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Multiple Integrals
In this chapter we consider the integral of a function of two variables f(x, y) over a
region in the plane and the integral of a function of three variables f(x, y, z) over a
region in space. These integrals are called Multiple integrals. We can use
multiple integrals to calculate quantities that vary over two or three dimensions,
such as the total mass or the angular momentum of an object of varying density
and the volume of solids with general curved boundaries.

Double Integration

b
Limit
We know that ∫ f ( x ) dx = n → ∞ [ f ( x1 )δx1 + f ( x 2 )δx 2 + .......... . + f ( x n )δx n ]
a
δx → 0
Letus consider a function f(x,y) of two variables x and y defined in the finite
region A of xy-plane. Divide the region A into elementary areas δA1 , δA2 ,……….
δAn . Then

lim it
∫∫ f ( x, y )dA = n → ∞ [ f ( x )δA + f ( x )δA
A
1 1 2 2 + ........... + f ( xn )δAn ]
δA → 0
Evaluation:

Double integration over region A may be evaluated by two successive

integrations.

If A is described as f1(x) ≤ y ≤ f2 (x) and a ≤ x ≤ b ,then

b f2 ( x )

∫∫
A
f ( x , y ) dA = ∫ ∫
a
f ( x , y ) dxdy
f1 ( x )

First Method:

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b  f2 ( x )

∫∫ f ( x , y ) dA = ∫  ∫ f ( x , y ) dy  dx
A a  f1 ( x ) 

f(x,y) is

first integrated with respect to y treating x as constant between the limits

f1(x) and f2(x) and then resulting expression is integrated with respect to x
between the limits a and b.

Second Method:

d  f2 ( y ) 
∫∫
A
f ( x , y ) dA = ∫ c
 ∫ f
 f 1 ( y )
( x , y ) dx  dy

Here f(x,y) is first integrated with respect to x treating y as constant between the
limits f1 ( y) and f 2 ( y ) and then resulting expression is integrated with
respect to y between the limits c and d.

Note:
For constant limits, it does not matter whether we first integrate with respect to y
or with respect to x.

Problems:

1 x y
1) Evaluate ∫∫e
0 0
x
dydx

Solution:

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1 x y
Let I = ∫ ∫0 0
e x
dydx since the limits are functions of x first

we have to integrate w.r.to y, then w.r.to x.

1
 x y

I = ∫
0


∫
0
e x
dy  dx


∞
1
 y
1 
I = ∫
0
e

x
/ 
x 
/ dx
0

1 1
I = ∫ [e
0
− 1 ]dx = ( e − 1 ) ∫ xdx
0
1
 2

I = (e − 1 ) x 
 2  0

1
I = (e − 1 )
2

2
1 x 1 + x
dydx
2. Evaluate ∫
0
∫
0 1 + x 2 + y 2

1  1+ x 2
dy 
Solution: Let I = ∫
0


∫
0
1 + x 2
+ y 2
 dx

1
1  y 
∫1+ x
−1 1+ x 2
I = 2  tan  0 dx
0  1+ x2 
1
1
I = ∫1+ x 2
(tan −1
1 − tan −1
)
0 dx
0
1
1  π 
I = ∫
0 1 + x 2   dx
 4 

I =
π
4
[log( x + x 2
+ 1 ]
1
0

π
I =
4
[log (1 + 2 ) − 0 ]
π
I =
4
log (1 + 2 )
a ay

3. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 0
xydxdy

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a ay

Let I = ∫ ∫
0 0
xydxdy

a  ay 
I = ∫
0
y

∫
0
xydx  dy

ay
a
x2 
I = ∫
0
y 
 2 0
dy

a
1
I =
2 ∫ y [ay
0
− 0 ]dy

a
a
I =
2 ∫
0
y 2 dy
a
a  y3 
I =  
2  3  0

a a3 
I =  
2  3 
a 4
I =
6
a a2 − y2

4. Evaluate ∫ ∫ dxdy
0 0

a a2 − y 2  a a2 − y2
Let I =∫ ∫0 dxdy = ∫0  ∫0 dxdy
0
 
a a
2 2
I = ∫ [x ]0 dy = ∫ a 2 − y 2 dy
a −y

0 0

Let y = a sin θ therefore dy = a cos θdθ

Limits when y=0 , θ = 0
π
y=a , θ =
2

π π
2 2
I = ∫ a 2 − sin 2 θ dθ = = ∫ a 2 cos 2 θ dθ
0 0

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π
π
2
(1 − cos 2θ ) dθ = = a 2 θ − sin 2θ  2
∫
2
I =a
0
2 2  2 
0

a 2 π  a π
2
I= − 0 =
2  2  4

1 3

∫ ∫ (x )
2
5. Evaluate + 3 y 2 dxdy
0 0
3
1 3
 x3  1
Solution: Let I = ∫ ∫ ( 2 2

3
)
x + 3 y dxdy = = ∫  + 3 xy 2  dy
0 0 0 0
1 1
[ ]
I = ∫ 9 + 9 y dy = = 9 ∫ 1 + y 2 dy
2
[ ]
0 0
1
 1
y3   1
I = 9 ∫  y +  = = 9 1 +  =12
0 
3 0  3

6. Evaluate ∫ ∫ xydxdy over the region in the positive quadrant for which
x + y ≤ 1.

Solution: x+y=1 represents a line AB in the figure. x + y < 1 represents the plane
OAB.
Therefore the region for integration is OAB as shown in the figure
By drawing pQ parallel to y-axis, P lies on the line AB (x+y=1) and Q lies on x-
axis. The limits for y are 0 and (1-x). Also limits for x are 0 to 1 as the strip
moves from left to right.

1− x
1 1− x 1
 y2 
Let I = ∫ ∫ xydxdy = =
0 0
∫
0
x  dx
 2 0
1 1
1 1
I = ∫ x(1 − x ) dx = = ∫ x x 2 − 2 x + 1 dx
20
2

20
( )

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1
1  x4 x3 x2 
1
1
20
(
I = ∫ x 3 − 2 x 2 + x dx =  − 2 + 
2 4 3 2 0
)
1 1 2 1 1
I=  − + =
2  4 3 2  24

7. Evaluate ∫∫ xydxdy
R
where R is the quadrant of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , and

x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 .
Solution: Given that x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0 , therefore, region of integration be the first
quadrant of the circle x + y = a 2 . 2 2

Therefore, the limits for y are y=0 to y = a 2 − x 2 and x=0 to x=a

a a2 − x2

∴ ∫∫ xydxdy = ∫ ∫ xydxdy
R 0 0
a2 − x2
a
 y2 
= ∫ x  dx
0 
2 0
a
1
[
= ∫ x a 2 − x 2 dx
20
]
a
1
[
= ∫ a 2 x − x 3 dx
20
]
a
1  2 x2 x4 
= a − 
2 2 4 0
1 a4 a4  a4
=  − =
2 2 4 8

8. Evaluate ∫∫ xydxdy
A
, where A is the domain bounded by x-axis, ordinate

x=2a and the curve x 2 = 4ay.

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Solution: The region of integration be OAB and limits for y are

x2
y = 0 to y = and x=0 to x=2a.
4a
x2
2a 4a
∴ ∫∫ xydxdy = ∫ ∫ xydxdy
A 0 0
x2
2a
y  2 4a
= ∫ x  2 
0
dx
0

1  x4 
a
= ∫ x  dx
2 0 16a 2 
a
1
∫ [x ]dx
5
=
32a 2 0
2a
1  x6 
=  
32a 2  6  0
1  a6 x6 
=  
32a 2  6 

a4
=
3

9. By double integration , find the area of the circle x2 + y 2 = a2 .

Solution: The circle is symmetrical about the co-ordinate axes x and y, since
both x & y occur with even powers.
The area of the circle is

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2 2
a a − x
∴ ∫∫ dxdy = 4 ∫
0
∫ 0
dxdy

a
2 2

∫ [ y ]0
a − x
= 4 dx
0
a

∫
2 2
= 4 a − x dx
0
a
 x a2 − x2 a2 −1 x
= 4 + sin 
 a 2 a 
0
a
 a2 −1 
= 4 0 − sin 1 − 0
 4 0
4a 2 π
= × = πa 2
2 2

10. Using double integration, find the area of the ellipse

2 2
x y
2
+ 2 = 1.
a b
2 2
x y
Solution: The equation of the ellipse is 2 + 2 = 1, the equation contain the
a b
terms having even powers of x and y. Therefore the ellipse is ssymmetrical
ymmetrical about
x and y.

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2 2
x y
The area bounded by the ellipse + 2 = 1 is given by
a2 b
b 2 2
a − x
a a
A = 4 ∫
0
∫
0
dydx

a b
a2− x2
A = 4 ∫ [y ] a
0 dx
0
a
4b
∫
2
A = a − x 2 dx
a 0
a
 a2 − x2 a2 x
A = 4b  x + sin −1

a  a 2 a 
0

4b  a 2
−1 
A=  0+ sin 1
a  2 
4b a 2 π
A = × × = π ab
a 2 2
11. Find the area of the triangle formed by the line y=x, x=3 and y=0 using
double integration.

Solution: Here area of integration is OAB and integrating first w.r.to y and then
w.r.to x.
The limits of integration are
Y=0 to y=x
x=0 to x=3

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3 x 3
x
Therefore Area A= ∫∫ dxdy = = ∫ [ y ] dx
0 0 0
0
3
 x2  3
= = ∫ xdx =
=  
0  2 0
9
=
2
12. Find the area between the parabola y 2 = 4ax and x 2 = 4ay .

Solution: Given y 2 = 4ax (1)

and x 2 = 4 ay (2)
on solving equations (1) and (2), we get the point of intersection

x2 x4
from (2) y= and y 2 =
4a (4a )2
substituting it into (1), we get

x4
= 4ax
(4a )2
x 3 = (4a )
3
i.e.
therefore x = 4a similarly y = 4a
the point of intersection is (4a,4a )
dividing the area into horizontal strips of width δy ,
y2
x varies from to 4ay and
4a
y varies from y=0 to y=4a
The required area

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4 a 4 ay
A= ∫ ∫ dxdy
0 y2
4a

Y
y 2 =4ax

x 2 =4ay
Q
A(4a,4a)

P X

4a 4 ay

A = ∫ dy ∫ dx
0 y2
4a

4a 4 ay
O A = ∫ [x ]
0
y 2 dy
4a
4 a
 y2 
A = ∫0


4 ay −
4 a 
dy

4a
 3 
 y 2
1 y3 
A =  4a − 
3 4a 3 

 2 0
2 1
(4 a )3 
3
A =  4 a (4 a )2 −
3 12 a 

2 16  5
A =  a2 − a2 
3 3 
16
A = a2
3

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Change of variables
The Cartesian coordinates ( x,y) and the polar coordinates (r , θ ) are related by
transformation equation x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ . The Jacobian of the
transformation is given by

∂x ∂x
∂ ( x, y ) ∂r ∂θ = = cos θ − r sin θ
J= = =r≠0
∂ (r ,θ ) ∂y ∂y sin θ r cos θ
∂r ∂θ

1. Transform the integral into polar coordinates and hence evaluate

a a2 − x2

∫ ∫
0 0
x 2 + y 2 dydx

Solution: Given
2 2
a a − x

∫ ∫
2 2
x + y dydx
0 0

Here upper limit of y is a 2 − x2

i . e ., y = a2 − x2 ⇒ y2 = a2 + x2 ⇒ x2 + y2 = a2 (1)
(1) represents the circle whose center is (0,0) and radius a. Lower limit of y is
zero i.e. x-axis. Lower limit of x is zero i.e. y-axis. Region of integration is the
first quadrant of the circle.

Letus convert (1) into polar co-ordinates by putting x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ .

Therefore x 2 + y 2 = a 2
r2 = a2 or r = a
In the first quadrant
Limits for r are r = 0 to r = a and

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π
Limits for θ are θ =0 to θ =
2
2 2
a a − x

∫ ∫
2 2
Therefore x + y dydx
0 0
π
2 a
= ∫ ∫ r (rdrd
0 0
θ )
a π

∫ [θ ]02
2
= r dr
0
a
π
∫
2
= r dr
2 0
a
π  r 3  π a 3
==   =
2  3  0
6

2. Change into polar coordinates and evaluate

∞ ∞
(x )dydx
∫ ∫
2 2
− + y
e
0 0

Solution: The given limits of integration are

y = 0 to y = ∞ and
x = 0 to x =∞
i.e. the entire first quadrant,
let x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ
therefore x2 + y2 = a2
Limits for r are r = 0 to r = ∞ and
π
Limits for θ are θ = 0 to θ =
2
Therefore
∞ ∞
(x )dydx
∫ ∫
2 2
− + y
e
0 0
π
∞ 2

∫ ∫
2
− r
= e rdrd θ
0 0

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∞ π

∫ [θ ]02
2
2 − r
= r e dr
0
∞
π
∫
2
2 − r
= r e dr
2 0

dt
Let r2 = t therefore 2 rdr = dt and rdr =
2
Limits are same

∞ ∞ ∞
(x )dydx π dt
∫ ∫
2 2
− + y
∫
− t
e = − e
0 0 2 0
2
∞
π  e −t 
=  
4  −10
π
= [0 + 1 ]
4
π
=
4
a a
xdxdy
3. Evaluate ∫∫ 0 y
x2 + y 2 by changing to polar

coordinates.
Solution: Given
a a
xdxdy
∫∫ 0 y
x2 + y 2

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B( a,a)

x=y x=a
X
O
A(a,0)

Limits for x are x= y to x=a and

Limits for y are y = 0 to y=a
The region of integration is OAB
The lower limit for r = 0
Upper limit r cos θ = a
a
Therefore r =
cos θ
The lower limit for θ = 0 which is varying from OA to OB
 y
∴ θ = tan −1   at B y = a and x = a
x
π
θ = tan −1 (1) =
4
π
Therefore θ varies from θ =0 to θ=
4

π a
4 cos θ
a a
xdxdy r cos θ rdrd θ
Then ∫ ∫
0 y
x 2 + y 2 = ∫ ∫
0 0
r2
π a
4 cos θ
= ∫ ∫
0 0
cos θ drd θ

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π
4 a

= ∫ [r ]
0
cos
0
θ d θ
π

 
4
a
= ∫ cos
0
θ  d θ
 cos θ 
π
4

= a ∫ dθ
0
π
= a [θ ]04
πa
=
4

4. Using polar coordinates find the area of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 by double

integration

2 2 2
Solution: The circle x + y = a about the coordinate axis. Let dA=dxdy be
the elementary area of the circle in the first quadrant.

Therefore

Area = 4 ∫∫ dA
R

= 4 ∫∫ R
dxdy
2 2
a a − y
= 4 ∫
0
∫ 0
dxdy

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π
2 a

= 4 ∫ ∫ rdrd
0 0
θ
π
a
2
r2 
= 4 ∫
0
 2  dθ
 0
π
2
a2 
= ∫ 
4 d θ
0 
2 
π
= 2a 2
[θ ]02
π
= 2a2
2
2
= πa

Change of order of integration

On changing the order of integration, the limits of the integration change. To find
the new limits, draw the rough sketch of the region of integration.
Some of the problems connected with double integrals, which seem to be
complicated can be made easy to handle by a change in the order on integration.

∞ ∞ − y
e
1. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 x
y
dxdy

∞ ∞ − y
e
Solution: Given ∫∫
0 x
y
dxdy

Here the elementary strip PQ extends from y=x to y = ∞ and this vertical strip
slides from x=0 to x = ∞.
On changing the order of integration, we first integrate w.r.to x along a horizontal
strip RS which extends from x=0 to x=y. To cover the given region, we then
integrate w.r.to y from y=0 to y = ∞.

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Y
P

Q
R
S
X
O y=x ∞ y − y
∞ ∞ − y e
∫ ∫
e
y
dxdy = ∫∫ 0 0
y
dxdy
0 x
∞ − y
e
= ∫ [x ]0y dy
0
y
∞ − y
e
= ∫ [ y ]dy
0
y
∞

∫
− y
= e dy
0
∞
 e − y 
=   [
= 0 + e 0
]
 − 1  0
= 1.

1 2− x

2. Change the order of integration in ∫ ∫

0 2
xy dxdy .
x
Solution: Given
1 2− x

∫ ∫
0 2
xy dxdy
x
2
Limits are for y are y = x , y = 2-x
x are x=0 , x=1.

The region of integration is OBA, if we change the order of integration, the region
of integration will be OBC and ABC.

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1 2 − x

i.e., ∫ ∫ 2
xy dxdy =
OBC
∫∫ xydxdy + ∫∫
ABC
xydxdy
0 x
1 y 2 2− y

= ∫ ∫
0 0
xydxdy + ∫ ∫
1 0
xydxdy

y 2 − y
1
 x2  2
 x2 
=∫
0
y 
 2 
 dy + ∫
1
y
 2 
 dy
0 0
1 2
1 1
= ∫ y [ y ]dy + ∫ y (2 − y )2 dy
2 0 2 1
1
1 1
2

∫ ∫ y (4 )dy
2
= y dy + − 4 y + y 2

2 0 2 1

1  
1 2

= ∫
2 0
y 2
dy + ∫1 4 y − 4 y 2
+ (y 3
dy  )

1  y3  y4  
1 2
4 y2 4 y3
 + − + 
2   3  0  2 4  1 
=
3
 
1 1 28 15 
=  + 6− +
2 3 3 4 
3
=
8

a a
xdxdy
3. Evaluate ∫ ∫
0 y
x 2 + y 2 by changing the order of integration.

Solution:
Limits are x= y
, x = a and
y = 0 , y=a
The limits of integration asserts that the region of integration is bounded by the
lines x = y , x = a , y = 0 , y = a .

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The region of integration is the triangle OPQ.

If the order of integration is changed the limits for y are y=0 , y = x along
DC, the limits for x are x=0 , x = a.
Y

X
O Y=0 Q

a a a x
xdxdy xdxdy
Therefore ∫∫
0 y
x2 + y 2
= ∫∫
0 0
x2 + y 2

y
  y 
a

∫
−1
=  tan    dx
0   x  0
a

∫ [tan ]
−1
= (1 ) − 0 dx
0
a
π
4 ∫0
= dx

π
= [x ]0a
4
πa
=
4

4. By changing the order of integration, evaluate

3 4 − y

∫
0
∫ (x
0
+ y )dxdy

Solution: Given
3 4 − y

∫ 0
∫ (x0
+ y )dxdy

The region of integration is OABC. If we change the order of integration the

region will divide into two parts, ODBC and ABD, then the limits are

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y=0 to y=3
In the region ODBC
x=0 to x =1

y = 0 to y = 4 − x2
In the region ABD
x = 1 to x = 2
3 4 − y 3 1

Thus ∫ ∫ (x
0 0
+ y )dxdy = ∫ ∫ (x
0 0
+ y )dxdy
2
2 4− x
+ ∫ ∫ (x
1 0
+ y )dxdy

2
1 4− x
3
 x 2

2
 y  2
= ∫
0

 2
+ xy  dy +
0
∫ 1


xy + 
2 
dy
0
3 1
1  2
 
= ∫
0
 2 + y  dy +
 0 ∫ (
 x 4 − x
2
)+ 1
2
(4 − x 2
) 2
 dy
1
3 2
 y y2   x4 1  8x 3
x5 
=  +  + 2 x 2
− +  16 x − +  
 2 2  0  4 2  3 5 1
1587
=
60
2
1 1− x

∫ ∫
2
5. Evaluate y dxdy by changing the order of integration.
0 0
Solution: The region of integration is OAB,
If we change the order of integration, vertical strip AB will convert into horizontal
strip CD. Then the new limits are

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y = 0 to y =1
x = 0 to x= (1 − y )
2

2
2 1 1− y
1 1− x

∫ ∫
2
Therefore ∫ ∫
0 0
y 2 dxdy =
0 0
y dxdy
1
2
= ∫ y 2
[x ]0 1 − y dy
0
1

∫
2 2
= y 1 − y dy
0

Let y = sin θ , therefore dy = cos θ d θ

when y = 0 then θ = 0
Limits π
y = 1 then θ =
2
1

∫
2 2
Therefore y 1 − y dy =
0
π
2
= ∫ sin 2
θ (1 − sin 2
θ ) cos θ d θ
0
π
2

∫
2 2
= sin θ cos θ d θ
0

π
= .
32

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Triple Integration
Let a function f(x,y,z) be a continuous at every point of a finite region S of three
dimensional space. Consider n subspaces δ s 1 , δ s 2 , δ s 3 .......... .δ s n of the space
S.
If ( x r , y r , z r ) be a point in the rth space.
n
The limit of the sum ∑
r =1
f ( x r , y r , z r ) δ S r , as n → ∞ , δS r → 0 is known as

the triple integral of f (x r , y r , z r ) over the space S.

Symbolically, it is denoted by
∫∫∫
S
f ( x , y , z ) dS
x2 y2 z2
It can be calculated as ∫∫∫
x1 y 1 z1
f ( x , y , z ) dx dy dz , first we integrate with

respect to z treating x,y as constant between the limits z 1 and z 2 . The

resulting expression is integrated with respect to y keeping x as constant
between the limits y 1 and y 2 . At the end we integrate the resulting
expression within the limits x 1 and x 2 .
 x2 =b  y2 =φ2 ( x )  z2 = f2 ( x,y )

i.e.  ∫ ϕ ( x ) dx  ∫ φ ( x , y ) dy  z = ∫f ( xf, y() x , y , z ) dz   
 x1 = a  y 1 = φ 1 ( x )  1 
 1

First we integrate from inner most integral w.r.t z, then we integrate with respect
to y and finally the outer most with respect to x.

Examples:
1. Evaluate ∫∫∫ (x
R
+ y + z )dxdydz where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 ,1 ≤ y ≤ 2 ,
2 ≤ z ≤ 3 .
Solution: Given ∫∫∫ ( x
R
+ y + z )dxdydz

1 2 3
= ∫ dx ∫ dy ∫ ( x + y + z )dz
0 1 2
3
1 2
 ( x + y + z )2 
= ∫ dx ∫
0 1
dy 
 2

2
1 2
= ∫ dx ∫ (2 x + 2 y + 5 )dy
0 1

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2
1
 (2 x + 2 y + 5 )2 
= ∫
0

 2
 dx
1
1
1
=
8 ∫ (4
0
x + 16 )2 dx

1
= ∫ (x + 4 )dx
0
1
 x 2 
=  + 4 x 
 2  0
9
=
2

∫∫∫ (x )
2 2
2. Evaluate + y + z 2 dxdydz where R denote the region
R
bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0 and x+ y+z = a, a > 0 .
Solution: Given

∫∫∫ (x )
2 2
+ y + z 2 dxdydz
R
x+ y+z = a or z = a − x − y which the upper limit for z
On xy plane, x + y + z = a becomes x + y = a as shown in the figure.
Upper limit of y = a−x
Upper limit of x=a.
a a−x a− x− y

∫ dx ∫ ∫ (x )
2
= dy + y 2 + z 2 dz
0 0 0

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a− x− y
a a−x
 z2 
= ∫ dx ∫
0 0
dy  x 2 z + y 2 z +
 2  0
a
 2 a−x
(a − x − y) 
3
= ∫ dx ∫ x (a − x) − x y + (a − x) y − y +
2 2 3
dy
0 0 
3 
a− x
a
 2 2 y
2
y 3 y 4 (a − x − y ) 
4
= ∫ dx  x (a − x ) y − x + (a − x ) − + 
0  2 3 4 4 0
a
 x2 (a − x) 
4

∫ (a − x ) +
2
=   dx
0  2 4 
a
1 2 2 (a − x) 
4
= ∫ ( 3 4
 a x − 2 ax + x +  dx )
0 2 4 
a
1  2 x3 x4 x 5  (a − x ) 
4
=   a − 2a + + 
2  3 4 5  4 0
a5 a 5
a 5
a 5
= − + +
6 4 10 30
a 5
=
20

Integration by changing of Cartesian coordinates into spherical coordinates

Sometimes it is easy to integrate by changing the Cartesian coordinates into

spherical coordinates.
The relation between the Cartesian and spherical polar are given by the relations
x = r sin θ cos φ ,
y = r sin θ sin φ ,
z = r cos θ

dxdydz = J drd θ d φ
= r 2 sin θ drd θ d φ
Note.
2 2 2
1. Spherical coordinates are very useful if the expression x + y + z is
involved in the problem.
2. In a sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 the limits of r are 0 to a and limits of θ
are 0,π and that of φ are 0 , 2 π .

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Examples
∫∫∫ (x )dxdydz
2 2 2
1. Evaluate the integral + y + z taken over the
v

volume enclosed by the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 .

Solution: Letus convert the given integral into spherical coordinates.

∫∫∫ (x )dxdydz
2 2 2
+ y + z
v
2π π 1
= ∫∫∫ r 2
(r 2
sin θ d θ d φ dr )
0 0 0
2π π 1

∫ d φ ∫ sin ∫r
4
= θdθ dr
0 0 0
1
2π π
r5 
= ∫ dφ ∫
0 0
sin θ d θ  
 5 0
2π
1
= ∫ dφ [− cos θ ]π0
5 0
2π
2
=
5 ∫ dφ0
2
= [φ ]02 π
5
4π
= .
5

z 2 dxdydz
2. Evaluate the integral ∫∫∫
v x2 + y2 + z 2 over the volume of the

2 2 2
sphere x + y + z = 2 .

Solution: Convert the given integral into spherical coordinates, we have

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2
z dxdydz
∫∫∫
v x 2
+ y 2 + z 2

π π
2 2 2
r 4
(cos 2
θ sin θ )drd
= 8 ∫∫ ∫
0 0 0
r 2
θdφ

Because sphere x2 + y2 + z 2 = 2 lies in 8 quadrants, which are the limits in first

octant.
π π
2 2 2

∫ ∫ cos ∫
2
= 8 dφ θ sin θ d θ r 2 dr
0 0 0

π π
2
r3 
2 2
= 8∫ dφ ∫ cos
2
θ sin θ d θ  
0 0  3 0
π
2
π
 cos θ  3 2
r3
= 8 [φ ] 0
2
−   3 
 3  0   0

π 1 2 2
= 8
2 3 3
8π 2
= .
9

Application of Triple integration:

Volume: The elementary volume δ v is δ x , δ y , δ z and therefore the volume of

the whole solid is obtained by evaluating the triple integral.

volume = V = ∫∫∫ dxdydz

Example:
1. Find the volume of the tetrahedron bounded by the planes x=0,y=0,z=0 and
x+ y+z =a .
Solution: Here we have a solid which is bounded by x=0,y=0,z=0 and
x+ y+z =a planes.

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The limits of z are 0 to z = a − x − y , the limits of y are 0 to y = a − x, the

limits of x are 0 and x= a.
a a− x a− x− y

Therefore Volume = V = ∫ ∫
0 0
∫ dxdydz
0
a a − x

∫ ∫ [z ]
a − x − y
= 0 dxdy
0 0
a a − x
= ∫ ∫ (a
0 0
− x − y )dxdy

a− x
 a
y2 
= ∫  ay − xy −  dx
0 
2 0
a
 (a − x) 2 
= ∫  a ( a − x ) − x ( a − x ) −  dx
0 
2 
a
 a2 x2 
= ∫  − ax +  dx
0 
2 2 
a
a2x ax 2 x3 
=  − + 
 2 2 3 0
 a 3 a 3 a 3 
=  − + 
 2 2 3 
a3
=
6
2. Find the volume of the cylindrical column standing on the area common to
2 2 2
the parabolas y = x , x = y and cut off by the surface z = 12 + y − x .
2 2 2
Solution: we have y = x , x = y , z = 12 + y − x .

1 x 12 + y − x

V = ∫
0
dx ∫ 2
dy ∫
0
dz
x

1 x
= ∫
0
dx ∫ [12
2
+ y − x ]dy
x

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x
1
 y 2 
∫
2
=  12 y + − x y  dx
0  2  x 2

1
 x 2 5
x 4 
∫
2 4
=  12 x + − x 2
− 12 x − + x  dx
0  2 2 
1
2 3
x2 2 72 3 x5 x5 
=  12 x +2
− x − 4x − + 
3 4 7 10 5 0
 1 2 1 1 
= 8 + − − 4 − +
 4 7 10 5 
569
=
140

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