Ch. 8 SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS | Note Title 31072015 J is in vation dram three-phase jor, o emnence network that contains symmetrical components. his convevsi, is impov ee- s 7 iL see in CheF . | Definiti & Yr Components e ser 4h sequence componeniss 1. Zero-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal mag- nitudes and with zero phase displacement, as shown in Figure 8.1(a) 2. Positive-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes, +120° phase displacement, and positive sequence, as in Figure 8.1(b) 3. Negative-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes, +120° phase displacement, and negative sequence, as in Figure 8.1(c) : FIGURE 8.1 4. Vig Vig = Yo Resolving phase voltages ino threests ot 7 7 7 _ sequence components. (a) Zero-sequence {b) Positive-sequence (c} Negative-sequence 7 componenis ‘components components : \, ¥ Va : ee wd ve Vu Vy Ves ve : \e Ves : Phase @ Phase 6 Pnase ¢ Ve Ne ae = . . A 11 1][% eo VeJ=|l a a 4 => Vye=Votan +avy Ve loa @}|h tah +a°VeWhere TABLE 8.1 o_-!l, v3 ‘Common identities a= 1120 > involving a = 121202 Poon ae eoiaur bit ance laa _ lea * In Y- connedted Systems ; EXAMPLE 8.1 = Ie +81 ‘Sequence components: balanced line-to-neutral voltages Calculate the sequence components of the following balanced line-to-neutral voltages with abe sequence: Von] [277/02 Vp = | Vn | =] 27/1202 | volts } Von 277£4120° SOLUTION Using (8.1.13 Vo = H277L02 + 277L=120° + 27/4120" Vy =H277L0% + 277/(—120° + 120°) + 277/(120" + 240°)] =277{0° volts = Vay V2 = H277L02 + 277 (120° + 240°) + 277/(120° + 120°) = 4127702 + 277/120" + 27/2407} = 0 This example illustrates the fact that balanced three-phase systems with abe sequence (or positive sequence) have no zero-sequence oF negative- sequence components. For this example, the positive-sequence voltage Vi equals Vag, and the zero-sequence and negative-sequence voltages are both zero. : (8.1.15):EXAMPLE 8.2 EXAMPLE 8.3 Sequence components: balanced ach currents A Y-connected load has balanced currents with ach sequence given by 14] [ 10goe tp= || =] 10zi20 | a tJ |1oc20° Calculate the sequence currents. SOLUTION Using (8.1.23) (8.1.25): Jo = ¥{10£02 + 10/120" + 10/1202] = 0 ty = $1020" + 10/(120° + 120°) + 10/(—120° + 240°)] ${10Z0" + 10/240% + 10/120") = 0 4{10/0° + 10/120" + 240°) + 10/(—120° + 120°)] = 10/0? A=1, h This example illustrates the fact that balanced three-phase systems with ach sequence (or negative sequence) have no zero-sequence or positive-sequence components. For this example the negative-sequel the zero-sequence and positive-sequence currents are both zero. Sequence components: unbalanced currents A three-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load ha ce current / equals J, and -_ | s one of its phases (phase b) open. The load neutral is grounded, and the unbalanced line currents are ie 10/0" 4=|b|=|0 A Te 10/120° je the sequence currents and the neutral current. — b= 108 SOLUTION The circuit is shown in Figure 8.2. Using (8.1.23)-(8.1.25) To = ¥{10/02 + 0 + 10/1202) = 3.333/602 A f = S100" +0 + 10/(120* + 240°)] = 6.66740 A Tz = ${10/0° + 0 + 10/(120" + 120°)| 3/602 A Using (8.1.26) the neutral current is Ty, = (10/02 + 0+ 104120") = 10/60% A = 3p This example illustrates the fact that unbalanced three-phase systems may have nonzero values for all sequence components. Also, the neutral current equals three times the zero-sequence current, as given by (8.1.27). 78.2 S ce Net of Impedance Lealss | Balanced-Y impedance Q Balanced Y-Connected Leads: FIGURE 83 0? load Using KVL: Tog (Zv+Zn) Zn Ze Ia Vog | = Zn (Zy + Zn) Zn I Nol 2 Zn (Zv+Zn)| [te pee) YP Zp Tp Vp= 2p Ip AMVe=@pAT, 7 Vs=(h ZpAI, = Vs= 2s Ts 0 0 Zz Vo = (Zy + 3Zn)lo = Zolo Zeva-Sequence impeaanc: ee Fr, Positive -Sequonce impedance |——— r= Bee = ie ee rte FIGURE 8.4 ‘Sequence networks ofa tbalancede¥ load (Zy+32%,) 0 0 Sequence Impedance. Z2y=A™ Zp A -| 0 wo [mate TT 4-24 32, 9, Zero-sequence network Positive-seauence network Nagatwe-sequence network(2) Balanced A-Comected Leads: FIGURE 6.5 * hee equence networks for Bae an equivalent Y —y, a representation of a "* Dalanced-A Toad Zerosequence network _y rary w es ae cops Positive sequence network Negatwe-sequence network EXAMPLE 8.4 Sequence networks: balanced-¥ and balanced-A loads A balanced-Y load is in parallel with a balanced-A-connected capacitor bank, ‘The Y load has an impedance Zy grounded through an inductive reactance X= 2 @. The capacitor bank has 3+ 4) Q per phase, and its neutral i a reactance X, = 30 © per phase. Draw the sequence networks for this load and calculate the load-sequence impedances, SOLUTION The sequence networks are shown in Figure 8.6. As shown, the Y-load impedance in the zero-sequence network is in series with three times the neutral impedance. Also, the A-load branch in the zero-sequence network is open, nce no zero-sequence current flows into the A load. In the positive- and negative-sequence circuits, the A-load impedance is divided by 3 and placed in parallel with the Y-load impedance. The equivalent sequence im- pedances are FIGURE 8.6 ietworks for Example 84 4=s+ho0 Zero-sequence networe 8+ jan-j10) 454/2657 a =_Posttive-sequence network is ZZ = 74042057 9 = _Negative-sequence network Zy=Zy + 3Zy = 3+ j4+3(72)=3 + flO O (34/4) /30/3) 3+ 74 — 7030/3) _ (5/53.13°) 0/90") . = Grjway 4/265 O Z = 2yI{(Zs/3) Zy=Zy = 7454/2657 0 .(3) General Tnpedance Leads: _Negatesaqunce neta FGURE 07 Geer icp iin ate al ee sonroting eaupment "on | [Zo Zo Zn] fl LU) [Zou Zeb Zac] fl 11 , . | |Z0 Zi Zef=s]t a a] |Z Zw Ze|]l a a : . : | |Z» Z1 Z 1a a\|Ze Zi Zelfl a @ : + | _ Diagonal sequence impedances Zo =}¥Zan + Zp + Zee + Zab + Zac + Zhe) Zi = Zr =4\Laa+ Zo + Zee — Zar — Zac ~ Zee) | Off-diagonal sequence impedances | Zor = Zn = HZae + a? Zip + Zee ~ AZap ~ a? Ze ~ Ze) }— Zor = Zio =H Lau + AZ 06 +? Zee ~ a? Zap — aZae ~ Ze) }— Zn = YW Zee +a? Zp + AZ + 2aZ yy + 2a*Z ye + Zire) | Zr =} Lag + Zp + a? Zee + 2a" Zap + LaZae + 2Z pe) () Symmetrical Loads: en ae Oo Lua = Di = Zee : FIGURE 8 litic ‘Sequence networks of a and conditions fora | - skeet Ronda ty symmetrical load eyAss pam b— D Za = Zee = Zhe = later network ronroating xpmen) hem Zu = Zi = Zi = Zn = Zin = Zn =0 Blk Zo = Loa + 2a + % Bala la- loB.3 Sequence Networks of Series Imp Transmission Lines impedances (linear, | bilateral network, —t + Me - a nonrotating equipment) Van © co Van | Ze a + + — ht Yeo Ven ta 0 Ven , Zon + f Vow Von — | oe - = - Using KVL. Vea! Loa Zab Zu | | Ta Vin =| Von |=|Zar Zo Zee | | Ib Von — Vem fee! Zoe Zoy Zee | | Te Vp -\y » = Zp, O Zanr= 2 =Zee) conitons for and symmetrical D Zig = Zan = Zs, | eS impedances FIGURE 8.10 Th ‘Sequence networks of| thre-phase symmetrical Zu Al ‘ts mp z= [io 2 wv na o 0 where Zo = Zeat Zab and 21> 22 = Zou Zan i Ayt Bey _ ve %—FIGURE 8.13 'Y-connected synchronous generator sprchrenons, impenrie ey 32, ve Ble 4 Zero sequence network Posweseauence network Nagatve sequence network FIGURE 8.14 Soquence networks of a Y-connected synchronous generator & us ors {| FIGURE 8.15 2, Se ‘Sequence networks of + + three-phase motors 32, Me 32, Terosequence rework Terosequonce networ — 2a as Zot vy ~ vy Posttve sequence network Postve sequence network ae Sn bbe Ve Me Noga sequence network Ngai sequence network (a) Synchronous motor {b) Induction motorTABLE AL! “Typical average values of Synchronous-machine EXAMPLE 8.5 FIGURE ‘Sequence networks for Example 8.5 Wacer- Turbo. Wheel Generator Generator Synchro Synchro- Constane (Gold with nous nous (nis) Tipe ___Symbol_ rotor) dampers) Condenser _ Motor x M4 us 120 Sree 148 07s om snl, on on o3s ” x ° 07s 090 Reactances x ° 0 om Subuansin Xf (peru : oss 040 eqns Pero % 0s on om ons sequence ents (ls) 0.003 ows ot Resstanes sequence Rae) 008 ams oat (peru) Nvate onss acs 006 sence se : Tine Trani . 7 Ke o comtants Suture T]=Tj OWS mS 8S (second) Armature Te 016 ons aoa (Adapted fom E. W, Kimbauk, Power Syrzn Stabile Synchrmana Machines (New York Dover Publications 1956/1968), Chap. 12) (Currents in sequence networks: Draw the sequence networks for the circuit of Example 2.5 and calculate the sequence components of the line current, Assume that the generator neutral is grounded through an impedance 2, — 10 Q and that the generator se quence impedances are Zo = j1.Q, Zq1 = j15 Q, and Ze = 3Q. SOLUTION. The sequence networks are shown in Figure 8.16. They are ob- tained by interconnecting the sequence networks for a balanced-A loud, for wo Zo 1/850 " Ze- 10 4 oe Ban % = 10/400 hao 2.= ern a= i90 B= 00 0 ‘Negative sequence netwark seriescline impedances, and for a synchronous generator, which are given in Figures 8.5, 8.10, and 8.14. It is clear from Figure 8.16 that Ja = fy = 0 since there are no sources in the zero- and negative-sequence networks. Also, the positive-sequence gen- crator terminal voltage 1 equals the generator line-to-neutral terminal volt- age. Therefore, from the positive-sequence network shown in the figure and from the results of Example 2.5, vi ies . Tara) SBA Note that from (8.1.20), f, equals the line current since fy = feEXAMPLE 8.6 Solving unbalanced three-phase networks using sequence components FIGURE 8.17 ‘Sequence networks for Example 8.6 A Y-connected voltage source with the following unbalanced voltage is ap- plied to the balanced line and load of Example Vg) [27/0 Vig | = | 260/120" | volts Veg} | 295/115" ‘The source neutral is solidly grounded. Using the method of symmet- rical components, calculate the source currents J,, Jy, and Ie SOLUTION Using (8.1.13)-(8.1.15), the sequence components of the source voltages are: Vo = 4(277(02 + 260/—120° + 295/115") 7.4425 + 14.065 = 15.912/62.11° volts Vi = (270° + 260/—120" + 120° + 295/ 115° + 240°) 4(277102 + 260/0° + 295/—5°) 276.96 ~ j8.5703 = 277.1f-1.772" volt 427710 + 260/120" + 240° + 295/115° + 120°) 427740 + 260/120" + 295/235") 4017 — 5.4944 = 9.218/216.59" volts ‘These sequence voltages are applied to the sequence networks of the line and load, as shown in Figure 8.17. The sequence networks of this figure bao asa over vy reangenate ————— rare F 1095 0 yee ‘oer Posie souonce newark ‘ 1198" @ v, = saig206 © pon Nogative-sequence network are uncoupled, and the sequence components of the source currents are easily caleutated as Follows: =0 Wy _277.1f-1.77 _, = MIELE ~ 2582/4555" is Za oasis 74S SS. A Zu+_ V2 9.218/216.59° = h=—z 07a O.8591/172.81° A Zat+> Using (8.1.20)-(8.1.22), the source currents are: oh Ja = (0 + 25,82/—45.55° + 0.8591/172.81°) 17.23 — j18.32 = 25.15/—46.76° A Jy = (0 + 25,82/—45.55° + 240° + 0.8591/172.81° + 120°) = (25,82/194.45° + 0.8591/292.81°) ~24.67 — j7.235 = 25.71/196.34 A (0 + 25.82/—45.55° + 120° + 0.8591/172.81° + 240°) | — = (25.82/74.45° + 0.8591 /52.81°) = 7441 + j25.56 = 26.62/73.7P A | You should calculate the line currents for this example without using symmetrical components, in order to verify this result and to compare the t— two solution methods (see Problem 8.33). Without symmetrical components, coupled KVL equations must be solved, With symmetrical components, the conversion from phase to sequence components decouples the networks as | well as the resulting KVL equations, as shown above. . |" Tdeal ¥-¥ transformer 2x3 Balanceal (a) Schematic representation = ay az, fo Bo (ot Per-unit zero-sequence network be (c} Per-unit positive-sequence network han lo 2 Enz Ba {a} Perunit negative-sequence network| Staten ram ‘a ¥ ev 4a a A Schematic Porunt | FBR TR | FT le * zerosequence | Yio ? Veo | Yao a Vso | Vio Meo network “ aa eyo |e | Perunit Fee | ee) poste seauence |v ve [a | Wan 7 | ane Ls tL Ane ot sO aj |--——1— pecan — | > 3 | 1 Blt + | negatverseauence | Vax Me |r sal Van Ye newwon | ey a ° | oa oy ove ee FIGURE 8.19 Per-unit sequence networks of practical Y-Y, Y-A, and A-A transformers ¥Y-D. qanstormer featurent 1. The per-unit impedances do not depend on the winding connections. ‘That is, the per-unit impedances of a transformer that is connected Y-Y. Y-A, A-Y, or AA are the same. However, the base voltages do depend on the winding connections. 2A. phase shift is included in the per-unit positive- and negative sequence networks. For the American standard, the positive-sequence voltages and currents on the high-voltage side of the Y—A trans former lead the corresponding quantities on the low-voltage side by 30°. For negative sequence, the high-voltage quantities lag by 30° ‘A. Zero-sequence currents can flow in the Y winding if there is a neutral connection, and corresponding zero-sequence currents flow within the A winding. However, no zero-sequence current enters or leaves the A winding, D-A brantlormen features: 1. The positive: and negativesequence networks, which are identical, are the same as those for the Y-Y transformer. It is assumed that the wind- ings are labeled so there is no phase shift. Also, the per-unit impedanoes do not depend on the winding connections, but the base voltages do. 2 Zero-sequence currents camot enter or leave either A winding, al- though they can circulate within the A windingsEXAMPLE 8.7 Solving unbalanced three-phase networks with transformers using per-unit sequence components A TS-KVA, 480-volt 4/208-volt Y transformer with a solidly grounded neutral is connected between the source and line of Example 8.6, The transformer leakage reactance is Xeq = 0.10 per unit; winding resistances and exciting cur- rent are neglected. Using the transformer ratings as base quantities, draw the per-unit sequence networks and calculate the phase a source current Iy. SOLUTION The base quantities are Styxig = 75/3 = 25 KVA, Vesti 480/J3 =277.1 volts, Viuextn = 208/V3= 120.1 volts, and Zpae (120.1)?/25,000 = 0.5770 ©. The sequence components of the actual sourc voltages are given in Figure 8.17. In per-unit, these voltages are mien vw ST = 10L=1.772* per unit 9.218/216. 327/21 unit ae 0.03327/216.59° per The per-unit line and load impedances, which are located on the low-voltage Side of the transformer, are Zin = Za = Zig = WEE = 1.73388" por unit Zy__ o/s Zioadi = Zioad2 30377) me 17.33440° per unit FIGURE 8.20 622 jos com as Paint scenes = ota uF 720 ae v- 4 sree zai (a) Poruni 2r0-sequence network joro 5 1783 (85 (0) Perunt positive sequence network jo. . 1733 as + we 17.93 (age 0.03227 (216.6 emt le} Perunit negative seauence network ‘The per-unit sequence networks are shown in Figure 8.20. Note that the per unit line and load impedances, when referred to the high-voltage side of the phase-shifting transformer, do not change [(see (3.1.26)). Therefore, from Figure 8,20, the sequence components of the souree currents are bh=0 i yi _ 1.0/=1.772° - Pie PALF Zit O10 1733285" + 1733 1.0/ 1.772" _ 1.0/1.7" “1343 } 712.97 18.67/40 0.05356/—45.77° per unit oe_ _ 0.03327/216.59° © FReq + Zia Zits ‘18.67/40 = 0.001782/172.59° per unit ‘The phase a source current is then, using (8.1.20), h h=lth+h | — = 0 + 0.05356/—45.77° + 0.001782/172.59" = 0.03511 — 0.03764 = 0.05216/46.19° per unit 75,000 Using Iparcet = == = 90.21 A, b F803 1, = (0.05216)(90.21)/—46.19° = 4.705/—46.19° A / (| BB Power Tn Sequeme Networks: oe | The total complex power a vee phase ly Vagld + Vogls + Veal? = [Vag Vig Veg) | Uy | = Wp We Ki 3[Vo+ i+ Vall dy | =3(Vorg + Mult + k | EXAMPLE 8.9 Power in sequence networks 7 Calculate S, and S, delivered by the three-phase source in Example 8.6. Verily that S, = 35,. if SOLUTION. Using (8.5.1), (277 {0°)(25.15/446.76°) + (260/—120°) (25.71/—196.34") ee + (295/115* )(26.62/—73.77") I = 6967/46.76° + 6685/43.66° + 7853/41.23° 5,520 + j14,87 21,490/43.78° VA In the sequence domain, Sy = Val + Vill + Vall = 0+ (277.1/=1.77°)(25.82/45.55°) + (9.218/216.59" )(0.8591/—172.81°) = T135{43.78° + 7.919/43.78° = 5172 + 74958 = 7163/43.78° VA Also, | 3S, = 3(7163/43.78°) = 21,490/43.78° = S, a