ISO/IEC 12207

IEEE Std 12207-2008

Systems and Software Engineering -
Software Life Cycle Processes
Introduction
Chang-Hyun Jo
Professor, Ph.D
Department of Computer Science
California State University Fullerton
http://jo.ecs.fullerton.edu
Contents
 ISO/IEC 12207
 Categories of Life Cycle Processes (7 groups - 43 processes)
 Seven Process Groups
 Agreement Processes (2)
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes (5)
 Project Processes (7)
 Technical Processes (11)
 Software Implementation Processes (7)
 Software Support Processes (8)
 Software Reuse Processes (3)
 Two Major Sub-divisions of Process
 System Context Processes (clause 6)
 Software Specific Processes (clause 7)
 ISO/IEC 15504 (SPICE)
 References
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 2
Acknowledgement
 Many parts of the presentation slides were
directly excerpted from the ISO/IEC 12207
standard and references.
 ISO/IEC 12207:2008, IEEE Std 12207-2008 : Systems and
Software Engineering – Software Life Cycle Processes (2nd
Edition 2008-02-01).

 ISO: International Organization for Standardization

 http://www.iso.org
 IEC: International Elecrotechnical Commission
 http://www.iec.ch/

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 3

ISO/IEC 12207
 ISO/IEC 12207 was published on August 1995,
and was the 1st International Standard to provide
a set of lifecycle processes, activities and tasks
for software development.
 The 1st draft was published in August 1995.
 Participated countries:
 Australia,Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Korea, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, UK, USA

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 4

ISO/IEC 12207
 ISO/IEC 12207 can be used in one or more of
the following modes:
 By an organization
 To establish an environment of desired processes.
 To assess conformance of a declared, established set of lifecycle processes
to its provisions.
 By a project
 To help select, structure and employ the elements of an established set of
lifecycle processes to provide products and services
 By an acquirer and a supplier
 To help develop an agreement concerning processes and activities
 By organizations and assessors
 To perform assessments that may be used to support organizational
process improvement
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 5
 Jim Moore, ISO 12207 and Related Software Life-Cycle Standards , (1996)

Evolution of Lifecycle Standards

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 6

Categories of Life Cycle
Processes
 ISO 12207 groups activities (that may be
performed during the life cycle of software
system) into seven process groups.
 Each of the processes within those groups
is described in terms of its purpose and
desired outcomes and lists activities and
tasks which need to be performed to
achieve those outcomes.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 7
Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Seven Process Groups
 Agreement Processes
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes
 Project Processes
 Technical Processes
 Software Implementation Processes
 Software Support Processes
 Software Reuse Processes

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 8

Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Process Reference Model
 The purposes and outcomes of the life cycle
processes constitute a Process Reference
Model.

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Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Seven Process Groups
Process Groups # of Subclauses
Processes in ISO 12207
Agreement Processes 2 5.2.2.1.1 and 6.1
Organizational Project-Enabling 5 5.2.2.1.2 and 6.2
Processes
Project Processes 7 5.2.2.1.3 and 6.3
Technical Processes 11 5.2.2.1.4 and 6.4
Software Implementation Processes 7 5.2.2.2.1and 7.1
Software Support Processes 8 5.2.2.2.2 and 7.2
Software Reuse Processes 3 5.2.2.2.3 and 7.3
Total # of PGs: 7 Total # : 43

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Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Process Outcomes
 Process outcomes are used to demonstrate
successful achievement of the purpose of a
process.
 This helps process assessors to determine the
capability of the organization’s implemented
process and to provide source material to plan
organizational process improvement.

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Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Groups
Two major sub-divisions of process
 There are two major sub-divisions of process in
the ISO 12207.
 System Context Processes (clause 6)
 Agreement Processes
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes
 Project Processes
 Technical Processes
 Software Specific Processes (clause 7)
 Software Implementation Processes
 Software Support Processes
 Software Reuse Processes
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 12
Categories of Life Cycle Processes
Groups

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 13

 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management
ISO/IEC/IEEE 15228 System LC Processes

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

System LC Processes

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 14

 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

Using ISO 12207 to Support a SW LC
Model

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 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

Using ISO 15228 to Support a System
LC Model

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 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

Illustrative Examples of Domain LC
Models

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 17

 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management
ISO 15271: 1998 Info Tech – Guide for ISO 12207

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

Relationship among Process Standards

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 Reference: ISO 24748:2010 Guide for LC Management
ISO 15271: 1998 Info Tech – Guide for ISO 12207

Categories of Life Cycle Processes

Coverage and Emphasis among
Process Standards

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 19

System Context Processes
(Clause 6)
 Agreement Processes
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes
 Project Processes
 Technical Processes

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System Context Processes
(Clause 6)
 Agreement Processes (2 processes)
 These processes define the activities necessary to
establish an agreement between two organizations.
 Acquisition Process

 Supply Process
 If the Acquisition Process is invoked, it provides the means for conducting
business with a supplier of products that are supplied for use as an operational
system, of services in support of an operational system, or of elements of a
system being developed by a project.
 If the Supply Process is invoked, it provides the means for conducting a project
in which the result is a product or service that is delivered to the acquirer.
 In general, the Agreement Processes provided in this International Standard are software-
appropriate specializations of the Agreement Processes provided in ISO/IEC 15288. (This
specialization applies similarly to other processes that are related to the system LC.)
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 21
System Context Processes
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes (5
processes)
 These processes manage the organization’s
capability to acquire and supply products or services
through the initiation, support and control of projects.
 They provide resources and infrastructure necessary
to support projects and ensure the satisfaction of
organizational objectives and established
agreements.
(continued)

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System Context Processes
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes (5
processes)
 Life Cycle Model Management Process
 Infrastructure Management Process
 Project Portfolio Management Process
 Human Resource Management Process
 Quality Management Process

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System Context Processes
 Project Processes (7 processes)
 In this standard, the project has been chosen as the
context for describing processes concerned with
planning, assessment and control.
 Two categories of Project Processes:
 The Project Management Processes
 are used to plan, execute, assess and control the progress of a project.
 The Project Support Processes
 support specialized management objectives.

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System Context Processes
 Project Processes (7 processes)
 The Project Management Processes (2 processes)
are used to establish and evolve project plans, to
assess actual achievement and progress against the
plans and to control execution of the project through
to fulfillment.
 The Project Management Processes are applied with
a level of rigor and formality that depends on the risk
and complexity of the project.
 Project Planning Process

 Project Assessment and Control Process

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 25
System Context Processes
 Project Processes (7 processes)
 The Project Support Processes (5 processes) provide
a specific focused set of tasks for performing a
specialized management objective.
 Decision Management Process

 Risk Management Process

 Configuration Management Process

 Information Management Process

 Measurement Process

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System Context Processes
 Technical Processes (11 processes)
 The Technical Processes are used to define the
requirements for a system, to transform the
requirements into an effective product, to permit
consistent reproduction of the product where
necessary, to use the product, to provide the required
services, to sustain the provision of those services
and to dispose of the product when it is retired from
service.
 The Technical Processes define the activities that enable
organizational and project functions to optimize the benefits
and reduce the risks that arise from technical decisions and
actions. ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 27
System Context Processes
 Technical Processes (11 processes)
 These activities enable products and services to
possess the timeliness and availability, the cost
effectiveness, and the functionality, reliability,
maintainability, producibility, usability and other
qualities required by acquiring and supplying
organizations.
 They also enable products and services to conform to
the expectations or legislated requirements of society,
including health, safety, security and environmental
factors.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 28
System Context Processes
 Technical Processes (11 processes)
 Stakeholder Requirements Definition
 System Requirements Analysis
 System Architectural Design
 Implementation Process
 System Integration Process
 System Qualification Testing Process
 Software Installation Process
 Software Acceptance Support Process
 Software Operation Process
 Software Maintenance Process
 Software Disposal Process
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 29
Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Implementation Processes
 Software Support Processes
 Software Reuse Processes

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Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Implementation Processes (7
processes)
 The Software Implementation Processes are used to
produce a specified system element (software item)
implemented in software.
 Those processes transform specified behaviour,
interfaces and implementation constraints into
implementation actions resulting in a system element
that satisfies the requirements derived from the
system requirements.

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Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Implementation Processes (7
processes)
 The Software Implementation Process has several
software-specific lower-level processes:
 Software Implementation Process
 Software Requirements Analysis Process
 Software Architectural Design Process
 Software Detailed Design Process
 Software Construction Process
 Software Integration Process
 Software Qualification Testing Process
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 32
Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Support Processes (8 processes)
 The Software Support Processes provide a specific
focused set of activities for performing a specialized
software process.
 A supporting process assists the Software
Implementation Process as an integral part with a
distinct purpose, contributing to the success and
quality of the software project.

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Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Support Processes (8 processes)
 Software Documentation Management Process
 Software Configuration Management Process
 Software Quality Assurance Process
 Software Verification Process
 Software Validation Process
 Software Review Process
 Software Audit Process
 Software Problem Resolution Process

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Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Reuse Processes (3 processes)
 The Software Reuse Process Group consists of three
processes that support an organization’s ability to
reuse software items across project boundaries.
 These processes are unique because, by their nature,
they operate outside the bounds of any particular
project.

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Software Specific Processes
(Clause 7)
 Software Reuse Processes (3 processes)
 Domain Engineering Process
 Reuse Asset Management Process
 Reuse Program Management Process

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 System Context Processes (4 groups) (clause 6)
 Agreement Processes (2)


Acquisition Process
Supply Process The Structure of ISO 12207
 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes (5)
 Life Cycle Model Management Process
Seven Process Groups (7 groups - 43 processes)
 Infrastructure Management Process Two Major Sub-divisions of Process
 Project Portfolio Management Process System Context Processes (25 processes)
 Human Resource Management Process Software Specific Processes (18 processes)
 Quality Management Process
 Software Specific Processes (3 groups) (clause 7)
 Project Processes (7 = 2+5)
 Project Management Processes (2)  Software Implementation Processes (7)
 Project Planning Process  Software Implementation Process
 Project Assessment and Control Process  Software Requirements Analysis Process
 Project Support Processes (5)  Software Architectural Design Process
 Decision Management Process  Software Detailed Design Process
 Risk Management Process  Software Construction Process
 Configuration Management Process  Software Integration Process
 Information Management Process  Software Qualification Testing Process
 Measurement Process  Software Support Processes (8)
 Technical Processes (11)  Software Documentation Management Process
 Stakeholder Requirements Definition  Software Configuration Management Process
 System Requirements Analysis  Software Quality Assurance Process
 System Architectural Design  Software Verification Process
 Implementation Process  Software Validation Process
 System Integration Process  Software Review Process
 System Qualification Testing Process  Software Audit Process
 Software Problem Resolution Process
 Software Installation Process
 Software Reuse Processes (3)
 Software Acceptance Support Process
 Domain Engineering Process
 Software Operation Process
 Reuse Asset Management Process
 Software Maintenance Process
 Reuse Program Management Process
 Software Disposal Process
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 37
ISO 12207

HOW TO READ THE

STANDARD

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 38

System Context Processes

ISO 15288-2008 ISO 12207-2008

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 39
System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
 Clause numbering
 6.a and 7.a denote a Process Group
 6.a.b and 7.a.b denote a process (or lower-level process) within
that group
 6.a.b.1 and 7.a.b.1 describe the purpose of the process
 6.a.b.2 and 7.a.b.2 describe the outcome of the process
 6.a.b.3.c and 7.a.b.3.c list activities of the process and clauses
 6.a.b.3.c.d and 7.a.b.3.c.d list tasks of the activity 'c’

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System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
 Agreement Processes (6.1)
 Acquisition Process (6.1.1)
 Purpose (6.1.1.1)
 The purpose of the Acquisition Process is to obtain the product
and/or service that satisfies the need expressed by the
acquirer. The process begins with the identification of customer
needs and ends with the acceptance of the product and/or
service needed by the acquirer.
 Outcomes (6.1.1.2)
 (continued)

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System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
 Outcomes (6.1.1.2)
 As a result of successful implementation of the Acquisition Process:
 a) acquisition needs, goals, product and/or service acceptance criteria and
acquisition strategies are defined;
 b) an agreement is developed that clearly expresses the expectation,
responsibilities and liabilities of both the acquirer and the supplier;
 c) one or more suppliers is selected;
 d) a product and/or service is acquired that satisfies the acquirer’s stated
need;
 e) the acquisition is monitored so that specified constraints such as cost,
schedule and quality are met;
 f) supplier deliverables are accepted; and
 g) any identified open items have a satisfactory conclusion as agreed to by
the acquirer and the supplier.

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System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
 Activities and tasks (6.1.1.3)
 Acquisition preparation (6.1.1.3.1)
 This activity consists of the following tasks:
 6.1.1.3.1.1 The acquirer begins the acquisition process by describing a concept or a need to acquire,
develop, or enhance a system, software product or software service.
 6.1.1.3.1.2 The acquirer shall define and analyze the system requirements. The system requirements
should include business, organizational and user as well as safety, security, and other criticality
requirements along with related design, testing, and compliance standards and procedures.
 6.1.1.3.1.3 The acquirer may perform the definition and analysis of software requirements by itself or
may retain a supplier to perform this task.
 6.1.1.3.1.4 If the acquirer retains a supplier to perform system or software requirements analysis, the
acquirer shall retain approval authority for the analyzed requirements.
 6.1.1.3.1.5 The Technical Processes (subclause 6.4) should be used to perform the tasks in subclauses
6.1.1.3.1.2 and 6.1.1.3.1.4. The acquirer may use the Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process to
establish the customer requirements.
 6.1.1.3.1.6 The acquirer shall consider options for acquisition against analysis of appropriate criteria to
include risk, cost and benefits for each option. Options include:
a) Purchase an off-the-shelf software product that satisfies the requirements.
b) …
 6.1.1.3.1.7 When an off-the-shelf software product is to be acquired, the acquirer shall ensure the
following conditions are satisfied:
a) The requirements for the software product are satisfied.
b) … ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 43
 …
System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
(continued)
 Acquisition advertisement (6.1.1.3.2)
 This activity consists of the following tasks:
 6.1.1.3.2.1 …
 Supplier selection (6.1.1.3.3)
 …
 Contract agreement (6.1.1.3.4)
 Agreement monitoring (6.1.2.3.5)
 Acquirer acceptance (6.1.1.3.6)
 Closure (6.1.1.3.7)

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System Context Processes
How To Read the Standard
 Supply Process (6.1.2)
 Purpose (6.1.2.1)
 …
 Outcomes (6.1.2.2)
 …
 Activities and tasks (6.1.2.3)
 Opportunity identification (6.1.2.3.1)
 Supplier tendering (6.1.2.3.2)
 Contract agreement (6.1.2.3.3)
 Contract execution (6.1.2.3.4)
 Product/service delivery and support (6.1.2.3.5)
 Closure (6.1.2.3.6)
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 45
 Source: ISO 12207:2008

System Context Processes

How To Read the Standard

Clause #
Sub-Division (6)
Process Group (6.x)
Process (6.x.x)
Purpose & Outcomes
Activities and tasks

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 Source: ISO 12207:2008

Software Specific Processes

How To Read the Standard

Clause #
Sub-Division (7)
Process Group (7.x)
Process (7.x.x)
Purpose & Outcomes
Activities and tasks

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 47

ISO 12207
Annex A
Tailoring Process

TAILORING PROCESS

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Annex A: Tailoring Process
 Tailoring is not a requirement for
conformance to the standard.
 In fact, tailoring is not permitted if a claim
of "full conformance" is to be made.
 If a claim of "tailored conformance" is
made then tailoring is to be performed as
required by this process.

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Purpose of the Tailoring
Process
 The purpose of the Tailoring Process is to adapt
the processes of this International Standard to
satisfy particular circumstances or factors that:
 surround an organization that is employing this
International Standard in an agreement.
 influence a project that is required to meet an
agreement in which this International Standard is
referenced.
 reflect the needs of an organization in order to supply
products or services.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 50
Tailoring Process Outcomes
 As a result of the successful
implementation of the Tailoring Process:
 Modified life cycle processes are defined to
achieve the purposes and outcomes of a life
cycle model.

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Tailoring Process activities
 If this International Standard is tailored, then the
organization or project shall implement the following
tasks in accordance with applicable policies and
procedures with respect to the Tailoring Process, as
required.
 Identify and document the circumstances that influence tailoring.
 In the case of properties critical to the system, take due account of the
life cycle structures recommended or mandated by standards relevant
to the dimension of the criticality.
 Obtain input from all parties affected by the tailoring decisions.
 Make tailoring decisions in accordance with the Decision Management
Process (6.3.3) to achieve the purposes and outcomes of the selected
life cycle model.
 Select the life cycle processes that require tailoring and delete selected
outcomes, activities, or tasks.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 52
ISO 12207
Annex B
Process Reference Model (PRM) for Assessment Purposes

PROCESS REFERENCE
MODEL (PRM)

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Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 Some users of this International Standard (ISO
12207) may desire to assess the implemented
processes in accordance with ISO/IEC 15504-2,
Information Technology — Process assessment
— Part 2: Performing an assessment.
 SPICE – Software Process Improvement and
Capability Determination
 This Annex B provides a Process Reference
Model (PRM) suitable for use in conjunction with
that standard.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 54
Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 ISO/IEC 15504-2 subclause 6.2 places
requirements on Process Reference Models
suitable for assessment by that standard.

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Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 Annex B defines a Process Reference Model
(PRM) at a level of abstraction higher than that
of the detailed requirements contained in the
main text of the standard.
 The PRM is applicable to an organization that is
assessing its processes in order to determine
the capability of these processes.
 The purpose and outcomes are a statement of
the goals of the performance of each process.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 56
Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 This statement of goals permits assessment of
the effectiveness of the processes in ways other
than simple conformity evaluation.
 For example, novel process definitions can be
evaluated against the statements of Purpose and
Outcomes in Annex B rather than against the detailed
provisions in the main text of the standard.

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Requirements for Process
Reference Models (PRMs)
 A Process Reference Model shall contain:
 a) A declaration of the domain of the Process Reference Model.
 This is provided in Clause 1.
 b) A description, meeting the requirements of subclause 6.2.4 of this
International Standard, of the processes within the scope of the Process
Reference Model.
 This is provided in Annex B.3.
 c) A description of the relationship between the Process Reference Model
and its intended context of use.
 This is provided by Clause 5.
 d) A description of the relationship between the processes defined within
the Process Reference Model.
 This is provided in Annex B.3 in the description of each process.
 For example, some process descriptions in this annex include the statement that the
process is a lower-level process and that the process replaces a specific activity in the
higher level process.
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Requirements for Process
Reference Models (PRMs)
 The Process Reference Model shall document the
community of interest of the model and the actions taken
to achieve consensus within that community of interest:
 a) The relevant community of interest shall be characterized or
specified. The relevant community of interest is the users of
ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207.
 b) The extent of achievement of consensus shall be
documented. Both ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207 are
International Standards satisfying the consensus requirements of
ISO/IEC JTC1.
 c) If no actions are taken to achieve consensus, a statement to
this effect shall be documented. (Not applicable.)

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Process Descriptions
 The fundamental elements of a Process Reference
Model are the descriptions of the processes within the
scope of the model.
 The process descriptions in the Process Reference
Model incorporate a statement of the purpose of the
process which describes at a high level the overall
objectives of performing the process, together with the
set of outcomes which demonstrate successful
achievement of the process purpose.

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Process Descriptions
 These process descriptions shall meet the following
requirements:
 a) a process shall be described in terms of its purpose and
outcomes;
 b) in any process description the set of process outcomes shall
be necessary and sufficient to achieve the purpose of the
process;
 c) process descriptions shall be such that no aspects of the
Measurement Framework as described in Clause 5 of [ISO/IEC
15504-2] beyond level 1 are contained or implied.

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Process Descriptions
 An outcome statement describes one of the following:
 Production of an artifact
 A significant change of state
 Meeting of specified constraints, e.g., requirements, goals, etc.

 These requirements are met by the process descriptions

in this Annex B.
 Some outcomes might be interpreted as contributing to
levels of capability above level 1.
 However, a conforming implementation of the relevant
processes does not require achievement of these higher levels
of capability.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 The attributes in 5.1.9 of this International Standard
characterize the specificity of each process.
 Title (scope)
 Purpose (goals)
 Outcomes (results)
 Activities (a list of actions)
 Tasks (requirements, recommendations, permissible actions
intended to support the achievement)
 When an implemented process conforms to these
attributes, the process’ specifically defined purpose and
outcomes are achieved through the implementation of its
defined activities.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 63
Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 In addition to these basic attributes, processes may be
characterized by other attributes common to all
processes.
 These common attributes contribute to the achievement
of higher level of process capabilities as defined in
ISO/IEC 15504-2.
 There are 6 levels of process capability in the
measurement framework of ISO/IEC 15504-2 (as
described in the following table):
 Capability Level 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

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ISO 15504 Capability
ISO 15504 ISO 15504
Capability Level Process Capability
5 Optimizing
4 Predictable
3 Established
2 Managed
1 Performed
0 Incomplete

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 65

 Reference: ISO/IEC 15504-1:2004 Information Technology - Process assessment, (SPICE) http://webstore.ansi.org

Process Levels Comparison

CMM CMMI CMMI v1.2 CMMI v1.3 ISO 15504
Maturity Maturity Capability Capability Capability
Level 5 Optimizing Optimizing Optimizing - Optimizing
Level 4 Managed Quantitatively Quantitatively - Predictable
Managed Managed
Level 3 Defined Defined Defined Defined Established
Level 2 Repeatabl Managed Managed Managed Managed
e
Level 1 Initial Initial Performed Performed Performed
Level 0 - - Incomplete Incomplete Incomplete

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 The achievement of higher level attributes and
capabilities is enabled by the interaction of the
process with support and organizational
processes such as Documentation,
Configuration Management, Quality Assurance,
etc.
 ISO/IEC 15504-2 identifies the common process
attributes (PA) affiliated with the achievement of
higher levels of process capability.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 The capability of processes is measured by
(nine = 1 + 8) common process attributes.
 PA 1.1 Process Performance
 PA 2.1 Performance Management
 PA 2.2 Work Product Management
 PA 3.1 Process Definition
 PA 3.2 Process Deployment
 PA 4.1 Process Measurement
 PA 4.2 Process Control
 PA 5.1 Process Innovation
 PA 5.2 Process Optimization

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 68

Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Each process attribute consists of one or more
generic practices (GPs), which are further
elaborated to practice indicators that helps to
identify performance in assessment.
 Each process attribute is assessed by rating
(how much a process attribute is achieved).
 The rating is based on evidence collected
against the practice indicators.
 PIID (Practice Implementation Indicator Database/Description)
 Process Management Indicator, Process Capability Indicator
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 69
Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Each process attribute is assessed by a four-
point [N/P/L/F] rating scale:
 N: Not Achieved (0 – 15%)
 P: Partially Achieved (> 15% - 50%)
 L: Largely Achieved (> 50% - 85%)
 F: Fully Achieved (> 85% - 100%)

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Performance Management (PA 2.1) – it determines the
extent to which the performance of the process is
managed. The achievement of this attributes involves
the planning, monitoring and adjusting the process
performance.
 Work Product Management (PA 2.2) – it determines
the extent to which the work products produced by the
process are appropriately managed. The achievement of
this attribute ensures that work products are
appropriately established, controlled and maintained.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Definition (PA 3.1) – it determines the extent
to which the process is established as a standard
process within the organization. The achievement of this
attribute involves the definition of the process in terms of
required competencies and roles for performing a
process, required infrastructure and work environment,
methods for monitoring its effectiveness and suitability
and tailoring guidelines.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Deployment (PA 3.2) – it determines the
extent to which the process is effectively deployed as a
tailored instance of the standard process. The
achievement of this attribute is reflected in the fidelity to
the standard process, the effective deployment of
resources to the implementation of the process, and the
collection and analysis of data for understanding and
refining the behaviour of the process.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Measurement (PA 4.1) – it determines the
extent to which process measurements are used to
ensure that performance of the process supports the
achievement of defined business goals. The
achievement of this attribute is concerned with the
existence of an effective system for the collection of
measures relevant to the performance of the process
and the quality of the work products. The measures are
applied to determine the extent of achievement of the
organization's business goals.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Control (PA 4.2) – it determines the extent to
which process is quantitatively managed to produce a
process that is stable, capable, and predictable within
defined limits. The achievement of this attribute implies
the application of analysis and control techniques to
ensure that the process performs within defined limits
and that corrective action are taken to address
deviations.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Innovation (PA 5.1) – it determines the extent
to which changes to the process are identified from
analysis of variation in performance, and from
investigations of innovative approaches to process
definition and implementation. The achievement of this
attribute is concerned with the existence of a proactive
focus on continuous improvement in the fulfillment of
both current and projected business goals.

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Common Process Attributes for
Capability Determination
 Process Optimization (PA 5.2) – it determines the
extent to which changes to the definition, management
and performance of the process result in effective impact
that achieves the relevant process improvement
objectives. The achievement of this attribute is
concerned with an orderly and proactive approach to
identifying and introducing appropriate changes to the
process minimizing undesired disruption, evaluating the
effectiveness of changes and making adjustments as
necessary.

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Capability
 (6) Capability Levels
 (9) Common Process Attributes
 Indicators of Process Capability
 Management practices
 Practice performance characteristics
 Resource/Infrastructure characteristics

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Capability and Process
Attributes
ISO 15504 ISO 15504 ISO 15504
Capability Process Process
Level Capability Attributes
5 Optimizing PA 5.2 Process Optimization
PA 5.1 Process Innovation
4 Predictable PA 4.2 Process Control
PA 4.1 Process Measurement
3 Established PA 3.2 Process Deployment
PA 3.1 Process Definition
2 Managed PA 2.2 Work Product Management
PA 2.1 Performance Management
1 Performed PA 1.1 Process Performance
0 Incomplete

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 Capability Determination
Capability
Process Attributes LV
PA 5.2 Process Optimization 5
PA 5.1 Process Innovation
PA 4.2 Process Control 4
PA 4.1 Process Measurement
PA 3.2 Process Deployment 3
PA 3.1 Process Definition
PA 2.2 Work Product Management 2
PA 2.1 Performance Management
PA 1.1 Process Performance 1
0 P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
… Processes

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 Source: ISO/IEC 15504-4: 2004

Process Assessment Output

Example assessment output set of process profiles

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 Source: Appraisal Assistant:
http://www.sqi.gu.edu.au/AppraisalAssistant/about.html

Process Assessment Tools

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Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 The Process Reference Model (PRM) is
composed of the statement of purpose and
outcomes of each of the processes included in
Clause 6 and Clause 7 of this International
Standard.
 These are listed in Table B.2.

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ISO/IEC 12207:2008 Processes
Clause# Process Name Process Reference Model (PRM)
6 System Context Processes
6.1 Agreement Processes Seven Process Groups (7 groups - 43 processes)
6.1.1 Acquisition Process Two Major Sub-divisions of Process
6.1.2 Supply Process System Context Processes (25 processes)
6.2 Organizational Project-Enabling Processes
6.2.1 Life Cycle Model Management Process
Software Specific Processes (18 processes)
6.2.2 Infrastructure Management Process Clause# Process Name
6.2.3 Project Portfolio Management Process 7 Software Life Cycle Processes
6.2.4 Human Resource Management Process 7.1 Software Implementation Processes
6.2.5 Quality Management Process 7.1.1 Software Implementation Process
6.3 Project Processes 7.1.2 Software Requirements Analysis Process
6.3.1 Project Planning Process 7.1.3 Software Architectural Design Process
6.3.2 Project Assessment and Control Process 7.1.4 Software Detailed Design Process
6.3.3 Decision Management Process 7.1.5 Software Construction Process
6.3.4 Risk Management Process 7.1.6 Software Integration Process
6.3.5 Configuration Management Process 7.1.7 Software Qualification Testing Process
6.3.6 Information Management Process 7.2 Software Support Processes
6.3.7 Measurement Process 7.2.1 Software Documentation Management Process
6.4 Technical Processes 7.2.2 Software Configuration Management Process
6.4.1 Stakeholder Requirements Definition Process 7.2.3 Software Quality Assurance Process
6.4.2 System Requirements Analysis 7.2.4 Software Verification Process
6.4.3 System Architectural Design 7.2.5 Software Validation Process
6.4.4 Implementation Process 7.2.6 Software Review Process
6.4.5 System Integration Process 7.2.7 Software Audit Process
6.4.6 System Qualification Testing Process 7.2.8 Software Problem Resolution Process
6.4.7 Software Installation 7.3 Software Reuse Processes
6.4.8 Software Acceptance Support 7.3.1 Domain Engineering Process
6.4.9 Software Operation Process 7.3.2 Reuse Asset Management Process
6.4.10 Software Maintenance Process 7.3.3 Reuse Program Management Process
6.4.11 Software Disposal Process

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Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 Annex B.3 describes purposes and outcomes of
some lower-level processes.
 B.3.1 Acquisition Process Lower-Level Processes
 B.3.1.1 Acquisition Preparation Process
 B.3.1.1 Purpose
 B.3.1.2 Outcomes
 B.3.1.2 Supplier Selection Process
 …

 Some activities of the processes in Clauses 6

and 7 are replaced with corresponding lower-
level processes.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 85
Process Reference Model
(PRM)
 Some activities of the processes in Clauses 6 and 7 are
replaced with corresponding lower-level processes.
 The descriptions of these lower-level processes are
shown in Annex B (See p.90-98 in the standard [OR]
p.105-112 in the PDF file).
 B.3.x in B.3 (PRM)
 Examples:
 B.3.1 Acquisition Process Lower-Level Processes
 B.3.1.1 Acquisition Preparation Process
 This process is a lower-level process of the Acquisition Process. It replaces the Acquisition Preparation activity
(6.1.1.3.1).

 B.3.1.1.1 Purpose
 The purpose of the Acquisition Preparation Process is to establish the needs and goals of the acquisition and to
communicate these with the potential suppliers.

 B.3.1.1.2 Outcomes
 … ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 86
Annex C

HISTORY AND RELATIONS

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 87

ISO/IEC 12207/15288 Process
Constructs

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 88

Relationships among Process
Constructs

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Annex G
RELATIONSHIP TO OTHER
IEEE STANDARDS

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Relationship to other IEEE
standards
 Annex G (informative) describe ―Relationship to
other IEEE standards‖.
 TableG.1 — Relationship of IEEE Std 12207 to other
IEEE standards

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Related IEEE Standards
 IEEE Std 730™-2002 IEEE Standard for Software Quality Assurance Plans
 IEEE Std 828™-2005 IEEE Standard for Software Configuration Management Plans
 IEEE Std 829™-1998 IEEE Standard for Software Test Documentation
 IEEE Std 830™-1998 IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Requirements Specifications
 IEEE Std 982.1™-1988 IEEE Standard Dictionary of Measures to Produce Reliable Software
 IEEE Std 1008™-1987 (R2003) IEEE Standard for Software Unit Testing
 IEEE Std 1012™-2004 IEEE Standard for Software Verification and Validation
 IEEE Std 1016™-1998 IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Design Descriptions.
 IEEE Std 1028™-1997 (R2002) IEEE Standard for Software Reviews
 IEEE Std 1044™-1993 (R2002) IEEE Standard Classification for Software Anomalies
 IEEE Std 1045™-1992 (R2002) IEEE Standard for Software Productivity Metrics
 IEEE Std 1058™-1998 IEEE Standard for Software Project Management Plans
 IEEE Std 1061™-1998 (R2004) IEEE Standard for a Software Quality Metrics Methodology
 IEEE Std 1062™-1998 (R2002) IEEE Recommended Practice for Software Acquisition
 IEEE Std 1063™-2001 IEEE Standard for Software User Documentation
 IEEE Std 1074™-1997 IEEE Standard for Developing Software Life Cycle Processes
 IEEE Std 1175.1™-2002 IEEE Guide for CASE Tool Interconnections—Classification and
Description.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 92
Related IEEE Standards
 IEEE Std 1228™-1994 (R2002) IEEE Standard for Software Safety Plans
 IEEE Std 1233™, 1998 Edition (R2002) IEEE Guide for Developing System Requirements
Specifications.
 IEEE Std 1320.1™-1998 (R2004) IEEE Standard for Functional Modeling Language—Syntax and
Semantics for IDEF0
 IEEE Std 1320.2™-1998 (R2004) IEEE Standard for Conceptual Modeling Language—Syntax
and Semantics for IDEF1X 97 (IDEF object)
 IEEE Std 1362™-1998 IEEE Guide for Information Technology—System Definition—Concept of
Operations (ConOps) Document
 IEEE Std 1420.1™-1995 (R2002) IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Software Reuse—
Data Model for Reuse Library Interoperability: Basic Interoperability Data Model (BIDM)
 IEEE Std 1420.1a™-1996 (R2002) Supplement to IEEE Standard for Information Technology—
Software Reuse—Data Model for Reuse Library Interoperability: Asset Certification Framework
 IEEE Std 1420.1b™-1999 (R2002) IEEE Trial-Use Supplement to IEEE Standard for Information
Technology—Software Reuse—Data Model for Reuse Library Interoperability: Intellectual
property Rights Framework
 IEEE Std 1462™-1998 (R2004) IEEE Standard: Adoption of International Standard ISO/IEC
14102: 1995, Information Technology—Guideline for the Evaluation and Selection of CASE tools

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 93

Related IEEE Standards
 IEEE Std 1465™-1998 (R2004) IEEE Standard: Adoption of International Standard ISO/IEC
12119:1994(E), Information Technology—Software Packages—Quality Requirements and Testing
 IEEE Std 1471™-2000 IEEE Recommended Practice for Architectural Description of Software
Intensive Systems
 IEEE Std 1490™-2003 IEEE Guide: Adoption of PMI Standard, A Guide to the Project
Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK® Guide)
 IEEE Std 1517™-1999 (R2004) IEEE Standard for Information Technology—Software Life Cycle
Processes—Reuse Processes
 IEEE Std 1540™-2001 IEEE Standard for Software Life Cycle Processes—Risk Management
 IEEE/EIA 12207.1™-1996 Industry Implementation of International Standard ISO/IEC
12207:1995, Standard for Information Technology—Software Life Cycle Processes—Life Cycle
Data
 IEEE Std 14143.1™-2000 IEEE Adoption of ISO/IEC 14143-1:1998, Information Technology—
Software Measurement—Functional Size Measurement—Part 1: Definition of Concepts
 IEEE Std 14764™-2006 Software Engineering—Software Life Cycle Processes—Software
Maintenance
 IEEE P900031 Software Engineering—Guidelines for the Application of ISO 9001:2000 Computer
Software

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 94

(SPICE)
ISO/IEC 15504: INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY – PROCESS
ASSESSMENT
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 95
 Raghu Singh, An Introduction to International Standard ISO/IEC 12207
Software Life Cycle Processes, 1999.

Relationships among Standards

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 96

ISO 15504
 ISO/IEC 15504: Information Technology –
Process Assessment (SPICE Model) is a model
to guide how to perform process assessment in
terms of process capability.
 SPICE
 SoftwareProcess Improvement and Capability
dEtermination

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 97

ISO 15504
 Sources of ISO/IEC 15504
 ISO 9001
 ISO 12207
 Trillium
 SEI-CMM
 Bootstrap

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 98

ISO 15504
 ISO 15504 started with 5 parts but it now
includes 10 parts:
 Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary
 Part 2: Performing an assessment
 Part 3: Guidance on performing an assessment
 Part 4: Guidance on use for process improvement and process capability
determination
 Part 5: An exemplar process assessment model
 Part 6: An exemplar system life cycle process assessment model
 Part 7: Assessment of organizational maturity
 Part 8: An exemplar process assessment model for IT service management
 Part 9: Target process profiles
 Part 10: Safety extension

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 99

References
 ISO/IEC 12207, IEEE Std 12207-2008 : Systems and
Software Engineering – Software Life Cycle Processes
(2nd Edition, 2008-02-01).
 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=447
5826
 http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=43447

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 100

References
 ISO/IEC 15504 : Information Technology – Process Assessment
(SPICE)
 ISO/IEC 15504-1:2004 Information Technology - Process assessment -
Part 1: Concepts and vocabulary.
 ISO/IEC 15504-2:2003 Information Technology - Process assessment -
Part 2: Performing an assessment
 ISO/IEC 15504-3:2004 Information Technology - Process assessment -
Part 3: Guidance on performing an assessment
 ISO/IEC 15504-4:2004 Information Technology - Process assessment -
Part 4: Guidance on use for process improvement and process
capability determination.
 ISO/IEC 15504-5:2006 Information Technology - Process assessment -
Part 5: An exemplar process assessment model

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 101

References
 ISO/IEC 15504 : Information Technology – Process Assessment
(SPICE) (continued)
 ISO/IEC TR 15504-6:2008 Information technology - Process
assessment - Part 6: An exemplar system life cycle process
assessment model
 ISO/IEC TR 15504-7:2008 Information technology - Process
assessment - Part 7: Assessment of organizational maturity
 ISO/IEC PDTR 15504-8 Information technology - Process assessment -
Part 8: An exemplar process assessment model for IT service
management
 ISO/IEC TS 15504-9:2011 Information technology - Process
assessment - Part 9: Target process profiles
 ISO/IEC DTR 15504-10 Information technology - Process assessment -
Part 10: Safety extension

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 102

References
 ISO 9001:2008, Quality Management Systems –
Requirements.
 http://www.iso.org/iso/catalogue_detail?csnumber=46486
 IEEE Std 90003-2008, IEEE Guide Adoption of ISO/IEC
90003:2004 Software Engineering – Guidelines for the
Application of ISO 9001:2000 to Computer Software,
IEEE Computer Society, September 2008.
 ISO/IEC 9003 – the SW development guidance document for ISO 9001

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 103

References
 Robin B. Hunter and Richard H. Thayer, Software
Process Improvement, IEEE Computer Society, (2001)
ISBN: 0-7695-0999-1, Wiley, John & Sons, ISBN-13:
97807695099
 Han van Loon, Process Assessment and ISO/IEC
15504: A Reference Book, 2nd Edition, Springer, 2007.
ISBN: 978-0-387-30048-1
 Han van Loon, Process Assessment and Improvement :
A Practical Guide, 2nd Edition, Springer, 2007. ISBN:
978-0-387-30044-3
 CMMI/SCAMPI, http://www.sei.cmu.edu/, 2011.
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 104
References
 Minna Pikkarainen, Mapping Agile Software
Development onto ISO 12207, 2006.
 http://www.agile-itea.org/public/deliverables/ITEA-AGILE-
D2.9_v1.0.pdf
 Jim Moore, ISO 12207 and Related Software Life-Cycle
Standards, ACM SIG Technical Standards Committee,
(1995-1998).
 http://www.acm.org/tsc/lifecycle.html
 Raghu Singh, An Introduction to International Standard
ISO/IEC 12207 Software Life Cycle Processes, 1999.
 http://www.agn.gov.do/sites/default/files/ISO12207.pdf
 http://www.abelia.com/docs/12207cpt.pdf
ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 105
References
 Bill McMichael and Marc Lombardi, ISO 9001 and Agile
Development, AGILE 2007, IEEE, 2007.
 Francois Coallier, How ISO 9001 Fits into The Software
World, IEEE Software, 98-100, January 1994.
 R. Craig Smith, Software Development Process
Standards: Challenges for Process Assurance, The 3rd
IEEE International SE Standards Symposium and
Forum, ISE22 ’97, ―Emerging International Standards‖,
180-186,1997.

ISO 12207 SW Life Cycle Processes © Chang-Hyun Jo 106