment
Hopkins, J. P, and Osswald, R. F., “Evolution of the Design,
user who has the major impact upon the proper maintenance
Maintenance and Availability of a Large Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine,”
and operation of equipment. Inspection intervals for optimum
GE Gas Turbine Reference Library, GER-3544, February 1988 (never
turbine service are not fixed for every installation, but rather
printed).
are developed through an interactive process by each user,
Freeman, M. A., and Walsh, E. J., “Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine
based on past experience and trends indicated by key turbine
Operating and Maintenance Considerations,” GE Gas Turbine
factors. In addition, through application of a Contractual Service
Reference Library, GER-3620A.
Agreement to a particular turbine, GE can work with a user to
establish a maintenance program that may differ from general GEI-41040, “Fuel Gases for Combustion in Heavy-Duty Gas
recommendations but will be consistent with contractual Turbines.”
responsibilities.
GEI-41047, “Gas Turbine Liquid Fuel Specifications.”
The level and quality of a rigorous maintenance program have a
GEK-101944, “Requirements for Water/Steam Purity in Gas Turbines.”
direct impact on equipment reliability and availability. Therefore, a
rigorous maintenance program which optimizes both maintenance GER-3419A, “Gas Turbine Inlet Air Treatment.”

cost and availability is vital to the user. A rigorous maintenance GER-3569F, “Advanced Gas Turbine Materials and Coatings.”
program will minimize overall costs, keep outage downtimes to
GEK-32568, “Lubricating Oil Recommendations for Gas Turbines
a minimum, improve starting and running reliability and provide
with Bearing Ambients Above 500°F (260°C).”
increased availability and revenue earning ability for GE gas
turbine users. GEK-110483, “Cleanliness Requirements for Power Plant
Installation, Commissioning and Maintenance.”

38
 Appendix From Figure 45, at a steam injection rate of 2.4%, the
value of “M” is .18, and “K” is .6.
A.1) Example 1 – Hot Gas Path Maintenance
Interval Calculation From the hours-based criteria, the maintenance factor is
determined from Figure 45.
An MS7001EA user has accumulated operating data since the last
hot gas path inspection and would like to estimate when the next MF = [K + M(I)] x [G + 1.5(D) + Af(H) + AP x P]
one should be scheduled. The user is aware from GE publications (G + D + H + P)
that the normal HGP interval is 24,000 hours if operating on
Annual hours on peak load at +100 deg F firing temperature
natural gas, with no water or steam injection, and at base load.
It is also understood that the nominal starts interval is 1200, P = 120 hr/yr
based on normal startups, no trips, no emergency starts. The AP = 6
actual operation of the unit since the last hot gas path inspection
is much different from the GE “baseline case.” MF = [.6 + .18(2.4)] x [3200 + 1.5(350) + 0 + 6(120)]
(3200 + 350 + 0 + 120)
Annual hours on natural gas, base load
= G = 3200 hr/yr MF = 1.25

Annual hours on light distillate The hours-based adjusted inspection interval is therefore,

= D = 350 hr/yr H= 24,000/1.25

Annual hours on peak load H= 19,200 hours

[Note, since total annual operating hours is 3670,
= P = 120 hr/yr
the estimated time to reach 19,200 hours is
Steam injection rate
5.24 years (19,200/3670).]
= I = 2.4%
From the starts-based criteria, the maintenance factor
Also, since the last hot gas path inspection,
is determined from Figure 46.
140 Normal start-stop cycles:
The total number of part load starts is
40 Part load
NA = 40/yr
100 Base load
The total number of base load starts is
0 Peak load
NB = 100 + 2 + 5 + 20 = 127/yr
In addition,
The total number of peak load starts is
E= 2 Emergency Starts w / ramp to
NP = 0/yr
base load
n
F= 5 Fast loads ending in a normal shutdown
from base load
MF = [0.5 (NA )+(NB )+1.3(NP )+20(E)+2(F) + Σ(a
i=1
TI – 1) T
i

NA + N B + N P
T= 20 Starts with trips from base load
(a Ti = 8) MF = 0.5(40)+(127)+1.3(0)+20(2)+2(5)+(8–1)20
40+127+0
For this particular unit, the second and third-stage nozzles are
FSX-414 material. The unit operates on “dry control curve.” MF = 2

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 39

The adjusted inspection interval based on starts is In addition,

S = 1200/2.0 3 Emergency Starts w/ramp to base load:

S = 600 starts [Note, since the total annual number of starts is 2 ended in a trip from full load
167, the estimated time to reach 600 starts is 1 ended in a normal shutdown
600/167 = 3.6 years.]
4 Fast loads:
In this case, the starts-based maintenance factor is greater than
1 tripped during loading at 50% load
the hours maintenance factor and therefore the inspection interval
is set by starts. The hot gas path inspection interval is 600 starts 3 achieved base load and ended in

(or 3.6 years). a normal shutdown

A.2) Example 2 – Hot Gas Path Factored Total Starts

Starts Calculation Part Load, NA = 40 + 1 = 41

An MS7001EA user has accumulated operating data for the past
Base Load, NB = 60 + 3 + 3 = 66
year of operation. This data shows number of trips from part, base,
and peak load, as well as emergency starting and fast loading. The Peak Load, NP = 50
user would like to calculate the total number of factored starts in
Total Trips
order to plan the next HGP outage. Figure 46 is used to
calculate the total number of factored starts as shown below. 1. 50% load (aT1 =6.5), T 1 = 5 + 1 = 6

Operational history: 2. Full load (aT 2 =8), T 2 = 35 + 2 = 37

150 Start-stop cycles per year: 3. Peak load (aT 3 =10), T 3 = 10

40 Part load
Additional Cycles
60 Base load
Emergency starting, E = 3
50 Peak load
Fast loading, F = 4
50 ending in trips:

10 from 105% load

From the starts-based criteria, the total number of
5 from 50% load (part load)
factored starts is determined from Figure 46.
35 from 65% load (base load) n

FS = 0.5(NA)+(NB)+1.3(NP)+20(E)+2(F)+ Σ(a
i=1
TI – 1) Ti

FS = 0.5(41)+(66)+1.3(50)+20(3)+2(4)+[(6.5–1)6+
(8–1)37+(10–1)10]=601.50

AS = 41 + 66 + 50 = 157
601.5
MF = = 3.8
157

40
B) Examples – Combustion Maintenance Interval
Calculations (reference Figures 49 and 50)

DLN 1 Peaking Duty with Power Augmentation Standard Combustor Baseload on Crude Oil
+50F Tfire Increase Gas Fuel No Tfire Increase Crude Oil Fuel
3.5% Steam Augmentation 6 Hours/Start 1.0 Water/Fuel Ratio 220 Hours/Start
Start with Fast Load Wet Control Curve Normal Start and Load Dry Control Curve
Normal Shutdown (No Trip) Normal Shutdown (No Trip)
Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 34.5 Hours Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 788.3 Hours
Hours Maintenance Factor = (34.5/6) 5.8 Hours Maintenance Factor = (788.3/220) 3.6
Where Ki = 2.34 Max(1.0, exp(0.34(3.50-1.00))) Wet Where Ki = 1.43 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(1.00-0.80))) Dry
Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel Afi = 2.50 Crude Oil, Std (Non-DLN)
Api = 2.46 exp(0.018(50)) Peaking Api = 1.00 Baseload
ti = 6.0 Hours/Start ti = 220.0 Hours/Start
Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 5.2 Starts Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 5.9 Starts
Starts Maintenance Factor = (5.2/1) 5.2 Starts Maintenance Factor = (5.9/1) 5.9
Where Ki = 2.77 Max(1.0, exp(0.34(3.50-0.50))) Wet Where Ki = 2.94 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(1.00-0.40))) Dry
Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel Afi = 2.00 Crude Oil, Std (Non-DLN)
Ati = 1.00 No Trip at Load Ati = 1.00 No Trip at Load
Api = 1.57 exp(0.009(50)) Peaking Api = 1.00 Baseload
Asi = 1.20 Start with Fast Load Asi = 1.00 Normal Start
Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start

DLN 2.6 Baseload on Distillate DLN 2.6 Baseload on Gas with Trip @ Load
No Tfire Increase Distillate Fuel No Tfire Increase Gas Fuel
1.1 Water/Fuel Ratio 220 Hours/Start No Steam/Water Injection 168 Hours/Start
Normal Start Dry Control Curve Normal Start and Load Dry Control Curve
Normal Shutdown (No Trip) Trip @ 60% Load
Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 943.8 Hours Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 168.0 Hours
Hours Maintenance Factor = (943.8/220) 4.3 Hours Maintenance Factor = (168.0/168) 1.0
Where Ki = 1.72 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(1.10-0.80))) Dry Where Ki = 1.00 No Injection
Afi = 2.50 Distillate Fuel, DLN Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel
Api = 1.00 Baseload Api = 1.00 Baseload
ti = 220.0 Hours/Start ti = 168.0 Hours/Start
Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 5.3 Starts Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 2.6 Starts
Starts Maintenance Factor = (5.3/1) 5.3 Starts Maintenance Factor = (2.6/1) 2.6
Where Ki = 3.53 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(1.10-0.40))) Dry Where Ki = 1.00 No Injection
Afi = 1.50 Distillate Fuel, DLN Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel
Ati = 1.00 No Trip at Load Ati = 2.62 0.5+exp(0.0125*60) for Trip
Api = 1.00 Baseload Api = 1.00 Baseload
Asi = 1.00 Normal Start Asi = 1.00 Normal Start
Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start

DLN 1 Combustor Baseload on Distillate DLN 2.6 Peak Load on Gas with Emergency Starts
No Tfire Increase Distillate Fuel +35F Tfire Increase Gas Fuel
0.9 Water/Fuel Ratio 500 Hours/Start 3.5% Steam Augmentation 4 Hours/Start
Normal Start Dry Control Curve Emergency Start Dry Control Curve
Normal Shutdown (No Trip) Normal Shutdown (No Trip)
Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 1496.5 Hours Factored Hours = Ki * Afi * Api * ti = 12.5Hours
Hours Maintenance Factor = (1496.5/500) 3.0 Hours Maintenance Factor = (12.5/4) 3.1
Where Ki = 1.20 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(0.90-0.80))) Dry Where Ki = 1.67 Max(1.0, exp(0.34(3.50-2.00)))
Afi = 2.50 Distillate Fuel, DLN 1 Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel
Api = 1.00 Partload Api = 1.88 exp(0.018(35)) Peaking
ti = 500.0 Hours/Start ti = 4.0 Hours/Start
Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 3.7 Starts Factored Starts = Ki * Afi * Ati * Api * Asi * Ni = 9.6 Starts
Starts Maintenance Factor = (3.7/1) 3.7 Starts Maintenance Factor = (9.6/1) 9.6
Where Ki = 2.46 Max(1.0, exp(1.80(0.90-0.40))) Dry Where Ki = 2.34 Max(1.0, exp(0.34(3.50-1.00))) Dry
Afi = 1.50 Distillate Fuel, DLN Afi = 1.00 Gas Fuel
Ati = 1.00 No Trip at Load Ati = 1.00 No Trip at Load
Api = 1.00 Part Load Api = 1.37 exp(0.009(35)) Peaking
Asi = 1.00 Normal Start Asi = 3.00 Emergency Start
Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start Ni = 1.0 Considering Each Start

Figure B-1. Combustion maintenance interval calculations

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 41

 C) Definitions Equivalent Availability: Probability of a multi-shaft
Reliability: Probability of not being forced out of combined-cycle power plant being available for power
service when the unit is needed — includes forced generation — independent of whether the unit is
outage hours (FOH) while in service, while on needed — includes all unavailable hours — includes
reserve shutdown and while attempting to start the effect of the gas and steam cycle MW output
normalized by period hours (PH) — units are %. contribution to plant output; units are %.

Equivalent Availability =
Reliability = (1-FOH/PH) (100)
FOH = total forced outage hours GT UH HRSG UH ST UH
[1 – +B + x 100 ]
PH = period hours GT PH GT PH ST PH

GT UH = Gas Turbine Unavailable Hours

Availability: Probability of being available,
GT PH = Gas Turbine Period Hours
independent of whether the unit is needed – includes
HRSG UH = HRSG Total Unavailable Hours
all unavailable hours (UH) – normalized by period
hours (PH) – units are %: ST UH = Steam Turbine Unavailable Hours

Availability = (1-UH/PH) (100) ST PH = Steam Turbine Period Hours

UH = total unavailable hours (forced outage, B = Steam Cycle MW Output

failure to start, scheduled maintenance Contribution (normally 0.30)

hours, unscheduled maintenance hours)

MTBF–Mean Time Between Failure: Measure of
PH = period hours probability of completing the current run. Failure
events are restricted to forced outages (FO) while in
Equivalent Reliability: Probability of a multi-shaft service – units are service hours.
combined-cycle power plant not being totally forced
MTBF = SH/FO
out of service when the unit is required includes the
effect of the gas and steam cycle MW output SH = Service Hours

contribution to plant output – units are %. FO = Forced Outage Events from a Running
(On-line) Condition
Equivalent Reliability =

GT FOH HRSG FOH ST FOH Service Factor: Measure of operational use, usually
[1 – +B + x 100 ] expressed on an annual basis – units are %.
GT PH B PH ST PH
SF = SH/PH x 100
GT FOH = Gas Turbine Forced Outage Hours SH = Service Hours on an annual basis
GT PH = Gas Turbine Period Hours PH = Period Hours (8760 hours per year)

HRSG FOH = HRSG Forced Outage Hours

Operating Duty Definition:
B PH = HRSG Period Hours Duty Service Factor Fired Hours/Start
ST FOH = Steam Turbine Forced Outage Hours Stand-by < 1% 1 to 4

ST PH = Steam Turbine Period Hours Peaking 1% – 17% 3 to 10

Cycling 17% – 50% 10 to 50
B = Steam Cycle MW Output
Continuous > 90% >> 50
Contribution (normally 0.30)

42
D) Repair and Replacement Cycles (Natural Gas Only)

MS3002K Parts PG6541-61 (6B)

Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts) Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners CI 2 (CI) 4 (CI) Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Transition Pieces CI, HGPI 2 (CI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles MI 2 (MI) 2 (MI) Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds MI 2 (MI) 2 (MI) Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds MI 2 (MI) 2 (MI) Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket – 1 (MI)(1) 3 (HGPI) Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI)(1) / 3 (HGPI)(2) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Bucket – 1 (MI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(3) 4 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
CI = Combustion Inspection Interval operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
MI = Major Inspection Interval
(1) 2 (HGPI) with no repairs at 24k hours.
(1) GE approved repair at 24,000 hours may extend life to 72,000 hours.
(2) 3 (HGPl) with Strip, HIP Rejuvenation, and Re-coat at 24k hours.
Figure D-1. Estimated repair and replacement cycles (3) May require meeting tip shroud engagement criteria at prior HGP repair intervals. 3 (HGPI) for current
design only. Consult your GE Energy representative for replace intervals by part number.

Figure D-3. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

MS5001PA / MS5002C,D Parts PG6571-81 (6BU) / 6BeV Parts

Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts) Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners CI 4 (CI) 3 (CI) / 4 (CI)(1) Combustion Liners Cl 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1) 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1)
Transition Pieces CI, HGPI 4 (CI)(2) 3 (CI) / 4 (CI)(1) Caps Cl 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1) 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI, MI 2 (MI) 2 (HGPI) Transition Pieces Cl 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1) 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI, MI 2 (MI) 2 (HGPI) / 2 (MI)(3) Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1) 3 (Cl) / 4 (Cl)(1)
Stage 1 Shrouds MI 2 (MI) 2 (MI) Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Stage 2 Shrouds – 2 (MI) 2 (MI) Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips
Stage 1 Bucket – 1 (MI)(4) 3 (HGPI)
Flow Divider Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Stage 2 Bucket – 1 (MI) 3 (HGPI)
(Distillate)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of Fuel Pump Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44. (Distillate)
CI = Combustion Inspection Interval Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
MI = Major Inspection Interval Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
(1) 3 (CI) for non-DLN units, 4 (CI) for DLN units Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
(2) Repair interval is every 2 (CI) Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
(3) 2 (HGPI) for MS5001PA, 2 (MI) for MS5002C, D Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
(4) GE approved repair at 24,000 hours may extend life to 72,000 hours
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Figure D-2. Estimated repair and replacement cycles Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(2) / 2 (HGPI)(3) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(4) 4 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
(1) 3 (CI) for DLN / 4 (CI) for non-DLN
(2) 3 (HGPI) for 6BU with strip & recoat at first HGPI
(3) 2 HGPI for 6BeV
(4) 3 (HGPI) for current design only. Consult your GE Energy representative for replace intervals by part number.

Figure D-4. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 43

 PG7001(EA) / PG9001(E) Parts PG6101(FA): 6FA.01 Parts
Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts) Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners Cl 4 (Cl) / 6 (Cl)(1) 4 (Cl) Combustion Liners Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Caps Cl 4 (Cl) / 6 (Cl)(1) 4 (Cl) Caps Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Transition Pieces Cl 4 (Cl) / 6 (Cl)(1) 4 (Cl) Transition Pieces Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Fuel Nozzles Cl 4 (Cl) / 6 (Cl)(1) 4 (Cl) Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl) Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI) Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips Retaining Clips
Flow Divider Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl) End Covers CI 6 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
(Distillate) Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Fuel Pump Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl) Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
(Distillate)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)(1)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 1 (HGPI)(3) 3 (HGPI)(2)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(2) 3 (HGPI)(2)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(2)(3) 3 (HGPI) Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(4) 4 (HGPI) accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 4 (HGPI)
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of (1) GE approved repair operations may be needed to meet expected life. Consult your GE Energy
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44. representative for details.
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval (2) With welded hardface on shroud, recoating at 1st HGPI is required to achieve replacement life.
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval (3) Repair may be required on non-scalloped-from-birth parts. Redesigned bucket is capable of 3 (HGPI).
(1) 4 (Cl) for DLN / 6 (Cl) for non-DLN
(2) Strip and Recoat is required at first HGPI to achieve 3 HGPI replace interval for all E-Class.
Figure D-6. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
(3) Uprated 7EA machines (2055 Tfire) require HIP rejuvenation at first HGPI to achieve 3 HGPI replace interval.
(4) 3 (HGPI) interval requires meeting tip shroud engagement criteria at prior HGP repair intervals.
Consult your GE Energy representative for details. PG6111(FA): 6FA.02 Parts
Figure D-5. Estimated repair and replacement cycles Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners CI 2 (CI) 2 (CI)
Caps CI 3 (CI) 2 (CI)
Transition Pieces CI 3 (CI) 2 (CI)
Fuel Nozzles CI 2 (CI) 2 (CI)
Crossfire Tubes CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips
End Covers CI 4 (CI) 2 (CI)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Buckets HGPI 3 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Buckets HGPI 3 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Buckets HGPI 2 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
CI = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval

Figure D-7. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

44
 PG7211(F): 7F.01 / PG9301(F): 9F.01 Parts PG7231(FA): 7FA.02 Parts
Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts) Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl) Combustion Liners Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Caps Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl) Caps Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Transition Pieces Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl) Transition Pieces Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl) Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl) Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI) Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips Retaining Clips
End Covers CI 6 (Cl) 3 (Cl) End Covers CI 6 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)(1)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(1) 3 (HGPI)(1) Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 1 (HGPI)(2) 3 (HGPI)(3)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(1) 3 (HGPI)(1) Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44. operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
(1) With welded hardface on shroud, recoating at 1st HGPI is required to achieve replacement life. (1) Periodic inspections are recommended within each HGPI. GE approved repair operations may be needed
to meet 2 (HGPI) replacement. Consult your GE Energy representative for details on both.
Figure D-8. Estimated repair and replacement cycles (2) Interval can be increased to 2 (HGPI) by performing a repair operation. Consult your GE Energy
representative for details.
(3) Recoating at 1st HGPI may be required to achieve 3 HGPI replacement life.

PG7221(FA): 7FA.01 / PG9311(FA): 9FA.01 Parts Figure D-10. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)

Combustion Liners Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Caps Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Transition Pieces Cl 6 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips
End Covers CI 6 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)(1)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(2) 3 (HGPI)(2)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
(1) GE approved repair operations may be needed to meet expected life. Consult your GE Energy
representative for details.
(2) With welded hardface on shroud, recoating at 1st HGPI may be required to achieve replacement life.

Figure D-9. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 45

 PG7241(FA): 7FA.03 Parts PG9351(FA): 9FA.03 Parts
Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts) Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners* Cl 4 (Cl) 2 (Cl) Combustion Liners Cl 5 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Caps* Cl 4 (Cl) 2 (Cl) Caps Cl 5 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Transition Pieces* Cl 4 (Cl) 2 (Cl) Transition Pieces Cl 5 (Cl) 5 (Cl)
Fuel Nozzles* Cl 4 (Cl) 2 (Cl) Fuel Nozzles Cl 3 (Cl)(1) 3 (Cl)(1)
Crossfire Tubes* Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl) Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI) Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips Retaining Clips
End Covers* CI 4 (Cl) 2 (Cl) End Covers CI 6 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI) Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI) Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(2) 2 (HGPI)(4) Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI)(2) 2 (HGPI)(4)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(1) 3 (HGPI)(1) Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(5) 3 (HGPI)(3)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(3) 3 (HGPI) Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI)(5) 3 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44. operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.

*12K Extended Interval Hardware Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval

Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval (1) Blank and liquid fuel cartridges to be replaced at each CI
(1) 3 (HGPI) for current design. Consult your GE Energy representative for replacement intervals by part (2) 2 (HGPI) for current design with GE approved repair at first HGPI. 3 (HGPI) is possible for redesigned bucket
number. with platform undercut and cooling modifications.
(2) GE approved repair procedure required at first HGPI for designs without platform cooling. (3) Recoating at 1st HGPI may be required to achieve 3 HGPI replacement life.
(3) GE approved repair procedure at 2nd HGPI is required to meet 3 (HGPI) replacement life. (4) GE approved repair procedure at 1 (HGPI) is required to meet 2 (HGPI) replacement life.
(4) 2 (HGPI) for current design with GE approved repair at first HGPI. 3 (HGPI) is possible for redesigned bucket (5) GE approved repair procedure is required to meet 3 (HGPI) replacement life.
with platform undercut and cooling modifications.
Figure D-12. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-11. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
PG7251(FB): 7FB.01 Parts
Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Caps Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Transition Pieces Cl 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Fuel Nozzles Cl 2 (Cl)(1) 2 (Cl)(1)
Crossfire Tubes Cl 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips
End Covers CI 3 (Cl) 3 (Cl)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Bucket HGPI 2 (HGPI) 1 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Bucket HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
Cl = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
(1) Blank and liquid fuel cartridges to be replaced at each CI

Figure D-13. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

46
 PG9371(FB): 9FB.01 Parts
Repair Interval Replace Interval (Hours) Replace Interval (Starts)
Combustion Liners CI 4 (CI) 4 (CI)
Caps CI 4 (CI) 4 (CI)
Transition Pieces CI 4 (CI) 4 (CI)
Fuel Nozzles CI 2 (Cl)(1) 2 (CI)(1)
Crossfire Tubes CI 1 (Cl) 1 (Cl)
Crossfire Tube CI 1 (CI) 1 (CI)
Retaining Clips
End Covers CI 4 (CI) 4 (CI)
Stage 1 Nozzles HGPI 1 (HGPI)(2) 1 (HGPI)(2)
Stage 2 Nozzles HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Nozzles HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 2 Shrouds HGPI 2 (HGPI) 2 (HGPI)
Stage 3 Shrouds HGPI 3 (HGPI) 3 (HGPI)
Stage 1 Buckets HGPI 1 (HGPI)(2) 1 (HGPI)(2)
Stage 2 Buckets HGPI 1 (HGPI)(2) 1 (HGPI)(2)
Stage 3 Buckets HGPI 1 (HGPI)(2) 1 (HGPI)(2)
Note: Repair/replace cycles reflect current production hardware, unless otherwise noted, and operation in
accordance with manufacturer specifications. They represent initial recommended intervals in the absence of
operating and condition experience. For factored hours and starts of the repair intervals, refer to Figure 44.
CI = Combustion Inspection Interval
HGPI = Hot Gas Path Inspection Interval
(1) Blank and liquid fuel cartridges to be replaced at each CI
(2) 1 HGPI replacement interval for currently shipping units. Older units may have extended lives.
Consult your GE Energy Services representative for unit specific recommendations.

Figure D-14. Estimated repair and replacement cycles

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 47

E) Boroscope Inspection Ports

Figure E-1. Borescope inspection access locations for 6F machines

Figure E-2. Borescope inspection access locations for 7/9F machines

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F) Turning Gear/Ratchet Running Guidelines

Scenario Turning Gear (or Ratchet) Duration

Following Shutdown:

Case A.1 – Normal. Restart anticipated for >48 hours Until wheelspace temperatures <150F.(1) Rotor classified as
unbowed. Minimum 24 hours.(2)

Case A.2 – Normal. Restart anticipated for <48 hours Continuously until restart. Rotor unbowed.

Case B – Immediate rotor stop necessary. (Stop >20 minutes) None. Classified as bowed.
Suspected rotating hardware damage or unit malfunction

Before Startup:

Case C – Hot rotor, <20 minutes after rotor stop 0–1 hour(3)

Case D – Warm rotor, >20 minutes & <6 hours after rotor stop 4 hours

Case E.1 – Cold rotor, unbowed, off TG <48 hours 4 hours

Case E.2 – Cold rotor, unbowed, off TG >48 hours 6 hours

Case F – Cold rotor, bowed 8 hours(4)

During Extended Outage:

Case G – When idle 1 hour/day

Case H – Alternative No TG; 1 hour/week at full speed (no load).(5)

(1) Time depends on frame size and ambient environment.

(2) Cooldown cycle may be accelerated using starting device for forced cooldown. Turning gear, however, is recommended method.
(3) 1 hour on turning gear is recommended following a trip, before restarting. For normal shutdowns, use discretion.
(4) Follow bowed rotor startup procedure. See Operation and Maintenance Manual.
(5) Avoids high cycling of lube oil pump during long outages.

Figure F-1. Turning Gear Guidelines

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 49

List of Figures
Figure 1. Key factors affecting maintenance planning
Figure 2. Key technical reference documents to include in maintenance planning
Figure 3. MS7001E gas turbine borescope inspection access locations
Figure 4. Borescope inspection programming
Figure 5. Maintenance cost and equipment life are influenced by key service factors
Figure 6. Causes of wear – hot gas path components
Figure 7. GE bases gas turbine maintenance requirements on independent counts of starts and hours
Figure 8. Hot gas path maintenance interval comparisons. GE method vs. EOH method
Figure 9. Maintenance factors – hot gas path (buckets and nozzles)
Figure 10. GE maintenance interval for hot gas inspections
Figure 11. Estimated effect of fuel type on maintenance
Figure 12. Bucket life firing temperature effect
Figure 13. Firing temperature and load relationship – heat recovery vs. simple cycle operation
Figure 14. Heavy fuel maintenance factors
Figure 15. Steam/water injection and bucket/nozzle life
Figure 16. Exhaust temperature control curve – dry vs. wet control MS7001EA
Figure 17. Turbine start/stop cycle – firing temperature changes
Figure 18. First stage bucket transient temperature distribution
Figure 19. Bucket low cycle fatigue (LCF)
Figure 20. Low cycle fatigue life sensitivities – first stage bucket
Figure 21. Maintenance factor – trips from load
Figure 22. Maintenance factor – effect of start cycle maximum load level
Figure 23. Operation-related maintenance factors
Figure 24. FA gas turbine typical operational profile
Figure 25. Baseline for starts-based maintenance factor definition
Figure 26. F-Class Axial Diffuser
Figure 27. E-Class Radial Diffuser
Figure 28. The NGC requirement for output versus frequency capability over all ambients less than 25°C (77°F)
Figure 29. Turbine output at under-frequency conditions
Figure 30. NGC code compliance TF required – FA class
Figure 31. Maintenance factor for overspeed operation ~constant TF
Figure 32. Deterioration of gas turbine performance due to compressor blade fouling
Figure 33. Long term material property degradation in a wet environment
Figure 34. Susceptibility of compressor blade materials and coatings
Figure 35. MS7001EA heavy-duty gas turbine – shutdown inspections
Figure 36. Operating inspection data parameters
Figure 37. Combustion inspection – key elements
Figure 38. Hot gas path inspection – key elements
Figure 39. Stator tube jacking procedure – MS7001EA
Figure 40. Stage 1 bucket oxidation and bucket life

50
Figure 41. Gas turbine major inspection – key elements
Figure 42. Major inspection work scope
Figure 43. First-stage nozzle wear-preventive maintenance: gas fired – continuous dry – base load
Figure 44. Base line recommended inspection intervals: base load – gas fuel – dry
Figure 45. Hot gas path inspection: hours-based criterion
Figure 46. Hot gas path inspection: starts-based criterion
Figure 47. F Class rotor maintenance factor: starts-based criterion
Figure 48. F Class rotor maintenance factor: hours-based criterion
Figure 49. Combustion inspection hours-based maintenance factors
Figure 50. Combustion inspection starts-based maintenance factors
Figure B-1. Combustion maintenance interval calculations
Figure D-1. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-2. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-3. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-4. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-5. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-6. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-7. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-8. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-9. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-10. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-11. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-12. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-13. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure D-14. Estimated repair and replacement cycles
Figure E-1. Borescope inspection access locations for 6F machines
Figure E-2. Borescope inspection access locations for 7/9F machines
Figure F-1. Turning Gear Guidelines

GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 51

 • Added recommendations for shutdown on gas fuel, dual fuel
Revision History
transfers, and FSDS maintenance
9/89 Original
• Trip from peak load maintenance factor added
8/91 Rev A
• Lube Oil Cleanliness section added

9/93 Rev B • Inlet Fogging section updated to Moisture Intake

3/95 Rev C • Best practices for turning gear operation added

• Nozzle Clearances section removed • Rapid Cool-down section added

• Steam/Water Injection section added • Procedural clarifications for HGP inspection added

• Cyclic Effects section added • Added inspections for galling/fretting in turbine dovetails to major
inspection scope
5/96 Rev D
• HGP factored starts calculation updated for application of trip
• Estimated Repair and Replacement Cycles added for F/FA factors

• Turning gear maintenance factor removed for F-class hours-

11/96 Rev E
based rotor life
11/98 Rev F
• Removed reference to turning gear impacts on cyclic customers’
• Rotor Parts section added rotor lives

• Estimated Repair and Replace Cycles added for FA+E • HGP factored starts example added

• Starts and hours-based rotor maintenance interval equations • F-class borescope inspection access locations added
added
• Various HGP parts replacement cycles updated and additional
6B table added
9/00 Rev G
• Revision History added
11/02 Rev H
11/09 Rev L
• Estimated Repair and Replace Cycles updated and moved to
Appendix D • Updated text throughout

• Combustion Parts section added • Casing section added

• Inlet Fogging section added • Exhaust Diffuser section added

• Added new Fig. 26: F-Class Axial Diffuser

1/03 Rev J
• Added new Fig. 27: E-Class Radial Diffuser
• Off Frequency Operation section added
• Revised Fig. 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 19, 20, 23, 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44,
10/04 Rev K E-1, and E-2
• GE design intent and predication upon proper components and • Appendix D – updated repair and replacement cycles
use added
• Added PG6111 (FA) Estimated repair and replacement cycles
• Added recommendation for coalescing filters installation
• Added PG9371 (FB) Estimated repair and replacement cycles
upstream of gas heaters

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GE Energy | GER-3620L (11/09) 53
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GER-3620L (11/09)