A Seminar on
EVOLUTION OF PROCESSORS
Presented by
Sandesh Agrawal
BE (3rd Year )
Guided by
Mrs. S. V. Charhate
DEAN Academics
Department of Elex. & Instru. Engg.
Shri G.S. Institute of Tech & Sci
Indore
Brief history of computers
Various Technical Definition
Introduction of IC technology
Functions of Microprocessor
Various stages of development of Computer
Various leading Processor
manufacturing companies
AUTOMATION
MICROPROCESSOR MICRONTROLLER
WHY µ-PROCESSOR
??????
MICROPROCESSOR MICRONTROLLER
Process DATA Process DATA
Don’t have RAM ,ROM &have RAM ,ROM
other Peripherals &
Designed to perform Designed
other to perfo
Unspecific task specific task
Peripherals
Clock Speed is few
Clock Speed is quite high
High Cost, Large size Low Cost, Small s
TECHNICAL TERMS -
ADDRESS BUS
Buses DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS
Program Counter (PC)
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
Interrupt
Registers
What are
microprocessors???
A microprocessor is a processor that
contains the entire central processing unit of a computer on a
single chip.
Process bundle of Information
Address bus
MAR
PC
IR
Control
Control bus
unit
X
Y
Data bus ALU ACC
A simple microprocessor architecture
What are microprocessor-based
systems???
Consisting of microprocessors, memories, I/O
units, & other peripherals.
Microprocessors are the brains of the systems
Microprocessor
Control Bus
unit
Data path
ALU
Output Input
Reg. Memory
units units
EVOLUTION OF
COMPUTER
The Mechanical age: -abacus : 500 B.C.
-calculator(with gears and wheels) : Pascal
First generation (1889-1954) -vacuum tube
The Electrical age: -Hollerith machine(1889)
-ENIAC(Electronics Numerical Integrator & Calculator)
-first general-purpose, programmable electronic computer
-17,000 vacuum tube, 500 miles of wire, 6000 switches
-life of vacuum tube(3000 hours)IBM 650, 1954problem
: maintenance
Second generation (1954-1959) -transistor
Bipolar Transistor : 1948, William Shockley, John Bardeen,
Walter H. Brattain at Bell labs(1956, Novel physics award)
Mainframe : describe CPU portion of computer
Mainframe computer : designed to handle large volumes of
data while serving hundreds of users simultaneously
Built on circuit boards mounted into rack panels(frame)
Manchester University Experimental Transistor Computer
Third generation (1959-1971) - IC
Integrated Circuit : 1958,Jack Kilby (Texas Instruments)
& Dr. Robert Noyce (Fairchild Semiconductor).
IBM : 32-bit 360 series(1964)
INTEL(Integrated Electronics) : 1968
PDP-8, Digital Equipment Corporation
Thanks to the use of ICs, the DEC PDP-8
is the least expensive general purpose small
computer in 1960s
Fourth generation (1971-present) - microprocessor
4- Bit processor-
MCS-4 Family - 4004 (used in calculator),
4001, 4002,4003,4008,4009
MCS-40 Family- 4040, 4101,4207,4209 etc.
8- Bit processor- 8008,8080,8085 etc
16- Bit processor- 8086,8088,80186,80286 etc.
32- Bit processor- 80386DX, 80386SX, 80376,pentium
Pentium pro, II, etc.
64- Bit processor- Intel Pentium, core i3, core
i5,core i7,etc
Evolution of Intel Microprocessors
Number of transistors Minimum transistor sizes (µm)
100,000,000 7
P III 8080
Pentium 6
10,000,000 P4
1,000,000 80386 P II 5
100,000 8088 4
80286
10,000 8088
3
1,000 8080
2 80386
100 Pentium
10 1 80286 P II P III P 4
1 0
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000
Clock frequencies (MHz)
10000
P4
1000
P II
Pentium P III
100
80386
10 8088
8080
80286
1
1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1999 2000
Introduced in 1977
8-bit with 40-pin dual in line package
16-bit address bus
4500 transistors,2 MHz,8-bit word size
Introduced in 1978
20-bit address bus : access up to 1MB memory
16-bit Internal processor registers also can process 8 bit.
A separate BIU & EU: fetch & execute simultaneously
40-pin DIP package, 29k transistors,
Introduced in 1979, almost similar to 8086
20-bit address bus: access up to 1Mb memory
external 8-bit data bus, 16 bit Internal
VDD (5V)
20-bit
8-bit data
address
control 8088 control
signals signals
To 8088 from 8088
CLK
GND
8088 signal classification
24-bit address bus : 16M byte memory
added 16 new instructions
Identical to 8086 except the addressing and
higher clock speed
134k transistors
6-12 MHz
Introduces “VIRTUAL MEMORY CONCEPT”
flexible 32-bit Microprocessor(1986) : data bus, registers
32-bit address bus(4G byte physical)
64 terabyte virtual
4G maximum segment size
Support 16k segments
Concept of paging was introduced
Available in 20MHz to 33MHz
132-PIN grid array package
Increasing the complexity of the IC:
if every line could be shrunk in half, same circuit could be
built in one-forth the area
Superscalar : support 2 instruction pipelines(5 stage)
actually execute two different instruction simultaneously
Pentium(1993) : originally labeled P5(80586)
- 60 - 66MHz(110MIPS)
-8K code cache, 8K data cache
-coprocessor : redesign(8-stage instruction pipeline)
-64 bit AB(higher data transfer rates)
Code named P6 : 1995
-basic clock frequency : 150-166MHz
Two chips in one : two separate silicon die
Superscalar processor of degree three-
-12 stage
Internal cache :
level one(L1) : 8K instruction and data cache
level two(L2) : 256K(or 512K)
36-bit address bus : 64G byte memory
has been optimized to efficiently execute 32-bit code
1. used faster core than Pentium
is still P6 or Pentium pro processor
2. Two version :
1. slot 1 version mounted on a plastic cartridge
512K cache : one-half the clock speed
2. socket 370 version called flip-chip : looks like the
older Pentium package → Intel claim cost less
256K cache : clock speed
3. clock frequency : 1 GHz
Facts
44 Billion dollars worth of Microprocessors
were made in 2003 as well as sold. Most
was spent on laptop and or desktop
computers it takes about 0.2 % of the
CPU’s sold.
Almost 56% of CPUs sold are 8 bit
microcontrollers.
Less the 10 % of CPUs sold are 32 bit or
more. Most are sold in house hold
appliances such as vacuums, TVs,
SUMMARY
104 increase in transistor count, clock
frequency over 30 years!
Case Study: Intel Processors Slide 26
REFERENCES
J. L. Antonakos, "An Introduction to the Intel Family of
Microprocessors," Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 1999
Tanenbaum, A S, 1990, 'Structured Computer
Organisation', Prentice-Hall.
Brian Bramer, Faculty of Computing and Engineering
Sciences De Montfort University, Leicester, UK,
“Workstation and System Configurations”
