EXACT EQUATIONS

ANZ
Summary
① 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 (𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
② = 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕

③ � 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)

𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
④ = 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
⑤ 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 ④ 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑦𝑦

Examples Explanations
Example 1:
Solve 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution: Firstly, 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were

identified. Then, both were partially
2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
differentiated with respect to y and x
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 respectively to test the exactness.
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 Then, was equated with 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 before being integrated to obtain
= 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
� 2𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 with respect to y and equated with
= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = −1 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 answer obtained was substituted into
� 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(−1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).

∴ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐
Example 2:
Solve the equation
3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.

Solution: Firstly, 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were

3𝑥𝑥(𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 identified. Then, both were partially
(3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 differentiated with respect to y and x
respectively to test the exactness.
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑦𝑦 ⇒ 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Then, was equated with 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
before being integrated to obtain
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
�(3𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 − 6𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
with respect to y and equated with
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
= 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 answer obtained was substituted into
= 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 2𝑦𝑦 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
� 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(2𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦 2
∴ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑦𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑐
Example 3:
Solve (1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0.
Firstly, 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified. Then, both were partially
Solution: differentiated with respect to y and x
(1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 respectively to test the exactness.
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2 ⇒ 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 Then, was equated with 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 before being integrated to obtain
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
= 1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
In obtaining 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦), integration by
�(1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 parts was used.

= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 � 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated

with respect to y and equated with
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
� 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − � 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
answer obtained was substituted into
� 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
∴ �(1 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 𝑦𝑦 + (𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 )𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
= 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 2
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
� 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(2) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 2𝑦𝑦
∴ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐
Example 4:
Solve (sin 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0,
𝑦𝑦(0) = 1. Firstly, 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
identified. Then, both were partially
differentiated with respect to y and x
Solution: respectively to test the exactness.
(sin 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + (𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = sin 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑦𝑦 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
Then, was equated with 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 1 ⇒ 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = cos 𝑦𝑦 before being integrated to obtain
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = cos 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= sin 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑥 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
with respect to y and equated with
�(sin 𝑦𝑦 − sin 𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑦𝑦) 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
= 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 1 answer obtained was substituted into
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
= 𝑥𝑥 cos 𝑦𝑦 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) = 1
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 As the question have stated that
𝑦𝑦(0) = 1, the values were substituted
� 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(1) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑦𝑦 into the integrated equation to get the
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐 value of c.
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑦𝑦(0) = 1, Then, the value of c was substituted
𝐹𝐹(0,1) = (0) sin 1 + cos 0 + 1 = 𝑐𝑐 ⇒ 𝑐𝑐 = 2 into t 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the answer.
∴ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = 𝑥𝑥 sin 𝑦𝑦 + cos 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 = 2
Example 5:
1
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦
−2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 −4𝑥𝑥
Solve = 𝑥𝑥 .
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 +4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦3
𝑦𝑦2

Solution:
1 4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑥
= 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 Firstly, 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) and 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) were
𝑦𝑦 2
1 𝑥𝑥 identified. Then, both were partially
� − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 − 4𝑥𝑥� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − � 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 0 differentiated with respect to y and x
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 respectively to test the exactness.
1 1
𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 − 4𝑥𝑥 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = − 2 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦 Then, was equated with 𝑀𝑀(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝑥𝑥 1 𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕
𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = − � 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 � ⇒ 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥 = − 2 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 before being integrated to obtain
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
1
𝑀𝑀𝑦𝑦 = − 2 − 8𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 3 = 𝑁𝑁𝑥𝑥
𝑦𝑦 After that, 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) was differentiated
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑥𝑥 with respect to y and equated with
= − � 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 � 𝑁𝑁(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) to get the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑦𝑦) was the integrated and the
− � � 2 + 4𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 3 � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 4 + 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) answer obtained was substituted into
𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦).
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1 1
= − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 − 4𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦 𝑦𝑦
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 1
= − 2𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 4 + 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) = −4𝑥𝑥
𝜕𝜕𝜕𝜕 𝑦𝑦
� 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = �(−4𝑥𝑥) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = −2𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥
∴ 𝐹𝐹(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = − 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑦𝑦 4 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 = 𝑐𝑐
𝑦𝑦