Problem Set 1 Fluid Mechanics Il (ME 311) Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati 1. Consider incompressible steady flow of standard air in a boundary layer on the length of porous surface shown. Assume the boundary layer at the downstream end of the surface has an approximately parabolic velocity profile, u/s. = 2(y/6) — (y/8)?. Uniform suction is applied along the porous surface, as shown. Calculate the volume flow rate across surface cd, through the porous suction surface, and ac admis S lo 2. A small round object is tested in a 0.75-m diameter wind tunnel. The pressure is uniform across sections p and q. The upstream pressure is 30mm HO (gage), the downstream pressure is 15mm HyO (gage), and the ‘mean air speed is 12.5 m/s, The velocity profile at section q is linear; it varies from zero at the tunnel centerline toa maximum at the tunnel wall. Calculate (a) the mass flow rate in the wind tunnel, (b) the maximum velocity at section g, and (c) the drag of the object and its supporting vane. Neglect viscous resistant at the tunnel wall. 3. Let a one-dimensional velocity field be u = u(t), with v = 0 and w p= po(2 — coswt). Find an expression for u(x,t) if u(0,t) =U. 0. The density varies as 4. A hemispherical vessel of radius R has a small rounded orifice of area A at the bottom. Show that the time required to lower the level from fi to hy is given by 5. A tank of fixed volume contains brine with initial density, p;, greater than water. Pure water enters the tank steadily and mixes thoroughly with the brine in the tank. The liquid level in the tank remains constant. Derive expressions for (a) the rate of change of density of the liquid mixture in the tank and (b) the time required for the density to reach the value py, where p; > py > puso Wout = ; = iS ins Ve Censtank es eS ¥; 206, Derive the continuity equation for cylindrical coordinates by considering the flux of an incompressible fluid in and out of the elemental control volume. 7. A shallow circular dish has a sharp-edged orifice at its center. A water jet, of speed V, strikes the dish concentrically. Obtain an expression for the external force needed to hold the dish in place if the jet issuing from the orifice also has speed V. Evaluate the force for V = 5 m/s, D = 100 mm, and d = 25 mm, Plot the required force as a function of the angle 4 (0) < @ < 90°) with diameter ratio as a parameter for a suitable range of diameter d. >> ie x 14 Se Nee 8. According to potential theory for the flow approaching a rounded two-dimensional body, the velocity approaching the stagnation point is given by u = U(1 — a/.r2), where a is the nose radius and U is the velocity far upstream. Compute the value and position of the maximum viscous normal stress along this Streamline, Is this also the position of maximum fluid deceleration? Evaluate the ma stress ifthe fluid is SAE 30 oil at 20°C, with [7 = 2 mis and a = 6 em Stagnation point — ——a ' Prob Q a A ae 9. A jet of water with a diameter of 8 cm and a speed of 25 m/s impinges normally on a large stationary flat plate. Find the force required to hold the plate stationary. Compare the average pressure on the plate with the stagnation pressure if the plate is 20 times the area of the jet. 10. Consider flow through the sudden expansion shown. If the flow is incompressible and friction is neglected, show that the pressure rise, Ap = py — 1, is given by 27 2 els (2 D)-|-=\p Plot the non-dimensional pressure rise versus diameter ratio to determine the optimum value of d/D and the corresponding value of the non dimensional pressure rise, Assume the pressure is uniform and equal top, on the vertical surface of the expansion.11. A constant-thickness film of viscous liquid flows in laminar motion down a plate inclined at angle @. The velocity profile is u = Cy(2h —y), v = w = 0. Find the constant Cin terms of the specific weight, viscosity and the angle 0. Find the volume flux @ per unit width in terms of these parameters, Patb 14 12, Water flows through a pipe in a gravitational field as shown in the accompanying figure. Neglect the effects of viscosity and surface tension. Solve the appropriate conservation equations for the variation of the cross-sectional area of the fluid column A(2) after the water has left the pipe at = = 0. The velocity of the fluid at 2 = 0 is uniform at vp and the cross-sectional area is Ao, ale fs it V4/ngy Pata Pros 12 oes 13, Determine the axial velocity distribution for fully developed laminar pipe. Using the same find out the axisymmetric stream function ¢(r, =). Use this result to determine the average velocity V = Q/Apjpe in the pipe as a ratio Of tas. 14. A porous round tube with D = 60 mm carries water. The inlet velocity is uniform with Vj; = 7 mis. Water flows radially and axisymmetrically outward through the porous radially and axisymmetrically outward through the porous walls with velocity distribution “fa 0.95 m. Calculate the mass flow rate inside the tube at « = L, 15. A conical funnel of half-angle @ = 15°, with maximum diameter D = 70 mm and height H, drains through a hole (diameter d = 3.12 mm) in its bottom. ‘The speed of the liquid leaving the funnel is approximately V = V2ayj, where y is the height of the liquid free surface above the hole. Find the rate of change of surface level in the funnel at the instant when y = H/2. 16. Consider the simple power-law model for a non-Newtonian fluid given by ty = the velocity prof (Ou/dy)". Show that for fully developed laminar flow of a power-law fluid between stationary parallel platesseparated by distance 2h may be written Dee where y is the coordinate measured from the channel centerline 17. A viscometer based on the chardferistics of plane Couette flow is shown in the figure. The viscosity of a fluid sample is to be determined by fiiserting it into the device and measuring the time Af it takes the falling weight of mass to travel a given distance d after reaching terminal velocity. Analyze this arrangement and provide a formula for determining the fluid viscosity. U te al position bow after ran infinite flat plate along y = 0, surrounded by fluid of density p and viscosity j.. The plate is im- pulsively given a velocity U’ at t = 0. Considering it to be an unsteady flow write the governing equation along with boundary conditions which can be analytically treated, Using the transformation u/l7 = F(y/(2Vv)) reduce the original governing equation into an ordinary differential equation. Is it a IVP or BVP? : pxb 18 —Answers 1. Qea = 4.5 x 10 m/s, 6 x 10-4 m/s, Que = 1.05 x 10-8 m/s 2. 6.63 Kg/s, 18.8 m/s, 54N 3. u(e,t) =U — awsinwst/(2 — coswt) 5. dp/dt = —(p — pro)vA/V, t = —[V/(vA)] In|(py — prso)/(oi — pro) 7.-314N Foxce CR) Vp 0 8 N/2 8. Tmax = 4U/a at « = —a, No (maximum fluid deceleration is atc = \/5/3 a, 39 Pa 9. 3142, Posg/Patay = 1/10 10. ites © Vp { 11. C = pgsintheta/(2y), Q/width = pghsin0/(3:) 12, A(z) = voAo/sqrte? — 2g2 13. u(z) = tmar(1 —7?/R?), U(r, 2) = Unas(r/ R)?(R2/2 — 1/4), V = Umac/2 14. 16.2 kg/s 15. -9 mm/s 17. w= MghAt/(dL?) 18. Gu/t = vPu/Ay?, u(y,0) = 0, u(0,t) = FP" +2nF” = 0, F(0) = 1, F(n + 00) = 0.