Anemia is a condition in which you lack Types

enough healthy red blood cells to carry

adequate oxygen to your body's tissues. 1. Aplastic anemia
Having anemia can make you feel tired
and weak. 2. Iron deficiency anemia
3. Sickle cell anemia
There are many forms of anemia, each
with its own cause. Anemia can be 4. Thalassemia
temporary or long term, and it can range
from mild to severe. See your doctor if you 5. Vitamin deficiency anemia
suspect that you have anemia. It can be a
Symptoms
warning sign of serious illness.

Treatments for anemia range from taking Anemia signs and symptoms vary
depending on the cause. If the anemia is
supplements to undergoing medical
procedures. You might be able to prevent caused by a chronic disease, the disease
can mask them, so that the anemia might
some types of anemia by eating a healthy,
be detected by tests for another condition.
varied diet.

Products & Services Depending on the causes of your anemia,

you might have no symptoms. Signs and
symptoms, if they do occur, might include:
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Guide
o Fatigue
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o Wea
o kness Fatigue has many causes besides
anemia, so don't assume that if you're
o Pale or yellowish skin tired you must be anemic. Some people
o Irregular heartbeats learn that their hemoglobin is low, which
indicates anemia, when they donate
o Shortness of breath blood. If you're told that you can't donate
because of low hemoglobin, make an
o Dizziness or lightheadedness appointment with your doctor.
o Chest pain
Request an Appointment at Mayo Clinic
o Cold hands and feet Causes
o Headaches
Anemia occurs when your blood doesn't
At first, anemia can be so mild that you have enough red blood cells.
don't notice it. But symptoms worsen as
anemia worsens
This can happen if:

When to see a doctor

o Your body doesn't make enough red
blood cells
Make an appointment with your doctor if
you're feeling fatigued and you don't know o Bleeding causes you to lose red
why. blood cells more quickly than they
can be replaced
 o Your body destroys red blood cells o Vitamin deficiency
anemia. Besides iron, your body
What red blood cells do needs folate and vitamin B-12 to
produce enough healthy red blood
Your body makes three types of blood cells. A diet lacking in these and
cells — white blood cells to fight infection, other key nutrients can cause
platelets to help your blood clot and red decreased red blood cell production.
blood cells to carry oxygen throughout
your body. Also, some people who consume
enough B-12 aren't able to absorb
the vitamin. This can lead to vitamin
Red blood cells contain hemoglobin — an deficiency anemia, also known as
iron-rich protein that gives blood its red pernicious anemia.
color. Hemoglobin enables red blood cells
to carry oxygen from your lungs to all parts o Anemia of inflammation. Certain
of your body and to carry carbon dioxide diseases — such as cancer,
from other parts of the body to your lungs HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis,
to be exhaled. kidney disease, Crohn's disease and
other acute or chronic inflammatory
Most blood cells, including red blood cells, diseases — can interfere with the
are produced regularly in your bone production of red blood cells.
marrow — a spongy material found within
o Aplastic anemia. This rare, life-
the cavities of many of your large bones.
threatening anemia occurs when
To produce hemoglobin and red blood
your body doesn't produce enough
cells, your body needs iron, vitamin B-12,
red blood cells. Causes of aplastic
folate and other nutrients from the foods
anemia include infections, certain
you eat.
medicines, autoimmune diseases
and exposure to toxic chemicals.
Causes of anemia
o Anemias associated with bone
marrow disease. A variety of
Different types of anemia have different diseases, such as leukemia and
causes. They include: myelofibrosis, can cause anemia by
affecting blood production in your
o Iron deficiency anemia. This most bone marrow. The effects of these
common type of anemia is caused types of cancer and cancer-like
by a shortage of iron in your body. disorders vary from mild to life-
Your bone marrow needs iron to threatening.
make hemoglobin. Without adequate
iron, your body can't produce o Hemolytic anemias. This group of
enough hemoglobin for red blood anemias develops when red blood
cells. cells are destroyed faster than bone
marrow can replace them. Certain
Without iron supplementation, this blood diseases increase red blood
type of anemia occurs in many cell destruction. You can inherit a
pregnant women. It is also caused hemolytic anemia, or you can
by blood loss, such as from heavy develop it later in life.
menstrual bleeding, an ulcer, cancer
and regular use of some over-the- o Sickle cell anemia. This inherited
counter pain relievers, especially and sometimes serious condition is a
aspirin, which can cause hemolytic anemia. It's caused by a
inflammation of the stomach lining defective form of hemoglobin that
resulting in blood loss. forces red blood cells to assume an
abnormal crescent (sickle) shape.
These irregular blood cells die
 prematurely, resulting in a chronic red blood cell production and lead to
shortage of red blood cells. anemia.
Risk factors o Age. People over age 65 are at
increased risk of anemia.
These factors place you at increased risk Complications
of anemia:
Left untreated, anemia can cause many
o A diet lacking in certain vitamins health problems, such as:
and minerals. A diet consistently
low in iron, vitamin B-12 and folate
increases your risk of anemia. o Severe fatigue. Severe anemia can
make you so tired that you can't
o Intestinal disorders. Having an complete everyday tasks.
intestinal disorder that affects the
absorption of nutrients in your small o Pregnancy
intestine — such as Crohn's disease complications. Pregnant women
and celiac disease — puts you at with folate deficiency anemia may be
risk of anemia. more likely to have complications,
such as premature birth.
o Menstruation. In general, women
who haven't had menopause have a o Heart problems. Anemia can lead
greater risk of iron deficiency anemia to a rapid or irregular heartbeat
than do men and postmenopausal (arrhythmia). When you're anemic
women. Menstruation causes the your heart must pump more blood to
loss of red blood cells. make up for the lack of oxygen in the
blood. This can lead to an enlarged
o Pregnancy. If you're pregnant and heart or heart failure.
aren't taking a multivitamin with folic
acid and iron, you're at an increased o Death. Some inherited anemias,
risk of anemia. such as sickle cell anemia, can lead
to life-threatening complications.
o Chronic conditions. If you have Losing a lot of blood quickly results
cancer, kidney failure, diabetes or in acute, severe anemia and can be
another chronic condition, you could fatal.
be at risk of anemia of chronic
disease. These conditions can lead Prevention
to a shortage of red blood cells.
Many types of anemia can't be prevented.
Slow, chronic blood loss from an But you can avoid iron deficiency anemia
ulcer or other source within your and vitamin deficiency anemias by eating
body can deplete your body's store a diet that includes a variety of vitamins
of iron, leading to iron deficiency and minerals, including:
anemia.

o Family history. If your family has a o Iron. Iron-rich foods include beef
history of an inherited anemia, such and other meats, beans, lentils, iron-
as sickle cell anemia, you also might fortified cereals, dark green leafy
be at increased risk of the condition. vegetables, and dried fruit.

o Other factors. A history of certain o Folate. This nutrient, and its

infections, blood diseases and synthetic form folic acid, can be
autoimmune disorders increases found in fruits and fruit juices, dark
your risk of anemia. Alcoholism, green leafy vegetables, green peas,
exposure to toxic chemicals, and the kidney beans, peanuts, and enriched
use of some medications can affect
 grain products, such as bread, mengindikasikan bahwa kadar oksigen
cereal, pasta and rice. dalam darah Anda rendah. Sedangkan
hipoksia merupakan kondisi lanjutan dari
o Vitamin B-12. Foods rich in vitamin hipoksemia, sehingga jika kadar oksigen
B-12 include meat, dairy products, dalam darah rendah maka meningkatkan
and fortified cereal and soy products. risiko terjadinya hipoksia.
o Vitamin C. Foods rich in vitamin C
include citrus fruits and juices, Hipoksia terjadi sebagai akibat dari
peppers, broccoli, tomatoes, melons hipoksemia, sehingga pada akhirnya
and strawberries. These also help kedua hal tersebut merupakan sebuah
increase iron absorption. kejadian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan satu
sama lain
If you're concerned about getting enough
vitamins and minerals from food, ask your Apa penyebab hipoksia?
doctor whether a multivitamin might help.
Penyebab utama hipoksia adalah
hipoksemia. Namun, hipoksia juga dapat
Apa bedanya hipoksia dan disebabkan oleh beberapa kondisi yang
hipoksemia? membuat seseorang berada pada kadar
oksigen rendah, di antaranya adalah saat
berada di ketinggian, seperti saat naik
Hipoksemia adalah rendahnya kadar
gunung, berada di ruangan tertutup tanpa
oksigen dalam darah, khususnya di arteri.
sirkulasi udara yang baik, keracunan gas
Hipoksemia merupakan tanda adanya
atau zat kimia, penyakit tertentu –sepeti
masalah dalam sistem sirkulasi atau
sleep apnea, asma, anemia, emfisema,
pernapasan yang dapat
penyakit paru interstisial, dll.
menyebabkan sesak napas.
Apa saja gejala hipoksia?
Sedangkan hipoksia adalah rendahnya
kadar oksigen dalam jaringan tubuh
Gejala hipoksia seringkali muncul
sebagai akibat dari rendahnya kadar
mendadak dan cepat memburuk (akut),
oksigen di udara. Hipoksia dapat memiliki
atau bersifat kronis. Beberapa gejala
efek buruk pada jaringan tubuh, karena
paling umum dari hipoksia adalah:
kurangnya kadar oksigen dalam jaringan
akan mengganggu proses biologis penting
 Sesak napas
dalam jaringan tubuh.
 Batuk
Bagaimana cara membedakan  Kelelahan
keduanya?  Detak jantung cepat
 Halusinasi
 Napas berbunyi (mengi)
Hipoksemia ditentukan dengan mengukur
 Kulit berubah warna, menjadi biru atau
kadar oksigen dalam sampel darah yang
merah keunguan
diambil dari arteri atau dengan mengukur
saturasi oksigen darah Anda
menggunakan oksimeter pulsa. Oksigen Seringkali, ketidaktahuan membuat
arteri normal adalah 75 sampai 100 seseorang yang mengalami hipoksia
milimeter merkuri (mm Hg). diberikan bantuan oksigen secara
berlebih. Padahal, oksigen berlebih justru
dapat meracuni jaringan tubuh. Kondisi ini
Kadar oksigen arteri normal di bawah 60
disebut dengan hiperoksia yang dapat
mmHg biasanya mengindikasikan bahwa
menyebabkan katarak, vertigo, kejang,
darah Anda membutuhkan suplemen
dan pneumonia.
oksigen. Sementara pembacaan dengan
oksimeter dapat dikatakan normal berkisar Langkah pengobatan hipoksia
antara 95 sampai 100 persen. Nilai
oksimeter di bawah 90 persen
 Anda dianjurkan berkonsultasi ke dokter
jika:

 Sesak napas setelah Anda beraktivitas

atau beristirahat
 Sesak napas saat berolahraga atau
latihan fisik
 Terbangun dari tidur karena sesak napas
(salah satu gejala sleep apnea)
 Bibir dan kulit kebiruan (sianosis)

Jika Anda mengalami gejala tersebut atau

beberapa gejala yang telah disebutkan Wiggers Diagram, Daniel Chang, CC-SA
diatas, segera konsultasikan dengan
2.5
dokter agar mendapatkan penanganan
yang tepat. Dan sekalipun gejala-gejala A Wiggers diagram shows the
lanjutan sudah hilang, Anda tetap changes in ventricular pressure and
dianjurkan untuk rutin memeriksakan diri volume during the cardiac cycle. Often
ke dokter. these diagrams also include changes
in aortic and atrial pressures, the EKG,
Bagaimana cara mencegah hipoksia? and heart sounds. Diastole starts with
the closing of the aortic valve (the
Pencegahan hipoksia dapat dilakukan second heart sound). Shortly after,
dengan menghindari penyebab atau ventricular filling begins when the
kondisi yang dapat menurunkan kadar mitral valve (and tricuspid valve) open.
oksigen dalam tubuh Anda. Jika hipoksia
This is the lowest volume on the
disebabkan oleh asma, maka untuk
menghindari keadaan yang lebih buruk,
ventricular volume curve. Volume
Anda dianjurkan untuk mengikuti terapi rapidly increases as the atria and
asma -sesuai anjuran dokter. Dan untuk ventricles fill. Ventricular pressure
mengatasi sesak napas kronik, cobalah remains low during this filling.
untuk berhenti menjadi perokok aktif, Ventricular volume increases a little
hindari asap pasif, terutama dari asap more when the atria contract. This
rokok, dan lakukan olahraga secara contraction causes a small increase in
teratur. atrial and ventricular pressures (and is
associated with the P wave of the
ECG).
The cardiac cycle is the cycle of
contraction and relaxation of the atria Once the ventricles are filled, they
and ventricles during a complete begin to contract (QRS in the ECG).
heartbeat. It begins with passive The contraction pushes the AV valves
ventricular filling. The AV valves are closed, causing the first heart sound at
open and the semilunar valves are the start of systole. At first the
closed. Blood enters the atria and pressure is not high enough to open
ventricles due to venous pressure. the semilunar valves. Thus, ventricular
When the atria contract, the filling of volume does not change (the valves
the ventricles is completed. The are closed). It is an isovolumetric
volume of blood in each ventricle after ventricular contraction. Once
complete filling (the maximum volume) ventricular contraction builds enough
is the end-diastolic volume (EDV). The pressure in the ventricles, the
filling phase (diastole) has completed. semilunar valves open. When the
aortic and pulmonary valves open,
blood is ejected from the ventricles into
the great arteries.
Once the ventricular pressure falls,
due to this ejection of blood, the
semilunar valves close and ventricular
pressure drops to allow filling to begin
again with another cardiac cycle. The
volume after contraction is the end-
systolic volume (ESV). This is the
volume left in the ventricles after
ejection. The ESV is the minimum
volume of blood in the ventricles
during the cardiac cycle.
Stroke volume is the volume of blood
ejected per heartbeat. It equals EDV –
ESV. Cardiac output (CO) is the
volume of blood ejected by the
ventricles per minute, so it is the
product of stroke volume and heart
rate (CO = SV x HR). The efficiency of
pumping is measure by the ejection
fraction, which is the stroke volume
divided by the maximum filling volume
(EDV) expressed as a percentage
(SV/EDV x 100%).