ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19

SUBJECT: HISTORY NOTES

CLASS: X
Chapter 7
PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD

THE FIRST PRINTED BOOKS

1. The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Japan and Korea
and it was hand printing.
2. Books in China were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of the
woodblocks.
3. As the paper used was a thin and porous sheet, hence both the sides were not used,
so the traditional Chinese ‘accordion book ‘was folded and stitched at the side.
4. Skilled craftsmen could duplicate, with remarkable accuracy, the beauty of
calligraphy.
5. China possessed a huge bureaucratic system which recruited its personnel through
civil service examinations. Textbooks for this examination were printed in vast
numbers under the sponsorship of the imperial state.
6. From the sixteenth century, the number of examination candidates went up and that
increased the volume of print.
7. As urban culture bloomed in China, the uses of print diversified. Reading
increasingly became a leisure activity in cities. The new readership liked fictional
narratives, poetry, autobiographies and romantic plays.
8. Print was no longer used just by scholar-officials but also by merchants who used
print in their everyday life, as they collected trade information.
9. Rich women began to read, and many women began publishing their poetry and
plays. Wives of scholar-officials published their works and courtesans wrote about
their lives.
10. Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late
nineteenth century as Western powers established their outposts in China.
11. Shanghai became the hub of the new print culture, catering to the Western-style
schools.

[1]

Print in Japan

1. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand-printing technology into

Japan around AD 768-770.
2. The oldest Japanese book, printed in AD 868, is the Buddhist Diamond Sutra,
containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
3. Pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and paper money.
4. In medieval Japan, poets and prose writers regularly published books and those
books were cheap and abundant.
5. Printing of visual material led to interesting publishing practices at Edo (Tokyo).
6. Libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed material of various
types – books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower
arrangements, proper etiquette, cooking and famous places.

PRINT COMES TO EUROPE

1. In the 11th century, Chinese paper reached Europe via Silk route and it made
possible the production of manuscripts carefully written by scribes.
2. In 1295 Marco Polo, returned to Italy after many years of exploration in China
and he brought back this knowledge with him.
3. Italians began producing books with woodblocks and soon this technology
spread to other parts of Europe.
4. Luxury editions of the books were written on very expensive Vellum (a
parchment made from the skin of animals) meant for high class people.
5. Demand for books increased in Europe-
a. Booksellers began exporting books to many different countries.
b. Book fairs were held at different places.
c. Production of manuscripts was also organized to meet the expanded demand.
d. Scribes were hired by booksellers to make multiple copies of the books.
6. The production of handwritten manuscripts could not satisfy the ever-
increasing demand for books-
a) Copying was an expensive, laborious and time-consuming business.
b) Manuscripts were fragile, awkward to handle, and could not be carried
around or read easily.
c) Their circulation therefore remained limited.
7. With the growing demand for books Woodblock printing became popular.

[2]

8. Woodblocks were used in Europe to print textiles, playing cards and religious
picture with simple brief texts.

Gutenberg and the Printing Press

1. Johann Gutenberg developed the first known printing press in 1430’s in
Germany. He got the idea of printing through the following observations:
a. Gutenberg (from his childhood) had seen wine and olive presses.
b. He learnt the art of polishing stones.
c. He learnt the art of making jewel and became a master goldsmith.
d. He also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds used for making trinkets.
e. Drawing on this knowledge, Gutenberg adapted existing technology to design
his printing machine. The first book he printed was the Bible.
f. The olive press provided the model for the printing press, and moulds were used
for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet.
2. The new technology did not entirely displace the existing art of producing
books by hand:-
a. Printed books at first closely resembled the written manuscripts in appearance
and layout. The metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles.
b. Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and
illustrations were painted.
c. In the books printed for the rich, space for decoration was kept blank on the
printed page. Each purchaser could choose the design and decide on the painting
school that would do the illustrations.
d. Pages of Gutenberg’s Bible-
I. The text was printed in the new Gutenberg press with metal type, but the borders
were carefully designed, painted and illuminated by hand by artists.
II. No two copies were same. Careful comparison could reveal the differences.
III. Elites preferred this lack of uniformity.
IV. Color on every page was added by hand. Holy words were highlighted to
emphasize their significance.
V. Gutenberg printed the text in black, leaving spaces where the color could be
filled in later.

[3]

3. Shift from hand printing to mechanical printing-
a. In the hundred years between 1450 and 1550, printing presses were set up in
most countries of Europe. Printers from Germany travelled to other countries and
helped start the new presses.
b. As the number of printing presses grew, book production boomed and second
half of the 15th century saw 20 million copies of printed books flooding the markets
in Europe and the number went up in 17th century to about 200 million copies.

THE PRINT REVOLUTION AND ITS IMPACT

A New Reading Public

1. Printing reduced the cost of books.

2. The time and labour required to produce each book came down, and multiple
copies could be produced with greater ease.
3. Books flooded the market.
4. Earlier, reading was restricted to the elites. Common people lived in a world of
oral culture. They heard sacred texts read out, ballads recited and folk tales
narrated. Knowledge was transferred orally. People collectively heard a story, or
saw a performance.
5. Now books could reach out to wider sections of people. If earlier there was a
hearing public, now a reading public came into being.
6. Books could be read only by the literate, and the rates of literacy in most
European countries were very low. So printers began publishing popular ballads
and folk tales, and such books would be illustrated with pictures. These were then
sung and recited at gatherings in villages and in taverns in towns.
7. Oral culture entered print and printed material was orally transmitted.
8. Conclusion-The line that separated the oral and reading cultures were blurred.
Hearing and reading public became intermingled.

[4]

Religious Debates and the Fear of Print

1. Print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas, and introduced a new
world of debate and discussion.
2. Even those who disagreed with established authorities could now print and
circulate their ideas and through their printed message they could persuade the
people to think differently.
3. Not everyone welcomed the printed book, and those who did also had fears
about it. They feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read
then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread. If that happened the authority
of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed.
4. The religious reformer Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses in 1517,
criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. A
printed copy of this was posted on a church door and he challenged the Church to
debate with his ideas.
5. Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read
widely. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the
Protestant Reformation.
6. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, ‘Printing is the ultimate gift of God and the
greatest one.’ Several scholars, in fact, think that print brought about a new
intellectual atmosphere and helped spread the new ideas that led to the
Reformation.
7. Menocchio, a miller in Italy, began to read books that were available in his
locality. He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God
and Creation that angered the Roman Catholic Church. He was persecuted and the
Church imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to
maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.

THE READING MANIA

1. Churches of different sizes set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to

peasants and artisans. By the end of the eighteenth century, in some parts of Europe
literacy rates were as high as 60 to 80 per cent. As literacy and schools spread in
European countries, there was a virtual reading mania.
2. Booksellers employed pedlars who roamed around villages, carrying little books
for sale. There were ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales. In England,

[5]

penny chapbooks were carried by petty pedlars known as chapmen, and sold for a
penny, so that even the poor could buy them.
3. In France, Biliotheque Bleue (low-priced small books) were printed on poor
quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers.
3. The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century, combining
information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals
carried information about wars and trade.
4. Similarly, the ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more
accessible to the common people.
a) Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps
and scientific diagrams were widely printed.
b) When scientists like Isaac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they
could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.
c) Writings of Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were printed
and read.
Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular
literature.

‘Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world!’Tremble before the virtual writer!

1. By the mid-eighteenth century, many believed that books would spread progress
and enlightenment, change the world and liberate society from despotism and
tyranny.
2. Reason and intellect would rule.
3. Louise-Sebastien Mercier said ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of
progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.’ In many
of Mercier’s novels, the heroes are transformed by acts of reading.

Print Culture and the French Revolution

1. Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers. Collectively, their

writings provided a critical commentary on tradition, superstition and despotism.
They argued for the rule of reason rather than custom, and demanded that
everything be judged through the application of reason and rationality. They
attacked the sacred authority of the church and the despotic power of the state, thus
eroding the legitimacy of a social order based on tradition. Those who read these

[6]

books saw the world through new eyes, eyes that were questioning, critical and
rational.
2. Print created a new culture of dialogue and debate. All values, norms and
institutions were re-evaluated and discussed by a public that had become aware of
the power of reason, and recognized the need to question existing ideas and beliefs.
3. By the 1780s there was an outpouring of literature that mocked the royalty and
criticized their morality. In the process, it raised questions about the existing social
order. Cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained
absorbed only in sensual pleasures while the common people suffered immense
hardships.
Thus, print help to spread ideas. If people read the ideas of Voltaire and Rousseau,
they were exposed to monarchical and Church propaganda. They accepted some
ideas and rejected others. They interpreted things their own way. Print did not
directly shape their minds, but did open up the possibility of thinking differently.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

Children
1. As primary education became compulsory from the late nineteenth century,
children became an important category of readers.
2. Children’s press published new works as well as old fairy tales and folk tales.
3. The Grimm Brothers in Germany spent years compiling traditional folk tales
gathered from peasants.
4. Rural folk tales acquired a new form.

Women
1. Women became important as readers as well as writers.
2. Penny magazines were especially meant for women, as were manuals teaching
proper behaviour and housekeeping.
3. Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot became important women writers
in defining a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality,
determination and the power to think.

Workers
1. In the nineteenth century, lending libraries in England became instruments for
educating white-collar workers, artisans and lower-middle-class people.

[7]

2. Sometimes, self-educated working class people wrote for themselves.
3. After the working day was gradually shortened from the mid-nineteenth century,
workers had some time for self- improvement and self-expression. They wrote
political tracts and autobiographies in large numbers.

Further Innovations

1. Richard M. Hoe of New York had perfected the power-driven cylindrical press.
This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly
useful for printing newspapers.
2. In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed which could print
up to six colours at a time.
3. From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated
printing operations.
4. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better.
5. Automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were also
introduced in the same period.
6. New strategies followed by the printers and publishers to sell their
products-
a. Nineteenth-century periodicals serialized important novels, which gave birth to a
particular way of writing novels.
b. In England, popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series.
c. The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.

INDIA AND THE WORLD OF PRINT

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print

1. Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper.
2. They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure
preservation.
3. Manuscripts, however, were highly expensive and fragile.
4. They had to be handled carefully, and they could not be read easily.
5. The script was written in different styles. So manuscripts were not widely used
in everyday life.

[8]

PRINT COMES TO INDIA
1. The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid-
sixteenth century.
2. 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages.
3. Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713, the
first Malayalam book was printed by them.
4. Dutch protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil texts.
5. The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though
English east India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth
century.
6. From 1780, James Augustus Hickey edited Bengal Gazette, weekly magazine
that described itself as ‘a commercial paper open to all, but influenced by none’.
7. So it was private English enterprise, proud of its independence from colonial
influence that began English printing in India.
8. Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the
import and sale of slaves. But he also published a lot of gossip about the
Company’s senior officials in India.
9. Angered by this, Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey, and
encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter
the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.
10. By the close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals
appeared in print. There were Indians, too, who began to publish Indian
newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by
Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun Roy.

RELIGIOUS REFORMS AND PUBLIC DEBATES

Role of Press in Religious Reform and Public Debates in India

1. Introduction-From the early nineteenth century different groups confronted the

changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety
of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions. Some criticized existing
practices and campaigned for reform, while others countered the arguments of
reformers. These debates were carried out in public and in print.
2. This was a time of intense controversies between social and religious reformers
and the Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism,

[9]

Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry. To reach wider audience, the ideas were
printed in everyday, spoken language of ordinary people. Rammohan Roy
published the Sambad Kaumudi in 1821. The Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the
Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinion. Two Persian newspapers were
published, Jam-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar.Gujarati newspaper, the
Bombay Samachar, made its appearance.
3. In north India, the ulamas were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim
dynasties. They feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change
the Muslim personal laws. To counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses,
published Persian and Urdu translations of Holy Scriptures, and printed religious
newspapers and tracts. The Deoband Seminary published thousands upon
thousands of fatwas telling Muslim readers how to conduct themselves in their
everyday lives and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
4. Hindus published Holy Scriptures like the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas in
vernacular languages. Naval Kishore Press at Lucknow and the Shri Venkateshwar
Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.
5. Conclusion-Print not only stimulated the publication of conflicting opinions
amongst communities, but also connected communities and people in different
parts of India. Newspapers conveyed news from one place to another, creating pan-
Indian identities.

NEW FORMS OF PUBLICATIONS

1. The novel which had developed in Europe reflected people’s lives, emotions and
relationships. It soon acquired distinctively Indian forms and styles. For readers, it
opened up new worlds of experience, and gave a vivid sense of the diversity of
human lives.
2. Lyrics, short stories, essays about social and political matters entered the world
of reading. It emphasized on human lives and intimate feelings, about the political
and social rules that shaped such things.
3. By the end of the nineteenth century, a new visual culture was taking shape.
Visual images were reproduced in multiple copies. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma
produced images for mass circulation. Cheap prints and pedlars could be bought
by the poor to decorate the walls of homes or place of work. These prints began
shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics and
society and culture.

[10]

4. By the 1870s, caricatures and cartoons were being published in journals and
newspapers, commenting on social and political issues. Some caricatures ridiculed
the educated Indians’ fascination with Western tastes and clothes, while others
expressed the fear of social change.

Women and Print in India

1. Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims
feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
2. Liberal husbands and fathers began educating their womenfolk at home, and sent
them to schools when women’s schools were set up in the cities and towns.
3. Rashsundari Debi, a young married girl in a very orthodox household, learnt to
read in the secrecy of her kitchen. Later, she wrote her autobiography Amar Jiban
which was published in 1876.
4. Kailashbashini Debi wrote books highlighting the experiences of women – about
how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard
domestic labour and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
5. In the1880s, in present-day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai
wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu
women, especially widows.
6. In the early twentieth century, journals, written for and sometimes edited by
women, became extremely popular. They discussed issues like women’s education,
widowhood, widow remarriage and the national movement.
7. In Punjab folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth century.
Ram Chaddha published the fast-selling Istri DharmVichar to teach women how to
be obedient wives.
8. In Bengal, Battala was devoted to the printing of popular books. Cheap editions
of religious tracts and scriptures as well as literature that were considered obscene
and scandalous could be bought. Peddlars tok the Battala publications to homes,
enabling women to read them in their leisure time.

Print and the Poor People in India

1. Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth-century in

Madras. Public libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding
the access to books. These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns, and at

[11]

times in prosperous villages. For rich local patrons, setting up a library was a way
of acquiring prestige.
2. From the late nineteenth century, issues of caste discrimination began to be
written about in many printed tracts and essays. Jyotiba Phule, the Maratha pioneer
of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in
his Gulamgiri(1871).
3. In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy
Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their
writings were read by people all over India.
4. Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write
much about their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and
published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste
and class exploitation.
5. The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of
Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in
a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan. By the 1930s, Bangalore cotton millworkers
set up libraries to educate themselves, following the example of Bombay workers.
These were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking
among them, to bring literacy and propagate the message of nationalism.

PRINT AND CENSORSHIP IN INDIA

1. East India Company’s early measures to control printed matter were directed
against English Editors like James Augustus Hickey who were critical of Company
misrule and hated the actions of particular Company officers. The Company was
worried that such criticisms might be used by its critics in England to attack its
trade monopoly in India.
2. By the 1820s, the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulations to control
press freedom and the Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that
would celebrate British rule.
3. In 1835, faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular
newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck agreed to revise press laws. Thomas
Macaulay, a liberal colonial official, formulated new rules that restored the earlier
freedoms for press.
4. After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged
Englishmen demanded a clamp down on the ‘native’ press. In 1878, the Vernacular

[12]

Press Act was passed. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor
reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
5. From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers
published in different provinces. When a report was judged as seditious, the
newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be
seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
6. Role of Press in Freedom Struggle in India-
a. Despite repressive measures, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all
parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist
activities.
b. Attempts to throttle (control) nationalist criticism provoked militant protest.
This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.
c. When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak
wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. This led to his
imprisonment which led to widespread protests all over India.

______________________xxxx_______________________________________

[13]

 ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
MONTH:JULY
QUESTION BANK- X
SUBJECT: HISTORY (Chapter 6 – Work, Life and Leisure)
CLASS: X

a. Answer to the Questions carrying 1 mark should not exceed 20 words.

b. Answer to the Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words.
c. Answer to the Questions carrying 5 marks should not exceed 120 words.
d. Questions to be attempted-
b. Please do it yourself and do not copy.
1. The beautification of Paris echoed the outcry of the people. Justify the statement by giving
one reason. (1)
2. What was the role of a ‘Jobber’ in the chawls? (1)
3. Why did Charles Booth, a Liverpool ship owner conduct the first social survey of low skilled
workers in the East End of London in 1887? (CBSE) (1)
4. What were the contrasting images of the city in Durgacharan Ray’s Novel? (1)
5. State any one similarity between the housing pattern of London and Bombay during the 18th
century. (1)
6. Why did people migrate from rural areas to industrial cities of Britain? (1)
th
7. Explain the lifestyle of workers in Britain during the mid 19 century. (3)
8. Explain how a city like Calcutta coped with the problem of environmental pollution. (3)
9. ‘The need for housing was felt for the poor people of London in the 19th century’. Give three
reasons. (3)
10. Did the new spirit of individualism affect the institution of family in cities? Give reasons. (3)
11. What were the three historical factors that shaped modern cities? (3)
12. Describe any three steps taken to clean up London during nineteenth century. (3)
13. ‘Bombay was a prime city of India’. Justify the statement by giving examples. (5)
14. Define the following terms-
a. Metropolis
b. Urbanisation
c. Tenement
d. Temperence movement
e. Asphyxiation (1x5=5)
15. Why did crime grow in London? How did the authorities control incidences of crime? (4+1)

16. What was the tradition of ‘London season’? Explain different forms of entertainment that
came up in 19th century England. (1+4)
17. The cinema of the 50’s and 60’s is a reflection of the social milieu of Bombay. Discuss. (5)
18. ‘In nineteenth century, the city of London was a powerful magnet for migrant populations’.
Justify the statement by giving any five facts. (5)

19. ‘The compartment in which I sat was filled with passengers who were smoking pipes. The
atmosphere was a mixture of sulphur, coal dust and foul fumes from the gas lamps.’ Interpret the
above lines and answer the questions-

[14]

(a) Give any two problems that the passenger faced while travelling in these compartments.
(b) Why were underground railways labeled as ‘iron monsters’?
How did it prove beneficial in beautifying the city? (2+1+2)

[15]

 ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
QUESTION BANK– XI
SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY (Chapter 4 – AGRICULTURE)
CLASS: X

INSTRUCTIONS-

a. Attempt question number 3,5,7,8,12,14 and 15

b. Answer to the Questions carrying 1 mark should not exceed 20 words.
c. Answer to the Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words.
d. Answer to the Questions carrying 5 marks should not exceed 120 words.
e. Please do it yourself and do not copy.

1. On what factors does Primitive Subsistence farming depend upon? (1)

2. What is ‘Plantation Farming’? (1)
3. Why are pulses grown in rotation with other crops? (1)
4. What are the main characteristic features of Commercial Farming? (3)
5. Differentiate between Intensive subsistence farming and Commercial farming. (3)
6. Define the term ‘Bhoodan’ and ‘Gramdan’. (3)
7. Discuss the geographical conditions required for the growth of maize. (3)
8. Enlist the schemes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers. (3)
9. Raju, an agricultural farmer stays in Punjab. Suggest which crop should he grow in this area
and why? (3)
10. ‘Agriculture is the mainstay of India economy’. Explain this statement. (3)
11. Discuss the three cropping seasons of India. (3)
12. Discuss the climatic conditions required for the cultivation of any two non-food crops in
Kerala and Bihar. (2.5+2.5)
13. Define the term ‘Horticulture’. Which crops are grown under horticulture in India? (1+4)
14. Which crop is known as the ‘golden fibre’? Explain two geographical conditions essential
for the cultivation of this crop. Mention its two uses. (1+2+2)
15. Locate and label the following on the given outline map of India: (3)
a. Major areas where rice is grown
b. Largest tea producing areas
c. Major cotton producing states

[16]

 ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
QUESTION BANK– XII
SUBJECT: ECONOMICS (Chapter 2- SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY)
CLASS: X
_____________________________________________________________________________
INSTRUCTIONS-
a. Attempt question no. 4, 7,10, 11, 16, 14, 15 and 17
b. Answer to the Questions carrying 1 mark should not exceed 20 words.
c. Answer to the Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words.
d. Answer to the Questions carrying 5 marks should not exceed 120 words.
e. Please do it yourself and do not copy.
1. Why is Secondary sector called as an ‘Industrial sector’? 1
2. Rahul has no regular work, sometimes he spends the whole day but earn a little and he
has no such investment but uses his skill to earn money. Which sector Rahul may be
engaged in? 1
3. Why is primary sector also called agriculture and related sector? 1
4. Discuss the objectives of NREGA, 2005. 3
5. Discuss the historical changes that have taken place in the sectors of the economy in the
developed countries. 5
6. Who are the vulnerable people in the rural and urban areas working in the unorganized
sectors? 1.5+1.5
7. What problems do people face in the unorganized sectors? 3
8. Differentiate between Public and Private sectors. 3
9. What can be done to protect the interest of workers in the unorganized sectors? 3
10. Suggest any three ways to create more employment avenues in urban areas. 3
11. ‘Disguised unemployment has been seen across all sectors of Indian economy’ Explain
the statement. 3
12. Discuss the various ways to provide employment opportunities in rural areas. 5
13. What do you think are the reasons for the accelerating production in the Tertiary sectors?
5
14. What are the benefits given to the workers in the organized sectors? 5
15. “There are several things needed by the society as a whole but which the private sector
will not provide at a reasonable cost”. Illustrate the statement with relevant examples. 5

16. ‘Value of only final goods and services are counted while calculating GDP of the
country’. Why? Explain with the help of an example. 3+2
17. How does service sector help in the development of primary and secondary sectors?
Explain with examples. 5
18. Differentiate between open unemployment and disguised unemployment. 5

[17]

 ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
QUESTION BANK– XIII
SUBJECT: POLITICAL SCIENCE (Chapter 4- GENDER, RELIGION AND CASTE)
CLASS: X
______________________________________________________________________________
INSTRUCTIONS-

a. Attempt question no.2, 4, 6, 7,9, 14, 15 and 16

b. Answer to the Questions carrying 1 mark should not exceed 20 words.
c. Answer to the Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words.
d. Answer to the Questions carrying 5 marks should not exceed 120 words.
e. Please do it yourself and do not copy.

1. Define the term ‘sexual division of labour’. (1)

2. What does the Equal Wages Act signify? (1)
3. What is the status of women’s representation in India’s legislative bodies? (1)
4. List the legislative changes that have come due to feminist movements. (3)
5. How are religious differences expressed in the field of politics? (3)
6. What was Gandhiji’s idea of religion and politics? Do you agree with his beliefs? (2+1)
7. Explain any three factors which are responsible for breaking down the old notions of
caste hierarchy. (CBSE 2010) (3)
8. Discuss the various aspects of life in which women are discriminated or are at a
disadvantaged position in India. (3)
9. “Caste and politics in India cannot be separated”. Justify the statement. (3)
10. How does communalism express itself in politics? (3)
11. “Do you think that disadvantaged groups are benefitted when social divisions become a
political issue”? Give appropriate example for your answer. (3)
12. “Elections in India are all about caste and nothing else”. Do you agree? Give reasons. (3)
13. Explain how caste can get politicized and to what effect? (5)
14. In what ways were caste inequalities prevalent in the Indian society? Do you think there
has been any change in the caste system in the modern India? Give reasons for your
answer. (2.5+2.5)
15. “Secularism is not just an ideology of some parties or persons. This idea constitutes one
of the foundations of our country”. Explain the statement by discussing the main aspects
of secularism. (5)
16. What is communal thinking? Why is it flawed? (2+3)

[18]


ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
QUESTION BANK– XIV
SUBJECT: HISTORY (Chapter 7- PRINT CULTURE AND THE MODERN WORLD
CLASS: X
______________________________________________________________________________

INSTRUCTIONS-

a. Attempt question no. 5, 6, 9, 12, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25 and 26.
b. Answer to the Questions carrying 1 mark should not exceed 20 words.
c. Answer to the Questions carrying 3 marks should not exceed 80 words.
d. Answer to the Questions carrying 5 marks should not exceed 120 words.
e. Please do it yourself and do not copy.

1. What was the main theme of ‘Gulamgiri’ written by Jyotiba Phule? 1
2. ‘There was a great need for quicker and cheaper reproduction of texts’. Which print
technology satisfied this need in 1430’s? 1
3. What was the ‘accordion book’? 1
4. What was so unique about the art form ‘Ukiyo’? 1
5. Explain the following terms
a. Chapbooks
b. Biliotheque Bleue
c. Penny magazines 3
d. What led to a gradual shift from hand printing to mechanical printing? 3
6. What was Vernacular Press Act? How did it empower the British rule in India? 3
7. Why did the Roman Catholic Church keep an index of prohibited books from the mid-
sixteenth century? 3
8. Who was Marco Polo? What was his contribution to print culture? 3
9. How did the ideas of scientists and philosophers become accessible to the common
people in the early eighteenth century? 3
10. What were the various literary forms that entered the world of reading by the end of the
nineteenth century? 3
11. What were the limitations of the manuscripts? 3
12. How did Print culture create conditions which led to the French Revolution? 3
13. Explain the role of missionaries in the growth of press in India. 3
th
14. Trace the history of woodblock printing in Europe after the early 13 century. 3
15. ‘The issue of caste and class discrimination in India began to be written in many printed
tracts and essays. Elaborate the statement with suitable examples. 3
16. ‘Print is the ultimate gift of god and the greatest one’. How did Martin Luther’s love for
print led to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation? 3
17. What did emergence of Print culture mean to women and reformers in India? 3
18. What was the role of cartoons and caricatures in Indian printing? 3

[19]

 19. How did the hearing public and the reading public become intermingled? Examine. 3
20. Discuss the strategies developed by the printers and publishers in the nineteenth century
to sell their products. 3
21. Describe the efforts made to promote reading among children, women and workers
during the 19th century. 5
th th
22. Enlist the innovations made in printing techniques during the 19 and 20 centuries. 5
23. Sebastian Mercier, a French novelist wrote, “ Anyone who sees me reading would have
compared me to a man dying of thirst who was gulping down some fresh water”. In this
context, discuss the reading mania that gripped Europe in the 18th century. 5
24. How did print culture assist the spread of nationalist sentiments among the Indians? 5
25. How did print help connect communities and people in different parts of India? Explain
with examples. 5
26. How did Gutenberg personalize the printed books to suit the tastes and requirement of
others? 5
27. Trace the history of printing revolution in India. 5

[20]


ACADEMIC SESSION 2018-19
MONTH: JULY
SUBJECT: HISTORY NOTES
CLASS: X
Chapter VI
WORK, LIFE AND LEISURE
Reflection of Calcutta in Durgacharan Ray’s novel Debganer Martye
Aagaman

Durgacharan Ray wrote a novel Debganer Martye Aagaman. In it, gods who came
to Calcutta were shocked to see the modern city- the train, large ships on the river
Ganges, factories, bridges, monuments, shops. Impressed by all of these, gods
decided to build a Museum and a High Court in Heaven.
1. Positive aspects of Calcutta’s life-
c. Trade
d. Commerce
e. Education
f. Jobs
2. Negative aspects of Calcutta’s life-
a. Poverty
b. Poor quality of housing
c. Cheats and thieves

Three historical processes that have shaped modern cities -

a. The rise of capitalism
b. The establishment of colonial rule over large parts of the world
c. The development of democratic ideals

Characteristics of the City

a. Cities are the centres of political power, administrative network, trade and
industry, religious institutions and intellectual activity, and support various social
groups such as artisans, merchants and priests.
b. They are densely settled metropolis.

[21]

Industrialisation and the Rise of the Modern City in England
The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large
number of migrants to the textile mills set up in the late 18th century.
a. London was a massive city with a population of 6,75000.
b. Gareth Stedman Jones said that London ‘was a city of clerks and
shopkeepers, of small masters and skilled artisans, of a growing number
of semi-skilled and sweated outworkers, of soldiers and servants, of
casual labourers, street sellers, and beggars.’
c. Five major types of industries employed large number of people. These
were
1. Clothing and footwear
2. Wood and furniture
3. Metals and engineering
4. Printing and stationary
5. Precious products such as surgical instruments, watches and objects
of precious metal
d. During the First World War (1914-18), London began manufacturing
cars and electrical goods.
Marginal Groups
1. Criminals
a. 20,000 criminals were living in London in the 1870s.
b. Henry Mayhew-‘Criminals’ were poor people who lived by stealing lead from
roofs, food from shops, lumps of coal, and clothes drying on hedges. There were
others who were more skilled at their trade, expert at their jobs. They were cheats
and tricksters, pickpockets and petty thieves crowding the streets of London.
c. Groups who were worried about rise in crime-
1. The police were worried about law and order.
2. Philanthropists were worried about public morality.
3. Industrialists wanted a hard-working and orderly labour force.
4. In order to discipline the population, the authorities imposed high penalties for
crime and offered work to those who were considered the ‘deserving poor’.

2. Women
[22]

a. They lost their industrial jobs owing to technological developments and were
forced to work within households.
b. They used their homes for increasing family income by taking lodgers or
through such activities as tailoring, washing or matchbox making.
c. In the 20th century, they got employed in wartime industries and offices and
withdrew from domestic service.
3. Children
a. Large numbers of children were pushed into low paid work by their parents,
while many became thieves.
b. The Compulsory Education Act of 1870 and the Factory Act of 1902 kept
children out of industrial work.

Housing Crisis in London

a. 1 million Londoners were very poor and lived up to an average age of 29.
b. Factories or workshops did not provide housing to the migrant workers.
Instead, individual landowners put up cheap, and usually unsafe, tenements
for them.
c. Rooms were very unhealthy, crowded, badly ventilated and lacked
sanitation.
d. Fire hazards created by poor housing
e. There was fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in
1917.
Efforts taken to solve the problem of Housing crisis
a. Workers’ mass housing scheme were planned.
b. Decongesting localities, creating open spaces and reducing pollution.
c. Large blocks of apartments were also built.
d. Rent control was introduced in Britain during the First World War for easing
the impact of severe housing shortage.
e. Single-family cottages were built by the local authorities.

Ebenezer Howard’s concept of ‘Garden City’

a. A pleasant space full of plants and trees, where people would both live and
work. He believed this would also produce better-quality citizens.

[23]

 b. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker designed the garden city of New
Earswick. There were common garden spaces, beautiful views.

Problem in the Idea of Garden City-

a. Only well-off workers could afford these houses.

Transport in the City

a. The London underground railway was introduced. It partially solved the housing
crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
b. 10th January, 1863: The first underground railway in the world opened
between Paddington and Farrington Street in London.
Reasons as to why Underground Railways were criticized -
a. Massive displacement of the London poor.
b. The passengers experienced asphyxiation.
c. It was a menace to health
d. Underground railways were called as Iron Monsters- because it led to the mess
and unhealthiness of the City.

Benefits of Underground railways-

a. Better-planned suburbs and a good railway network enabled large numbers to
live outside Central London and travel to work.
b. They wore down social distinctions.

Social Change in the City

a.In the Industrial city, ties between household members loosened.
b. Increasing higher levels of isolation was faced by women of upper and middle
classes in Britain and among the working class.
c.The institution of marriage tended to break down.
d. The city encouraged a new spirit of individualism among both men and women
and a freedom from collective values.
e. The public space increasingly became a male preserve and the domestic sphere
was seen as the proper place for women.
f. Political movements of 19th century mobilised men-

[24]

1. Chartism Movement was a movement demanding the voting rights for all adult
males.
2. The 10-hour movement demanded limited hours of work in factories.
g. Women also demanded voting rights and the right to property from 1870s.

Transformation of Urban family

a. The urban family had been transformed yet again, partly by the experience of the
valuable wartime work done by women, who were employed in large numbers to
meet war demands.
b. The family now consisted of much smaller units. The family became the heart of
a new market – of goods and services, and of ideas.
c. If the new industrial city provided opportunities for mass work, it also raised the
problem of mass leisure on Sundays and other common holidays.

Leisure and Consumption

a. London Season-Cultural events such as opera, theatre and classical music
performances were organised for elite groups.
b. Working classes met in pubs to have a drink, exchange news and sometimes for
organizing political action.
c. Libraries, art galleries and museums provided a glimpse of the British history.
d. Music halls were popular among lower classes.
e. By the early 20th century, cinema became the great mass entertainment for
mixed audiences.
f. Pleasure gardens provided facilities for sports, entertainment and refreshments
for rich people.
g. Taverns were place where horse-drawn coaches halted, and tired travellers had
food and drink and rested the night. Taverns were located on coach routes and had
facilities for overnight stays.

Politics in the City

a. In the severe winter of 1886, when outdoor work came to a standstill, the
London poor exploded in a riot, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of
poverty.
b. A similar riot occurred in late 1887; this time, it was brutally suppressed by the
police in what came to be known as the Bloody Sunday of November 1887
[25]

c. Thousands of London’s dockworkers went on strike and marched through the
city. The 12-day strike was called to gain recognition for the dockworkers’ union.

Haussmanisation of Paris
a. The chief architect of the new Paris was Baron Haussmann.
b. He was responsible for the reconstruction of cities to enhance their beauty and
impose order.
c. The poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the possibility of
political rebellion and to beautify the city. Haussmann rebuilt Paris.
d. Straight, broad avenues or boulevards and open spaces were designed.
Policemen were employed, night patrols began, and bus shelters and tap water
introduced. New avenues or boulevards and open spaces were designed, and full-
grown trees transplanted.
e. Public works on this scale employed a large number of people in the 1860s.
Consequence-
This reconstruction displaced up to 350,000 people from the centre of Paris.
The City in Colonial India
a. Three Presidency cities were Bombay, Bengal and Madras.
b. These were multi- functional cities: Population in the Presidency towns rose
considerably due to the availability of major ports, warehouses, homes and offices,
army camps, as well as educational institutions, museums and libraries.
Bombay: The Prime City of India
a. Bombay was a group of seven islands.
b.1661: The control of Bombay passed into the British hands after the marriage of
Britain’s King Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
c. Bombay became the principal Western port for the East India Company.
d. It became an important administrative and industrial centre of Western India.
e.1819: Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency after the Maratha
defeat in the Anglo-Maratha war.
f.1854: First cotton textile mill was established in Bombay.
g.1919-1926: Women formed 23% of the mill workforce.
h. Late 1930s: Women’s jobs were increasingly taken over by machines or men.
i. Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India.
j. It was the junction town of two major railways.

[26]

Housing and Neighbourhood
Bombay London
9.5 square yards 155 square yards
20 persons per house 8 persons per house
The Bombay Fort area was divided Concept of Garden city emerged to
between a ‘native’ town, where most of solve the housing crisis
the Indians lived, and a European or
‘white’ section. A European suburb and
an industrial zone began to develop to
the north of the Fort settlement area,
with a similar suburb and cantonment in
the south. This racial pattern was true of
all three Presidency cities.

Chawls-
a. With the rapid and unplanned expansion of the city, the crisis of housing and
water supply became acute by the mid-1950s.
b. More than 70% of the working people lived in the thickly-populated chawls of
Bombay.
c. Chawls were multi-storeyed old structures.
d. Merchants, bankers and building contractors owned these chawls. Each chawl
was divided into one-room tenements with no private toilets.
e. Lower castes were kept out of many chawls and often had to live in shelters
made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles.
f. High rents forced workers to share homes, either with relatives.
g. People had to keep the windows of their rooms closed even in humid weather
due to the ‘close proximity of filthy gutters, privies, and buffalo stables.
h. Town planning emerged from fears of social revolution and the fears about the
plague epidemic.
i.1898: The City of Bombay Improvement Trust was established. It focused on
clearing poor homes out of the city centre.

Leisure activities in Bombay

a. Liquor shops and akharas came up in any empty spot.
b. Parvathibai Bhor recalled her childhood years in the early twentieth century this
way: ‘There was an open space in the middle of our four chawls. There the
magicians, monkey players or acrobats used to regularly perform their acts. The
[27]

Nandi bull used to come. I used to be especially afraid of the Kadaklakshmi. To see
that they had to beat themselves on their naked bodies in order to fill their
stomachs frightened me.’
c. These were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or
demonstrations.

Land Reclamation in Bombay

a. The need for additional commercial space in the mid-19th century led to the
formulation of several government and private plans for the reclamation of more
land from sea.
b. 1864: The Back Bay Reclamation Company won the right of reclaiming the
Western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba.
c. As population started growing in the early 19th century, every bit of the
available area was built over and new areas were reclaimed from the sea.
d. A successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust,
which built a dry dock between 1914 and 1918 and used the excavated earth to
create the 22-acre Ballard Estate. The famous Marine Drive of Bombay was
developed.

Bombay as the City of Dreams: The World of Cinema and Culture

a. Many Bombay films deal with the arrival in the city of new migrants, and their
encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
b.1896: Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of a wrestling match in
Bombay’s Hanging gardens and it became India’s first movie.
c. 1913: Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra
d. By 1925, Bombay became the film capital of India.
e. Many people in the film industry were migrants from cities such as Lahore,
Madras and Calcutta.

Cities and the Challenge of the Environment

a. Large quantities of refuse and waste products polluted air and water, while
excessive noise became a feature of urban life.
b. Black fog engulfed the towns owing to pollution, thereby causing bad temper
and smoke-related illnesses.
c. The Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847 and 1853 did not work to clean the air as
smoke was not easy to monitor or measure.
d. By 1840s: Towns such as Derby, Leeds and Manchester had laws for controlling
smoke in the city.

[28]

e. In Calcutta, high level of pollution was a consequence of the huge population
that depended on dung and wood as fuel, and also the use of steam engines that ran
on coal.
f. The railway line introduced in 1855 introduced a new pollutant-coal from
Raniganj.
g. 1863: Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance legislation.
h. In 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal,
leading residents to complain that ‘the air is filled up with black soot which falls
like drizzling rain from morning till night.The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke
Nuisance Commission finally managed to control industrial smoke.
i. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was far more difficult.

_______________________________________________________________________

[29]



[30]